1/11 FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA GRADO DE VETERINARIA Curso
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Using Cell Lines to Study Factors Affecting Transmission of Fish Viruses
Using cell lines to study factors affecting transmission of fish viruses by Phuc Hoang Pham A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2014 ©Phuc Hoang Pham 2014 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii ABSTRACT Factors that can influence the transmission of aquatic viruses in fish production facilities and natural environment are the immune defense of host species, the ability of viruses to infect host cells, and the environmental persistence of viruses. In this thesis, fish cell lines were used to study different aspects of these factors. Five viruses were used in this study: viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) from the Rhabdoviridae family; chum salmon reovirus (CSV) from the Reoviridae family; infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) from the Birnaviridae family; and grouper iridovirus (GIV) and frog virus-3 (FV3) from the Iridoviridae family. The first factor affecting the transmission of fish viruses examined in this thesis is the immune defense of host species. In this work, infections of marine VHSV-IVa and freshwater VHSV-IVb were studied in two rainbow trout cell lines, RTgill-W1 from the gill epithelium, and RTS11 from spleen macrophages. RTgill-W1 produced infectious progeny of both VHSV-IVa and -IVb. However, VHSV-IVa was more infectious than IVb toward RTgill-W1: IVa caused cytopathic effects (CPE) at a lower viral titre, elicited CPE earlier, and yielded higher titres. -
Detection and Characterization of a Novel Marine Birnavirus Isolated from Asian Seabass in Singapore
Chen et al. Virology Journal (2019) 16:71 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-019-1174-0 RESEARCH Open Access Detection and characterization of a novel marine birnavirus isolated from Asian seabass in Singapore Jing Chen1†, Xinyu Toh1†, Jasmine Ong1, Yahui Wang1, Xuan-Hui Teo1, Bernett Lee2, Pui-San Wong3, Denyse Khor1, Shin-Min Chong1, Diana Chee1, Alvin Wee1, Yifan Wang1, Mee-Keun Ng1, Boon-Huan Tan3 and Taoqi Huangfu1* Abstract Background: Lates calcarifer, known as seabass in Asia and barramundi in Australia, is a widely farmed species internationally and in Southeast Asia and any disease outbreak will have a great economic impact on the aquaculture industry. Through disease investigation of Asian seabass from a coastal fish farm in 2015 in Singapore, a novel birnavirus named Lates calcarifer Birnavirus (LCBV) was detected and we sought to isolate and characterize the virus through molecular and biochemical methods. Methods: In order to propagate the novel birnavirus LCBV, the virus was inoculated into the Bluegill Fry (BF-2) cell line and similar clinical signs of disease were reproduced in an experimental fish challenge study using the virus isolate. Virus morphology was visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Biochemical analysis using chloroform and 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BUDR) sensitivity assays were employed to characterize the virus. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) was also used to obtain the virus genome for genetic and phylogenetic analyses. Results: The LCBV-infected BF-2 cell line showed cytopathic effects such as rounding and granulation of cells, localized cell death and detachment of cells observed at 3 to 5 days’ post-infection. -
Classificação Viral
Classificação Viral Microbiologia As primeiras classificações virais se baseavam na capacidade dos vírus de cau- sar infecções e doenças, baseando-se em suas propriedades patogênicas co- muns, tropismo celular dos vírus e características ecológicas de transmissão. Classificação antiga: • Dermatotrópicos: causam doença de pele • Respiratórios: causam doenças do sistema respiratório • Entéricos: causadores de diarréia • Etc A medida em que se ampliou o conhecimento sobre os vírus, principalmente por meio da microscopia eletrônica, essa classificação tornou-se inadequada. A possibilidade de se visualizar características morfológicas dessas partículas, bem como a identificação de sua composição química por meio de técnicas de biologia molecular, permitiu novos critérios de classificação. A criação do comitê internacional de nomenclatura dos vírus em 1966 padroni- zou a classificação e taxonomia viral, com relatórios periódicos. Os atuais crité- rios mais importantes para a classificação dos vírus são: • Hospedeiro • Morfologia da partícula viral • Tipo de ácido nucléico Outros critérios são: tamanho da partícula viral, características físico-químicas, proteínas virais, sintomas da doença, antigenicidade, entre outros. Na taxonomia viral, as famílias e gêneros são definidos monoteticamente, ou seja, todos os membros dessa classe devem apresentar uma ou mais propriedades que são necessárias e suficientes para ser membro daquela classe. As espécies são poliéticas, ou seja, apresentam algumas características em comum (em ge- ral de uma a cinco), -
