THE STATE of the Right: Spain

October 2010 THE STATE OF THE RIGHt: Spain

Joan Marcet www.fondapol.org

The state of the right: Spain

Joan Marcet The Fondation pour l’innovation politique is a liberal, progressive and European foundation

President: Nicolas Bazire Vice-president: Charles Beigbeder

Chief Executive Officer: Dominique Reynié [email protected] The State of the Right: spain

Joan Marcet Professor, Autonomous University of Barcelona, and Director of the Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials (ICPS)

The Spanish Right occupies a special place in Europe. Its history, and the singular nature of its political groups distinguish it from the continent’s other right-wing movements. Through the 19th century and most of the 20th century, the Spanish Right has demonstrated its opposition to a democratic regime and to a Rule of Law as they emerged from the successive bourgeois revolutions that occurred in other countries of modern and contemporary Europe. From the moment democracy was re-established in Spain until the present day, right-wing parties have undergone political, organisational, electoral and programme-related changes. In what ways do they resemble, or differ from, other European right-wing parties? This report will attempt to answer that question.

History of the Spanish Right: From reaction to conservatism

1. From the absolutist reaction to the Francoist dictatorship Swept by civil wars, mutinies and military uprisings, and marked by the gradual decline of the old colonial empire, 19th-century Spain did not see the advent of a genuine State in the modern sense of the term1.The

1. The best historical analysis of contempoary Spain is still the book by Raymond Carr, Spain 1808-1939, Oxford University Press, 1966 (Spanish version: Ediciones Ariel, 1969). A second version was published in 1982: Spain, 1808-1975, and the third version, Spain 1808-2008, was co-authored by Juan Pablo Fusi (Ediciones Ariel, 2009). For more information, see volumes 6 to 12 of Historia de España, published in 12 volumes, co- directed by J. Fontana and R. Villares (Barcelona: Crítica/Marcial Pons [co-publishers], 2007-2008).

