DOCSLIB.ORG

Caught in the Middle? Young Offenders in the Swedish and German Criminal Justice Systems Persson, Mareike

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Caught in the Middle? Young Offenders in the Swedish and German Criminal Justice Systems Persson, Mareike Caught in the Middle? Young offenders in the Swedish and German criminal justice systems Persson, Mareike 2017 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Persson, M. (2017). Caught in the Middle? Young offenders in the Swedish and German criminal justice systems. (1 ed.). Lund University (Media-Tryck). Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 MAREIKE PERSSON MAREIKE , 3041 0903 NORDIC ECOLABEL Caught in the middle? Caught in the middle? Caught in the middle? Responding to a criminal offence committed by a young person raises complex questions. Multiple Printed by Media-Tryck, Lund 2017 Printed by Media-Tryck, factors play important roles: the offence itself, Young offenders in the Swedish and but also the juvenile’s background in terms of German criminal justice systems education, socialization, prior convictions, etc. Every case is unique, but the criminal legal system MAREIKE PERSSON has to follow the principles of legal certainty and predictability. A legal response to juvenile FACULTY OF LAW | LUND UNIVERSITY 2017 offending is a consequence of the criminal action, but it also has to consider the lesser maturity and greater vulnerability of young offenders. The ideology of culpability and punishment emphasizes the seriousness of a certain offence. The ideology of welfare accentuates the social situation of the young offender and his or her individual needs. Juvenile criminal justice systems seem to face contradictory demands from the law in a strict sense and from society at large. They are caught in the middle: between the culpability for the offence and the best interests of the young person. This thesis investigates the tension(s) between “welfare” and “justice” that the juvenile criminal justice system has to deal with (the “welfare/ justice clash”) in Sweden and Germany. After exploring the differences between young and adult offenders which underlie the welfare/justice clash, the project presents an in-depth investigation of the Swedish and the German juvenile criminal justice systems. The analysis suggests an explanation for the ability of the juvenile criminal justice systems of Sweden and Germany to function in spite of the tensions highlighted. LUND UNIVERSITY 532835 Faculty of Law Department of Law ISBN 978-91-7753-283-5 789177 9 Caught in the middle? Young offenders in the Swedish and German criminal justice systems Mareike Persson DOCTORAL DISSERTATION by due permission of the Faculty of Law, Lund University, Sweden. To be defended at Pufendorfsalen, Juridiska institutionen, Lilla Gråbrödersgatan 3C. Date 24 May 2017, at 10:15. Faculty opponent Associate Professor Monica Burman 1 Organization Document name LUND UNIVERSITY Doctoral Dissertation Date of issue Author Mareike Persson Sponsoring organization Title and subtitle Caught in the middle? Young offenders in the Swedish and German juvenile criminal justice systems Abstract How should we respond to a criminal offence committed by a young person? It is obvious that this is a very complex question. Multiple factors play important roles: the offence itself, but also the juvenile’s background in terms of education, socialization, prior convictions, etc. Every case is unique, but the criminal legal system has to follow the principles of legal certainty and predictability. A legal response to juvenile offending is a consequence of the criminal action, but it also has to consider the lesser maturity and greater vulnerability of young offenders. This dualism makes a trial against a young perpetrator complicated. The ideology of culpability and punishment emphasizes the seriousness of a certain offence. The ideology of welfare accentuates the social situation of the young offender and his or her individual needs. Juvenile criminal justice systems seem to face contradictory demands: from the law in a strict sense and from society at large. They are caught in the middle: between the culpability for the offence and the best interests of the young person. This thesis investigates the tension(s) between “welfare” and “justice” that the juvenile criminal justice system has to deal with (the “welfare/justice clash”) in Sweden and Germany. After exploring the differences between young and adult offenders which underlie the welfare/justice clash, the project presents an in-depth investigation of the Swedish and the German juvenile criminal justice systems. Thus, this study is comparative in its approach. To illustrate the different forms the welfare/justice clash takes in the Swedish and the German juvenile criminal justice systems, I focus on these systems’ guiding principles, legal responses and sentencing rules, procedural rules and safeguards, and on the figures in the juvenile courtroom. The investigation is not limited to a doctrinal study. I also present an empirical study, in the form of participant observations in the juvenile courtroom and