DOCSLIB.ORG

The Rise and Fall of the Chartered Corporation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Rise and Fall of the Chartered Corporation Durham E-Theses The Rise and Fall of the Chartered Corporation: A Historical Analysis The Development of the Charter up to 1500, the Rise of the Chartered Corporation post 1500, the Decline and Fall of the Charter as a Method of Incorporation in the 19th Century and the Potential for a Resurgence in the 21st Century. BOARDMAN-WESTON, THOMAS,KENNETH,CECIL How to cite: BOARDMAN-WESTON, THOMAS,KENNETH,CECIL (2012) The Rise and Fall of the Chartered Corporation: A Historical Analysis The Development of the Charter up to 1500, the Rise of the Chartered Corporation post 1500, the Decline and Fall of the Charter as a Method of Incorporation in the 19th Century and the Potential for a Resurgence in the 21st Century. , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5572/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 MJUR THESIS SUBMISSION The Rise and Fall of the Chartered Corporation: A Historical Analysis The Development of the Charter up to 1500, the Rise of the Chartered Corporation post 1500, the Decline and Fall of the Charter as a Method of Incorporation in the 19th Century and the Potential for a Resurgence in the 21st Century. Tom Boardman-Weston – University College – Law School January 2012 i | P a g e The Rise and Fall of the Chartered Corporation: A Historical Analysis – Abstract Despite the increasing impact and pervasiveness of companies’ law in the United Kingdom, little research has been undertaken to examine its development in the pre-registration, incorporation by charter period (pre-1844) and the ‘revolution’ of routine Companies Acts ending the charter monopoly. This work attempts to examine closely the development of the chartered body from its first inception in pre-Norman times through its commercial expansion in the 16th – early 19th Centuries culminating in not only its virtual de facto death but also its de jure death in 1844 with the rise of the registered corporation. In order to achieve this, both contemporary and modern evidence and commentary has been analysed, and a ‘timeline’ of developments created. As an integral part of this, the impact of case-law and jurisprudence will be considered, and the impact which it had upon the body of statute-law considered. Having presented, discussed and evaluated the evidence, the work concludes by discussing the possibilities for a chartered form of incorporation for commercial going concerns in the 21st Century and beyond. In the conclusion, it is hoped that suitable evidence will be provided to illustrate that the ‘chartered’ method of incorporation still retains a number of advantages over the more current ‘registration method’ and to apply these views to a modern company may not be as archaic and anachronistic as previously believed. To this end, a final case-study will be used to illustrate how this theory may work in fact. T.K.C. Boardman-Weston ----- The author would like to acknowledge the continued support provided to him by his supervisors in the law school, and in particular Mr. Christopher Riley who provided him not only with large amounts of material with which to work, but also with a clear passion for this area of the law, and historical law more generally. He would also like to thank Mr. J. Viney, Mr. H. Skudra and Miss. A. McDonald for acting as sounding boards throughout the process. ii | P a g e Table of Contents Abstract and Aknowledgements..………………………………………………………………………………………………………..............…i Table of Legislation.......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Cases..................................................................................................................................................v Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….vi Chapter ONE – The Ancestors of Chartered Corporations ………………………………………………………….…1 i) Companies, Commerce and their Mechanics………………………………………………………………………….1 ii) Charta to Charter…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4 Chapter TWO - The Birth of Chartered Organisations …………………………………………………………….…….7 The Gilds Merchant……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………9 Fig. 2.1 - Political Map of France 1154………………………………………………………………………………….13 The Craft Guilds……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….14 Chapter THREE –The 16 th and 17 th Centuries, the Formation of the ‘Great’ Companies and their Rise. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………18 Table 3.1 – Joint Stock Companies formed in the 16 th Century…………………………………………….19 Regulated Corporations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19 Joint-Stock Corporations………………………………………………………………………………………………………….20 Table 3.2 – Time-lines of 10 companies and their Corporate Forms…………………………………….22 Fig. 3.3 – Protectionism via global duopoly – The Treaty of Tordesillas Line ........................... 24 Case-Study: The East India Company ............................................................................................ 25 Fig. 3.4 – British Influence in India 1785 ................................................................................... 28 Fig. 3.5 – British Influence in India 1857 ................................................................................... 