5 6 fondapol | political innovation conservatives andprogressist liberals. liberal of succession alternating an experienced therefore Spain voters. among and Parliament Spanish the in prevailed long system bipartisan model-inspired British the weakness, structural this Despite scene. tical Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, left the poli- leaders, key degreethat their when disintegrated structures such a right-wing partisan the to system or membership organisational efficient any develop to failed had and statute, association an had merely time nely responsibleforSpain’s inabilitytomoderniseitself. genui- institutions the been have to seem fragility,these constitutional media.the even and – Church the by marked environment political a In king,the over authority its maintain to it enabled which tions army,the institu- those supporting dis- to limited was it unchanged, remained political course right-wing government’s the Although century. that of periods century,structuring 20th two early the the were in dictatorship Rivera’sde Primo until last would which monarchy constitutional tive conserva- a of establishment the and occupant, French the against war and Voter Alignments (N 3. VSee J.J. Linz, “The (Lerida: Milenio, 2009). González J.A. 2. As shown in the Juan J. Linz’s pioneer study, pioneer Linz’sJ. Juan the in shown As Associations.on Law 1887 the of enactment the after only status legal granted were organisations Political years. many for weak structurally remained parties political monarchy.Spanish constitutional stable a of establishment the with ended which regime,and Republican a reinstate to attempts several by characterised episode revolutionary 1868-1874 Furthermore, the latter had been long discredited after the failure of the theologies. andSocialist Republican to Democratic, opposed fiercely conservatism a towards heading were movements two 19th these century, the of quarter last the In sufferage. universal of favour in more no were they liberalism, progressist more a embodied class middle the of representatives Although freedom. and democracy to opposed cally categori- therefore were representatives conservative bourgeoisie’s The chaos. social to view,lead their would in which, democracy of trustful dis- similarly were time that at power sharing movements right-wing As José A. González Casanova points out in a recent study,recent a in out points Casanova José A.González As C asanova, P arty System of Spain: ew York: Free P (1833-2008) España autoritario en liberalismo El Estado. el contra derecha La ress, 1967). P ast and Future” in S.M. Lipset and S. Rokkan (dir.), 3 Spanish parties at that at parties Spanish 2 Party System the two the bourgeoisies’ conservative interests conservative bourgeoisies’ Catalonian the of champion the as itself presenting by parties dynastic by Enric Prat de la Riba and Francesc Cambó, gradually supplanted the La bourgeoisie. continued to grow, buoyed by the growth of the Catalonian and Basque parties regionalist right-wing the time, same the from At classes. middle support the greater attracting and down” top the from system the launched a political modernisation movement aimed at “revolutionising they Spain, “reviving” and of hopes power.In Silvela to acceded Francisco Maura Antonio leaders party conservative new century, 20th early the In Africa. North and America South in Spain involving wars the for preparedness diplomatic and military of lack their for question into called Right conservative ruling the of power.Leaders Spanish of decline the highlighting life, political countries’ the in point turning a the roleofChurchanditsrelationshipwithtwoleadingparties. by lastly and structure socio-economic Spain’s of by unrest, century civil a armed half after weariness voter corruption, and (clientelism) by for accounted be parties.can similar It ideologically two 5. See J. C end of the Second Republic. See I. Molas, Lliga Cataloniana (Barcelona: Ed. 62, 1972). The4. Nationalist Party]. Nationalist Catholic- a party,political oriented of the founding the to rise gave ultimately which identity of viewpoint, it gradually began to advocate a particular nationalistic sense economic an from bourgeoisie Spanish the to closer similar: quite was the monarchy(after April 1931municipalelections), of northeadvent collapse the neither prevented (1923-1930) Rivera de themselves Primo distanced from politicians conservative of number large a and established amilitarydictatorshipthroughcoupd’état. deRivera Primo when 1923, until influence, of disintegration slow a by marked were years failed.last monarchy The constitutional Spanish the modernise to attempts these fraud, electoral to and conservatives the among rifts constant the to power. However, due in those to ties The loss of the Spanish colonies at the end of the 19th century was century 19th the of end the at colonies Spanish the of loss The According to Linz, multiple factors led to this power-sharing between The progressive manner in which King Alphonse XIII, the military,the XIII, Alphonse King which in manner progressive The Lliga RegionalistaLliga laterandthe , orcuera, Orígenes, ideología yorganización del nacionalismo vasco (Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1980). a aaoin einls pry led party regionalist Catalonian a Regionalista , Lliga 5 The regionalist parties eventually established close established eventually parties regionalist The Lliga CatalonianaLliga were , PartidoNacional Vasco(EAJ-PNV) [Basque 4 . The Basque bourgeoisie platform bourgeoisie Basque The . C atalonia’sleadingright-wingthe until parties caciquismo