semi-structured interviews with judges and public prosecutors from both countries, to gain insight into legal practice. The study of the two juvenile criminal justice systems shows that the theoretical welfare/justice clash is visible in books as well as in action, irrespective of the different approaches towards young offenders these countries pursue. However, this does not appear to give rise to any major problems in legal practice, as surprising as this may be. The practitioners in the juvenile courtroom seem to be able to balance and respect both ideologies. In the analysis, I suggest an explanation for the ability of the juvenile criminal justice systems in Sweden and in Germany to function in spite of the tensions highlighted in the previous chapters. Here, I switch perspectives from an internal view of the juvenile criminal justice system to an external view. I suggest abandoning the purely legal dogmatic (justice) approach and the purely welfare-based or social approach and instead combining elements of them in an approach to juvenile criminal justice that understands it as a system in its own right. Key words: Young offenders, Juvenile criminal justice systems, Juvenile legal consequences, Sentencing, Law in action, Autopoiesis, Socio-legal studies Classification system and/or index terms (if any) Supplementary bibliographical information Language English ISSN and key title ISBN 978-91-7753-283-5 (print) 978-91-7753-284-2 (pdf) Recipient’s notes Number of pages 408 Price Security classification I, the undersigned, being the copyright owner of the abstract of the above-mentioned dissertation, hereby grant to all reference sources permission to publish and disseminate the abstract of the above-mentioned dissertation. Signature Date 2 Caught in the middle? Young offenders in the Swedish and German juvenile criminal justice systems Mareike Persson 3 Coverphoto by canva.com Copyright Mareike Persson Faculty of Law Department of Law ISBN (print) 978-91-7753-283-5 ISBN (pdf) 978-91-7753-284-2 Printed in Sweden by Media-Tryck, Lund University Lund 2017 4 Content Acknowledgements ........................................................................... 9 Table of Abbreviations .................................................................... 11 Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................. 13 1.1. The juvenile dilemma .............................................................. 13 1.2. Welfare considerations and justice considerations .................... 17 1.3. The notion of a juvenile criminal justice system ....................... 19 1.4. Aim ......................................................................................... 22 1.5. Methodology, methods, and material....................................... 24 1.5.1. Law in books and law in action .................................... 24 1.5.2. A multi-method approach ............................................ 29 1.5.3. Explaining the juvenile criminal justice system ............. 41 1.6. Previous research and relevance ................................................ 43 1.7. Limitations .............................................................................. 50 1.8. Outline .................................................................................... 52 Chapter 2 Between childhood and adulthood ............................................ 55 2.1. Biological factors ..................................................................... 56 2.1.1. Brain maturation ......................................................... 56 2.1.2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Know Before You Go
    Know Before You Go SWEDEN A Guide to Keep You Safe Abroad provided by: Pathways to Safety International Updated May 2019 KNOW BEFORE YOU GO: SWEDEN 2 Let’s be perfectly clear, the number one way to prevent sexual assault is to not rape. While the responsibility of ending sexual gender based violence is on the perpetrators, this guide will offer general safety tips, country-specific information, and resources to help prevent and prepare travelers for the possibility of sexual assault abroad. GENERAL SAFETY TIPS: 1. Use the buddy system and travel with friends. 7 out of 10 2. Be aware of social and cultural norms. For example, looking at someone in rapes are the eyes when you speak to them is perfectly normal in the U.S., but in committed another country that could signify you’re interested in the person. by someone known to the 3. Recognize controlling behavior when entering a relationship. Most rape 1 survivors recall feeling “uncomfortable” about some of their partner’s behaviors victim such as degrading jokes/language or refusal to accept “no” as an answer, whether in a sexual context or otherwise.2 4. Avoid secluded places where you could be more vulnerable. Meet new people in public spaces and let a trusted friend know where you’ll be beforehand. Always have a backup plan in mind. 5. Trust your gut. Many victims have a “bad feeling” right before an assault takes place. It’s okay to leave a situation that is making you feel uncomfortable. Stay alert and aware in new social settings and places.
