Pennine Bridleway, Monk's Road to High Lane, Charlesworth, Derbyshire

making sense of heritage

PENNINE BRIDLEWAY, MONK'S ROAD TO HIGH LANE, CHARLESWORTH, DERBYSHIRE

Landscape Survey, Archaeological Watching Brief and Trial Trenching Report

Ref: 86440.03 January 2013

PENNINE BRIDLEWAY, MONK’S ROAD TO HIGH LANE, CHARLESWORTH, DERBYSHIRE

Archaeological Landscape Survey, Evaluation and Watching Brief Report

Prepared for: Derbyshire County Council

by Wessex Archaeology Unit 6, Riverside Block Sheaf Bank Business Park Sheffield S2 3EN

Report reference: 86440.03

January 2013

© Wessex Archaeology Limited 2013 all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No. 287786 Pennine Bridleway, Monks Road to High Lane, Charlesworth, Derbyshire Archaeological Landscape Survey, Evaluation and Watching Brief Report

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QUALITY ASSURANCE

CLIENT SITE CODE ACCESSION CODE 86440 DERSB 2012.30 CODE N/A PLANNING APPLICATION REF. - NGR 401755 393133 TO 402330 391300

VERSION STATUS* PREPARED APPROVED APPROVER’S DATE FILE BY BY SIGNATURE

S:\PROJECTS\86440 (MONKS ROAD, CHARLESWORTH, V1.0 I AWT/CH RON Richard O’Neill DERBYSHIRE)\REPORTS\86440.03_MONKS_ROAD _WB_V1_1

* I= INTERNAL DRAFT E= EXTERNAL DRAFT F= FINAL

PENNINE BRIDLEWAY, MONK’S ROAD TO HIGH LANE, CHARLESWORTH, DERBYSHIRE

Archaeological Landscape Survey, Evaluation and Watching Brief Report

Contents

Figures and Plates ...... iv Summary ...... v Acknowledgements ...... vi 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Project Background ...... 1 1.2 The Site, Location and Geology ...... 1 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...... 2 2.1 Previous Archaeological Work ...... 2 3 METHODOLOGY ...... 3 3.1 Aims and Objectives ...... 3 3.2 Construction Methodology ...... 3 3.3 Scope of Works and Recording ...... 4 4 RESULTS ...... 5 4.1 Introduction ...... 5 4.2 Trench 1 ...... 5 4.3 Trench 2 ...... 6 4.4 Trenches 3 and 4...... 6 4.5 Survey ...... 7 5 FINDS ...... 8 5.1 Summary ...... 8 6 CONCLUSIONS ...... 8 6.1 Summary ...... 8 7 ARCHIVE ...... 9 7.1 Preparation ...... 9 7.2 Deposition...... 9 8 REFERENCES ...... 9 APPENDIX 1: ARCHIVE ...... 11 APPENDIX 2: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 12 APPENDIX 3: ARTEFACTS BY CONTEXT ...... 13 APPENDIX 4: GAZETTEER OF SURVEYED FEATURES ...... 14

Figures and Plates

Front Cover View from Monks Road over Simmondley Colliery towards Glossop Back Cover Location of Trench 2 from south east

Figure 1 Site location Figure 2 Trench locations (Monks Road) Figure 3 Trench 1: Section across Roman road Figure 4 Trench 2: Section across Roman road Figure 5 Location of surveyed features (Simmondley Quarry) Figure 6 Hachured plans of surveyed features

Plate 1 Cobblestone Roman road in Trench 1 (101) from south Plate 2 Part of Section across Roman road in Trench 1 from south Plate 3 Trench 2 pre-excavation. The Roman road was thought to occupy the ridge in the left of shot (east), but actually follows the ridge in the right of the shot (west). View from north Plate 4 Roman road (sand) in Trench 2 (202) from west Plate 5 Section across Roman road in Trench 2 from north

PENNINE BRIDLEWAY, MONK’S ROAD TO HIGH LANE, CHARLESWORTH, DERBYSHIRE

Archaeological Landscape Survey, Evaluation and Watching Brief Report

Summary

Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Derbyshire County Council to undertake a programme of archaeological works prior to, and during, the installation of the Pennine Bridleway between Monk’s Road and High Lane, Charlesworth, Derbyshire (NGR 401755 393133 to 402330 391300).

