Using Cell Lines to Study Factors Affecting Transmission of Fish Viruses

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Using Cell Lines to Study Factors Affecting Transmission of Fish Viruses Using cell lines to study factors affecting transmission of fish viruses by Phuc Hoang Pham A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2014 ©Phuc Hoang Pham 2014 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii ABSTRACT Factors that can influence the transmission of aquatic viruses in fish production facilities and natural environment are the immune defense of host species, the ability of viruses to infect host cells, and the environmental persistence of viruses. In this thesis, fish cell lines were used to study different aspects of these factors. Five viruses were used in this study: viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) from the Rhabdoviridae family; chum salmon reovirus (CSV) from the Reoviridae family; infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) from the Birnaviridae family; and grouper iridovirus (GIV) and frog virus-3 (FV3) from the Iridoviridae family. The first factor affecting the transmission of fish viruses examined in this thesis is the immune defense of host species. In this work, infections of marine VHSV-IVa and freshwater VHSV-IVb were studied in two rainbow trout cell lines, RTgill-W1 from the gill epithelium, and RTS11 from spleen macrophages. RTgill-W1 produced infectious progeny of both VHSV-IVa and -IVb. However, VHSV-IVa was more infectious than IVb toward RTgill-W1: IVa caused cytopathic effects (CPE) at a lower viral titre, elicited CPE earlier, and yielded higher titres. By contrast, no CPE and no increase in viral titre were observed in RTS11 cultures infected with either genotype. Yet in RTS11 all six VHSV genes were expressed and antiviral genes, Mx2 and Mx3, were up regulated by VHSV-IVb and -IVa. However, replication appeared to terminate at the translational stage as viral N protein, presumably the most abundant of the VHSV proteins, was not detected in either infected RTS11 cultures. In RTgill-W1, Mx2 and Mx3 were up regulated to similar levels by both viral genotypes, while VHSV-IVa induced higher levels of IFN1, IFN2 and LGP2A than VHSV-IVb. The second part of the thesis examined the ability of two Ranaviruses, GIV and FV3, to infect non-host fish cells. This is referred to as cellular tropism and is one of many host-virus interaction events required to established successful infection in new organisms. Grouper iridovirus (GIV), belonging to the Ranavirus genus of the Iridoviridae family, was demonstrated to differentially express viral genes and induce apoptosis in three non-host fish cell lines rainbow trout monocyte/macrophage (RTS11), Chinook salmon embryon (CHSE-214) and fathead minnow Epithelioma papulosum cyprinii (EPC). These cells were challenged with GIV and virus entry into all three cell lines was confirmed by the expression of viral immediate early genes. The expression of the late major capsid protein gene was detected in CHSE-214 and EPC, iii but not in RTS11, suggesting an earlier termination in the viral replication cycle in RTS11. Approximately 12 h after infection with GIV, cell death was prominent in all three non-host cell lines. Death was later confirmed to be apoptosis by the presence of chromosomal DNA fragmentation and phosphatidylserine externalization. To determine whether apoptosis was protein related or gene expression related, the three cell lines were infected with heat-inactivated GIV and UV-treated GIV (GIVUV). The heat inactivation abolished apoptosis in all three cell lines, but each cell line responded differently to GIVUV. Relative to GIV, GIVUV caused no apoptosis in CHSE-214, decreased apoptosis in RTS11, and increased apoptosis in EPC. These results suggest that early GIV gene expression was needed for apoptosis in CHSE-214 but impeded apoptosis in EPC. At the cellular level, only EPC was a permissive host as EPC was the only cell line of the three capable of producing a moderate increase in virus titre. The three non- host cell lines present a good system for potentially identifying different components of GIV- induced apoptotic pathways in future studies. Rainbow trout are not highly susceptible to frog virus 3 (FV3) induced diseases, and had been suggested to be a potential carrier for the virus. To determine which rainbow trout cell types are permissive for FV3 and act as a potential source for virus replication in vivo, the ability of rainbow trout cell lines from gonads (RTG-2), skin (RTHDF), liver (RTL-W1), gills (RTgill- W1), intestine (RTgut-GC) and spleen (RTS11), and primary leukocyte cultures from peripheral blood (PBL) and head kidney (HKL) to support FV3 infection was examined. RTG-2 supported a moderate level of FV3 replication while viral replication in RTL-W1 was minimal. The rest of the cell lines did not support viral replication but all succumbed to the infection and were killed by FV3. Lymphocyte-like cells from PBL and HKL were not killed by FV3 while macrophage- like cells were. Most of the cell lines died by an apoptosis-independent mechanism, presumably necrosis, while the monocyte/macrophage cell line, RTS11, died by an apoptosis-dependent mechanism. In addition, neoplastic macrophage-like human U937 cell line, and T lymphocyte- like PEER cell line were also infected with FV3 to compare their response to that of rainbow trout immune cells. U937 cells were killed by FV3 in an apoptosis-dependent manner; however, PEER