    [Show full text]
  • The Swedish Justitieombudsman*
    THE YALE LAW JOURNAL VOLUm 75 NOVEMBER 1965 No. 1 THE SWEDISH JUSTITIEOMBUDSMAN* WALTER GELLHORNt How IT ALL BEGAN MucIH of the Swedish Constitution of 1809 has been forgotten; its delineation of royal powers and parliamentary structure has little relevance to today's realities. But the office it created, that of the Jus- titieombudsman, has lived and grown. It has inspired similar establish- ments in Finland, Denmark, Norway, and New Zealand, and has added the word "Ombudsman" to the international vocabulary.' When in 1713, Swedish King Charles XII appointed a representative, an Ombudsman, to keep an eye on the royal officials of that day, he simply responded to the passing moment's need. He was bogged down in seemingly endless campaigns at the head of his army and in diplomatic negotiations that followed them. And so, very possibly ignorant that an overly-occupied Russian monarch had previously done the very same thing, he sensibly commissioned a trusted subordinate to scrutinize the conduct of the tax gatherers, the judges, and the few other law adminis- trators who acted in his name at home. What had begun as a temporary expedient became a permanent element of administration, under the title of Chancellor of Justice. A century passed. The fortunes of the monarchy ebbed and then again grew large, but at last royal government was bridled and Sweden took hesitant steps toward representative democracy. Nothing would do then but that the parliament should have its own overseer of adminis- * Copyright 1965 by Walter Gelihorn. The substance of this article will appear in a volume to be published by the Harvard University Press in 1966.
    [Show full text]
  • Criminal Organizing New Series 62
    STOCKHOLM STUDIES IN SOCIOLOGY CRIMINAL ORGANIZING NEW SERIES 62 Criminal Organizing Studies in the sociology of organized crime Amir Rostami ©Amir Rostami, Stockholm University 2016 ISSN 0491-0885 ISBN 978-91-7649-364-9 Printed in Sweden by Holmbergs, Malmö 2016 Distributor: Department of Sociology, Stockholm University To my mother, for her sacri- fices, guidance, and faith. Contents Tables .......................................................................................................... 10 List of original studies .............................................................................. 11 Introduction ............................................................................................... 15 The outline of the dissertation ......................................................................... 20 Chapter 2. Comments on ethics, aims, methods, and data ............ 21 Aim and scope ..................................................................................................... 25 The data employed in the studies ................................................................... 26 The methods employed in the studies ............................................................ 29 Summary of the studies .................................................................................... 30 Chapter 3. What is organized crime: its definitions, consequences, and dimensions ......................................................................................... 32 Concepts and definitions in the study of organized
    [Show full text]
  • “Sweden” New Development, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues
    2012 NATIONAL REPORT (2011 data) TO THE EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point “Sweden” New Development, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues REITOX Contents Foreword .................................................................................................................... 4 Summary .................................................................................................................... 5 Part A – New developments and Trends .................................................................... 9 1. Drug Policy: Legislation, strategies and economic analysis.................................... 9 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Legal Framework .............................................................................................. 9 1.3 National action plan, strategy, evaluation and coordination .............................12 1.4 Economic analysis ...........................................................................................23 2. Drug use in the general population and specific target groups ..............................26 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................26 2.2 Drug use in the general population ..................................................................26 2.3 Drug use in the school and youth population ...................................................30 2.4 Drug use among targeted groups / settings