The archaeological works were undertaken in line with Written Schemes of Investigation (WSI’s) produced by Wessex Archaeology (2012a and 2012b), and approved by the Peak District National Park Authority. This report presents a brief description of the methodology followed, a description of the results and an interpretation of the findings.

The Roman road from Buxton to Glossop was seen in two sections east of Monks Road, northeast of Higher Plainstead Farm. At the south end of the site, topsoil stripping for the site compound revealed a cobblestone track way. At the north end of the same field, trial trenching again located the road, although here it consisted of a compacted deposit of sand. In both instances the road was 4-5m wide, without ditches on either side. No other archaeological structures, features or deposits were observed.

The survey of Simmondley Colliery revealed 7 potential features, although some of these may be natural sinkholes. A single celled building was also revealed, and probably relates to a mine worker’s hut or for shepherding in the 18th-19th century.

The archive from the watching brief will be deposited with Buxton Museum and Art Gallery under the museum accession code DERSB 2012.30.

PENNINE BRIDLEWAY, MONK’S ROAD TO HIGH LANE, CHARLESWORTH, DERBYSHIRE

Archaeological Landscape Survey, Evaluation and Watching Brief Report

Acknowledgements

This project was commissioned by Derbyshire County Council and Wessex Archaeology is grateful to Jenny Southwell in this regard. Wessex Archaeology is also grateful to Sarah Whiteley of the Peak District National Park Authority for monitoring this work.

The report was compiled by Ashley Tuck and Chris Harrison. Fieldwork was undertaken by Ashley Tuck and Phillip Maier. The survey of Simmondley Colliery was undertaken by Chris Harrison. Illustrations were by Chris Swales and Chris Breeden. The project was managed for Wessex Archaeology by Richard O’Neill.

PENNINE BRIDLEWAY, MONK’S ROAD TO HIGH LANE, CHARLESWORTH, DERBYSHIRE

Archaeological Landscape Survey, Evaluation and Watching Brief Report

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background 1.1.1 Derbyshire County Council (hereafter ‘DCC’) commissioned Wessex Archaeology to undertake a programme of archaeological survey and monitoring preceding and during the construction of a bridleway between Monks Road and High Lane, in the Parish of Charlesworth (hereafter ‘the Scheme’). The Scheme follows a winding route between NGR 401755 393133 and 402330 391300 (Figure 1).

1.1.2 This bridleway will form part of the Pennine Bridleway National Trail that will run for some 350 miles from Middleton Top or Hartington in Derbyshire to Byreness in Northumberland. Planning permission for the Scheme was granted by the Peak District National Park Authority, subject to conditions.

1.1.3 The programme of archaeological work set out in this document will assist in discharging the following archaeological condition:-

3 ‘No development shall take place within the area of the former mining archaeological interest identified in the desk based study submitted with the application until the applicant, or their agents or successors in title, has secured the implementation of a programme of archaeological work in accordance with a written scheme of investigation which has been submitted by the applicant and approved in writing by the National Park Authority’.

1.1.4 As a result, a level 2 archaeological landscape survey of the former Simmondley Colliery was commissioned by DCC to identify archaeological remains relating to mining within the footprint and surrounding 5m of the intended bridleway. A Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI), outlining the methodology of proposed survey and recording, was prepared by Wessex Archaeology (2012a) and approved by the PDNPA.

1.1.5 Whilst not specifically part of the planning condition, DCC also requested that a programme of archaeological work be undertaken to mitigate potential impacts resulting from the Scheme to remains relating to a potential Roman road that crosses the southern end of the Scheme. A Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI), outlining the methodology of proposed monitoring and recording, was prepared by Wessex Archaeology (2012b) and approved by the PDNPA.

1.2 The Site, Location and Geology 1.2.1 The Scheme runs from High Lane (NGR 401755 393133), adjacent to Cloud Cottage to the SW of Simmondley, south through greenfield and heathland running roughly parallel to Monks Road until it joins it close to the junction with High Plainstead Farm (NGR 402330 391300).

1.2.2 The underlying geology for the northern half of the Scheme comprises mudstone, siltstone and sandstone of the Millstone Grit Group, changing to Chatsworth Grit in the southern half of the Scheme from where it passes to the north of Herod Edge Farm.

2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Previous Archaeological Work 2.1.1 As part of the planning application, a desk based report was produced to detail the historical and archaeological background of the Site.