Wirusy Oydeis Nemo
WIRUSY OYDEIS NEMO Ciąg dalszy (3) Θ Ουδεις MMX RNA WIRUSY WIRUSY O PODWÓJNEJ NICI RNA Familia: Cystoviridae Fagi o dwuniciowym, składającym się z trzech odcinków RNA. Kubiczne kapsydy posiadają otoczkę lipidową. Wiriony posiadają zależną od RNA polimerazę RNA. R/2:Σ13/10:Se/S/:B/O Jedyny przedstawiciel fag 6. Familia: Reoviridae Namnażają się w cytoplaźmie zarówno roślin jak i zwierząt. Większość tych wirusów odnajdywanych jest w drogach oddechowych i przewodzie pokarmowym. Mało wiadomo dotychczas o ich patogenności. Ikozaedralny wirion o masie cząsteczkowej około 1,3 × 108 jest złożony z dwu różnych warstw białkowych. Warstwa zewnętrzna zbudowana jest z wyraźnych kapsomerów, z których wystają na zewnątrz białkowe wypustki. W dwunastu narożach ikozadeltaedronu warstwy wewnętrznej wystają wyrostki o wysokości 5 μm i średnicy 10 nm z licznymi kanałami wewnątrz. Kanały te mają średnicę około 5 nm. Genom zbudowanym z 10 - 12 odcinków dwuniciowego RNA (plus i minus). Stanowi on 15% masy wirionu. Około 20% RNA jest niesparowane. Wirion zawiera około 3.000 cząsteczek oligonukleotydów. Osiem odcinków to informacja dla białek strukturalnych. Wirusy te przedostają się do komórki przez fagocytozę. Wakuola, w której znajduje się wirion ulega fuzji z lizosomem gdzie następuje strawienie warstwy zewnętrznej wirionu. Uwolnione mRNA przedostają się do cytoplazmy. Cząstki te gromadzą się w określonych rejonach komórki i tam następuje synteza białek wirusowych (fabryki wirusowe). Cząstki rdzenia mają zdolność katalizowania na nici plus RNA syntezy nici minus. Uwalniane z rdzenia mRNA ma zmodyfikowane końce 5´ przez strukturę cap. Po wytworzeniu genomu potomnego dołączają białka wirusowe - powstają cząstki subwirusowe. Do nich dołączają inne białka wirusowe i powstaje następna klasa cząstek subwirusowych. -
FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS of the BAF-B1 AXIS DURING the VACCINIA VIRUS LIFE CYCLE Nouhou Ibrahim University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected]
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations and Theses in Biological Sciences Biological Sciences, School of Spring 2-13-2014 FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE BAF-B1 AXIS DURING THE VACCINIA VIRUS LIFE CYCLE Nouhou Ibrahim University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscidiss Part of the Other Microbiology Commons, and the Virology Commons Ibrahim, Nouhou, "FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE BAF-B1 AXIS DURING THE VACCINIA VIRUS LIFE CYCLE" (2014). Dissertations and Theses in Biological Sciences. 61. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscidiss/61 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses in Biological Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE BAF-B1 AXIS DURING THE VACCINIA VIRUS LIFE CYCLE by Nouhou Ibrahim A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: Biological Sciences (Microbiology and Molecular Biology) Under the Supervision of Professor Matthew S. Wiebe Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2014 FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE BAF-B1 AXIS DURING THE VACCINIA VIRUS LIFE CYCLE Nouhou Ibrahim, MSc., Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2014 Advisor: Matthew Wiebe Vaccinia virus is the prototypic member of the Poxviridae family, which includes variola virus, the agent of smallpox. Poxviruses encode their own transcriptional machinery and a set of proteins to evade the host defense system, and thus are able to replicate entirely in the cytoplasm of their host. -
Viruses 2015, 7, 456-479; Doi:10.3390/V7020456 OPEN ACCESS
Viruses 2015, 7, 456-479; doi:10.3390/v7020456 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Article In Search of Pathogens: Transcriptome-Based Identification of Viral Sequences from the Pine Processionary Moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) Agata K. Jakubowska 1, Remziye Nalcacioglu 2, Anabel Millán-Leiva 3, Alejandro Sanz-Carbonell 1, Hacer Muratoglu 4, Salvador Herrero 1,* and Zihni Demirbag 2,* 1 Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.K.J.); [email protected] (A.S.-C.) 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental “La Mayora”, Algarrobo-Costa, 29750 Málaga, Spain; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey; E-Mail: [email protected] * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (Z.D.); Tel.: +34-96-354-3006 (S.H.); +90-462-377-3320 (Z.D.); Fax: +34-96-354-3029 (S.H.); +90-462-325-3195 (Z.D.). Academic Editors: John Burand and Madoka Nakai Received: 29 November 2014 / Accepted: 13 January 2015 / Published: 23 January 2015 Abstract: Thaumetopoea pityocampa (pine processionary moth) is one of the most important pine pests in the forests of Mediterranean countries, Central Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Apart from causing significant damage to pinewoods, T. -
Viruses Associated with Antarctic Wildlife from Serology Based