T cells did not die from FV3 infection, a result similar to the lymphocyte-like fraction of rainbow trout PBL and HKL. In summary, most rainbow trout cell lines do not support significant FV3 replication; furthermore, cells of the lymphocyte origin appeared refractory to iv FV3 induced cell death while those of macrophage origin underwent apoptosis as a response to FV3. The last factor affecting the transmission of aquatic viruses examined in this thesis is the persistence of viruses in the aquatic environment. Virus persistence is influenced by natural environmental factors such as temperature, pH, desiccation and salinity, but the often unexplored anthropogenic factors can play a role. Therefore, the focus of this section was on the effect of one particular anthropogenic substance, Corexit 9500, on the infectivity of aquatic viruses with different physical characteristics. The effect of Corexit 9500, a dispersant used to clean up oil spills, on invertebrates, lower vertebrates, birds and human health have been examined but there is a significant lack of study on the effect of this dispersant on aquatic viruses. In this study, the effect of Corexit 9500 on four aquatic viruses of different structural composition was examined. Corexit 9500 reduced the titre of the enveloped viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) at all concentrations (10% to 0.001%) examined. The titre of frog virus 3 (FV3), a virus with both enveloped and non-enveloped virions, was only reduced at the high Corexit 9500 concentrations (10% to 0.1%). Corexit 9500 was unable to reduce the titre of non-enveloped infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), but enhanced the titre of chum salmon reovirus (CSV) by 2-4 logs. With the ability to inactivate enveloped viruses and possibly enhance some non-enveloped viruses, Corexit 9500 has the potential to alter the aquatic virosphere. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my family, I would like to thank you for your care and support throughout the years. Life has not been easy but it has definitely improved. To Dr. Niels Bols, I have many things to say thank you for. First and most important, thank you for your trust during one of the most challenging times in my life and allowing me to return to your lab those many years ago. I still have not forgotten. Second, thank you for being a great supervisor and mentor and for providing a comfortable environment for a young person to grow and mature. Finally, thank you for giving me the freedom to pursue my dream of travelling and seeing the world. Together with the rest of my experiences in your lab, my PhD has been very memorable. To my advisory committee, Drs. Christine Dupont, John Lumsden and Brian Dixon, thank you for being apart of my advisory committee and for offering your knowledge and advice. A special thanks to Dr. Christine Dupont for advising me through both my MSc and PhD! To all the members of the Bols lab with whom I have had the privilege to work with since 2006, I hope you all forgive me for not naming you all. Thank you for all the time you have shared with me, be it daily engagments or special events! I wish you the best on your future pursuits! vi DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my grandparents, parents and sister. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR'S DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... vi DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Entwicklung Einer Software Zur Identifizierung Neuartiger Und
    Entwicklung einer Software zur Identifizierung neuartiger und bekannter Infektionserreger in klinischen Proben Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades an der Fakult¨at fur¨ Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften Fachbereich Biologie der Universit¨at Hamburg vorgelegt von Malik Alawi Hamburg, 2020 Vorsitzender der Prufungskommission¨ Dr. PD Andreas Pommerening-R¨oser Gutachter Professor Dr. Adam Grundhoff Professor Dr. Stefan Kurtz Datum der Disputation 30. April 2021 Abstract Sequencing of diagnostic samples is widely considered a key technology that may fun- damentally improve infectious disease diagnostics. The approach can not only identify pathogens already known to cause a specific disease, but may also detect pathogens that have not been previously attributed to this disease, as well as completely new, previously unknown pathogens. Therefore, it may significantly increase the level of preparedness for future outbreaks of emerging pathogens. This study describes the development and application of methods for the identification of pathogenic agents in diagnostic samples. The methods have been successfully applied multiple times under clinical conditions. The corresponding results have been published within the scope of this thesis. Finally, the methods were made available to the scientific community as an open source bioinformatics tool. The novel software was validated by conventional diagnostic methods and it was compared to established analysis pipelines using authentic clinical samples. It is able to identify pathogens from different diagnostic entities and often classifies viral agents down to strain level. Furthermore, the method is capable of assembling complete viral genomes, even from samples containing multiple closely related viral strains of the same viral family. In addition to an improved method for taxonomic classification, the software offers functionality which is not present in established analysis pipelines.