The Roman Road 2.1.2 The hypothetical course of a Roman road from Buxton to Glossop is situated within the southern end of the Scheme. Within the Scheme the route proposed in the desk based assessment differs from that recorded by Wroe and Mellar (1971). Whilst the former route follows a historic footpath northeast-southwest across the southern field, the latter has it following the eastern boundary of Monk’s Road approximately along the same line as the Scheme.

2.1.3 Wroe and Mellar excavated a section of the road south of Plainsteads Farm recording it as comprising a compact mass of pebbles, underlain by alternate layers of earth, sandy clay and gravel sitting on top of a clay base with a total depth of 0.45m below ground level. Where earthworks are visible to the south of the Scheme it was recorded that the road was flanked by ditches on either side.

2.1.4 An archaeological evaluation and watching brief were undertaken by ARCUS in 2007 and 2010 during the construction of a road crossing for the Pennine Bridleway to the southwest of the Scheme at a junction opposite Plainsteads Farm. This work recorded elements of a hollow-way, tentatively identified as a medieval salt route that ran between Rowarth and Charlesworth (ARCUS 2007). The route of the hollow-way closely follows the line of the proposed Roman road at the southern end of the Scheme, and the northeast-southwest footpath across the southern field of the Scheme.

2.1.5 In 2011 Archaeological Research Solutions (ARS) undertook an archaeological watching brief on the section of the Pennine Bridleway immediately south of the Scheme, leading past Plainsteads Farm. The report indicated no archaeological remains were identified, with stratigraphy comprising 0.2 to 0.3m thick dark brown silty clay topsoil overlying mid silty clay subsoil, which was not disturbed. The results maintain that archaeological remains may still survive at a greater depth.

Simmondley Colliery 2.1.6 There is little recorded historical evidence of the mining works at the former Simmondley Colliery other than former mapping and an abandoned mine plan. The earliest mapping for the area dates back to 1880 and shows a waste heap and probable shaft hollow indicative of drift mining. A small building is shown beside the shaft and is annotated ‘Old Coal Pits’.

2.1.7 An archaeological field survey was undertaken for the land at Herod Edge Farm by the PDNPA in 2003 as part of a Countryside Stewardship Agreement. The survey identified extensive evidence of coal mining at Simmondley including shafts, waste heaps, an adit, two possible adits, trackways, a possible gin circle, leats and a possible dam (PDNPA 2003).

2.1.8 Coal Authority plans show some confirmed mine entrances on the site.

2.1.9 Recent engineering survey by DCC of the Simmondley Colliery area was undertaken to identify ground stability. As part of this survey the gorse bush in the vicinity of the Scheme was cleared and mining features plotted. A geological borehole survey of the mining features has also recently been carried out along the line of the proposed Scheme. Recommendations have been made for the infilling of mining depressions where these lie within the immediate vicinity of the Scheme (DCC 2012).

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Aims and Objectives 3.1.1 The general aims of the project were:

 to undertake a review, and provide a summary of, past archaeological surveys in the vicinity of the Scheme;  to determine the extent, condition, character, significance and date of any archaeological deposits encountered and of the historic mining features identified along the scheme;  to augment existing surveys providing a more detailed record of features to be impacted by the scheme;  to accurately record the location and stratigraphy of areas excavated during groundworks;  to recover artefacts disturbed by the site works;  to prepare a comprehensive record and report of any archaeological deposits disturbed by the site works;  to provide accurate information that will enable the archaeological remains to be placed with their local, regional and national contexts. 3.1.2 The objectives of the project were:

 to preserve through record any archaeological deposits and features impacted by the proposed development; and  to provide an indication of potential archaeological deposits not disturbed by the development.

3.2 Construction Methodology 3.2.1 The construction methodology generally comprises:

 A working corridor of 5.00m in width;

 The excavation of ditch alongside the route of the path to a depth of up to 1.00m; and  The making up of levels along the path, approximately 2.50m wide, with material removed from the ditch 3.3 Scope of Works and Recording Roman Road 3.3.1 Groundworks in areas of archaeological potential were undertaken by the construction contractor using a mechanical excavator fitted with a toothless ditching bucket and under constant archaeological supervision and direction. All recording was undertaken in line with national guidelines (IfA 2008a and 2008b) and the agreed WSI (Wessex Archaeology 2012b).

