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“Sweden” New Development, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues

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“Sweden” New Development, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues 2012 NATIONAL REPORT (2011 data) TO THE EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point “Sweden” New Development, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues REITOX Contents Foreword .................................................................................................................... 4 Summary .................................................................................................................... 5 Part A – New developments and Trends .................................................................... 9 1. Drug Policy: Legislation, strategies and economic analysis.................................... 9 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Legal Framework .............................................................................................. 9 1.3 National action plan, strategy, evaluation and coordination .............................12 1.4 Economic analysis ...........................................................................................23 2. Drug use in the general population and specific target groups ..............................26 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................26 2.2 Drug use in the general population ..................................................................26 2.3 Drug use in the school and youth population ...................................................30 2.4 Drug use among targeted groups / settings at national and local level ............31 3. Prevention .............................................................................................................33 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................33 3.2 Environmental prevention ................................................................................34 3.3 Universal prevention ........................................................................................38 3.4 Selective prevention in at-risk groups and settings ..........................................42 3.5 Indicated prevention.........................................................................................45 3.6 National and local media campaigns................................................................45 4. Problem Drug Use .................................................................................................46 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................46 4.2 Prevalence and incidence estimates of PDU ...................................................47 5. Drug-related treatment: treatment demand and treatment availability ...................51 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................51 5.2 General description, availability & quality assurance .......................................51 6. Health correlates and consequences.....................................................................55 6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................55 6.2 Drug-related infectious diseases......................................................................55 6.3 Other drug-related health correlates and consequences .................................57 6.4 Drug-related deaths and mortality of drug users ..............................................60 7. Responses to health correlates and consequences ..............................................64 7.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................64 7.2 Prevention of drug related emergencies and reduction of drug-related deaths64 7.3 Prevention and treatment of drug-related infectious diseases .........................66 7.4 Responses to other health correlates among drug users.................................68 2 8. Social correlates and social reintegration ..............................................................69 8.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................69 8.2 Social exclusion and drug use .........................................................................71 8.3 Social reintegration ..........................................................................................75 9. Drug-related crime, prevention of drug related crime and, prison..........................78 9.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................78 9.2 Drug-related Crime...........................................................................................79 9.3 Drug law offences ............................................................................................80 9.5 Prevention of drug-related crime......................................................................83 9.6 Interventions in the criminal justice system ......................................................84 9.7 Drug use and problem drug use in prisons ......................................................87 9.8 Responses to drug-related health issues in prisons.........................................89 9.9 Reintegration of drug users after release from prison ......................................90 10. Drug Markets .......................................................................................................91 10.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................91 10.2 Availability and supply....................................................................................92 10.3 Seizures .........................................................................................................95 10.4 Price...............................................................................................................97 Part B – Selected Issues ...........................................................................................99 11. Residential treatment for drug users in Europe ...................................................99 11.1. History and policy framework ........................................................................99 11.2 Availability and characteristics of residential treatment ................................103 11.2.1 National (overall) availability .....................................................................106 11.3 Quality management ....................................................................................116 11.4 Discussion and outlook ................................................................................118 12. Drug Policies of large European cities...............................................................121 12.1 Large cities...................................................................................................121 12.2 Case study: Stockholm ................................................................................125 12.2.1 Four areas of drug policy in Stockholm .....................................................126 12.2.2 Current issues in Stockholm .....................................................................128 Part C - Bibliography ...............................................................................................129 3 Foreword The 2012 National Report on the Drug Situation in Sweden has been produced for the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). With the exception of part B (Selected Issues), the report is mainly an update of previously delivered data in areas where new information has developed or where the guidelines provided by the EMCDDA have been changed. The report has been prepared in cooperation with national agencies, institutions and experts. Contributors to part A are, from the Swedish National Institute of Public Health, Ms Cecilia Birgersson, Mr Mats Blid, Ms Åsa Domeij, Mr Thomas Jacobsson, Ms Helena Löfgren, Ms Elisabet Mörk, Mr Jonas Nygren, Ms Marie Risbeck, Mr Nils Stenström and Mr Joakim Strandberg. External contributors to part A are; Ms Siri Nyström, Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs; Mr Daniel Svensson, National Board of Health and Welfare; Ms Frida Hansdotter, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control; Ms Charlotta Lindström, Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention; Ms Gunilla Nilsson, Swedish Prison and Probation Service; Ms Lotta Rapp, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science and Mr Jonas Karlsson, Swedish Customs. In part B, the section on “Residential treatment for drug users in Europe” is written by Mr Ulf Malmström, Swedish National Institute of Public Health. The section on “Drug Policies of large European cities” is written by Anders Ericsson, City of Stockholm and staff at Swedish National Institute of Public Health. The report has been reviewed by Sven Andréasson, senior consultant at the Swedish National Institute of Public Health. Mr Joakim Strandberg, public health officer and Head of Focal Point to the EMCDDA at the Swedish National Institute of Public Health, have been project coordinator for the 2012 National Report. For possible need of clarification of the reports and publications in Swedish referred to in this National Report you are welcome to contact the Swedish National Institute of Public Health.
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