    [Show full text]
  • An Open Source Bioinformatics Tool for Fast, Systematic and Cohort Based
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN DAMIAN: an open source bioinformatics tool for fast, systematic and cohort based analysis of microorganisms in diagnostic samples Malik Alawi 1,2, Lia Burkhardt1, Daniela Indenbirken1, Kerstin Reumann1, Maximilian Christopeit3, Nicolaus Kröger3, Marc Lütgehetmann4, Martin Aepfelbacher4, Nicole Fischer4,5* & Adam Grundhof 1,5* We describe DAMIAN, an open source bioinformatics tool designed for the identifcation of pathogenic microorganisms in diagnostic samples. By using authentic clinical samples and comparing our results to those from established analysis pipelines as well as conventional diagnostics, we demonstrate that DAMIAN rapidly identifes pathogens in diferent diagnostic entities, and accurately classifes viral agents down to the strain level. We furthermore show that DAMIAN is able to assemble full-length viral genomes even in samples co-infected with multiple virus strains, an ability which is of considerable advantage for the investigation of outbreak scenarios. While DAMIAN, similar to other pipelines, analyzes single samples to perform classifcation of sequences according to their likely taxonomic origin, it also includes a tool for cohort-based analysis. This tool uses cross-sample comparisons to identify sequence signatures that are frequently present in a sample group of interest (e.g., a disease- associated cohort), but occur less frequently in control cohorts. As this approach does not require homology searches in databases, it principally allows the identifcation of not only known, but also completely novel pathogens. Using samples from a meningitis outbreak, we demonstrate the feasibility of this approach in identifying enterovirus as the causative agent. Nucleic acid based detection of pathogens has widely replaced culture based laboratory methods for the identif- cation of putative pathogens in samples from patients with infectious diseases1,2.
    [Show full text]
  • A Novel Rhabdovirus Infecting Newly Discovered Nycteribiid Bat Flies
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Kanyawara Virus: A Novel Rhabdovirus Infecting Newly Discovered Nycteribiid Bat Flies Received: 19 April 2017 Accepted: 25 May 2017 Infesting Previously Unknown Published: xx xx xxxx Pteropodid Bats in Uganda Tony L. Goldberg 1,2,3, Andrew J. Bennett1, Robert Kityo3, Jens H. Kuhn4 & Colin A. Chapman3,5 Bats are natural reservoir hosts of highly virulent pathogens such as Marburg virus, Nipah virus, and SARS coronavirus. However, little is known about the role of bat ectoparasites in transmitting and maintaining such viruses. The intricate relationship between bats and their ectoparasites suggests that ectoparasites might serve as viral vectors, but evidence to date is scant. Bat flies, in particular, are highly specialized obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that incidentally bite humans. Using next- generation sequencing, we discovered a novel ledantevirus (mononegaviral family Rhabdoviridae, genus Ledantevirus) in nycteribiid bat flies infesting pteropodid bats in western Uganda. Mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that both the bat flies and their bat hosts belong to putative new species. The coding-complete genome of the new virus, named Kanyawara virus (KYAV), is only distantly related to that of its closest known relative, Mount Elgon bat virus, and was found at high titers in bat flies but not in blood or on mucosal surfaces of host bats. Viral genome analysis indicates unusually low CpG dinucleotide depletion in KYAV compared to other ledanteviruses and rhabdovirus groups, with KYAV displaying values similar to rhabdoviruses of arthropods. Our findings highlight the possibility of a yet- to-be-discovered diversity of potentially pathogenic viruses in bat ectoparasites. Bats (order Chiroptera) represent the second largest order of mammals after rodents (order Rodentia).