3.3.2 Archaeological monitoring within the southern area of the Scheme focused on an area of Roman Road previously suggested to have run along the inside of the first field boundary in which the Pennine Bridleway is to be built (Figures 1 and 2).

3.3.3 The route of the Scheme in this area follows the western boundary of the field, parallel to Monks Road, before turning eastwards along the northern field boundary.

3.3.4 It was intended in the first instance to undertake continuous and intermittent archaeological monitoring in two different areas. Monitoring was to be continuous for the area of greatest potential, where the proposed Roman road (Wroe and Mellar 1971) crosses the Scheme towards the north-eastern corner of the field (Figure 2).

3.3.5 The original intent was to undertake intermittent archaeological monitoring in the rest of the field. The schedule of this monitoring was to be at arranged during the course of the Scheme through the construction contractor.

3.3.6 However, during intermittent monitoring of topsoil stripping for the site compound (Trench 1), a cobbled section of the Roman road was identified (Figure 2). This was cleaned and recorded. Following on from this, and following discussions with PDNPA, three archaeological trenches (Trenches 2-3; Figure 2) were opened prior to further construction groundworks. These trenches were intended to locate the position of the road in the northern section of the field.

3.3.7 Finds were recorded by context, with a summary listing provided in Appendix 3.

3.3.8 Bulk environmental soil samples were taken from both the archaeological deposits comprising the Roman road, and from the relic soils buried beneath it. In addition, column samples were taken through the road in the two trenches where the road was encountered. The collection and processing of environmental samples was undertaken in accordance with English Heritage guidelines (English Heritage 2011). The residues and sieved fractions of the bulk environmental soil samples will be recorded and retained with the project archive.

Simmondley Colliery 3.3.9 The historic mining features identified by DCC (2012) in the immediate vicinity of the Scheme were inspected and recorded in line with English Heritage (2007) guidance for Level 2 survey and the agreed WSI ((Wessex Archaeology 2012a). The survey was directed at mining remains that would be impacted on by the construction of the new bridleway. Each element was recorded using a GPS and handheld PDA loaded with GIS software. Each recorded feature was attributed with description and dimensions, a photograph number and drawing number.

3.3.10 A drawing number was issued for any feature. Drawings were at an appropriate scale 1:100 as standard) to map the character and topography of a feature. The topography of a feature was depicted using hachures.

General recording 3.3.11 All archaeological deposits were recorded using Wessex Archaeology's pro forma recording system. This written record is hierarchically based and centred on the context record. Each context record fully described the location, extent, composition and relationship of the subject and was cross- referenced to all other assigned records. Context numbers used in the recording the excavation were not repeated.

3.3.12 A full photographic record was maintained using digital photography (not less than 7 megapixel resolution) and colour transparencies and black and white negatives (on 35mm film) as appropriate.

4 RESULTS

4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 The following section provides a summary of the information held in the site archive with observed features and contexts tabulated in Appendix 2 and Appendix 4.

4.2 Trench 1 4.2.1 A buried road or track (Figure 3, Plates 1 and 2) was identified during monitoring of topsoil stripping for the site compound at the far south end of site. This roughly correlated with the proposed route of the Roman road between Buxton and Glossop (Wroe and Mellar 1971).

4.2.2 The natural in this location was approximately 0.25m below the ground surface. This was a soft yellow sandstone, which was easily dug, but comprised a solid expanse of stone rather than a compact layer of sand (104). Over this was a pinkish deposit up to 0.05m thick (103). This comprised sandy silt, and had a small amount of ash mixed homogenously through it. On the west side of the road this deposit extended for approximately 0.9m before petering out. However, on the east side of the road it continued for at least 4m. It seems likely that this is a buried soil pre- dating the road.

4.2.3 In some places there was a thin (less than 0.01m thick) layer of black sooty material (105) overlying the pinkish material (103). This may be derived from

burning or from organic decay. Over this was the main body of the road (102). Typically 0.05m thick but up to 0.1m, it was made up of yellow crushed sandstone derived from the native rock. As the bedrock was very soft in this location, it would have been easily dug out, crushed and cast up to form the road. Although it was anticipated that this material would be derived from ditches on either side of the road, no ditches were encountered and the source of this material was not discovered. Some uncrushed lumps of sandstone were present, typically small (0.03m diameter) but up to 0.15m.

