History of Rockets

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History of Rockets a Webquest for Science, History and Language at Mt. Zion CUSD #3 Introduction: Rockets represent remarkable collections of human ingenuity. NASA's Space Shuttle, for example, is one of the most complex flying machines ever invented. It stands upright on a launch pad, lifts off as a rocket, orbits Earth as a spacecraft, and returns to Earth as a gliding airplane. The rockets and spaceships of today and the spaceships of the future have their roots in the science and technology of the past. They are natural outgrowths of literally thousands of years of experimentation and research on rockets and rocket propulsion. The Task: As an employee for NASA, your boss, Mr. Blast, has asked you to write a short informational article on the history of rockets. This article will be included in the informational material that NASA provides to visitors at its facilities. In your article, Mr. Blast, has asked you to include the following information: When and where were rockets invented? When did the Europeans first become exposed to rockets? How were rockets used throughout the ages? Give examples. According to an old Chinese legend what did the Chinese official named Wan-Hu do? What happened to him? When were the scientific foundations for modern rocketry laid? What were some examples of this work? Who first proposed the idea of space exploration by rocket? What did Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945) and Hermann Oberth (1894-1989) do to aid in the development of the modern rocket? What role did Germany play in the development of the modern rocket? Briefly describe what has happened since the end of World War II in the development of the rocket in both the United States and the Soviet Union. Evaluation: Your project will be evaluated on the following criteria: Is your informational article clear and concise? Did you accurately include all the information requested? Are drawings and photographs clear and used appropriately for the subject? Did you follow all instructions provided in class about how to write your informational article? NO PLAGIARISM!!! Conclusion: There are two primary benefits that I hope you will obtain from this Webquest. One is that you will gain a better understanding of the long history of rockets. A second benefit is that I hope you will be able to carry out your own research using the Internet to write an informational article. .

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History of Rocket Technology
CHAPTER 1 History of Rockets 1. 1. INTRODUCTION Action-Reaction Principle Take any technology and you always find that its practical demonstration had been realized much before the theory was established. However, you may note that the fast and effective refinement of a technology begins only after its theory, explaining the underlying basic principles, has been established. The action-reaction principle that is fundamental to jet propulsion, which includes airbreathing- as well as rocket-propulsion, was theoretically explained only in 1687 by the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton by his famous publication “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (“Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”). But, approximately 2100 years before this, Archytas, a Greek philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and strategist, had demonstrated the action-reaction principle by his toy pigeon in the city of Tarentum, Fig. 1. 1. Archytas suspended on a wire his wooden pigeon that contained hot steam at an elevated pressure in its belly cavity. The other end of the wire was hooked on to the top of a tall pole. On releasing a plug, a jet of steam escaped through a hole from the rear of the pigeon to produce a thrust that made the toy pigeon fly in circles around the pole. Thus Archytas mystified and amused the citizens of Tarentum by his flying toy- pigeon and demonstrated the fundamental principle of propulsion: “every force has an equal and opposite reaction”. The second recorded-demonstration of the action-reaction principle was in the first century B.C. Hero of Alexandria, a Greek mathematician 1 and scientist, constructed a device known as aeolipile.
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Appendix Relations with Alien Intelligences – the Scientific Basis of Metalaw1
Appendix Relations with Alien Intelligences – The Scientific Basis of Metalaw1 Ernst Fasan DK 340.114:341.229:2:133 1 The appendix was previously published by Berlin Verlag Arno Spitz in 1970. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 181 P.M. Sterns, L.I. Tennen (eds.), Private Law, Public Law, Metalaw and Public Policy in Space, Space Regulations Library 8, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-27087-6 Contents Foreword by Wernher von Braun �� 185 Introduction �� 187 I: The Possibility of Encountering Nonhuman Intelligent Beings �� 189 Opinions in Ancient Literature �� 189 The Results of Modern Science �� 191 II: The Physical Nature of Extraterrestrial Beings �� 205 The Necessary Characteristics �� 205 Origin and Development of Protoplasmic Life �� 209 Intelligent Machines – The Question of Robots �� 210 III: The Concept, Term, and Literature of Metalaw �� 213 Selection and Definition of the Term �� 213 A Survey of Literature ��
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Albert Einstein and Wernher Von Braun – the Two Great German-American
Albert Einstein and Wernher von Braun – the two great German-American Physicists seen in a Historical Perspective FRIEDWARDT WINTERBERG, University of Nevada Reno. Abstract It was Albert Einstein who changed our view of the universe to be a non-Euclidean curved space-time. And it was Wernher von Braun who showed how to make the first step to take us into this universe, leaving the gravitational field of our planet earth, with the landing a man on the moon the greatest event in human history. Both these great physicists did this on the shoulders of giants. Albert Einstein on the shoulders of his German landsman Bernhard Riemann, and Wernher von Braun on the shoulders of Goddard and Oberth. Both Einstein and von Braun made a Faustian pact with the devil, von Braun by accepting research funds from Hitler, and Einstein by urging Roosevelt to build the atom bomb (against Hitler). Both of these great men later regretted the use of their work for the killing of innocent bystanders, even though in the end the invention of nuclear energy and space flight is for the benefit of man. Their example serves as a warning for all of us. It can be formulated as follows: “Can I in good conscience accept research funds from the military to advance scientific knowledge, for weapons developed against an abstract enemy I never have met in person?" Weapons if used do not differentiate between the scientist, who invented these weapons, and the non-scientist. In this short essay I will show that there are many surprising parallels in the life of Albert Einstein and Wernher von Braun, the two great German-American physicists who had a decisive influence on the history of the 20th century.
