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Home , 2005 Belfast riots, Billy Wright (loyalist), Brendan Hughes, Dissident republican, Laurence McKeown, Loyalist feud

Notes

2 Violence against Conflict: Radical Peace, Radical Violence and the Paradox of Conflict Transformation

1. Republicans were opposed to the 1921 treaty which concluded the partition of .

3 Radical Violence and the Beginning of ‘’ – 1965–72

1. James Chichester Clark, UUP Leader 1969–71, was O’Neill’s successor. 2. That is, conforming to the Bible verbatim.

8 Dangerous Remainders: Long Division and Cycles of Violence in the Northern Ireland ‘Peace Process’

1. Some refused to become involved in the feud and made this clear to both Adair and the UDA leadership.

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Adams, Gerry 159, 162, 186–88 Conflict Transformation 73, 93, Action (Arendtian) 3–5, 7, 14, 24, 106–08, 118–19, 159, 162 25–6, 32, 56, 94, 110–15, 203 See also Democratization; Adair, Johnny 176–79, 191, 211, Securitization; Governance, 216 and Development Agonism 21, 24, 30, 95–8, 206 Connolly, William 95–101, 163–64, Arendt, Hannah 3–7, 14, 24–5, 205 93–4, 109–14, 203 Consultations 74, 78, 85–90, 101, ‘As the Beast Sleeps’ (play by Gary 123, 128, 133–34 Mitchell) 164–65, 179 Cross-community initiatives 77, 121, 133, 145, 148–51, 210, B- Specials 39, 52 219 Barriers 28, 214 See also interfaces and peace walls Decommissioning (of weapons) 131, Belfast City Council 15, 215 152–5, 161, 180–83, 199 ‘Blanket, the’ 187–9 De Certeau, Michel 5, 31, 94, 111 Bonfires 15, 27, 214, 218–19 Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) 51, 88, 152, 181 Civil society 17–19, 21, 74, 76–8, Democratization 1, 17, 44, 47, 73, 85, 95, 99, 101–7, 119, 129 75, 91, 92–95, 102, 104, 108, See also Social capital 115, 117, 137, 204, 206 Coiste na Iarchimi (Republican Derry/Londonderry, city of 37–9, Former Prisoners’ Organization) 52, 65–7, 195, 197, 209 86, 124, 132–34, 144, 145–47, Development (socio-economic) 1, 151, 190 16–19, 28, 35, 47, 48–51, 58, Cold War 18, 22, 45–50, 95–6 68, 73–85, 89–91, 92–95, Peace-building project 50 102–109, 115, 117, 119, 133–37, Combatants 2, 7, 22, 52 141, 143–4, 164, 189–90, 204, Definition, ‘targeting’ and 206, 208, 214 ‘trans-formation of 82, ‘Dissident’ Republicans 2, 23, 51, 66, 117–37, 138–68, 190, 196, 83–4, 89, 146, 150–53, 161–63, 200, 203, 211 168, 176, 179, 180–85, 189–203, Ex-combatants 7, 22, 78 211–12 Combined Loyalist Military Continuity IRA (CIRA) 190–91, 198 Command 169–72, 177 Oglaigh na Heireann 198 Complexity 92, 97–106, 115 Real IRA (RIRA) 140, 190, 191, Community Development 195–98 Policies 74, 76–7, 190 ‘Divis Hood Liberation Army’ 212 Community Relations Policies 74–7, See also Young people – and 210 paramilitaries Conflict, definitions of 24–30 Ethnic 9, 15, 42 Eirigi (political party) 140, 189, As resistance to violence 30–42 192–93