Virus Research 243 (2018) 91–105 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Virus Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/virusres Review Viruses associated with Antarctic wildlife: From serology based detection to MARK identification of genomes using high throughput sequencing ⁎ Zoe E. Smeelea,b, David G. Ainleyc, Arvind Varsania,b,d, a The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA b School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand c HT Harvey and Associates, Los Gatos, CA 95032, USA d Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The Antarctic, sub-Antarctic islands and surrounding sea-ice provide a unique environment for the existence of Penguin organisms. Nonetheless, birds and seals of a variety of species inhabit them, particularly during their breeding Seal seasons. Early research on Antarctic wildlife health, using serology-based assays, showed exposure to viruses in Petrel the families Birnaviridae, Flaviviridae, Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae circulating in seals Sharp spined notothen (Phocidae), penguins (Spheniscidae), petrels (Procellariidae) and skuas (Stercorariidae). It is only during the last Antarctica decade or so that polymerase chain reaction-based assays have been used to characterize viruses associated with Wildlife disease Antarctic animals. Furthermore, it is only during the last five years that full/whole genomes of viruses (ade- noviruses, anelloviruses, orthomyxoviruses, a papillomavirus, paramyoviruses, polyomaviruses and a togavirus) have been sequenced using Sanger sequencing or high throughput sequencing (HTS) approaches. -
Evidence to Support Safe Return to Clinical Practice by Oral Health Professionals in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Repo
Evidence to support safe return to clinical practice by oral health professionals in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: A report prepared for the Office of the Chief Dental Officer of Canada. November 2020 update This evidence synthesis was prepared for the Office of the Chief Dental Officer, based on a comprehensive review under contract by the following: Paul Allison, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University Raphael Freitas de Souza, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University Lilian Aboud, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University Martin Morris, Library, McGill University November 30th, 2020 1 Contents Page Introduction 3 Project goal and specific objectives 3 Methods used to identify and include relevant literature 4 Report structure 5 Summary of update report 5 Report results a) Which patients are at greater risk of the consequences of COVID-19 and so 7 consideration should be given to delaying elective in-person oral health care? b) What are the signs and symptoms of COVID-19 that oral health professionals 9 should screen for prior to providing in-person health care? c) What evidence exists to support patient scheduling, waiting and other non- treatment management measures for in-person oral health care? 10 d) What evidence exists to support the use of various forms of personal protective equipment (PPE) while providing in-person oral health care? 13 e) What evidence exists to support the decontamination and re-use of PPE? 15 f) What evidence exists concerning the provision of aerosol-generating 16 procedures (AGP) as part of in-person -
Niakha Virus: a Novel Member of the Family Rhabdoviridae Isolated from Phlebotomine Sandflies in Senegal
Virology 444 (2013) 80–89 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Virology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yviro Niakha virus: A novel member of the family Rhabdoviridae isolated from phlebotomine sandflies in Senegal Nikos Vasilakis a,b,c,n, Steven Widen d, Sandra V. Mayer a, Robert Seymour a, Thomas G. Wood d, Vsevolov Popov a, Hilda Guzman a, Amelia P.A. Travassos da Rosa a, Elodie Ghedin e, Edward C. Holmes f,g, Peter J. Walker h, Robert B. Tesh a,b,c a Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Galveston, USA b Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA c Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA d Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1079, USA e Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA f Sydney Emerging Infections & Biosecurity Institute, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia g Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA h CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia article info abstract Article history: Members of the family Rhabdoviridae have been assigned to eight genera but many remain unassigned. Received 8 February 2013 Rhabdoviruses have a remarkably diverse host range that includes terrestrial and marine animals, Returned to author for revisions invertebrates and plants. Transmission of some rhabdoviruses often requires an arthropod vector, such as 21 May 2013 mosquitoes, midges, sandflies, ticks, aphids and leafhoppers, in which they replicate. -
Rhabdoviridae.Pdf