7 The State of the Right: Spain 8 fondapol | political innovation social peace, elitism, support of the traditional family, rejection of new family,of traditional rejection the of support elitism,peace, social Catholicism,traditional nationalism,and Spanish order for programme the National Movement shared the same Spanish Right classic principles: within cohabited who families political issues,the economic over putes thus unitedunderthepatronageofFrancoandneutralised. were groups Right Spanish Right. Autonomous the of Confederation 19th-century to Spanish pro-Catholic the of partisans former and liberals), opposed monarchists traditionalists and dictator), (conservatives the of Carlists son Rivera, de Primo A. José by founded Española party,Fascist-inspired the the of (militants Falangists attracted party.tical The poli- traditional a with common in little having organisation an formed putsch military the in participated had who members party right-wing Right], Autonomous the of (Confederación dissolved de or Española parties) democratic also but left-wing, Excellency forthevictoryofCatholicSpain.” Yourwith thanks sincere give we God, to hearts our “Lifting victory: The Right and the Catholic Church itself celebrated in unison the rebels’ the short-lived democratic State which the Republic had begun to set up. ciated with the new dictatorial regime and destroyed the foundations of mist or regionalist). At the end of the war, Franco seized all powers asso- (anti-clerical,Left the of that autono- and Catholic) centralist and talist (fundamen- Right the of that other: each confronted Machado Antonio poet the by sung were praises whose Spain of sides two the which in war civil ensuing the caused which Franco, General by led 1936 July tical waragainstthenewregime. poli- open an on embarked preserve it channels, political and traditional via recuperate power to Right Spanish the for possible longer no Constitution in Spanish history. Under the Republic, inasmuch as it was democratic truly first the which,1931,to Republic in led Second the of 6. P ersonal letter from P Despite a few ideological differences, power struggles and minor dis- differences,minor ideological and few struggles a power Despite only (not banned were parties political regime, Franco’s Under liaey i isiae ad ae osbe h mltr ursn of uprising military the possible made and instigated it Ultimately, CD) Saih Confederation [Spanish CEDA) – Autónomas Derechas ope P Movimiento Nacional ,Movimiento himself,Franco by over presided ius XII to Franco, cited by J. González A. C , etc. From then on, the on, then From etc. Cataloniana, Lliga 6 asanova, op. cit., p. 55. Falange R. C P X. see Spain, in Right Extreme the On 9. 1982, undertheleadershipofFelipeGonzalez. of autumn the in power to rise Socialists’ the with ended and Minister Spain of Prime as Suárez Adolfo of appointment 1976 July the with started phase transitory This constitutional. and democratic was that one to – legacy Francosit the – monarchy authoritarian an from sition tran- gradually to country the enabled which began transition political 2. The political transition towards democracy lism, etc.), charityandbenevolenceratherthan “social justice.” plura- political parliamentarism, freedoms, (public ideass democratic (P 7. Anabundant bibliography isavailable on the Francoist regime. We can cite Guy Hermet, L’Espagne de Franco civil the force, police and army Spanish the from officers ranking until the aborted coup d’état of 23 February 1981 led by a group of high- these right-wing groups repeatedly conspired against democratic reform simply Francoist groups) or even of Catholic Integrists. The members of splinter groups (successors of the former pro-Falangism, pro-Carlism or ranked officers, of militants from some of the most activistarmy’shighest- Extremethe of Right most of composed was It quo. status the taining main of favour in and regime the in changes any against was end, the fied withintheSpanishRight. identi- be could guidelines 1982,policy and general 1976 four Between (Madrid:ticaTecnos, 1984); M. 1978);Maravall,Enaj,J.M. 8. On political transition in Spain, see G. español 1939-1975 (Madrid: Edicusa, 1978). which, from the 1980s on, won this constituency’s allegiance. PP the therefore was mobilisation.It for capacity low very a with force electoral insignficant an represented groups splinter remaining few The visibility.electoral and partisanfringe’s Rightof theislack for accounts the by absorbed opulism (1975-2005),” inX. C aris: A. A. aris: otarelo (ed.), Transición política yconsolidación democrática en España 1975-1986 (Madrid: C After Franco died and Juan Carlos I became King of Spain, a period of The nostalgic Right, which supported the Francoist dictatorship until

9 . The large majority of these Extreme Right groups were eventually C olin, 1974);olin, S.G. PartidoPopular La política de la transición(Madrid:Taurus,Morodo,la 1981); R. depolítica La P ayne, El régimen de Franco (Madrid: Alianza, 1987); and E. Diaz, E. 1987);andAlianza, (Madrid:Franco de régimen El ayne, asals (éd.), Political Survival on the Extreme Right (Barcelona: ICP C aciagli, C arcassonne and Elecciones y partidos en la transiciónla Eleccionespartidosespañolaen (Madrid:y C asals, “Spain: The Long Journey fromJourney Long The “Spain: asals, (PP) [People’s Party] – a merger which [People’smerger (PP) a – Party] P . Subra, L’Espagne ou la démocratie retrouvée 8 N eo-Francoismto La transiciónpolíLa- 7 S, 2005). P Guardia IS, 1992). ensamiento C IS, 1986);IS, N ational- (P aris: -