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Viral Communities of Biting Midges and Identification
    viruses Article Characterization of Viral Communities of Biting Midges and Identification of Novel Thogotovirus Species and Rhabdovirus Genus Sarah Temmam 1, Sonia Monteil-Bouchard 1, Catherine Robert 1, Jean-Pierre Baudoin 1, Masse Sambou 1, Maxence Aubadie-Ladrix 1, Noémie Labas 1, Didier Raoult 1,2, Oleg Mediannikov 1 and Christelle Desnues 1,* 1 Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille 13005, France; [email protected] (S.T.); [email protected] (S.M.-B.); [email protected] (C.R.); [email protected] (J.-P.B.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (M.A.-L.); [email protected] (N.L.); [email protected] (D.R.); [email protected] (O.M.). 2 Fondation IHU Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Méditerranée Infection, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille 13005, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-0-491324630; Fax: +33-0-491387772 Academic Editors: Johnson Mak, Peter Walker and Marcus Thomas Gilbert Received: 21 October 2015; Accepted: 1 March 2016; Published: 11 March 2016 Abstract: More than two thirds of emerging viruses are of zoonotic origin, and among them RNA viruses represent the majority. Ceratopogonidae (genus Culicoides) are well-known vectors of several viruses responsible for epizooties (bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic disease, etc.). They are also vectors of the only known virus infecting humans: the Oropouche virus. Female midges usually feed on a variety of hosts, leading to possible transmission of emerging viruses from animals to humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection and Characterization of a Novel Marine Birnavirus Isolated from Asian Seabass in Singapore
    Chen et al. Virology Journal (2019) 16:71 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-019-1174-0 RESEARCH Open Access Detection and characterization of a novel marine birnavirus isolated from Asian seabass in Singapore Jing Chen1†, Xinyu Toh1†, Jasmine Ong1, Yahui Wang1, Xuan-Hui Teo1, Bernett Lee2, Pui-San Wong3, Denyse Khor1, Shin-Min Chong1, Diana Chee1, Alvin Wee1, Yifan Wang1, Mee-Keun Ng1, Boon-Huan Tan3 and Taoqi Huangfu1* Abstract Background: Lates calcarifer, known as seabass in Asia and barramundi in Australia, is a widely farmed species internationally and in Southeast Asia and any disease outbreak will have a great economic impact on the aquaculture industry. Through disease investigation of Asian seabass from a coastal fish farm in 2015 in Singapore, a novel birnavirus named Lates calcarifer Birnavirus (LCBV) was detected and we sought to isolate and characterize the virus through molecular and biochemical methods. Methods: In order to propagate the novel birnavirus LCBV, the virus was inoculated into the Bluegill Fry (BF-2) cell line and similar clinical signs of disease were reproduced in an experimental fish challenge study using the virus isolate. Virus morphology was visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Biochemical analysis using chloroform and 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BUDR) sensitivity assays were employed to characterize the virus. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) was also used to obtain the virus genome for genetic and phylogenetic analyses. Results: The LCBV-infected BF-2 cell line showed cytopathic effects such as rounding and granulation of cells, localized cell death and detachment of cells observed at 3 to 5 days’ post-infection.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Farmington Virus, a Novel Virus from Birds That Is Distantly Related to Members of the Family Rhabdoviridae
    Palacios et al. Virology Journal 2013, 10:219 http://www.virologyj.com/content/10/1/219 RESEARCH Open Access Characterization of Farmington virus, a novel virus from birds that is distantly related to members of the family Rhabdoviridae Gustavo Palacios1†, Naomi L Forrester2,3,4†, Nazir Savji5,7†, Amelia P A Travassos da Rosa2, Hilda Guzman2, Kelly DeToy5, Vsevolod L Popov2,4, Peter J Walker6, W Ian Lipkin5, Nikos Vasilakis2,3,4 and Robert B Tesh2,4* Abstract Background: Farmington virus (FARV) is a rhabdovirus that was isolated from a wild bird during an outbreak of epizootic eastern equine encephalitis on a pheasant farm in Connecticut, USA. Findings: Analysis of the nearly complete genome sequence of the prototype CT AN 114 strain indicates that it encodes the five canonical rhabdovirus structural proteins (N, P, M, G and L) with alternative ORFs (> 180 nt) in the N and G genes. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of FARV has confirmed that it is a novel rhabdovirus and probably represents a new species within the family Rhabdoviridae. Conclusions: In sum, our analysis indicates that FARV represents a new species within the family Rhabdoviridae. Keywords: Farmington virus (FARV), Family Rhabdoviridae, Next generation sequencing, Phylogeny Background Results Therhabdovirusesarealargeanddiversegroupofsingle- Growth characteristics stranded, negative sense RNA viruses that infect a wide Three litters of newborn (1–2 day old) ICR mice with aver- range of vertebrates, invertebrates and plants [1]. The family agesizeof10pupswereinoculated intracerebrally (ic) with Rhabdoviridae is currently divided into nine approved ge- 15–20 μl, intraperitoneally (ip) with 100 μlorsubcutane- nera (Vesiculovirus, Perhavirus, Ephemerovirus, Lyssavirus, ously (sc) with 100 μlofastockofVero-grownFARV(CT Tibrovirus, Sigmavirus, Nucleorhabdovirus, Cytorhabdovirus AN 114) virus containing approximately 107 plaque and Novirhabdovirus);however,alargenumberofanimal forming units (PFU) per ml.
