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Biographical Memoirs V.68 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4990.html We ship printed books within 1 business day; personal PDFs are available immediately. Biographical Memoirs V.68 Office of the Home Secretary, National Academy of Sciences ISBN: 0-309-56440-9, 400 pages, 6 x 9, (1995) This PDF is available from the National Academies Press at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4990.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our innovative research tools – try the “Research Dashboard” now! • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books and selected PDF files Thank you for downloading this PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll- free at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to [email protected]. This book plus thousands more are available at http://www.nap.edu. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Request reprint permission for this book. Biographical Memoirs V.68 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4990.html i Biographical Memoirs NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES riginal paper book, not from the the authoritative version for attribution. ing-specific formatting, however, cannot be About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of original workthe has been recomposed XMLfrom files created from o the original typesetting files. breaks Page are true the line lengths, word to original; breaks, heading styles, and other typesett aspublication this inserted.Please versionoftypographicerrors have been accidentallyretained, and some print use the may Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. ii http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4990.html Biographical MemoirsV.68 Copyright © National Academy ofSciences. Allrights reserved. riginal paper book, not from the the authoritative version for attribution. ing-specific formatting, however, cannot be About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of original workthe has been recomposed XMLfrom files created from o the original typesetting files. breaks Page are true the line lengths, word to original; breaks, heading styles, and other typesett aspublication this inserted.Please versionoftypographicerrors have been accidentallyretained, and some print use the may iii e http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4990.html Biographical MemoirsV.68 h t be ion. om r ibut f r t cannot r at not NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES o f OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA however, version ng, i t paper book, at ive at rm Copyright © National Academy ofSciences. Allrights reserved. o riginal horit ic f o e h t he aut t om Biographical Memoirs r as ing-specif t ion ed f peset y VOLUME 68 publicat her t iles creat is h t L f M of and ot X om yles, r f st version print posed e h heading recom use t breaks, ease l been P word has ed. hs, insert ally line lengt original work e h t he original; ion of t at o ue t r have been accident y t a represent m are l a errors age breaks P is new digit h pographic y iles. T t f e ile: ng i f t F D P peset and som is y h t NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS ined, a bout WASHINGTON, D.C. 1995 A ret original t Biographical Memoirs V.68 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4990.html iv The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by Act of Congress as a private, non- profit, self-governing membership corporation for the furtherance of science and technology, required to advise the federal government upon request within its fields of competence. Under its corporate charter the Academy established the National Research Council in 1916, the National Academy of Engineering in 1964, and the Institute of Medicine in 1970. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER 0-309-05238-6 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER 0077–2933 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 5–26629 Available from NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 CONSTITUTION AVENUE, N.W. WASH- INGTON, D.C. 20418 riginal paper book, not from the PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA the authoritative version for attribution. ing-specific formatting, however, cannot be About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of original workthe has been recomposed XMLfrom files created from o the original typesetting files. breaks Page are true the line lengths, word to original; breaks, heading styles, and other typesett aspublication this inserted.Please versionoftypographicerrors have been accidentallyretained, and some print use the may Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biographical Memoirs V.68 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4990.html CONTENTS v CONTENTS riginal paper book, not from the the authoritative version for attribution. PREFACE vii ing-specific formatting, however, cannot be JACOB AALL BONNEVIE BJERKNES 3 BY ARNT ELIASSEN HUBERT