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Now in English! Hermann Oberth: “The Rocket Into Planetary Space”
Now in English! Formats: HardcoverBook eBook (PDF) eBook (EPUB) Print/eBook Hermann Oberth: “The Rocket into Planetary Space” “Under certain economic conditions, the construction of such machines may even become profitable. Such conditions might arise within a few decades. In the present document I intend to prove this statement.” (“Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen”, Hermann Oberth 1923). With this revolutionary statement, physicist Hermann Oberth proved to be one of the most visionary and ingenious pioneers of rocketry. Fundamental and scientifically solid, his ideas were not only comprehensive, but he also conducted meticulous investigations about all possible rocket parameters. His proposals included spacecraft instrumentation for scientific missions, and novel ideas for launch and test facilities. Oberth did not limit himself to robotic rockets, but also looked closely at the various technical, physiological, and psychological problems and challenges that would be encountered with sending humans into space. Fundamental and scientific-technically solid were not only his comprehensive, meticulous investigations and optimization trade-offs of all possible rocket parameters, but also his proposals for spacecraft- instrumentation for manned and scientific missions as well as his novel ideas for launch- and test facilities. Oberth’s “Outlook” (§17) provides a prophetic “blue-print” of the many space applications which followed in the years to come and culminated in the implementation of today’s permanent manned space station which followed Hermann Oberth’s conceptual descriptions very closely. The book, thoroughly and expertly translated and now first published in English allows also all non- German readers to go back to the beginning, appreciate the problems associated with space travel and understand the never ending quest for space exploration.
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A Pictorial History of Rockets
he mighty space rockets of today are the result A Pictorial Tof more than 2,000 years of invention, experi- mentation, and discovery. First by observation and inspiration and then by methodical research, the History of foundations for modern rocketry were laid. Rockets Building upon the experience of two millennia, new rockets will expand human presence in space back to the Moon and Mars. These new rockets will be versatile. They will support Earth orbital missions, such as the International Space Station, and off- world missions millions of kilometers from home. Already, travel to the stars is possible. Robotic spacecraft are on their way into interstellar space as you read this. Someday, they will be followed by human explorers. Often lost in the shadows of time, early rocket pioneers “pushed the envelope” by creating rocket- propelled devices for land, sea, air, and space. When the scientific principles governing motion were discovered, rockets graduated from toys and novelties to serious devices for commerce, war, travel, and research. This work led to many of the most amazing discoveries of our time. The vignettes that follow provide a small sampling of stories from the history of rockets. They form a rocket time line that includes critical developments and interesting sidelines. In some cases, one story leads to another, and in others, the stories are inter- esting diversions from the path. They portray the inspirations that ultimately led to us taking our first steps into outer space. NASA’s new Space Launch System (SLS), commercial launch systems, and the rockets that follow owe much of their success to the accomplishments presented here.
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Celebrating 50 Years of America in Space Fifty Years Ago, a Group of German Rocket Pioneers Led the Team That Put America Into Space
EIR Science & Technology Celebrating 50 Years Of America in Space Fifty years ago, a group of German rocket pioneers led the team that put America into space. Marsha Freeman reports on a celebration held to mark that milestone. For millions of Americans, the successful launch of the Ex- cle, a 36-story, 6.5-million-pound rocket. Its remarkable re- plorer-1 satellite on the evening of Jan. 31, 1958, three months cord includes 13 launches without any failures, a testament after the Soviet Union orbited Sputnik, allowed a sigh of re- not only to the meticulous design, rigorous testing, and ex- lief. For a team of over 100 German space pioneers, it was the traordinary management of this complex project, but also to culmination of nearly two decades of rocket experiments, and the decades of dedication of the German space pioneers to the proved that soon, man himself, could explore space. dream of space flight. The German rocket team that came to the United States That dream was energized in the late 1920s by Hermann after World War II, under the leadership of Wernher von Oberth, who himself took the dreams of Johannes Kepler, Braun, had already carried out many of the tests, and experi- Jules Verne, and others before him, and created the scientific enced the failures, necessary for the technology of space flight and engineering basis to make manned space flight a reality.1 to be born. As teenagers in Germany in the 1930s, some had In 1927, the German Society for Space Travel was orga- participated in amateur rocket clubs to begin the small-scale nized in Breslau, formed by space enthusiasts, with the after- experiments that would eventually take men to the Moon, and school participation of a teenage Wernher von Braun, and to carry out educational campaigns to excite the public about guidance from Professor Oberth.