4.2.4 Laid over this was a cobblestone surface (101), approximately 3.5m wide, but varying in width due to wear and preservation. This comprised of sub- rounded (60%), rounded (20%) and sub-angular (20%) stones typically 0.1m in diameter but up to 0.2m wide. These were of the local hard gritstone, which is available nearby but not at the exact locality excavated. The stones were generally well laid so that flat edges were presented as the road surface. There were some patches where the stones were well packed against each other, although the majority of the surface was sparsely cobbled and there were areas, possibly disturbed, where the stones were randomly arranged. Roger Hargreaves informed Derbyshire County Council by email that he had seen a similar surface nearby at Horse Clough and noted that the pebbles were “apparently water-smoothed (i.e. obtained from a stream bed rather than a quarry.)” This is consistent with the surface observed here north of Plainsteads Farm.

4.2.5 No secure dating evidence was found and only modern material was recovered in the vicinity of the trench.

4.3 Trench 2 4.3.1 Trench 2 was an east-west 30m trench dug along the northern edge of the field, following the line of the bridleway. Here there was 0.3m of dark brown topsoil (201) on top of yellow-orange sandy clay glacial till with small sandstone inclusions (205). A number of north-south ridges (Plate 3) were present in the natural which had given the appearance of archaeological earthworks prior to excavation. These ridges could be interpreted as glacial lateral moraine.

4.3.2 The Roman road was identified in the west of this trench (Figure 4, Plates 5 and 6, Front Cover), and consisted of a 0.2m thick layer of very compressed well-sorted yellow sand (202). The land slopes down from east to west, and on the east side of the road, a small levelling cut (206) had been made into the slope prior to the deposition of the road material. On the west side, the road material had sealed a purplish dark brown buried soil (203). The road had been sited to exploit one of the natural ridges in the field, and a small amount of disturbed natural interpreted as hillwash (204) was seen underneath the buried soil in the lee of this ridge.

4.3.3 No finds were recovered from this trench.

4.4 Trenches 3 and 4 4.4.1 Trench 3 was a 30m trench running approximately north-south along the line of the bridleway. This trench was sited to check the proposed Wroe and Mellar (1971) alignment of the road. No archaeology was found. The topsoil (301) was dark brown silty loam, 0.2m thick. There was a 0.1m thick subsoil

(302) of pinkish grey sandy silt, very similar to the buried soil 103 seen in Trench 1. The natural (303) was yellow-orange sandy clay glacial till, with 0.1m angular sandstone inclusions. This natural was identical to that in Trench 2 (205).

4.4.2 Trench 4 was a small trench put in near the gateway in the northeast corner of the field. This trench was sited to test the farmer’s suggestion that the road ran along the highest ridge of the field from one modern gate to the other. No archaeology was found, and no traces of a modern track were encountered either. This trench was characterised by the presence of random angular sandstone inclusions <0.2m in all deposits. The topsoil (401) contained 15% of these inclusions, the subsoil (402) 40% and the natural (403) 60%. In all other regards these deposits were the same as those seen in Trench 3 (301, 302 and 303 respectively).

4.5 Survey 4.5.1 The features surveyed are presented in Appendix 4 and shown on figures 5 and 6.

4.5.2 The Survey was undertaken along the line of the bridleway and revealed 7 features: 1 rectangular stone structure (WA102) built up against a boundary wall, and the remains of 6 possible coal shafts (WA101, WA103-7). WA107 was not drawn as it was inaccessible at the time of survey.

4.5.3 The coal shafts conformed to a similar shape and style, although varied slightly in diameter (between 4 and 7m). The Shafts were circular in plan, but funnel shaped in section, suggesting that they had suffered from collapse following abandonment. The coal shafts to the south, or upslope, had larger diameters and funnel shapes, as a result of the topography.

4.5.4 Feature WA104 is believed to be a natural sinkhole according to the borehole survey. It is possible that other features were also sinkholes rather than mining related, although there for is more in keeping with the known coal mining features.

4.5.5 The small rectangular stone structure (WA102) formed a single celled building along the northern side of field boundary. The Structure was drystone built and may have had an entrance on its northwest corner. The structure housed a couple of internal features, which were built after the structure had fallen down. One formed a sheep feeding pen and the other may have had the same function, although no longer housed feed.

