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A Synoptic Viewof the Historyof APHA Awards

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Public Health Then and Now A Synoptic View of the History of APHA Awards (1885-1977) M. ALLEN POND, MPH Introduction nounced in December 1885. A year earlier, Civil War hero, Captain Henry Lomb, a distinguished citizen Qf Rochester, Public recognition of extraordinary accomplishment by New York, and co-founder with John J. Bausch of the opti- individuals takes many forms. Historically, sovereigns have cal firm that to this day bears their names, had offered to bestowed non-hereditary titles on subjects for outstanding underwrite "prizes in relation to investigations bearing on service to their country. Medals for bravery have for cen- public health."1 Lomb was prepared to provide up to turies been tangible expressions of gratitude by nations large $2,000* for this purpose (it turned out later to be $2,800), and and small. Cash awards-for example, the Nobel Prizes-for proposed that essays be prepared in open competition on unique contributions to knowledge or productivity have sig- four topics: naled worldwide appreciation in recent years. Awards for 1. Healthy Homes and Foods for the Working Classes; excellence are a principal hallmark of every professional so- 2. The Sanitary Conditions and Necessities of School- ciety and trade association, and the American Public Health. Houses and School-Life; Association is no exception. 3. Disinfectants and Prophylaxis against Infectious Dis- eases; and 4. The Preventable Causes of Disease, Injury and The Lomb Prizes Death in American Manufactories and Workshops, and the Best Means and Appliances for Preventing and Avoiding The Association's earliest involvement in recognizing Them. distinguished service seems to have been embodied in the It is not clear what stimulated Lomb to make the offer, Lomb Prizes for essays, the first winners of which were an- but his timing is of interest. The period between 1870 and 1890 has been called by historians of public health the "Golden Age of Bacteriology." Shortly before Lomb ap- scientific break- About the Author proached the APHA, there were several A native of Ansonia, Connecticut, Professor Pond graduated throughs which were to have immense influence on the pub- from Yale in 1935 with a degree in civil engineering. After re- lic health: Eberth's discovery of the typhoid bacillus, and ceiving his MPH there the following year, he spent the next five Laveran's identification of the malaria parasite, both in 1880, years on the faculty as the last of Professor C-E. A. Winslow's and Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus in 1882 and "boys". It was during that period that his long-time interest in health policy began to take shape. isolation of cholera vibrio the following year. It is reasonable He was on active duty as a reserve officer in the U.S. Public to speculate that Lomb, as a producer of microscopes, was Health Service throughout World War II, being detailed for four more than casually aware of the exciting news. His.interest years as full-time Consultant to the Commissioner of the Federal in public health was already well-established-he had been Public Housing Authority on health and sanitation problems at one of the founders of the Rochester Public Health Associa- temporary war housing projects. In 1948 he was commissioned in the PHS Regular Corps, becoming an Assistant Surgeon General tion. His sponsorship of the prizes seems to have been re- in 1957. For more than half of his 25-year Service career, he was latedTto his life-long interest in education, especially scien- directly involved in the development of national health policy, for tific education, and its practical application to daily life. Fol- almost 10 years on the staff of the Secretary of HEW (he served lowing a then current trend in supporting scholarships, he directly under the first five secretaries) and for another five in the immediate Office of the Surgeon General. Since 1968, he has been at the Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, where he conducts seminars on *This was a sizeable amount of money in those days and, calcu- the politics of health and is writing a history of Presidential in- lated on the basis of applicable consumer price indexes, would ap- volvement in health affairs since World War II. proximate $14,000 (tax free) today. AJPH August 1978, Vol. 68, No. 8 789 PUBLIC HEALTH THEN AND NOW had therefore come to the conclusion that excellent work in ing him a life member.** He, in turn, offered the unexpended public health should be fostered and publicized. balance of his gift for similar prizes the following year. It was Lomb's wish that the essays be received and the In 1886, at APHA's Annual Meeting in Toronto, the prizes awarded by four "committees of five," one for each awards committees dutifully made their reports.9 Their com- topic, with no overlapping of membership. Lomb also sug- ments were devastating. None of the essays-including five gested that the prizes go to the authors, and the essays to the submissions in a new class of entries, "Plans for Dwelling Association. To enlist the widest possible competition, the Houses"-was considered worthy of a prize! Association Secretary was instructed "to publish a list of the There was no record of a contest in 1887, but the munifi- prizes in at least three medical journals and in two sanitary cence of Lomb continued the following year when he offered journals in this country, and in Science."2 one prize of $500 and one of $200 for essays on the subject of When the list ofjudges was announced it was clear that "Practical Sanitary and Economic Cooking Adapted for Per- the contests would focus on excellence. The roster was sons of Moderate and Small Means."10 broadly representative and read like a "Who's Who of Amer- In moving to accept the offer, it was brought out that ican health affairs." In discussing the origins and implica- there had been criticism of the performance of the Associa- tions of the Lomb prize essays at the Annual Meeting in tion relative to the earlier contests. Apparently it was felt, in 1885, APHA President James E. Reeves said it was a noble some circles, that distribution of the 1885 essays in pamphlet example which "it is to be hoped, will from time to time be form had produced free publicity for "people who wanted to followed by other persons of like liberality, and who believe, write something perhaps, and get their names before the with him, that the cultivation of sanitary science is the way public . under the auspices of this Association." to the highest citizenship and a life of moral purity."3 Despite this small dissension, the 1888 competition elic- As the committees on the Lomb prizes began to report ited "three score and ten essays," not all of them written in their findings, it was a certainty that the standards of per- the English language. Three score and nine of them being formance had been set high. Of the 36 submissions on found deficient in one respect or another, only the first prize Healthy Homes and Foods for the Working Classes, none of $500 was awarded."1 fulfilled the criteria in the original announcement. How- Thereafter, there is but one reference to an essay con- ever, one was deemed "of great merit [and] your committee test. In 1893, after a five-year interim, Lomb offered two has decided to award to it the second prize."4 Dr. Victor C. prizes of $500 each, one for production of a school text on Vaughan of Ann Arbor, Michigan, was the author. hygiene and public health; the second for any work or treat- The second group of essays-those dealing with school ise on a special topic that the committee might select.12 No health and sanitation-also failed to produce a top winner. In record of the outcome of this offer is available, and almost a the opinion of that committee, "no one of them, on the claim third of a century was to elapse before the Association made of originality, new investigations, or superior merit, is enti- another identifiable award for excellence. tled to it." Nonetheless, $200 was awarded to Dr. D. F. Lin- Before his death in 1908, Lomb gave the Association coln of Boston for submitting the best of the lot.5 $2,500 as a trust fund for its discretionary use. This proved The third group revealed a winner: George M. Stern- to be the nest egg which made possible the start of the Amer- berg, MD.5 His paper must have towered above the com- ican Journal ofPublic Health. 13 petition, since the committee concluded that none of the oth- Over the years one good citizen from Rochester had er eight was meritorious enough to warrant the second prize. been instrumental in bringing into the open some of the As- Subsequently, Stemnberg's essay was revised and expanded, sociation's "abundance of light" which, he had said in 1884, and incorporated into a volume representing three years of "must be hidden under a bushel because you have no means research and investigation by the Committee on Dis- to disseminate it."994 infectants. This volume served for many years as the leading With the phasing out of the essay contests after only work on disinfection in the English language.6 eight years, it would seem reasonable to expect that steps None of the three essays on preventable causes of dis- might have been taken to revive or replace them. Yet the ease and their control was adjuidged adequate to merit a first Association's archives are silent on the subject.
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