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Pioneers of Spaceflight E S S S O N 9 P L - a 1 S N 2 T E N P
ROCKETROCKET LABLABTM T G w o R C Science A l a s D s L E Pioneers of Spaceflight e s S s o n 9 P l - a 1 S n 2 T E N P (First class session: 20-25 minutes) A Standard G LEARN T I History and Nature of Science 1.Objectives O • Students will be able to identify the pioneers of spaceflight N Standard 13 and their contributions to science and technology. A Understands the scientific • Students will experience what it is like to be a pioneer of L enterprise spaceflight while building and launching an Estes model rocket. S T A Benchmark 1 Materials N Knows that, throughout histo- 1. Generic E2X®, Alpha III® or UP Aerospace™ SpaceLoft ™ D ry, diverse cultures have Rocket Lab Pack™ (12 pack) - 2 or more A developed scientific ideas and 2. Rocket Engine Lab Pack™ (24 pack) - 1 or more R solved human problems 3. Electron Beam® Launch Controller - 1 or more D through technology. 4. Porta-Pad® II Launch Pad - 1 or more 5. Paper, pencil, white or carpenter’s glue or plastic cement, Benchmark 2 scissors, modeling knife, ruler and masking tape for each Understands that individuals student and teams contribute to sci- 6. History of Rockets PowerPoint ence and engineering at dif- ferent levels of complexity. Time Two class sessions Background History of Rockets (Slide 1) Where It All Began (Slide 2) The origins of modern rocketry can be traced back to Greece and China. One of the first devices to utilize the principles of rocket flight was a wooden bird.
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Exploration of the Universe with Reaction Machines
EXPLORINGTHE UNKNOWN 59 Document 1-5 Document title: A.A. Blagonravov, Editor in Chief, Collected Works of KE. Tiokovskiy, Vol- ume ZZ - Reactive Plying Machines, Translation of “K.E. Tsiolkovskiy, Sobraniye Sochmeniy, Tom II - Reaktivnyye Letatal’nyye Apparaty,” Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1954, NASA lT F-237,1965, pp. 72-117. Konstantin Tsiolkovskiy was a school teacher who lived in the small town of Kaluga, Russia. He is regarded by the Russians as the founder of Soviet rocketry, much as Robert Goddard and Hermann Oberth are regarded as the fathers of American and German rocketry in their respective countries. He is responsible for associating the term Sputnik, or “fellow traveller,” to artificial satellites. But Tsiolkovskiy’swork was almost entirely theo- retical and was not widely known or translated outside of Russia, until after his death. This article, written in 1898 and first published in 1903, established the fundamen- tals of orbital mechanics and proposed the then-radical use of both liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen as fuel. It appeared seventeen years before Goddard repeated much of’ the work in the United States and twenty-three years before he began the first experiments with liquid propellants. It was also the first detailed discussion of a manned space station. The fact that it was not translated until much later meant that its impact on rocket re- search around the world was minimal. Exploration of the Universe with Reaction Machines Heights Reached by Balloons; Their Size and Weight; the Temperature and Density of the Atmosphere 1. So far small unmanned aerostats carrying automatic observation equipment have risen to altitudes of not more than 22 km.
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Operation Paperclip and the Contrasting Fates of Wernher Von Braun and Arthur Rudolph
VEIL OF PROTECTION: OPERATION PAPERCLIP AND THE CONTRASTING FATES OF WERNHER VON BRAUN AND ARTHUR RUDOLPH Allison Eldridge-Nelson A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS December 2017 Committee: Walter Grunden, Advisor Benjamin Greene © 2017 Allison Eldridge-Nelson All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Walter Grunden, Advisor Toward the end of World War II, the United States government initiated Operation Paperclip which set out to secretly secure the top rocket scientists from Nazi Germany. To accomplish this, officials manipulated policy procedures, covered their tracks, and years later misrepresented their knowledge of the project’s details. The resulting problematic immigration policy enabled the government to allow former Nazi scientists to travel to the U.S. and be employed by the military well ahead of executive approval, and amidst strong dissent. This thesis will take these arguments a step further by contextualizing it within two personal narratives of participants of Operation Paperclip. The two examined scientists, Wernher von Braun and his colleague Arthur L. Rudolph, became highly regarded in their field and were bestowed with public praise, titles, and awards, yet their fates were drastically different. As this thesis tracks the constantly shifting immigration policy that was shaped by America’s national interests in the immediate post-WWII era, it will explain the unchecked and unstable procedures that resulted in skewed perceptions of von Braun and Rudolph. Although von Braun worked alongside Rudolph, and held powerful positions of authority, his prominence and importance to the U.S.