29 Governance of the East India Company ........................................................................................ 32 Fig. 3.6 – Structure of the East India Company ......................................................................... 32 Table 3.7 – Governance comparison between the East India Company and a 21 st Century Company ................................................................................................................................... 34 iii | P a g e Chapter FOUR – The Situation in 1700, South Sea Company, Sword Blade Company and BoE. …36 The Bank of England ..................................................................................................................... 36 The Sword Blade Company ........................................................................................................... 38 The South Sea Company ............................................................................................................... 41 Corporate Governance .................................................................................................................. 43 Chapter FIVE – The Bubble Act 1720 – Background and Effect ……………………………………………………45 The Mississippi Bubble (The bankrupting of France) .................................................................... 46 England’s Bubble ........................................................................................................................... 47 Fig. 5.1 – A graph illustrating the value of South Sea Stock in 1720, both in actual terms and in terms of subscription cost. ....................................................................................................... 50 The Act – Not many people know that…. ..................................................................................... 51 “News Just In – Breathing Legalised” - A Legal Solution to a Non-Existent Problem? ................. 54 Chapter SIX – The Birth of Modern Companies (1844). The Death of the Charter? ……………………..58 Political Wrangling – Economic Liberalism v. State Control58 The impact of case law on the law of companies ......................................................................... 61 Empirical Comparison ................................................................................................................... 67 Graph 6.1................................................................................................................................... 68 Graph 6.2................................................................................................................................... 68 Corporate Governance .................................................................................................................. 69 Case Study on State Interference in Corporate Affairs: EIC v. Railtrack ....................................... 70 Chapter SEVEN – In cauda venenum ……………………………………………………………………………………………73 Case Study: News Corporation, BSkyB, free markets and monopolies. ....................................... 75 Chapter EIGHT – Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….78 Appendix I – Charter of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers ………………………………………………81 iv | P a g e Appendix II – Charter of the Worshipful Company of Actuaries …………………………………………………. 87 Appendix III – A Brief Treatise on Stock Jobbing ………………………………………………………………………..104 Bibliography and Table of Cases ……………………………………………………………………………………………….110 Table of Cases and Legislation Legislation mentioned by name: 6 Anne. Cap. 22 ..........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Statute Law Repeals: Twentieth Report Draft Statute Law (Repeals) Bill
    2015: 50 years promoting law reform Statute Law Repeals: Twentieth Report Draft Statute Law (Repeals) Bill LC357 / SLC243 The Law Commission and The Scottish Law Commission (LAW COM No 357) (SCOT LAW COM No 243) STATUTE LAW REPEALS: TWENTIETH REPORT DRAFT STATUTE LAW (REPEALS) BILL Presented to Parliament by the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice by Command of Her Majesty Laid before the Scottish Parliament by the Scottish Ministers June 2015 Cm 9059 SG/2015/60 © Crown copyright 2015 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected]. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Print ISBN 9781474119337 Web ISBN 9781474119344 ID 20051507 05/15 49556 19585 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum Printed in the UK by the Williams Lea Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office ii The Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission were set up by the Law Commissions Act 1965 for the purpose of promoting the reform of the law. The Law Commissioners are: The Right Honourable Lord Justice Lloyd Jones, Chairman Professor Elizabeth Cooke1 Stephen Lewis Professor David Ormerod QC Nicholas Paines QC. The Chief Executive of the Law Commission is Elaine Lorimer. The Law Commission is located at 1st Floor, Tower, 52 Queen Anne’s Gate, London SW1H 9AG The Scottish Law Commissioners are: The Honourable Lord Pentland, Chairman Caroline Drummond David Johnston QC Professor Hector L MacQueen Dr Andrew J M Steven The Chief Executive of the Scottish Law Commission is Malcolm McMillan.