4.5.6 The structure seemed to abut the boundary wall suggesting it was built later. It was approximately 5x7m and was constructed from roughly dressed grit stone. The walls had two stones to it is width. The hut, situated on the downslope side of the boundary wall would have afforded the inhabitant a good view of the land to the south/downslope, over the former colliery.

5 FINDS

5.1 Summary 5.1.1 A single piece of 20th century CBM was recovered from the interface of the topsoil (100) and the pinkish buried soil (103) in Trench 1. Modern glass was observed in the topsoil in Trench 1.

6 CONCLUSIONS

6.1 Summary Monks Road Roman Road 6.1.1 The Roman road from Buxton to Glossop was seen twice in the south field of the site. This is the third field on the east side of Monk’s Road north of Plainsteads farm. The construction of the road is similar to that observed in previously excavations on the same road.

6.1.2 At the south end of the field, the road was finished with cobblestones, and comprised, from bottom to top, of natural sandstone (104), pinkish buried soil (103), sooty material (105), yellow crushed sandstone (102), cobblestones (101) and finally topsoil (100).

6.1.3 At the north end of the field, the road comprised a sandy bank. From bottom to top, the deposits were natural glacial till (205), natural hillwash (204), purplish brown buried soil (203), compact sand (202) and topsoil (201). At the east, uphill side of the road, a small levelling cut (206) had been made prior to construction.

6.1.4 The alignment of the Roman road north of the access road did not match any of the previously proposed routes. It lay east of the Wroe and Mellar (1971) route, and west of the route shown on the HER reproduced by ARCUS (2005). It did not follow the apparent earthwork seen in the field, which proved to be natural.

6.1.5 Although we are confident of the identification of this track as a Roman road, the lack of dating evidence means that other interpretations are possible. The track could be medieval, relating to extensive nearby quarrying activity, but is unlikely to be post-medieval as it pre-dates existing field boundaries and is not shown on any 19th century or later mapping for the site.

6.1.6 The high level of the bedrock in Trench 1 and the generally good drainage downslope would have negated the need for roadside ditches. The make-up of the road broadly matches descriptions of other stretches of this road seen elsewhere (Wroe and Mellar 1971, Graham Eyre-Morgan pers. comm., Roger Hargreaves pers. comm.).

Simmondley Quarry 6.1.7 The survey of the mining area at Simmondley revealed 6 potential shafts as well as a small rectangular structure. The structure was most likely associated with mining and may have been a worker’s hut or tool store. Alternatively it may have been in shepherding.

6.1.8 Most of the potential shafts are located off the proposed track, however, it may be considered appropriate to backfill material into existing holes to make them safe. Only structure WA102 appears to be directly in line with the proposed track; it may be prudent to re-route the track around the structure.

7 ARCHIVE

7.1 Preparation 7.1.1 The project archive, consisting of all primary written documents, plans, sections, photographs, and electronic data, will be prepared by Wessex Archaeology staff in accordance with the requirements of the repository museum and in line with national guidelines (Brown 2007).

7.2 Deposition 7.2.1 The physical Site archive (Appendix 1) will be deposited with Buxton Museum and Art Gallery under the museum accession code DERSB 2012.30.

7.2.2 A digital copy of the report will be prepared for the client and physical copies will be submitted to the Peak District National Park Authority and, along with the Site archive, to the Buxton Museum and Art Gallery.

7.2.3 An OASIS form will be completed at http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/oasis/ for inclusion in the ADS database at the time of deposition. This will include an electronic copy of the report in PDF format.

8 REFERENCES

Archaeological Research Services, 2011 Archaeological Watching Brief at the Pennine Bridleway, Monk’s Road, Charlesworth, Derbyshire. Unpublished report 2011/34. ARCUS, 2005 Archaeological desk-based assessment of the Proposed Pennine Bridleway Route, Simmondley, Derbyshire. Unpublished report 961. ARCUS, 2007 Monks Road, Charlesworth, Derbyshire: archaeological survey and trial trenching. Unpublished report 1127. ARCUS, 2010 Monks Road, Charlesworth, Derbyshire: archaeological Watching Brief. Unpublished report 1321. Brown, D.H., 2007 Archaeological Archives: A guide to best practice in creation, compilation, transfer and curation. Derbyshire County Council, 2012 Pennine Bridleway, Monks Road to High Lane 9312.05, Stability and Public Safety Assessment. 9312.05 – R01. English Heritage, 2007 Understanding the Archaeology of Landscapes - A guide to good recording practice. English Heritage, 2011 Environmental Archaeology. A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Methods from Sampling and Recovery to Post- excavation (Second Edition).