240 Index 241

Eradication 3, 7, 12–16, 42–50, 54, 95, 97, 108–16, 117, 231, 139, 61, 66, 115, 119, 138, 140, 146, 147–50, 158–62, 166, 168, 153–54, 158, 160–67, 173, 194, 174–76, 178–82, 185, 193–98, 206–07, 216, 220–21 200, 205–06, 209, 218 See also violence – radical European Union 18, 74 July, 12th of 15, 27, 215 And PEACE programmes 75–84 European Union Programmes for Lefebvre, Henri 5, 15, 94, 102 Peace and Reconciliation in ‘Long division’, process of 22–3, Northern Ireland 115, 137, 138–41, 151, 159, Everyday life 2, 4–8, 29, 31, 40, 46, 160–67, 168–71, 179, 181, 65, 84, 89, 91, 92, 94, 108, 212, 184–85, 190–1, 194–96, 215, 221 199–200, 212, 220 Loyalists 23, 46, 49, 53, 55, 56, 66, Festival 15, 16, 94, 215 68–71, 119, 122, 127–31, 141, Flags 15, 28, 215 148, 151, 143–9, 179, 182–85, 199, 221 Good Friday/Belfast Agreement Feuds 154, 168, 171, 172, 176–78, (GF/BA) 73–80, 82–3, 88, 183, 191, 216 90–91, 118, 120, 128, 132, See also paramilitary organizations 135, 142, 144, 145, 148,150–51, (LVF) 155, 161, 164–5, 168–72, 176, 170–80 179–80, 184–88, 196, 210 Governance 16–21, 44, 47, 51, 69, McDonald, Jackie 120, 122, 131, 73–5, 79–91, 92–3, 95, 98–102, 152–3, 155–9, 161, 165, 167, 105–09, 112, 117, 134, 137, 175, 177–78, 182–83 181, 204, 206, 214 McGuinness, Martin 157, 162, 187, 195 Harris, Rosemary 12, 36–7 McIntyre, Anthony 188–89 Hughes, Brendan 186–89 Mouffe, Chantal 10, 24, 94–8 Murals, paramilitary 15, 177, Irish National Liberation Army 215–16 (INLA) 120, 142, 144–45, 151, And ‘re–imaging’ 215 174–5, 180, 185–86, 190 Irish People’s Liberation Organization Non-governmental Organizations (IPLO) 185–86 (NGOs) 16, 19, 21–2, 73–90, 104–05, 132–35, 143, 219 Official/OIRA 61–3, 120, 127, Northern Ireland Civil Rights 142, 145, 149, 151, 186, 198 Movements (NICRMs) 37, 49, Provisional/PIRA 61–4, 86, 88, 61, 65–9 119–21, 124–5, 127, 131, 133, And Northern Ireland Civil Rights 142, 147–51, 161, 169, 180, Association (NICRA) 38, 53, 185–99 62, 65–8, 70 Splits within 61–2, 72 Northern Ireland Council for Voluntary See also ‘Republicans’ Action (NICVA) 79, 81–2 Interfaces 33, 67, 208, 210, 213–14 Irresistibility 21–2, 24–5, 28, 30, O’Neill, Captain Terrence 46, 48–50, 37–8, 41, 42–6, 48–50, 55–6, 53–60, 62, 67–70, 79, 80–1, 91 62–5, 68–72, 83–4, 91, 92–3, ‘O’Neillism’ 46, 51–60 242 Index