9 The State of the Right: Spain 10 fondapol | political innovation oiia tasto ld y aul rg’ Pol’ Alliance. People’s Fraga’s Manuel by led transition political and electoral the for way the paving 1980s, early the in democracy of former democratic opposition. The UCDplayedadecisiveroleuntiltheadvent the and supporters regime’s former the between negotiations a played and power in class political the to and government the to support key contributed It programme. moderate-conservative the to adhered immediately party this opposition, democratic moderate former the representing groups small of and movements open most Francoism’s of up Made period. transition the during politics Spanish in role ground-breaking a played tion of twelve parties of diverse opinions. This centre-right organisation federa- a of consisted first at which Centre], Democratic the of [Union party,new a created he reform, democratic the and transition the of craftsman key the As leadership. largest conservativepartyofthisnewstageinSpanishdemocracy. the become to destined seemed therefore It structures. State Francoist still-intact the of support the and contributions financial major of tage Due to its Francoist origins, this movement from the start had the advan- within a few months after Franco’s death – led by Manual Fraga Iribarne. founded all – associations political and parties seven of comprised tion the as known group former ministers and senior officials of the Francoist era. They formed a of number large a included movement past.this the of with Proponents continuity certain a champion to continued nonetheless cracy,” they demo- a “controlled towards regime’sshift the accept Right.to Willing 10. On this party, see L. López L. see party, this On10. vador a la democracia en España (Madrid: C 11. The U Baón, Popular. R. Del see franquismo period, ala longer refundación (Madrid: a covering Ibersaf history editores, detailed 2001). more a for and 1999);Tecnos, ain wt a oiia taiin Ctlna n te pns Basque Spanish the and Catalonia – tradition political a with nations deputy seats. 11 only and votes the of 6.7% only won party the which in defeat tion elec- 1982 the after 1983, right in early UCD’s itself dissolved officially h tid opnn o te ih eegd ne dlo Suárez’s Adolfo under emerged Right the of component third The Spanish the of component second a constituted Neo-Francoists The h fut cmoet f h Saih ih i rgoa. n h two the In regional. is Right Spanish the of component fourth The (1976-1982) (Madrid: CD’s evolution and crisis were studied by C IS, 1988); N Alianza Popular[People’sAlianza (AP)- federa Alliance],a ieto, IS, 1985), and by M. C Alianza Popular: estructura y evolución electoral de un partido conserpartidoPopular:Alianzaevoluciónestructuraelectoral un y de oe y aiiaig agreement facilitating by role consociacional N . Lagares, Génesis y desarrollo del Partido Popular de Galicia C (UCD) Democrático Centro del Unión . Huneeus in aciagli, op. cit. La Unión de Centro Democrático y la transición itra e Partido delHistoria 11 (Madrid: 10 The -

PNV

P AP/PP

U PS PSC O PS PCE/IU end oftheSecondRepublic. the at founded party Democrat Christian small a Catalonia], of Union stable a alliance with Unió formed Democràtica de Catalunya has (UDC) [Democratic CDC the 1979, Since Catalonia]. for Pact [Democratic (PDC) Catalunya per coalition,Democràtic a Pacte of head the at tions elec- 1977 first the in part took CDC the Pujol, Jordi by founding its since over Presided organisations. of anti-Franco Catalonianist and Convergence rate [Democratic (CDC) Catalonia], emerged in Catalonia, Catalunya following the merger of various mode- de Democràtica Right. nationalthe oforientationslogical thosesomewhatdifferentfromwere ideo their reorganised, as parties regionalist right-wing the – Country P historia(Madrid:Tecnos,de siglo 1995); F.J. un vasco: Llera, the On13. et al., Elpal de paller (Barcelona: P 12.On the Source :Table compiled by the author based on data from the Spanish Ministry of the Interior of seats won). various legislative elections (expressed inpercentage of votes cast and number T U to be a “pro-community party with a Christian Democrat programme. Basque traditional the in established party,scene.This political the on position key a recovered soon Party] former group Autonomist Parties inEurope (Barcelona: ICP

able 1:Voting results for the C érez-N D CD C/

With the end of Francoism, a new centre-right group, In the Basque Country, the moderate centre-right nationalism of the of nationalism centre-right Country,moderate Basque the the In E C/IC C iU ieva,“The CD (118) (165) V, in addition to the already-cited work by J. by already-citedworkthe additionto in PNV, 1977 (11) (19) (16) 29,3 34,4 (8) 2,8 9,3 1,6 8,2 C , see, J. Marcet, PNV:Redefining Winter andde century,”political L. de of in turn the goals at Partido Nacionalista Vasco (EAJ-PNV) [Basque Nationalist (168) (121) 1979 (10) (23) 30,4 34,8 10,8 (7) (8) 2,7 6,1 1,7 ConvergènciaDemocràtica deCatalunya (Madrid : (202) (107) 1982 (11) (12) 26,4 48,1 (8) (4) 6,8 6,8 1,9 3,7 4,1 òrtic, 2001). (105) (184) hamber of Deputies’ main political parties inthe 1986 (18) 44,0 26,0 (6) (7) 5,0 1,5 4,6 12 S, 2006), Vol. 1.

