Autunn o 08 Emiliana De Blasio, Matthew Hibberd, Michele Sorice (eds) Leadership and New Trends in Political Communication SELECTED PAPERS Merja Almonkari, Ali Fuat Borovali, Mesut Hakki Caşin, Nigar Degirmenci, Alejandro De Marzo, Enrico Gandolfi, Gianluca Giansante, Pekka Isotalus, Darren G. Lilleker, Denisa Kasl Kollmannova, Ruben Arnoldo Gonzalez Macias, Karolina Koc-Michalska, Bianca Marina Mitu, Antonio Momoc, Zeynep Hale Oner, Mari K. Niemi, Norman Melchor Robles Peña, Lorenza Parisi, Giorgia Pavia, Francesco Pira, Ville Pitkanen, Kevin Rafter, Rossella Rega, Mariacristina Sciannamblo, Donatella Selva, Iryna Sivertsava, Agnese Vardanega CMCS Working Papers 2 CMCS Working Papers Leadership and new trends in political communication 3 Emiliana De Blasio – Matthew Hibberd – Michele Sorice (Eds) Leadership and New Trends in Political Communication Selected Papers Rome CMCS Working Papers © 2011 4 CMCS Working Papers Leadership and new trends in political communication 5 Published by Centre for Media and Communication Studies “Massimo Baldini” LUISS University Department of History and Political Sciences Viale Romania, 32 – 00197 Roma RM – Italy Copyright in editorial matters, CMCS © 2011 Copyright CMCS WP03/2011 – Leadership and new trends in political communication – The Authors © 2011 ISBN 978-88-6536-008-8 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher nor be issued to the public or circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. In the interests of providing a free flow of debate, views expressed in this CMCS WP are not necessarily those of the editors or the LUISS University. 6 CMCS Working Papers Leadership and new trends in political communication 7 Table of Contents Preface 11 E. De Blasio, M. Hibberd. M. Sorice Part I. Political Communication in the Age of Web 2.0 “Hello? Any leaders here?” Community leading, knowledge sharing and representation: MEPs use of online environments for e-representation 21 Karolina Koc-Michalska, Darren G. Lilleker The role of Web 2.0 in Italian local campaigns: the case of 2010 regional elections 41 Agnese Vardanega Communicating with voters in the Facebook era. Political communication and the online identity that is still lacking in Italy 63 Francesco Pira The rising of Romanian President Traian Băsescu and the role of digital guerilla 79 Antonio Momoc From Clicktivism to Web-Storytelling. Audiences from TV politics to Web participation 97 Giorgia Pavia Internet goes to Politics: The Swedish Pirate Party 123 Maria Cristina Sciannamblo 8 CMCS Working Papers Current Trends in Political Communication and Criteria for Political Leaders. Perspectives of the Finnish Press and Party Leaders 139 Pekka Isotalus, Merja Almonkari Disintermediation in political communication: chance or missed opportunity? 157 Lorenza Parisi, Rossella Rega Net-based Participation. An Italian Case Study 191 Donatella Selva Part II. TV, Press and Beyond “Family Picture”. Interaction of Political PR and Media in Portraying Private Issues of Czech Politicians 221 Denisa Kasl Kollmannova Berlusconization Process of Politics in Turkey: Political Parties, Individual Politicians and Media 239 Nigar Degirmenci The changing representations of political leadership. Political television debates in Finnish newspapers from the 1960’s to the new millennium 263 Ville Pitkänen Leadership and new trends in political communication 9 Part III. Leadership, Campaigns and Theoretical Frames Televised Leader Debates in Ireland: Wider lessons from the 2011 General Election 285 Kevin Rafter Empires of the Mind. Metaphors and strategic discourse in Italian politics 307 Gianluca Giansante Italian online discourses during the European Parliament election campaign, June 2009 327 Iryna Sivertsava International mediatic fluxes and political State governance 353 Alejandro De Marzo Servant leadership within the context of Prime Minister Erdogan’s political communication discourse in 2002 elections in Turkey. Serving the society as customer consumers or citizen consumers 363 Zeynep Hale Oner Deciphering the Code of (recent) Turkish Foreign Policy. The 2011 Libyan Episode as Case Study 383 Ali Fuat Borovalı 10 CMCS Working Papers Part IV. Intersections Studying Changing Political Leadership from the Late 1980’s to the Present. How to analyze party leader representations in their historical and societal context? 