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Best Practices in Combatting Violence Against Women: Sweden
    DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT FOR CITIZENS' RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS WOMEN'S RIGHTS & GENDER EQUALITY Exploring Best Practices in Combatting Violence Against Women: Sweden IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS Abstract This paper was produced by the Policy Department on Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality (FEMM). The paper examines the status of women in Sweden, a country known for its proven track record on gender equality: it delves into the issue of preventing violence against women and protecting victims of violence. Gender equality is a cornerstone of Swedish society, thus violence against women is a priority for the Swedish Government. Various vulnerable groups might still require greater legislative protection and government response. PE 604.958 EN ABOUT THE PUBLICATION This research paper was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality and commissioned, overseen and published by the Policy Department for Citizen's Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Policy Departments provide independent expertise, both in-house and externally, to support European Parliament committees and other parliamentary bodies in shaping legislation and exercising democratic scrutiny over EU external and internal policies. To contact the Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs or to subscribe to its newsletter please write to: [email protected] RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH ADMINISTRATOR
    [Show full text]
  • Download the File “Tackforalltmariebytdr.Pdf”
    Käraste Micke med barn, Tillsammans med er sörjer vi en underbar persons hädangång, och medan ni har förlorat en hustru och en mamma har miljoner av beundrare världen över förlorat en vän och en inspirationskälla. Många av dessa kände att de hade velat prata med er, dela sina historier om Marie med er, om vad hon betydde för dem, och hur mycket hon har förändrat deras liv. Det ni håller i era händer är en samling av över 6200 berättelser, funderingar och minnen från människor ni förmodligen inte kän- ner personligen, men som Marie har gjort ett enormt intryck på. Ni kommer att hitta både sorgliga och glada inlägg förstås, men huvuddelen av dem visar faktiskt hur enormt mycket bättre världen har blivit med hjälp av er, och vår, Marie. Hon kommer att leva kvar i så många människors hjärtan, och hon kommer aldrig att glömmas. Tack för allt Marie, The Daily Roxette å tusentals beundrares vägnar. A A. Sarper Erokay from Ankara/ Türkiye: How beautiful your heart was, how beautiful your songs were. It is beyond the words to describe my sorrow, yet it was pleasant to share life on world with you in the same time frame. Many of Roxette songs inspired me through life, so many memories both sad and pleasant. May angels brighten your way through joining the universe, rest in peace. Roxette music will echo forever wihtin the hearts, world and in eternity. And you’ll be remembered! A.Frank from Germany: Liebe Marie, dein Tod hat mich zu tiefst traurig gemacht. Ich werde deine Musik immer wieder hören.
    [Show full text]
  • „Ichliebeden Nashville-Sound“
    „Ich liebe den Nashville-Sound“ Der schwedische Musiker Per Gessle ist mehr als nur die eine Hälfte von Roxette. In Nashville hat er jetzt sein elftes Soloalbum auf- genommen. Ein Sonntagsgespräch über das Künstlerleben ohne Marie Fredriksson So!: Herr Gessle, obwohl Ihr Name stets und sofort mit den Welthits von Roxette verbun- den wird, ist „Small Town Talk“ bereits Ihr elftes Soloalbum. HabenSie immer schon mehr Raum für Ihre Kreativität gebraucht, als Roxette Ihnen geben konnte? Per Gessle: Ja, ich habe immer auch Platz für andere Projekte benötigt. Ich habeinden späten Siebzigern angefangen, Songs auf Schwedisch zu schreiben. Und das habe ich mein ganzes Lebenhindurch fortgesetzt mit Soloalben und mit Aufnahmen mit meiner schwedischen Band „Gyllene Tider“. a dp n, So!: Ihr neues Album klingt sehr entspannt ij und in sich