    [Show full text]
  • Recapitalization Or Reform? the Bankruptcy of the First Dutch West India Company and the Formation of the Second West India Company, 1674
    Itinerario, Vol. 43, No. 1, 88–106. © 2019 Research Institute for History, Leiden University. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/S016511531900007X Recapitalization or Reform? The Bankruptcy of the First Dutch West India Company and the Formation of the Second West India Company, 1674 ERIK ODEGARD* E-mail: [email protected] The Dutch West India Company (WIC), founded in 1621, was, in the words of the States General, “disbanded and destroyed” in September 1674 due to bankruptcy. In its stead, a second West India Company was founded, with a charter largely taken over from the first. This article explores how the dissolution of the first company and the conflicting interests of stockholders, bondholders, and company directors were managed. As it turns out, the old company was not actually liquidated; instead, its assets were simply handed over to the successor company, while an intricate financial construction was devised to take care of the debt burden and to capitalize the new company. The reasons for this unusual arrangement must be sought in the company’s great political, and particularly geopolit- ical, importance. Since the Dutch state was unwilling and unable to handle colonial gov- ernance and defence itself, it needed a placeholder in the form of a chartered company. However, the bankruptcy of the WIC, coming at the time it did, had major consequences for the shape of the Dutch Atlantic of the eighteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • DIRECTIONS and GUIDANCE to the Strategic Rail Authority
    DIRECTIONS AND GUIDANCE to the Strategic Rail Authority ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STRATEGIC RAIL AUTHORITY 1. The Strategic Rail Authority (“the Authority”) has been established under section 201(1) of the Transport Act 2000 (“the Act”) as a body corporate. PURPOSES OF THE STRATEGIC RAIL AUTHORITY 2.1. The Authority is to provide leadership for the rail industry and ensure that the industry works co-operatively towards common goals. This objective should underpin the whole range of the Authority’s activities. The Authority will set priorities for the successful operation and development of the railway. It will work with other industry parties to secure continuing private investment in the railway, and to deploy public funding to best effect. To this end, the Authority has been given a wide range of statutory powers and duties. 2.2. Section 205 of the Act sets out the Authority’s purposes as: • to promote the use of the railway network for the carriage of passengers and goods; • to secure the development of the railway network; and • to contribute to the development of an integrated system of transport for passengers and goods. 2.3. Section 207 of the Act requires the Authority to exercise its functions with a view to furthering its purposes and it must do so in accordance with any strategies that it has formulated with respect to them. In so doing the Authority must act in the way best calculated: • to protect the interests of users of railway services; • to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development; 1 • to promote efficiency and economy on the part of persons providing railway services; • to promote measures designed to facilitate passenger journeys involving more than one operator (including, in particular, arrangements for the issue and use of through tickets); • to impose on operators of railway services the minimum restrictions consistent with the performance of its functions; and • to enable providers of rail services to plan their businesses with a reasonable degree of assurance.
    [Show full text]
  • Railway Operations and the Environment Guidance
    RAILWAY OPERATIONS AND THE ENVIRONMENT GUIDANCE A CONSULTATION DOCUMENT Published by the Office of the Rail Regulator July 1994 Environmental guidance Contents 1. The Regulator’s Environmental Guidance................................................................1 Introduction....................................................................................................................1 The Regulator's environmental guidance .......................................................................2 The environmental policy...............................................................................................2 The policy statement ......................................................................................................2 Objectives.......................................................................................................................3 Management arrangements and systems........................................................................3 Monitoring......................................................................................................................4 Other sources of advice on environmental policy..........................................................4 Updating the guidance....................................................................................................5 Appendix 1: Summary of Issues, Current Best Practice and Options for Improvement........................................................................................................................7 Enclosure
    [Show full text]
  • European Background of American History
    European Background of American History E. P. Cheyney European Background of American History Table of Contents European Background of American History..........................................................................................................1 E. P. Cheyney.................................................................................................................................................1 EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES.........................................................................................1 EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................3 EUROPEAN BACKGROUND OF AMERICAN HISTORY...................................................................................5 CHAPTER I. THE EAST AND THE WEST................................................................................................5 CHAPTER II. ORIENTAL AND OCCIDENTAL TRADE−ROUTES.....................................................10 CHAPTER III. ITALIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO EXPLORATION........................................................16 CHAPTER IV. PIONEER WORK OF PORTUGAL..................................................................................21 CHAPTER V. THE SPANISH MONARCHY IN THE AGE OF COLUMBUS.......................................27 CHAPTER VI. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF CENTRAL EUROPE.................................................34 CHAPTER VII. THE SYSTEM OP CHARTERED COMMERCIAL COMPANIES...............................40
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of English Company Law Before 1900
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Turner, John D. Working Paper The development of English company law before 1900 QUCEH Working Paper Series, No. 2017-01 Provided in Cooperation with: Queen's University Centre for Economic History (QUCEH), Queen's University Belfast Suggested Citation: Turner, John D. (2017) : The development of English company law before 1900, QUCEH Working Paper Series, No. 2017-01, Queen's University Centre for Economic History (QUCEH), Belfast This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/149911 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu QUCEH WORKING PAPER SERIES http://www.quceh.org.uk/working-papers THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COMPANY LAW BEFORE 1900 John D.