401 Mari K. Niemi Virtual nodes as erosion. How social networks mean culture, power and neo middle ages 421 Enrico Gandolfi Animating leadership: symbio-political communication paradigms from the Japanese manga Dragon Ball Z 439 Norman Melchor Robles Peña Jr. Partisan realms. Political news produced by a journalist-politician relationship shaped by the local media system. The case of Morelia, Mexico 465 Ruben Arnoldo Gonzalez Macias Can Turkish Diplomacy Become a Model for the following Revolutions in the Middle East? 483 Mesut Hakki Caşin Social movements, Leaders and the Public Sphere 517 Bianca Marina Mitu Leadership and new trends in political communication 11 Preface Emiliana De Blasio, Matthew Hibberd, Michele Sorice1 ontemporary democracies have seen the rise of political figures defined by Sergio Fabbrini (1999) as "democratic princes". These figures have not always assumed the ccentral role they now have in liberal democracies and indeed this would have been unthinkable during the institutional re-shaping that followed the Second World War. Throughout the twentieth century writers “celebrated the centrality of the executive” (Fabbrini 2011, 9); the key place institutionally built for the decision-making process in modern societies. We have also to consider that the “executive” do not always overlap with “government”, the latter, in fact, may represent 1 Emiliana De Blasio, CMCS–LUISS University, Gregorian University – [email protected]; Matthew Hibberd, University of Stirling - [email protected]; Michele Sorice, CMCS-LUISS University – [email protected] 12 CMCS Working Papers a very different institutional apparatus according to the legal and political traditions and history of countries. It is not chance surely that in recent influential political studies’ books, the term “government” is often replaced with that of governance, a transformation that involves a shift from hierarchical concept of political authority to a more open structure that recognizes the importance of less centrally coordinated apparatuses, capable of directing and managing public policy-making processes (Helms 2005, 5; Rhodes 2003). In this transformation, the executive has substantially increased its power and independence from parliament; in other words, the executive has - even in parliamentary democracies - a prominent role, reducing the authority of Parliament. We should also consider other trends, which have strengthened the role of the executive in the political system and, in particular, the function of the head of government. This process can be ascribed to many factors, such as the sectorialization of decision making and the complexity of political agendas, elements which have required strong policy coordination (Helms 2005, 6). The first author who tried to define in a scientific and systematic way political leadership in the modern era was Max Weber, although there is a long scholarly tradition that dates back to Leadership and new trends in political communication 13 Aristotle as well as philosophical positivism. Even Shakespeare provides important considerations on the function and social role of political leadership. However, as we have said, scientific studies on leadership and the construction of specific theories are relatively recent and the Weber’s work on this topic has been strongly influential. Max Weber (1864-1920) believes that the life of the modern state is based upon the rational power of its bureaucracy. Without discussing in detail here the role of bureaucracy in Weber's theory, it should be remembered that according to the German sociologist, the question of power (and its evolution) is a very important aspect. In particular, Weber offers a type of power that evolves over time (that has both synchronic and diachronic characters). The Weberian type of power can be summarized as follows: a) Traditional power: based on the concept of sacredness. A sovereign enjoys this power because it comes from God (directly or indirectly) and it is connected to mechanisms that require no hegemonic social legitimacy (since its legitimacy is the result of a tradition perceived as “authentic” and unquestionable). Thus, it is based on belief in the sacredness of everyday authority (Weber 1922, trans. Com. 1974, vol I, 210); 14 CMCS Working Papers b) Charismatic power: is based on the authority of what is socially recognized as superior or at least capable of operating in an “exceptional” way in the human community. It is connected to the idea of “heroism”; heroes (leaders, saints, people socially considered “exemplary” characters that play a symbolic role, etc). It is performative in nature. c) Rational-legal authority: is authority that in modern states is managed by bureaucracies that are hierarchical, specialized and impersonal. This power is not moral, although it supports two ethical principles (that of intention and responsibility) and it is democratic, since it derives its strength from popular legitimacy. Weber’s theory of leadership is based on the