ruhend. Haben Sie sich so rb Co gefühlt, als Sie die Songs schrieben? n Gessle: Es war anfangs als sehr persönliche to An Scheibe gedacht. Ich hatte gerade eine harte : Phase in meinem Leben hinter mir: Ich habe tos Fo in nur drei Jahren meine Mutter, meinen Bruder und meine Schwester verloren. Ich vermute, das hat mich ziemlich beeinflusst. ein paar Wochen in Tennessee hatte ich dass das auch meine internationalen Fans Als Marie mir sagte, dass sie bei Rox auf- das Gefühl, ich müsste das alles auch auf hören. hören müsse – das war im Februar 2016 –, Englisch machen. habe ich beschlossen, ein Akustikalbum So!: Wie wichtig ist der Text für einen Song? auf Schwedisch zu machen, aufgenommen So!: Sie haben also angefangen, die Songs Gessle: Kommt darauf an, welche Art von in Nashville mit Musikern von dort.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Background and Criminal Offending Among Young Males in Stockholm Amber L. Beckley for Presentation to the Department Of
    Foreign background and criminal offending among young males in Stockholm Amber L. Beckley For presentation to the Department of Criminology May 19, 2014 Seminar paper, do not cite. Contents Forward ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3 Theories on immigrant criminality ............................................................................................. 6 Sociological theories ............................................................................................................... 6 Acculturation development ................................................................................................... 18 Past research on immigrant offending: A global perspective .................................................. 21 Context: Immigrant Youth in Sweden ..................................................................................... 24 The Neighborhood ................................................................................................................ 25 Education and Employment .................................................................................................. 26 Identity .................................................................................................................................. 28 The Family ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Organised Crime Outlook Sweden a Method for and Assessment of Likely Future Trends in Organised Crime in the EU
    Organised Crime Outlook Sweden A method for and assessment of likely future trends in organised crime in the EU Report 2006:4 PDF DOCUMENT With financial support from the AGIS Programme European Commission – Directorate General Justice, Freedom and Security Organised Crime Outlook Sweden A method for and assessment of likely future trends in organised crime in the EU REPORT 2006:4 PDF Document AGIS 2004 With financial support from the AGIS Programme European Commission – Directorate General Justice, Freedom and Security Production: The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brå), Information and Publication P.O. Box 1386, SE-111 93 Stockholm, Sweden. Phone +46 8 401 87 00. Fax +46 8 411 90 75. E-mail [email protected] Internet www.bra.se Author: Monika Karlsson, Lars Korsell, Daniel Vesterhav Cover: Ylva Hellström © Brottsförebyggande rådet 2006 Contents PREFACE 5 PROJECT ORGANISED CRIME OUTLOOK 6 SCENARIO 1: WHAT COULD THE FUTURE LOOK LIKE FOR LICIT MARKETS IN SWEDEN IN 2015? 11 A global arena 15 Classical version of the welfare State 19 Rightwinds 22 New version of the welfare State 24 SCENARIO 2: WHAT COULD THE FUTURE LOOK LIKE FOR ILLICIT MARKETS IN SWEDEN IN 2015? 26 The non-intrusive State 31 Political control 36 The State on retreat 40 Regaining control 43 SCENARIO 3: WHAT COULD THE FUTURE LOOK LIKE FOR THE STRUCTURE OF ORGANISED CRIME GROUPS IN SWEDEN IN 2015? 47 Welfare for few 52 The strong State 55 “Europised” Nordic model 58 Locally based welfare 61 SCENARIO 4: WHAT COULD THE FUTURE LOOK LIKE FOR ORGANISED CRIME GROUPS’ COUNTERSTRATEGIES IN SWEDEN IN 2015? 64 Victims in focus 67 Proactive crime control 70 Focus on everyday crimes 74 Knowledge-based law enforcement 77 LIST OF PERSONS PARTICIPATING IN BRAINSTORM SEMINARS AND INTERVIEWS 80 BIBLIOGRAPHY 83 Books 83 Public prints 84 Scientific articles and other publications 85 Preface This is a report presenting a case study which has formed part of a larger project called Organised Crime Outlook – A method for and assessment of likely future trends in organised crime in the EU.