Institute for Archaeologists (IfA), 2008a Standard and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Brief. Institute for Archaeologists (IfA), 2008b Standard and Guidance for an Archaeological Evaluation. Museum and Galleries Commission (MGC), 1992 Standards in the museum care of archaeological collections. United Kingdom Institute of Conservation (UKIC), 1990 Guidelines for the Preparation of Excavation Archives for Long Term Storage. Watkinson, D. and Neal, V. (eds), 1998 First Aid for Finds: practical guide for archaeologists. United Kingdom Institute for Conservation of Historic & Artistic Works, Archaeology Section; 3rd Revised Edition. Wessex Archaeology, 2012a Pennine Bridleway, Monks Road to High Lane, Charlesworth. WSI for Archaeological Monitoring at Simmondley. Unpublished report WA86180.01. Wessex Archaeology, 2012b Pennine Bridleway, Monks Road to High Lane, Charlesworth. WSI for Landscape Survey at Simmondley. Unpublished report WA86180.02. Wroe, M. and Mellar, P. 1971. A Roman road between Buxton and Melandra Castle, Glossop. Derbyshire Archaeological Journal 91, pp. 40-58.

APPENDIX 1: ARCHIVE

File No. NAR Cat. Details Format No. Sheets 1 - Index to archive A4 1 1 A Client report A4 20 1 B Day Register A4 1 1 B Site Diary A4 2 1 B Annotated Maps A4 2 1 B Trench Sheets A4 4 1 B Context Sheets A4 9 1 B Graphics Register A4 1 1 B Primary Drawings A3 5 1 D Photographic Registers A4 5 1 D Black and White Index A4 2 Prints 1 D Black and White A4 2 Negatives 1 D Colour Slides A4 4 1 E Environmental Sample A4 1 Index 1 E Environmental Sample A4 6 Record 1 F Written Scheme of A4 6 Investigation 1 F Documentary Extracts A4 4 Finds No. OF BOXES (1)

APPENDIX 2: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Area Context Category Description Topsoil. Very dark brown humic clayey silt planted Trench 1 100 Deposit with thin hill pasture. Trench 1 101 Structure Cobblestone surface of trackway. Trench 1 102 Deposit Yellow crushed sandstone under cobbles. Trench 1 103 Deposit Pink ashy layer under (102) Trench 1 104 Deposit Natural yellow sandstone Trench 1 105 Deposit Thin sooty layer between (102) and (103) Cut for modern French drain 4m from road – not Trench 1 106 Cut recorded. Trench 2 201 Deposit Dark brownish topsoil with thin hill pasture. Trench 2 202 Deposit Light yellowish grey gritty sand. Roman road. Trench 2 203 Deposit Purplish dark brown clayey silt buried soil. Yellow-orange with orange and grey patches. Silty Trench 2 204 Deposit clay disturbed natural with stone inclusions. Hillwash. Natural glacial till – yellow-orange sandy clay with Trench 2 205 Deposit sandstone inclusions. Small levelling cut on east side of road prior to Trench 2 206 Cut construction of road. Trench 3 301 Deposit Topsoil: dark brown silty loam. Trench 3 302 Deposit Subsoil: Pinkish grey sandy silt. Natural: yellow-orange sandy clay with sandstone Trench 3 303 Deposit inclusions. Topsoil: brownish silty loam with angular Trench 4 401 Deposit sandstone 15% Subsoil: pinkish grey sandy silt with angular Trench 4 402 Deposit sandstone 40%. Natural: yellow-orange sandy clay with angular Trench 4 403 Deposit sandstone 60%.

APPENDIX 3: ARTEFACTS BY CONTEXT

Context Material No Weight 100/103 Ceramic 1 Rough sherd of 20th century CBM TOTAL 1

APPENDIX 4: GAZETTEER OF SURVEYED FEATURES

Feature PDNPA ID Description Photograph number Borehole ID

WA101 7- L The western of three coal shafts, surviving to 7m in diameter. Funnel shaped suggesting inward collapse. The shaft is recorded in the PDNPA as being part of a cluster of three. This is the only one to be impacted on by the development. No borehole data was available.