MORSE BLALOCK, JR. 23 BY HERBERT L.COSTNER MIN CHUEH CHANG 45 BY ROY O.GREEP GEORGE CONSTANTIN COTZIAS 63 BY VINCENT P.DOLE FREDERICK RUSSELL EGGAN 85 BY EVON Z.VOGT, JR. WALTER M.ELSASSER 103 BY HARRY RUBIN EARNEST ALBERT HOOTON 167 BY STANLEY M.GARN AND EUGENE GILES ARTHUR S.KING 181 BY ROBERT B.KING About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of original workthe has been recomposed XMLfrom files created from o the original typesetting files. breaks Page are true the line lengths, word to original; breaks, heading styles, and other typesett aspublication this inserted.Please versionoftypographicerrors have been accidentallyretained, and some print use the may Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biographical Memoirs V.68 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4990.html CONTENTS vi HERMAN FRANCIS MARK 195 BY HERBERT MORAWETZ BARBARA MCCLINTOCK 211 BY NINA V.FEDOROFF IRVINE HEINLY PAGE 237 riginal paper book, not from the BY HARRIET P.DUSTAN the authoritative version for attribution. WILLIAM CUMMING ROSE 253 ing-specific formatting, however, cannot be BY HERBERT E.CARTER AND MINOR J.COON CARL FREDERIC SCHMIDT 273 BY GEORGE B.KOELLE JOHN CLARK SHEEHAN 291 BY E.J.COREY AND JOHN D.ROBERTS WILLIAM BRADFORD SHOCKLEY 305 BY JOHN L.MOLL EDWARD HOLLAND SPICER 325 BY JAMES E.OFFICER GEORGE STREISINGER 353 BY FRANKLIN W.STAHL HAROLD CLAYTON UREY 363 BY JAMES R.ARNOLD, JACOB BIGELEISEN, AND CLYDE A.HUTCHISON JR. CARROLL MILTON WILLIAMS 413 BY A.M.PAPPENHEIMER, JR. JERROLD R.ZACHARIAS 435 BY NORMAN F.RAMSEY About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of original workthe has been recomposed XMLfrom files created from o the original typesetting files. breaks Page are true the line lengths, word to original; breaks, heading styles, and other typesett aspublication this inserted.Please versionoftypographicerrors have been accidentallyretained, and some print use the may Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biographical Memoirs V.68 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4990.html PREFACE vii PREFACE riginal paper book, not from the On March 3, 1863, Abraham Lincoln signed the Act of Incorporation that the authoritative version for attribution. brought the National Academy of Sciences into being. In accordance with that ing-specific formatting, however, cannot be original charter, the Academy is a private, honorary organization of scientists, elected for outstanding contributions to knowledge, who can be called upon to advise the federal government. As an institution the Academy’s goal is to work toward increasing scientific knowledge and to further the use of that knowledge for the general good. The Biographical Memoirs, begun in 1877, are a series of volumes containing the life histories and selected bibliographies of deceased members of the Academy. Colleagues familiar with the discipline and the subject’s work prepare the essays. These volumes, then, contain a record of the life and work of our most distinguished leaders in the sciences, as witnessed and interpreted by their colleagues and peers. They form a biographical history of science in America—an important part of our nation’s contribution to the intellectual heritage of the world. PETER H.RAVEN Home Secretary About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of original workthe has been recomposed XMLfrom files created from o the original typesetting files. breaks Page are true the line lengths, word to original; breaks, heading styles, and other typesett aspublication this inserted.Please versionoftypographicerrors have been accidentallyretained, and some print use the may Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. PREFACE viii http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4990.html Biographical MemoirsV.68 Copyright © National Academy ofSciences. Allrights reserved. riginal paper book, not from the the authoritative version for attribution. ing-specific formatting, however, cannot be About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of original workthe has been recomposed XMLfrom files created from o the original typesetting files. breaks Page are true the line lengths, word to original; breaks, heading styles, and other typesett aspublication this inserted.Please versionoftypographicerrors have been accidentallyretained, and some print use the may Biographical Memoirs V.68 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4990.html 1 Biographical Memoirs VOLUME 68 riginal paper book, not from the the authoritative version for attribution. ing-specific formatting, however, cannot be About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of original workthe has been recomposed XMLfrom files created from o the original typesetting files. breaks Page are true the line lengths, word to original; breaks, heading styles, and other typesett aspublication this inserted.Please versionoftypographicerrors have been accidentallyretained, and some print use the may Copyright © National Academy of Sciences.
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