Orange Order, the 27, 36, 39, 51, Radical, ‘the’ 7–16, 22, 24, 29, 40, 44, 129, 174 53, 65, 68, 70–1, 115, 139–42, 151, 167, 168, 178, 194, 202–5, Paisley, Ian 51, 56–7, 61–2, 66, 152 217 Paramilitary Organizations 2, 22–3, See also eradication 31–2, 42, 49, 52–64, 70–3, 82, Reconciliation 77, 81, 89–90, 107, 117–30, 134, 136–9, 142–67, 215, 219 168–200, 203, 208–15, 220 See also cross-community initiatives Command structures 124, 146, Re-integration (of combatants) 82, 160, 166, 176–79, 182, 193, 118, 131–37 199, 209 Remainders 23, 96, 115, 137, 139, Leadership 40, 63–6, 88, 118, 121, 160, 163, 166–67, 168, 185, 124, 126–32, 135, 138–9, 145, 191–200, 220 151, 153–54, 159–92, 198, 200, Republicans 15, 23, 28, 39, 46, 49, 203, 208, 211, 220 51, 54, 57, 62–5, 68, 71, 83–4, Low-ranked members 169 119, 122, 124, 127–31, 141, See also Irish Republican Army; 144–59, 171, 180–200, 221 Loyalist Volunteer Force; See also Coiste na Iarchimi, Irish ; Republican Army, Sinn Fein Republicans, Dissident; Ulster (Government of) Volunteer Force; Ulster Defence 54, 57, 80, 157, 195 Assocation. Resistance 30–6, 44, 55–7, 60, 63–71, Peace – theories of 1–7, 12, 15–22, 90, 93, 104, 108, 119, 125–26, 24–35, 42–50 130, 159, 163, 191, 198 PEACE Programmes 22, 73–91, 106, Riots 2, 15, 23, 28–9, 36, 41, 52–3, 120–62, 190, 192, 203, 210, 215 67, 125–6, 128, 154, 195, See also European Union 208–12, 217–18 Plurality/pluralities 3–6, 17, 20, 29, Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) 39, 47, 91, 95–117, 160, 163–4, 52, 174 168, 179, 182–85, 192, 198–205, 219–23 Sectarianism 2, 23, 27–8, 33, 40, 53, see also pluralism (theory) 61, 65, 67, 70, 78, 121, 183, Pluralism (theory) 3, 6, 95–8, 100, 208–09, 212, 214–17 164 Securitization 2, 17, 22, 44, 47, Police 38–40, 52, 56, 130, 150–54, 73–5, 82–3, 91–5, 106, 115, 173, 188, 193–7, 206–12, 117, 134, 137, 204, 206 217–18 Sinn Fein 88, 121, 125–26, 142, 157, Prisoners 22, 86, 118–37, 140–46, 187–91, 195, 198–99 149, 154, 178, 187, 190–200, Social capital 18, 81–2, 92, 99, 104–05, 211 119, 136, 199 ‘former’ 22, 118, 130–36, 140, 140–49, 190–1, 200, 211 Target groups/demographic targeting Protests 52, 119, 122–30, 135, 137, 2, 7, 15, 20, 22, 39, 62, 77–85, 140, 141, 197, 203 91–2, 102, 108, 115, 117–18, Strikes 123–31, 144, 185, 186, 188, 121–23, 127, 131–34, 139–42, 197 147, 155, 162, 192, 207, 209–12, Process, critique of 92–115 214, 216, 220 Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) Taylor, Charles 8–9, 13–14, 100, 169, 172, 175 111 Index 243

‘Threatworks’ 12, 21–4, 28–41, 45–6, Violence, cycles of 1, 2, 17, 21, 56–7, 71, 75, 117, 125–30, 23, 29, 30, 32–6, 39–40, 42–4, 142, 153–4, 176, 193, 196–99, 46, 48–50, 71–4, 83–4, 91, 115, 202–202, 212–19, 221–23 117, 127, 139, 161, 168–69, ‘Troubles’, the 2, 15, 22, 26, 35–7, 178, 183, 185, 192–4, 200, 41–2, 45–7, 49–53, 55, 57, 203–12, 218,222 71–4, 84, 121, 142, 166–67, Violence, instrumental 30, 44, 137, 176, 179, 193–96, 198, 203, 203, (see also ‘long division’) 208, 212, 217 ‘Worlds’ 1–10, 14–17, 22–37, 41, 44, Ulster Defense Association (UDA) 50, 57, 71, 83, 93–100, 103–04, 57, 120, 127, 129, 131, 108, 110–11, 120, 127, 134, 150–61, 165, 169–71, 176–85, 137, 139–47, 155–60, 164, 167, 211 170, 180, 183–84, 192–93, 198, And 171 205–08, 212–14, 218–24 See also Adair, Johnny; Loyalism – Loss of 13, 14, 55, 128, 142, 144–45, feuds; McDonald, Jackie 166, 173, 197 (UDP) 88, Multiple 3–4, 6, 17, 36, 41, 44, 93, 156, 169–70, 176, 183 98, 103, 111, 167, 204–05, 207, (UUP) 51, 218, 221–22 53–4, 60 And world-building 1–23, 24, 26–41, (UVF) 56–7, 45–7, 55, 60, 62–3, 69–76, 83–4, 120, 127, 133–4, 154, 169–78 91–8, 102–15, 118–19, 125–27, See also Loyalist Volunteer Force; 130–31, 134, 139–45, 147, 156, Wright, Billy 160–70, 176, 179–80, 191–93, Umbrella organizations 79, 85, 196–99, 202–09, 212, 214, 133–34 217–23 See also Northern Ireland Council Wright, Billy 170–80, 191 for Voluntary Action, Coiste na Iarchimi Young people 27, 89, 121, 140, 186, 188, 194, 217–13, 218 Violence ‘against conflict’ 21, 24–45, 202, 204 Zizek, Slavoj 10, 114–15, 126, 131