    [Show full text]
  • Daily Report Monday, 23 July 2018 CONTENTS
    Daily Report Monday, 23 July 2018 This report shows written answers and statements provided on 23 July 2018 and the information is correct at the time of publication (07:01 P.M., 23 July 2018). For the latest information on written questions and answers, ministerial corrections, and written statements, please visit: http://www.parliament.uk/writtenanswers/ CONTENTS ANSWERS 8 DEFENCE 15 ATTORNEY GENERAL 8 Afghanistan: Armed Forces 15 National Fund 8 Air Force: Alcoholic Drinks and BUSINESS, ENERGY AND Drugs 15 INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY 8 Armed Forces: Sexual Companies: Registration 8 Offences 15 Conditions of Employment: EU Army 16 Action 9 AWACS 17 Department for Business, Conflict, Stability and Security Energy and Industrial Strategy: Fund: Islamic State 17 Former Members 9 European Fighter Aircraft 17 Electricity Interconnectors 9 Military Aircraft 17 Maternity Leave 10 Ministry of Defence: Buildings 18 Modern Working Practices Ministry of Defence: Former Review 10 Members 18 Retail Trade: Insolvency 11 NATO 19 CABINET OFFICE 11 NATO: Maritime Patrol Aircraft 19 Civil Servants: Pay 11 NATO: Military Aircraft 19 Civil Servants: Redundancy 11 Patrol Craft 20 Conflict, Stability and Security Warships 20 Fund 12 Yemen: Military Intervention 20 Electoral Register 13 DIGITAL, CULTURE, MEDIA AND Government Departments: SPORT 21 Location 13 Arts: Small Businesses 21 Oral Statements 14 Department for Digital, Public Sector: Job Creation 14 Culture, Media and Sport: Former Members 21 Electronic Commerce: EU Law 21 Pupils: Mental Health 44 Gambling:
    [Show full text]
  • Enumerating Old Themes? Berle’S Concept of Ownership and the Historical Development of English Company Law in Context
    Enumerating Old Themes? Berle’s Concept of Ownership and the Historical Development of English Company Law in Context Lorraine E. Talbot† I. INTRODUCTION Neither the claims of ownership nor those of control can stand against the paramount interests of the community. It remains only for the claims of the community to be put forward with clarity and force.1 This radical statement encapsulates one of the key themes of Adolf Berle’s work: stockholders no longer had a role in the corporation that entitled them to extensive claims in the corporation. Heralded in The Modern Corporation, his reconceptualization of the nature of ownership in the context of shareholding was based on empirical data on the mas- sive level of share dispersal in America’s largest corporations.2 Stock- holders had become too numerous and too dispersed to exercise control over “their” corporation. Instead, managers—the paid employees of the company—controlled the corporations. In this new arrangement, where business was dominated by management-controlled organizations as op- posed to owner-controlled organizations—a shift dubbed by Berle as a “revolution”3—new guiding principles for corporations needed to be drawn. In this new corporate order the state was required to take the lead to achieve a morally correct balance of interests, a balance which rele- † Associate Professor of Law, Warwick University, U.K. This paper is the first of two free-standing papers; the forthcoming paper will show how the marginalization of shareholder interests was only briefly achieved through wider social reforms and did not necessarily result from shifts in ownership and control.
    [Show full text]
  • Limited Liability: a Pathway for Corporate Recklessness?