    [Show full text]
  • Classificação Viral
    Classificação Viral Microbiologia As primeiras classificações virais se baseavam na capacidade dos vírus de cau- sar infecções e doenças, baseando-se em suas propriedades patogênicas co- muns, tropismo celular dos vírus e características ecológicas de transmissão. Classificação antiga: • Dermatotrópicos: causam doença de pele • Respiratórios: causam doenças do sistema respiratório • Entéricos: causadores de diarréia • Etc A medida em que se ampliou o conhecimento sobre os vírus, principalmente por meio da microscopia eletrônica, essa classificação tornou-se inadequada. A possibilidade de se visualizar características morfológicas dessas partículas, bem como a identificação de sua composição química por meio de técnicas de biologia molecular, permitiu novos critérios de classificação. A criação do comitê internacional de nomenclatura dos vírus em 1966 padroni- zou a classificação e taxonomia viral, com relatórios periódicos. Os atuais crité- rios mais importantes para a classificação dos vírus são: • Hospedeiro • Morfologia da partícula viral • Tipo de ácido nucléico Outros critérios são: tamanho da partícula viral, características físico-químicas, proteínas virais, sintomas da doença, antigenicidade, entre outros. Na taxonomia viral, as famílias e gêneros são definidos monoteticamente, ou seja, todos os membros dessa classe devem apresentar uma ou mais propriedades que são necessárias e suficientes para ser membro daquela classe. As espécies são poliéticas, ou seja, apresentam algumas características em comum (em ge- ral de uma a cinco),
    [Show full text]
  • Wirusy Oydeis Nemo
    WIRUSY OYDEIS NEMO Ciąg dalszy (3) Θ Ουδεις MMX RNA WIRUSY WIRUSY O PODWÓJNEJ NICI RNA Familia: Cystoviridae Fagi o dwuniciowym, składającym się z trzech odcinków RNA. Kubiczne kapsydy posiadają otoczkę lipidową. Wiriony posiadają zależną od RNA polimerazę RNA. R/2:Σ13/10:Se/S/:B/O Jedyny przedstawiciel fag 6. Familia: Reoviridae Namnażają się w cytoplaźmie zarówno roślin jak i zwierząt. Większość tych wirusów odnajdywanych jest w drogach oddechowych i przewodzie pokarmowym. Mało wiadomo dotychczas o ich patogenności. Ikozaedralny wirion o masie cząsteczkowej około 1,3 × 108 jest złożony z dwu różnych warstw białkowych. Warstwa zewnętrzna zbudowana jest z wyraźnych kapsomerów, z których wystają na zewnątrz białkowe wypustki. W dwunastu narożach ikozadeltaedronu warstwy wewnętrznej wystają wyrostki o wysokości 5 μm i średnicy 10 nm z licznymi kanałami wewnątrz. Kanały te mają średnicę około 5 nm. Genom zbudowanym z 10 - 12 odcinków dwuniciowego RNA (plus i minus). Stanowi on 15% masy wirionu. Około 20% RNA jest niesparowane. Wirion zawiera około 3.000 cząsteczek oligonukleotydów. Osiem odcinków to informacja dla białek strukturalnych. Wirusy te przedostają się do komórki przez fagocytozę. Wakuola, w której znajduje się wirion ulega fuzji z lizosomem gdzie następuje strawienie warstwy zewnętrznej wirionu. Uwolnione mRNA przedostają się do cytoplazmy. Cząstki te gromadzą się w określonych rejonach komórki i tam następuje synteza białek wirusowych (fabryki wirusowe). Cząstki rdzenia mają zdolność katalizowania na nici plus RNA syntezy nici minus. Uwalniane z rdzenia mRNA ma zmodyfikowane końce 5´ przez strukturę cap. Po wytworzeniu genomu potomnego dołączają białka wirusowe - powstają cząstki subwirusowe. Do nich dołączają inne białka wirusowe i powstaje następna klasa cząstek subwirusowych.