The hollow is 2m deep at is deepest point and was filled with water at the time of survey. The shaft was also covered with gorse, which has stabilised the soil around the edges of the hole.

View of WA101 from the east

WA102 23 Small single cell rectangular drystone building built against a boundary wall. There may be a small entrance at the northwest of the northern wall. The building has been recently altered to incorporate sheep feed. Possible shepherds hut of tool shed dating to the 18th-19th century

The structure measures 5x7 and is built from local gritstone, roughly hewn for facing.

View of WA102 from the southeast

WA103 7- I A coal shaft with an associated mound that may be a trackway to the shaft, or tips from the shaft. The shaft was 7m in diameter and oval in plane. The shaft was 2m deep and filled with dense gorse. No borehole data was available for this feature.

The feature is covered in dense gorse and has trees around the outside.

View of WA103 from the south

WA104 7- H A coal shaft depicted on the 1880 Ordnance Survey as ‘Old Coal Pits’. The shaft has a slight waste tip to the north. The coal shaft is covered in dense 0192/16 gorse. The coal shaft is situated between two drift mines.

The borehole data suggests that the hole was filled with the same layers as the control outside. It is likely that this feature is a natural sinkhole and does not represent mining.

The hole is 5m wide and irregular in plan. The outer bank is covered with gorse, although the bank is only 0.2m high – possibly a result of the roots from View of WA104 from the south the gorse stabilising the outer part.

WA105 7- G A coal shaft, marked on the 1840 Ordnance Survey map to the west of a larger waste heap and audit. The large waste heap to the north is up to 3m high. This 0192/09 is shown on the 1922 Ordnance Survey map of the area. To the south of the waste heap is a gully, up to 0.4m deep leading to the entrance of an adit. The adit has a drystone arched entrance approximately 0.6m wide and currently up to 0.5m high, although it is heavily silted up. Above the adit entrance to the south is a low mound, up to 0.4m high.

The borehole data suggests that the feature is coal mining related, and is likely to have been a shallow mine shaft which has been capped by a 1.2m thick View of WA105 from the west stony fill. Rock head or hard ground is encountered at 8.5m. The ground level depression is likely to have been caused by compression of the fill material.

WA106 7- F A coal shaft to the south of WA107. The shaft is oval in plan as a result of the collapse of the shaft, rather than its construction. The shaft has less of a depth 0192/08 and banking than other shafts within the survey area due to its location. As with WA107, WA106 was located on a plateau with no rise or fall to the north or south.

Shaft WA106 and WA107 were part of a complex that comprised a hillock up to 1m high possibly related to the upcast from the excavation of the shafts.

The borehole data suggests that depression is probably the result of soluble View of WA106 from the west material below that has formed a sink hole and naturally filled.

WA107 7- F A coal shaft, although the shape and type is incongruous (irregular oval rather than circular). May be not associated with coal mining. The shaft was an 0192/07 irregular oval shape, had a slight bank (0.3m depth) around the outside and was overgrown with gorse.

The borehole assessment suggests that the ground in this area has been filled with coal and clay material to a depth of 3-4m. The ground depression is likely to be a result of a sink in the fill, occurring as a result of groundwater movement. View of WA107 from the west

Horse Clough

WA107 WA106

WA105

WA104

WA103

WA102

WA101

392500 402000

Feature Digital data reproduced from Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright 2011 All rights reserved. Reference Number: 100020449. Bridleway route This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. Survey corridor Date: October 2012 Revision Number: 1.0 Wessex Scale: 1:2500 @ A4 Illustrator: CB

Archaeology Path: Y:\Projects\86440 (Monks Road, Charlesworth, Derbyshire)\Drawing Office\Report Figs\WSI\2012-09-25

Survey and monitoring area Figure 5 WA104 Possible coal shaft

WA101 Possible coal shaft

Stream

Sheep feed holder

WA105 Possible coal shaft

Field boundary

Stone wall

WA103 Possible coal shaft and mound WA102 Possible workers / shepherd hut

WA106 Possible coal shaft

Date: January 2013 Revision Number: 1.0 0 10m Scale: 1:200 @ A4 Illustrator: CB

This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. Path: Y:\Projects\86440 (Monks Road, Charlesworth, Derbyshire)\Drawing Office\Report Figs\Walkover\2013-01-23

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