(107) (175) 1989 (18) 39,6 25,8 (17) (5) 5,0 9,0 1,2 foralesterritories,[local] professed C (159) (141) 1993 orcuera, see J. L. de la Granja, la de L. J. seeorcuera, (18) 34,8 (17) 38,8 Los vascos y la políticaUPV,1994);(Bilbao:S. la y vascosLos (5) 9,6 4,9 1,2 (156) (141) 1996 (16) 38,8 (21) 10,5 37,6 (5) 4,6 1,3 C (183) (125) 2000 IS,1987), and alsoJ.B. 44,5 (15) 34,2 (7) (9) 6,0 4,2 1,5 the Convergència (148) (164) 2004 42,6 (10) 37,7 (7) (5) 3,2 5,0 1,6 El nacionalismoEl P . Lynch(dir.),. (152) (169) 2008 (10) 39,9 43,8 (6) (3) 3,0 1,2 3,7 C ulla 13 -

11 The State of the Right: Spain 12 fondapol | political innovation tical, electoralandstrategicadvancesmadebythePopular Alliance. Alliance. Popular Hopes for a transfer the of political power thus around hinged on the poli- – party majority country’s the considered then – Right Spanish entire the rallying of consisted which majority”strategy part of the opposition. In order to regain power, it adopted the “natural the UCD, which was rapidly losing ground. From then on, the Right was seats).138 and People’sthe time This place,first took Alliance of ahead votes and 206 seats) vs. a sharp drop for the Right (38.8 % of the votes support for the Socialists, the Left won a broad majority (52.2 % of the 144 votes, the seats) andaslightdeclinefortheRight(45.3%ofvotes, 144seats). of (41.2% Left the for gain a with somewhat, varied outcome 1979,the in elections next the Communists).In and Socialists (the parties left-wing traditional the for seats 137 and 38.6% to pared 200 seats out of the 350 total seats in the Chamber of Deputies, as com- (UCD,and whole votes a the AP,of 47% obtained PNV) the PDC,and 14.point,thisBaón,Onconsult R. bythework debts. financial mulated accu - by worsened rifts to subject remained AP the strategy, populist was mde to broaden the party’s electoral base by implementing an openly attempt an 1987.Although February in Congress party’sEighth the at rage abandonedthepartyleadership. entou- his and resigned Iribarne, Fraga Manuel chairman,party’s The coalition.the within crisis internal widespread a triggered results These year.that elections regional Basque the in setback real a and elections legislative the in decline slight a movement even and stagnation some The experienced elections. 1986 the in success with crowned not was Socialists, the to alternative conservative sole the as itself positioning The Popular Alliance’s strategy, as initiated in 1982 when the group was 3. The Spanish Right inthe early 21st century candidatos en las democracias occidentales (Madrid: C municipal and regional elections of 1987 – all three of which took place Yet the biggest change came in the 1982 elections. Thanks to increasing as Right 1977, the June of elections in Tablefirst shown the As 1,in Andalusian Antonio Hernández Mancha was chosen to head the AP head to chosen was Mancha Hernández Andalusian Antonio 14 The party’s electoral defeats in the European,the party’sin The defeats electoral . andop.cit . IS, 1985). P . del. C astillo’sstudy, La financiaciónLa partidos de y oenet (rm Mnse) n h Otbr 99 elections 1989 October the in Spanish the Minister) of (Prime presidency Government” the for candidates of list the of top the at put was Aznar María José suggestion, Fraga’s on Based (PP). Popular and external workings of the party, internal which received a new name: the within out carried were transformations major end, that image.To reformed and centrist a offering while Right, Extreme the to Centre the groups,from other ranging of remnants the with alliance an seek to henceforth was goal the organisation, political single Right a within Spanish entire the unite to attempt than Rather reorientation. movement’sstrategic the implement to was task whose Fraga, Manuel to entrusted again once was country,AP’schairmanship the the turing one that reinvented the party. To initiate the process of politically recap- seats. 