    [Show full text]
  • CHARACTERIZATION of FIELD STRAINS of INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS (IBDV) USING MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES by ALEJANDRO BANDA (Under
    CHARACTERIZATION OF FIELD STRAINS OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS (IBDV) USING MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES by ALEJANDRO BANDA (Under the Direction of Pedro Villegas) ABSTRACT This study was aimed to apply different molecular techniques in the genotyping of field strains of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) currently present in the United States and in some other countries. The different techniques included the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction / restriction fragment length polymorphism (RT- PCR/RFLP), heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA), nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis, and riboprobe in situ hybridization (ISH). From 150 samples analyzed from the United States, 80% exhibited RFLP identical to the variant Delaware E strain, other strains detected included Sal-1, D-78, Lukert, PBG-98, Delaware A, GLS IBDV standard challenge strain –like (STC-like). The analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of the VP2 hypervariable region from six strains classified as Delaware variant E, revealed some amino acid substitutions that make them somewhat different from the original variant E strain isolated in the mid 1980s. The isolate 9109 was classified as a standard strain, but, it exhibited a unique RFLP pattern characterized by the presence of the Ssp I restriction site characteristic of the very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) strains. The pathogenic properties of this isolate were compared to those of isolate 9865 (variant strain) and the Edgar strain. All three strains induced subclinical disease, however by in situ hybridization some differences in the tissue tropism were observed. The viral replication of the variant isolate 9865 was more restricted to the bursa of Fabricius. Isolate 9109 and the Edgar strain were also observed in thymus, cecal tonsils, spleen, kidney and proventriculus.
    [Show full text]
  • A-Lovisolo.Vp:Corelventura
    Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 46(suppl.– Fossil Insects): 37-50, Kraków, 15 Oct., 2003 Searching for palaeontological evidence of viruses that multiply in Insecta and Acarina Osvaldo LOVISOLO and Oscar RÖSLER Received: 31 March, 2002 Accepted for publication: 17 Oct., 2002 LOVISOLO O., RÖSLER O. 2003. Searching for palaeontological evidence of viruses that multiply in Insecta and Acarina. Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 46(suppl.– Fossil Insects): 37-50. Abstract. Viruses are known to be agents of important diseases of Insecta and Acarina, and many vertebrate and plant viruses have arthropods as propagative vectors. There is fossil evidence of arthropod pathogens for some micro-organisms, but not for viruses. Iso- lated virions would be hard to detect but, in fossil material, it could be easier to find traces of virus infection, mainly virus-induced cellular structures (VICS), easily recognisable by electron microscopy, such as virions encapsulated in protein occlusion bodies, aggregates of membrane-bounded virus particles and crystalline arrays of numerous virus particles. The following main taxa of viruses that multiply in arthropods are discussed both for some of their evolutionary aspects and for the VICS they cause in arthropods: A. dsDNA Poxviridae, Asfarviridae, Baculoviridae, Iridoviridae, Polydnaviridae and Ascoviridae, infecting mainly Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Acarina; B. ssDNA Parvoviridae, infecting mainly Diptera and Lepidoptera; C. dsRNA Reoviridae and Bir- naviridae, infecting mainly Diptera, Hymenoptera and Acarina, and plant viruses also multiplying in Hemiptera; D. Amb.-ssRNA Bunyaviridae and Tenuivirus, that multiply in Diptera and Hemiptera (animal viruses) and in Thysanoptera and Hemiptera (plant vi- ruses); E. -ssRNA Rhabdoviridae, multiplying in Diptera and Acarina (vertebrate vi- ruses), and mainly in Hemiptera (plant viruses); F.