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Germany's Rocket Development in World War II by Martin Hodapp
University of Hawai‘i at Hilo · Hawai‘i Community College HOHONU 2013 Vol. 11 at the time, Goddard had successfully launched a liquid Germany’s Rocket fueled rocket in 1926. By the late 1920s, space travel Development in World War II had ceased to be a crazy idea on the fringes of society. Martin Hodapp, [email protected] The rigorous theoretical work of Oberth together with History 395 Literature Review, UH Hilo the boisterous attention grabbing of Valier had made the concept acceptable to the German public.1 All of Many important technological innovations came the speculation and excitement about rocketry did not about during World War II as a consequence of each side remain merely a phenomenon of popular culture. trying to gain an advantage over the other. Examples of Lieutenant Colonel Karl Becker of the German this include radar, sonar, the atomic bomb, and ballistic Army Ordnance Offce had taken an interest in rockets. missiles. These missiles in the form of the German V2 In particular, he was interested in the possibility of using were frst deployed on September 7, 1944. This paper solid fuel rockets as a delivery method for chemical will explain the events that led up to the deployment weapons on the battlefeld.2 It is interesting to note that of this new weapon system. This paper will be largely a this idea had actually been discussed by Oberth in the literature review as my research has relied primarily on 1929 version of his book. However, his delivery system Michael Neufeld's The Rocket and the Reich; it covers in consisted of a large intercontinental ballistic missile detail many aspects of my research.
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June 2019 the Monthly Newsletter of the Bays Mountain Astronomy Club
June 2019 The Monthly Newsletter of the Bays Mountain Astronomy Club More on Edited by Adam Thanz this image. See FN1 Chapter 1 Cosmic Reflections William Troxel - BMAC Chair More on this image. See FN2 William Troxel More on Cosmic Reflections this image. See FN3 Greetings BMACer’s. I wanted to recap the events of May. Those have not attended in the past I invite you to consider coming out of you that were able to attend got to see and hear very in 2020! wonderful science fair presentations from the young men and This month I want to introduce 3 more terms for your working women from Sullivan South High School who are our future astronomy vocabulary. scientists and astronomers! Each presentation was well planned and presented. Each young person shared their goal, method Aurora - (noun) - An aurora is formed when charged particles and results. After each presentation, the students welcomed emitted from the Sun during a solar flare penetrate the Earth’s comments and questions from those present. I want to thank magnetic shield and collide with atoms and molecules in the Tom Rutherford for bringing his students, it is always a wonderful atmosphere. These collisions results in countless little bursts of meeting. Every May we invite Tom's young men and women to light called photons. present their projects. It is one meeting that many of you have told me that you enjoy each year. I agree with you. Eclipse - (noun) - the total or partial obscuring of one celestial body by another. Sentence use: The solar eclipse was viewed by The second event this month was the annual Astronomy Day.
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The Story of Rocket Development from 1920S Germany to 1960S America
Abstract WAR, CONTROVERSY, VON BRAUN’S ROCKET The prestige of German technology and engineering remained DEVELOPMENT high during the years of instability following World War I and SPACE prospered under the Weimar Republic. German science made leaps and bounds towards futuristic technologies during these years, including the rocket that came from science ﬁction novels written by Hermann Oberth. The enthusiasm for futuristic The Story of Rocket Development technologies drove people like Wernher von Braun to research and develop rockets with fellow enthusiasts in the form of from 1920s Germany to 1960s amateur rocket groups. The rise of the Nazi party to power America brought with it the policy of rearming Germany as soon as possible. Army Ordnance looked at these new technologies in order to replace weapons banned by the Treaty of Versailles. Karl Becker of Army Ordnance gave von Braun a small amount of money during the Weimar period to develop rocket technology. When the Nazis came to power, the funds poured in as the different rocket groups were consolidated into a single group at The A4/V2 Kummersdorf and eventually Peenemünde. World War II World’s ﬁrst ballistic missile provided an opportunity for the technology to be deployed. The struggles of priority and technical issues slowed the program origins - Nazi Germany down from their anticipated deployment in 1941 to 1943, which 1944-1945 was pushed back to 1944 due to the bombing of Peenemünde in August 1943. The delays and bombing of Peenemünde brought the rocket program closer to the SS, which strove to gain control Hermes II over the program.
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