5 lost and ballot, preceding the to compared as points 2.5 lost AP the new electoral defeat in the 1988 regional Catalonian elections, in which a experienced party,which the undermining crisis internal the cerbate The Rightheraldedtheseresultsasagreatvictory. Castilla-León – whose presidency was assumed by young José M. Aznar. importantly most and Islands, Canary the Aragon,of governments the some post-electoral pacts, the to AP managed to snatch away from the Socialists thanks defeats: these of extent the mitigated results regional election the Only 1983. of election local preceding the to compared as points 6 than more of loss a – elections municipal the in votes the of 20.3% won AP the while elections), legislative year’s previous the in than less (1.3% votes the of 24.7% obtained Fraga, Manuel leader former by headed list European party’scrisis.The leadership the accentuated and weak chairman’s new the underscored – day same the on date of said elections. consideringthe fact that José M.Aznar’s candidacy wasofficially announced scarcely two months prior to the 15.Theresults obtained thenewby team, while Manuel FragawasnamedFoundingChairman. younger and new completely a with himself PP,surrounded the and of Chairman elected officially was he date, that On 1990. April for duled Tenthsche - the Congress, until Chairman party’sInterim the as served The Ninth Congress of January 1989 is considered to have been the been have to considered is 1989 January of Congress Ninth The exa- to continued Mancha’sleadership Hernández of weakness The in the1989in electionsPP qualified “honourable”bemay as (see Table 1), Partido 15 and 13 The State of the Right: Spain 14 fondapol | political innovation anticipation of the legislative elections scheduled in March of that year.that of March in scheduled elections legislative the of anticipation The Twelfth Congress of the People’s Party was held in January 1996 in and whose fourth mandate was being tainted by a series of scandals.of series a by tainted being was mandate fourth whose and were used to destabilise the PSOE, which had been in power for 13 years implacable. parliamentary,possible All political, media,means social or elections. The PP’s opposition to the Socialist government was therefore expand the newly acquired electoral base in order to win in the legislative majority. absolute an with 5 including elections, these by concerned parliaments regional 13 the of 11 in seats of majority the won PP the municipals, the as time same the at held elections, regional the In capitals. vincial pro- the of most PSOE the from back won PP the points),and 13 than the elections,more beaten 1991 by had preceding AP PSOE the (during points 5 nearly by PSOE the of those surpassed results country-wide PP’selections,the municipal the progress.In this consolidated elections regional and municipal 1995 The points. 10 by PSOE the outstripped it when elections, European 1994 the in success first its enjoyed which Party,People’s the of favour in work to seemed Right Extreme the to Centre the from base electoral the enlarging for strategy new The 1). to reduce by 4 points the distance separating it from the PSOE (see Table which,victory,coalition Socialists’ large the a despite of PP the allowed support the rallied PP the elections, legislative 1993 the During Party]. Español Obrero PartidoSocialista the by obtained results the from it separating distance the points 3 by reducing country,thereby the throughout points 5 nearly by score its cess for the PP’s strategy. In the municipal rounds, it managed to increase gain betterresultsinthepolls. to it allowing party,thereby the institutionalise to hoped leaders party new consolidation,the internal Spain. this stron- throughout to ghold Thanks its expand to designed structures strong with PP the endowed team ideas.”new Democrat The Christian and cohabitation conservative liberal, tranquil of a promote and unite bases broad whose party 16. On the (Madrid :Taurus, 2008). nw tg bgn o te P wih hn a t cnoiae and consolidate to had then PP, which the for began stage new A suc- first the constituted elections regional and municipal 1991 The “a as itself defined Party People’s new the messages, political its In PP ’s role during the 1993-1996 and 2004-2008 periods, see J. M. Maravall, (PSOE) [Spanish Socialist Workers’Socialist [Spanish (PSOE) La confrontación política 16

