Masculine Politics and Women Political Participation in Punjab, Pakistan
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MASCULINE POLITICS AND WOMEN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN By Akhlaq Ahmad 2015-GCUF-232270 Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of Requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In SOCIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY, FAISALABAD August, 2017 1 DEDICATED TO MY LOVING FAMILY BUSHRA KHALID; MY WIFE & NOOR, MUHAMMAD AND MAFAZA; MY KIDS 2 DECLARATION The work reported in this thesis was carried out by me under the supervision of Professor Dr. Haq Nawaz Anwar Department of Sociology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. I hereby declare that title of the thesis “Masculine politics and women political participation in Punjab, Pakistan” and the contents of the thesis are the product of my own research and no part of it has been copied from any published source (except the references, standard mathematical or genetic model/ equations/ formulas/protocols etc.). I further declare that this work has not been submitted for award of any other degree/diploma. The University may take action if the information provided is found inaccurate at any stage. Signature: ………………….. Akhlaq Ahmad 2015-GCUF-232270 3 CERTIFICATE BY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE We certify that the contents and the form of the thesis submitted by Mr. Akhlaq Ahmad, registration No. 2015-GCUF-232270 has been found satisfactory and in accordance with the prescribed format. We recommend it to be processed for the evaluation by the External Examiners for the award of the degree. 1. Signature of Supervisor: …………………….. Name: Prof. Dr. Haq Nawaz Anwar Designation with Stamp: …………………….. 2. Signature of Member 1: …………………….. Name: Dr. Babak Mahmood Designation with Stamp: …………………….. 3. Signature of Member 2: …………………….. Name: Dr. Nazia Malik Designation with Stamp: ……………………… Chairperson: Dr. Zahira Batool Signature with Stamp: ……………………… Dean, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences Signature with Stamp: ……………………… 4 CONTENTS CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION PAGE No 1.1 Introduction 01 1.2 Statement of the Problem 02 1.3 Masculine Politics 03 1.4 Feminine Identity 04 1.5 Political Participation 05 1.6 Research Objectives 06 1.7 Significance 06 1.8 Organization of the Study 07 CHAPTER-2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Empirical Evidences 10 2.2.1 Individual Resources/ Predispositions 10 2.2.2 Social Capital/ Mobilization 11 2.2.3 Political Context 12 2.3 Gender Differences and Political Participation 17 2.3.1 Supply Side Explanation- Personal Factors 19 2.3.2 Demand Side Explanation- Structural Factors 22 2.3.3 Socio-Cultural Factors 24 2.4 International Influences 25 2.5 Political Participation of Women in Pakistan 26 2.5.1 Socio cultural Landscape of Pakistan 26 2.5.2 Political Structure and Representational Political Participation 27 2.6 Challenges to Women Political Participation in Pakistan 31 2.6.1 Socio Cultural Barricades 32 2.6.2 Religious Interpretation 34 2.6.3 Masculine Political Structure 35 2.7 Theoretical Framework 36 CHAPTER-3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 40 3.1 Introduction 40 3.2 Mixed Methods Research Design 40 3.2.1 Qualitative Research Approach 41 3.2.2 An Over view of the Qualitative Research Design 42 3.2.3 Selection of the Respondents 42 3.2.4 Description of the Research Respondents 43 3.2.5 Pre Interviews 44 3.2.6 The Interview Process 44 3.2.7 Qualitative Data Analysis 45 3.3 Quantitative Research Approach 45 3.3.1 Study Settings 46 3.3.2 Study Population 46 5 3.3.3 Estimation of the Sample Size 46 3.3.4 Sampling Frame 47 3.4.5 Sampling Procedure 47 3.4.5.1 Selection of Union Councils (UCs) 47 3.4.5.2 Allocation of Sample to Selected Villages 48 3.4.5.3 Exclusion Criteria for the Respondents 49 3.5 Data Collection Process 49 3.6 Response Rate 49 3.7 Research Teams 50 3.8 Data Entry 50 3.9 Research Tool 51 3.9.1 Socio Economic and Demographic Profile 51 3..9.2 Feminine Ideology/Identity Scale 52 3.9.3 Gender Role Scale 52 3.9.4 Political Efficacy Scale 52 3.9.5 Political Participation Scale 53 3.9.6 Political Interest Scale 53 3.9.7 Political Socialization Scale 53 3.9.8 Patriarchal Political Culture Scale 54 3.9.9 Political Trust Scale 54 3.10 Ethical Consideration 55 3.11 Data Analysis Plan 55 3.11.1 Descriptive Statistics 55 3.11.2 Inferential Statistics 56 3.11.3 Structure equation Modeling (SEM) 56 CHAPTER-4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS 57 4.1 Introduction 57 4.1.1 Gendered Division of Labor 57 4.1.2 Feminine Identity 61 4.1.3 Political Sphere and Leadership 64 4.1.4 Threats to Femininity 69 4.1.5 Challenges to Masculinity 70 4.2 Discussion of Women Representative’s Interviews 72 4.2.1 Negotiating