1 Rhabdoviridae Taxonomy Realm- Ribovira Kingdom- Orthornavirae Phylum- Negarnaviricota Subphylum-Haploviricotina Class- Monjiviricetes Order- Mononegaviriales Family- Rhabdoviridae Genus- Lyssavirus Genus-Ephemerovirus Rhabdoviridae: The family Derivation of names Rhabdoviridae: from rhabdos (Greek) meaning rod, referring to virion morphology. Member taxa Vertebrate host Lyssavirus Novirhabdovirus Perhabdovirus Sprivivirus Tupavirus Vertebrate host, arthropod vector Prepared by Dr. Vandana Gupta Page 1 2 Curiovirus Ephemerovirus Hapavirus Ledantevirus Sripuvirus Tibrovirus Vesiculovirus Invertebrate host Almendravirus Alphanemrhavirus Caligrhavirus Sigmavirus Plant host Cytorhabdovirus Dichorhavirus Nucleorhabdovirus Varicosavirus The family Rhabdoviridae includes 20 genera and 144 species of viruses with negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes of approximately 10–16 kb. Virions are typically enveloped with bullet-shaped or bacilliform morphology but non-enveloped filamentous virions have also been reported. The genomes are usually (but not always) single RNA molecules with partially complementary termini. Almost all rhabdovirus genomes have 5 genes encoding the structural proteins (N, P, M, G and L); however, many rhabdovirus genomes encode other proteins in additional genes or in alternative open reading frames (ORFs) within the structural protein genes. The family is ecologically diverse with members infecting plants or animals including mammals, birds, reptiles or fish. Rhabdoviruses are also detected in invertebrates, -
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories—6Th Edition
Section VIII-A: Bacterial Agents Bacillus anthracis Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive, non-hemolytic, and non-motile bacillus, is the etiologic agent of anthrax, an acute bacterial disease among wild and domestic mammals, including humans. Like all members of the genus Bacillus, under adverse conditions, B. anthracis has the ability to produce spores that allow the organism to persist for long periods (i.e., years), withstanding heat and drying, until the return of more favorable conditions for vegetative growth.1 It is because of this ability to produce spores coupled with significant pathogenic potential in humans that this organism is considered one of the most serious and threatening biowarfare or bioterrorism agents.2 Most mammals are susceptible to anthrax; it mostly affects herbivores that ingest spores from contaminated soil and, to a lesser extent, carnivores that scavenge on the carcasses of diseased animals. In the United States, it occurs sporadically in animals in parts of the West, Midwest, and Southwest. Human case rates for anthrax are highest in Africa and central and southern Asia.3 The infectious dose varies greatly from species to species and is route-dependent. The inhalation anthrax infectious dose (ID) for humans has been primarily extrapolated from inhalation challenges of non-human primates (NHPs) or studies done in contaminated wool mills. Estimates vary greatly but the median lethal dose (LD50) is likely within the range of 2,500–55,000 spores.4 It is believed that very few spores (ten or fewer) are required for cutaneous anthrax infection.5 Anthrax cases have been rare in the United States since the first half of the 20th century. -
Isolation of a Novel Aquatic Birnavirus from Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss in Australia
Vol. 114: 117–125, 2015 DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Published May 21 doi: 10.3354/dao02858 Dis Aquat Org FREEREE ACCESSCCESS Isolation of a novel aquatic birnavirus from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Australia Christina McCowan1,*, Julian Motha1, Mark St. J. Crane2, Nicholas J. G. Moody2, Sandra Crameri2, Alex D. Hyatt2, Tracey Bradley3 1Victorian Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Agriculture Productivity Division, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia 2CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia 3Victorian Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Regulation and Compliance Group, 475 Mickleham Rd, Attwood, Victoria 3049, Australia ABSTRACT: In November 2010, a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hatchery in Victoria reported increased mortality rates in diploid and triploid female fingerlings. Live and moribund fish were submitted for laboratory investigation. All fish showed hyperpigmentation of the cranial half of the body. Histological lesions were seen in all areas of skin examined despite the localised nature of the gross lesions. There was irregular hyperplasia and spongiosis, alternating with areas of thinning and architectural disturbance. Occasionally, particularly in superficial layers of epithe- lium, cells showed large, eosinophilic inclusions that obscured other cellular detail. A small num- ber of fish had necrosis in dermis, subcutis and superficial muscles. Bacteriological culture of skin and gills was negative for all bacterial pathogens, including Flavibacterium columnare, the agent of columnaris disease. Attempts at virus isolation from the skin of affected fish resulted in the development of a cytopathic effect in RTG-2 cell cultures suggestive of the presence of a virus.