    [Show full text]
  • 1/11 FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA GRADO DE VETERINARIA Curso
    FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA GRADO DE VETERINARIA Curso 2015/16 Asignatura: MICROBIOLOGÍA E INMUNOLOGÍA DENOMINACIÓN DE LA ASIGNATURA Denominación: MICROBIOLOGÍA E INMUNOLOGÍA Código: 101463 Plan de estudios: GRADO DE VETERINARIA Curso: 2 Denominación del módulo al que pertenece: FORMACIÓN BÁSICA COMÚN Materia: MICROBIOLOGÍA E INMUNOLOGÍA Carácter: BASICA Duración: ANUAL Créditos ECTS: 12 Horas de trabajo presencial: 120 Porcentaje de presencialidad: 40% Horas de trabajo no presencial: 180 Plataforma virtual: UCO MOODLE DATOS DEL PROFESORADO __ Nombre: GARRIDO JIMENEZ, MARIA ROSARIO (Coordinador) Centro: Veterinaria Departamento: SANIDAD ANIMAL área: SANIDAD ANIMAL Ubicación del despacho: Edificio Sanidad Animal 3ª Planta E-Mail: [email protected] Teléfono: 957218718 _ Nombre: SERRANO DE BURGOS, ELENA (Coordinador) Centro: Veterinaria Departamento: SANIDAD ANIMAL área: SANIDAD ANIMAL Ubicación del despacho: Edificio Sanidad Animal 3ª Planta E-Mail: [email protected] Teléfono: 957218718 _ Nombre: HUERTA LORENZO, MARIA BELEN Centro: Veterianaria Departamento: SANIDAD ANIMAL área: SANIDAD ANIMAL Ubicación del despacho: Edificio Sanidad Animal 2ª Planta E-Mail: [email protected] Teléfono: 957212635 _ DATOS ESPECÍFICOS DE LA ASIGNATURA REQUISITOS Y RECOMENDACIONES Requisitos previos establecidos en el plan de estudios Ninguno Recomendaciones 1/11 MICROBIOLOGÍA E INMUNOLOGÍA Curso 2015/16 Se recomienda haber cursado las asignaturas de Biología Molecular Animal y Vegetal, Bioquímica, Citología e Histología y Anatomía Sistemática. COMPETENCIAS CE23 Estudio de los microorganismos que afectan a los animales y de aquellos que tengan una aplicación industrial, biotecnológica o ecológica. CE24 Bases y aplicaciones técnicas de la respuesta inmune. OBJETIVOS Los siguientes objetivos recogen las recomendaciones de la OIE para la formación del veterinario: 1. Abordar el concepto actual de Microbiología e Inmunología, la trascendencia de su evolución histórica y las líneas de interés o investigación futuras.
    [Show full text]
  • ICTV Code Assigned: 2011.001Ag Officers)
    This form should be used for all taxonomic proposals. Please complete all those modules that are applicable (and then delete the unwanted sections). For guidance, see the notes written in blue and the separate document “Help with completing a taxonomic proposal” Please try to keep related proposals within a single document; you can copy the modules to create more than one genus within a new family, for example. MODULE 1: TITLE, AUTHORS, etc (to be completed by ICTV Code assigned: 2011.001aG officers) Short title: Change existing virus species names to non-Latinized binomials (e.g. 6 new species in the genus Zetavirus) Modules attached 1 2 3 4 5 (modules 1 and 9 are required) 6 7 8 9 Author(s) with e-mail address(es) of the proposer: Van Regenmortel Marc, [email protected] Burke Donald, [email protected] Calisher Charles, [email protected] Dietzgen Ralf, [email protected] Fauquet Claude, [email protected] Ghabrial Said, [email protected] Jahrling Peter, [email protected] Johnson Karl, [email protected] Holbrook Michael, [email protected] Horzinek Marian, [email protected] Keil Guenther, [email protected] Kuhn Jens, [email protected] Mahy Brian, [email protected] Martelli Giovanni, [email protected] Pringle Craig, [email protected] Rybicki Ed, [email protected] Skern Tim, [email protected] Tesh Robert, [email protected] Wahl-Jensen Victoria, [email protected] Walker Peter, [email protected] Weaver Scott, [email protected] List the ICTV study group(s) that have seen this proposal: A list of study groups and contacts is provided at http://www.ictvonline.org/subcommittees.asp .
    [Show full text]