The Public And Private 72 4.2.2 Masculine Political Structure 74 4.2.3 Emphasized Femininity 75 4.2.4 Power Hierarchies 77 4.2.5 Political Culture 79 4.2.6 Socio cultural Environment 81 83 CHAPTER-5 DESCRIPTION OF QUANTITATIVE RESULTS 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Socio economic Characteristics 83 5.3 Reliability Analysis of Variables 88 5.4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of Variables 90 6 5.5 Descriptive Analysis of the Variables 98 5.6 Bivariate Analysis 108 5.7 Multivariate Analysis: Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) 116 5.8 Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) II 118 CHAPTER-6 DISCUSSION 122 6.1 Introduction 122 6.2 Qualitative Findings 122 6.3 Quantitative Findings 125 CHAPTER-7 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 130 7.1 Summary 130 7.1.2 Summary of Results 131 7.2 Conclusion 132 7.3 Limitations of the Results 132 7.4 Strengths of the Study 133 7.5 Recommendations for Future Research 133 REFERENCES 134 APPENDIXES 150 Appendix I Interview schedule 150 Appendix II Interview Guide for Women Representatives 154 Appendix III Interview Guide for Women Voters 155 Appendix IV Consent for Participation 156 7 LIST OF TABLES Sr. No List of Tables Page No 2.1 Women Representation through Reserved Seats in the 30 Parliamentary History 5.2.1 Age and Household Income of the Respondents 83 5.2.2 Education of The Respondents And Their Parents 84 5.2.3 Employment Status of the Respondents 84 5.2.4 Marital Status of the Respondents 85 5.2.5 Employment Status of the Respondents’ Parents 85 5.2.6 Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Respondents 86 5.2.7 Motivation to Caste Vote 87 5.3 Reliability Analysis of Variables 5.3.1 Reliability Analysis of Variables 88 5.4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of Variables 5.4.1 Goodness of Fit Indices of Femininity 89 5.4.2 Goodness of Fit Indices of Gender Role 91 5.4.3 Goodness of Fit Indices of Political Behavior 93 5.4.4 Goodness of Fit Indices of Political Trust 95 5.4.5 Goodness of Fit Indices of Political Participation 97 5.5 Descriptive Analysis of the Variables 5.5.1 Descriptive Analysis of Femininity (Stereotypical Image) 98 5.5.2 Descriptive Analysis of Femininity (Purity) 99 5.5.3 Descriptive analysis of femininity (Emotionality) 99 5.5.4 Descriptive Analysis of Political Trust (Performance) 100 5.5.5. Descriptive Analysis of Political Trust (Ability) 101 5.5.6 Descriptive Analysis of Political Trust (Conduct) 101 5.5.7 Descriptive Analysis of Political Efficacy 102 5.5.8 Descriptive Analysis of Political Participation 103 5.5.9 Descriptive Analysis of Political Interest 104 8 5.5.10 Descriptive Analysis of Political Socialization 104 5.5.11 Descriptive Analysis of Gender Role 105 5.5.12 Descriptive Analysis of Patriarchal Political Culture 107 5.6 Bivariate Analysis 5.6.1 Pearson R Correlational Analysis between Femininity and 108 Political Participation 5.6.2 Pearson R Correlational Analysis between Femininity and 109 Patriarchal Political Culture 5.6.3 Pearson R Correlational Analysis between Femininity and 110 Political Efficacy 5.6.4 Pearson R Correlational Analysis between Femininity and 111 Political Interest 5.6.5 Pearson R Correlational Analysis between Femininity and 112 Political Socialization 5.6.6 Pearson R Correlational Analysis between Femininity and 113 Political Trust 5.7 Multivariate Analysis: Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) 5.7.1 Femininity and Political Behavior 116 5.7.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimates for the Sample 118 5.8 Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) II 5.8.1 Femininity, Political Trust and Political Culture 119 5.8.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimates for the Sample 121 9 LIST OF FIGURES Sr. no List of figures Page no 5.1 Goodness of Fit Indices of Femininity 90 5.2 Goodness of Fit Indices of Gender Role 92 5.3 Goodness of Fit Indices of Political Behavior 94 5.4 Goodness of Fit Indices of Political Trust 96 5.5 Goodness of Fit Indices of Political Participation 97 5.6 SEM of Femininity and Political Behavior 117 5.7 SEM of Femininity, Political Trust and Political Culture 120 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PhD was a very bumpy ride but I was blessed enough to have people around whose guidance, cooperation and consultation helped me for completion of this academic work. I owe a great deal to thank all of them but here I am mentioning some of them. I am greatly indebted to Almighty Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful, the most Beneficent and who bestowed upon me the strength, endurance and intellectual ability for carrying out this academic work and to contribute to the existing body of knowledge. My very special thanks go to Professor Dr. Haq Nawaz Anwar for being my supervisor.