    [Show full text]
  • Explaining Adolescent Offending Variety in Sweden by Parental Country of Birth a Test of Situational Action Theory
    EXPLAINING ADOLESCENT OFFENDING VARIETY IN SWEDEN BY PARENTAL COUNTRY OF BIRTH A TEST OF SITUATIONAL ACTION THEORY ROKON UDDIN Degree Project in Criminology Malmö University 30 ECTS Faculty of Health and Society Master’s Programme in Criminology 205 06 Malmö May 2017 EXPLAINING ADOLESCENT OFFENDING VARIETY IN SWEDEN BY PARENTAL COUNTRY OF BIRTH A TEST OF SITUATIONAL ACTION THEORY ROKON UDDIN Uddin, R. Explaining Adolescent Offending Variety in Sweden by Parental Country of Birth: A Test of Situational Action Theory. Degree project in Criminology, 30 credits. Malmö University: Faculty of health and society, Department of Criminology, 2017. Abstract The main aim of this study is to explain adolescent offending variety by their parental country of birth. In doing so, the independent effect size and proportion of variance of two core elements of Situational Action Theory (SAT) – propensity and lifestyle risk – on offending variety are examined by immigrant background and gender. Although previous studies produced plenty of support to key assumption of SAT, no study so far measured offending variety as dependent variable. Analyses are based on self-reported data collected for Malmö Individual and Neighborhood Development Study (MINDS) during 2011-12, when the adolescent attained the age between 16 and 17. Ordinary least square (OLS) regression is run to examine the magnitude of effect and proportion of variance. Strong relation of offending variety separately with propensity and lifestyle risk was identified. Contrary to current scholarship on immigrant crime in Sweden, adolescent with immigrant parents are found at no more risk to engage in self- reported delinquency than the natives. Gender difference remains as a strong predictor of offending variety, especially for the immigrant group.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Organized Crime: Recent Trends in the Baltic Sea Region
    Russian Organized Crime: Recent Trends in the Baltic Sea Region Edited by Walter Kegö & Alexandru Molcean Stockholm Paper February 2012 Russian Organized Crime: Recent Trends in the Baltic Sea Region Edited by Walter Kegö & Alexandru Molcean Institute for Security and Development Policy Västra Finnbodavägen 2, 131 30 Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden www.isdp.eu Russian Organized Crime: Recent Trends in the Baltic Sea Region is published by the Institute for Security and Development Policy. The Institute is based in Stockholm, Sweden, and cooperates closely with research centers worldwide. Through its Silk Road Studies Program, the Institute runs a joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center with the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute of Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies. The Institute is firmly established as a leading research and policy center, serving a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders, and journalists. It is at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security, and development. Through its applied research, publications, research coopera- tion, public lectures, and seminars, it functions as a focal point for academic, policy, and public discussion. The opinions and conclusions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute for Security and Development Policy or its sponsors. © Institute for Security and Development Policy, 2012 ISBN: 978-91-86635-27-5 Printed in Singapore Distributed in Europe by: Institute for Security and Development Policy Västra Finnbodavägen 2, 131 30 Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden Tel. +46-841056953; Fax. +46-86403370 Email: [email protected] Distributed in North America by: The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Paul H.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploration of Organised Crime and 'Undermining' in Sweden
    Exploration of organised crime and ‘undermining’ in Sweden Prof. Dr. Pieter Tops (Police Academy, Tilburg University) Dr. Ronald van der Wal (Police Academy) Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 2 2 Even in Sweden………………………………………………...…………………………3 3 Street gangs in Sweden ....................................................................................................... 5 4 Explanations for the growth of a violent street gang culture in Sweden .......................... 12 4.1 Social-economic change ............................................................................................ 12 4.2 Social deprivation and segregation ........................................................................... 14 4.3 Disadvantaged areas ................................................................................................. 15 4.4 Political polarization ................................................................................................. 17 4.5 Access to weapons ..................................................................................................... 18 4.6 The position of the police .......................................................................................... 19 5 Other forms of organized crime ........................................................................................ 23 5.1 Drug related crime ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]