    LIMITED LIABILITY: A PATHWAY FOR CORPORATE RECKLESSNESS? Igho Lordson Dabor PhD SEPTEMBER 2016 LIMITED LIABILITY: A PATHWAY FOR CORPORATE RECKLESSNESS? By Igho Lordson Dabor A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the University of Wolverhampton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September, 2016 Faculty of Social Sciences University of Wolverhampton Law School This work or any part therefore has not previously been presented in any form to the University or any other body whether for the purposes of assessment, publication or for any other purposes (unless otherwise indicated). Save for any express acknowledgements, references and/or bibliographies cited in the work, I confirm that the intellectual content of this work is the result of my own efforts and of no other person. The right of Igho Lordson Dabor to be identified as author of this work is asserted in accordance with ss.77 and 78 of the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988. At this date, the author owns copyright. Signature: …………………………………………… Igho Lordson Dabor Date: …………………………………………………. Dedication DEDICATION I dedicate this work first of all to the Almighty God, creator of heaven and earth, who has been my rock, my strength, and my salvation and to my lovely wife Mrs Adefolawe Yetunde Dabor and our lovely and wonderful children Joshua Omoyode Dabor, and Esther Avwerosuoghene Dabor. Dedication i Acknowledgement ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I extend my gratitude to the almighty God who gave me the grace, and ability to complete this work. I also extend my gratitude to all in the University Of Wolverhampton Law School who provided a fantastic environment in which to work and learn.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Guide to Legal Citation, Third Edition
    AUSTRALIAN GUIDE TO LEGAL AUSTRALIAN CITATION AUST GUIDE TO LEGAL CITA AUSTRALIAN GUIDE TO TO LEGAL CITATION AUSTRALIAN GUIDE TO LEGALA CITUSTRATION ALIAN Third Edition GUIDE TO LEGAL CITATION AGLC3 - Front Cover 4 (MJ) - CS4.indd 1 21/04/2010 12:32:24 PM AUSTRALIAN GUIDE TO LEGAL CITATION Third Edition Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc Melbourne 2010 Published and distributed by the Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with the Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Australian guide to legal citation / Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc., Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc. 3rd ed. ISBN 9780646527390 (pbk.). Bibliography. Includes index. Citation of legal authorities - Australia - Handbooks, manuals, etc. Melbourne University Law Review Association Melbourne Journal of International Law 808.06634 First edition 1998 Second edition 2002 Third edition 2010 Reprinted 2010, 2011 (with minor corrections), 2012 (with minor corrections) Published by: Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc Reg No A0017345F · ABN 21 447 204 764 Melbourne University Law Review Telephone: (+61 3) 8344 6593 Melbourne Law School Facsimile: (+61 3) 9347 8087 The University of Melbourne Email: <[email protected]> Victoria 3010 Australia Internet: <http://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/mulr> Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc Reg No A0046334D · ABN 86 930 725 641 Melbourne Journal of International Law Telephone: (+61 3) 8344 7913 Melbourne Law School Facsimile: (+61 3) 8344 9774 The University of Melbourne Email: <[email protected]> Victoria 3010 Australia Internet: <http://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/mjil> © 2010 Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc and Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Explanatory Memorandum to The
    EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM TO THE RAILWAYS ACT 1993 (DETERMINATION OF TURNOVER) ORDER 2005 2005 No. 1. This explanatory memorandum is laid before Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. It has been prepared by the Department for Transport. 2. Description 2.1 The draft instrument defines "turnover" for the purposes of the powers under the Railways Act 1993 (“the 1993 Act”), as amended, to impose penalties (and obligations to pay reasonable sums) not exceeding 10% of turnover on railway operators in certain circumstances. 3. Matters of special interest to the Joint Committee on Statutory Instruments 3.1 None. 4. Legislative Background 4.1 Sections 55(7B) and 57A(3) of the 1993 Act enable the Secretary of State to make an order determining what constitutes a railway operator's turnover for the purposes of imposing a penalty (or obligation to pay a reasonable sum) not exceeding 10% of turnover in certain circumstances. The relevant circumstances are those where an operator has breached any condition of a railway operator’s licence, a term of a franchise agreement or a requirement attached to the closure of a railway service, station or network. A penalty may also be imposed if an operator contravenes an enforcement order made under section 55 of the Act. 4.2 The application of a ceiling of 10% of turnover was introduced in the Transport Act 2000 (by amendment to the 1993 Act) to make the railway enforcement regime consistent in this regard with the regimes of other regulated utilities and the regime under the Competition Act 1998. 4.3 Sections 55 and 57A of the 1993 Act provide the powers to impose penalties (and obligations to pay reasonable sums).
    [Show full text]
  • The Consequences of Early Colonial Policies on East African Economic and Political Integration
    The Consequences of Early Colonial Policies on East African Economic and Political Integration The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Battani, Matthew. 2020. The Consequences of Early Colonial Policies on East African Economic and Political Integration. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37365415 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Consequences of Early Colonial Policies on the East African Economic and Political Integration Matthew Lee Battani A Thesis in the Field of International Relations for the Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University November 2020 © 2020 Matthew Lee Battani Abstract Twentieth-century economic integration in East Africa dates back to European initiates in the 1880s. Those policies culminated in the formation of the first East African Community (EAC I) in 1967 between Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. The EAC was built on a foundation of integrative polices started by Britain and Germany, who began formal colonization in 1885 as a result of the General Act of the Berlin Conference during the Scramble for Africa. While early colonial polices did foster greater integration, they were limited in important ways. Early colonial integration was bi-lateral in nature and facilitated European monopolies. Early colonial policies did not foster broad economic integration between East Africa’s neighbors or the wider world economy.
    [Show full text]