tions. elec- 2004 the before days four Madrid on attack terrorist Islamist the of – communications and policy of terms in its – management disastrous and country, the throughout demonstrations turbulent provoked which Iraq, Warin the in Spain’sparticipation constituency: moderate tion, castdoubtonthePP’s competencytogovern. Spanish the inter-territorialan to Plan,confronta - led Hydrological which concerning National law the and reform market in Labour were dispute. policies territorial and social Its lives. their lost Afghanistan from returning servicemen 62 which in crash airplane 2003 May the tanker oil the of sinking the of sinking the notably – events key certain of management poor its from suffer to started government erode.The to began PP’sauthority the 2002, After ostensibly liberal economic position and a intensifying authoritarianism. an by marked was policy freely.Its more much act to able was PP the Parliament, in majority absolute its to thanks (2000-2004), legislature power, exemplified by numerous political nominations. During the second tions with the press confronta- and José María heated Aznar’s despite increasing personalisation policy of moderate a pursued PP parliamentary the gain support, to need the by driven 2000, to 1996 from lature can be broken down into two rather distinct stages. During its first legis- strategy. government’sthe Aznar of because anti-terrorist PNV the of that lost it which needed the PP in order to maintain its government in Catalonia – an absolute majority. Although the PP retained the support of the CiU – obtained PP the which during elections, 2000 the in renewed was term Right.His (PNV) Basque and (CiU) Catalan the from support mentary parlia- with years four M.Aznar,for José governed by who headed PP electoral basefirmlyestablishedontheRight. its that Centre,”considering the “capture to goal its as set party The ICP 17.Montero,R. J.LagoandI. ElectionTheTerrorism, 2004Spain: See in Accountability Votingand (Barcelona: S-WP 235, 2006). Two key events finalised the split between the People’s Party and its and People’s Party the between split the finalised events Twokey The period of governance by the People’s Party and José María Aznar The 1996 elections brought victory by a small margin of 1.2% to the 17 in November 2002,November in Prestige and 15 The State of the Right: Spain 16 fondapol | political innovation emancipate thePartyfromJ. M. Aznar’s control. somewhat to and policy centrist more a formulate to was it task whose Rajoy in office. The Party Chairman surroundedMariano himselfthat withkeep ato newvoted team 2008 June in Congress Sixteenth PP’s the conflict, internal and uncertainty of months leadership.several after Rajoy’sNonetheless, challenge to appeared which elections legislative 2008 March the in upset new a by followed was elections municipal continuously governed the Autonomous Community of Catalonia until Catalonia of Community the Autonomous governed continuously Unió the Democràtica de Catalunya (CiU) [Democratic Union of Catalonia] thus and Catalonia] of Convergence [Democratic Catalunya de Democràtica Convergència parties the of – federation later and – lition the with co-operating national,levels.as well in regional,coa- as on The Right national Spanish role key a played have parties autonomist with J. M. Aznar’s immediateentourage. association close his from right,apart own his in candidate a as appear to failed governments,PP’s successive the through ministries various in ministership.prime the for latter,date the But positions occupying after candi- a as and Party the of head the at successor his as Rajoy Mariano em a hie hc ld o sre o itra cnrnain and confrontations internal tensions throughoutthe2004-2008legislature. of series a to led which choice a – team pro-Aznarist a Rajoy,Chairman,maintained Mariano elected was who Chairman. Honorary proclaimed was Aznar M. J. Congress, Fifteenth PP’s the during 2004, October In opposition. the into back Right the sent 2004 March in defeat electoral PP’s the poll, any by Unforeseen 4. The role played by the Right inthe opposition (1977-2007)(Barcelona: ICP politicselectionsandofdemocratic course the19. Onin seeSpain, percentage of mayor appointments: 35.66% vs. 28.82% for the P higher a (24,029latterappointmentscouncillormunicipal23,349),thewon rival vs.butofits number than SocialistThe ballot. the of themselvesdeclarewinners to groupsboth led whichtions, 18.TheSocialistWorkers’ multinivel (Madrid: C 2007).ThesameappliesMolinsandJ. to Torcal(dir.),M. and LagoMontero, I. R. elections,J. 2004 is: the on Since the advent of democracy in Spain, the right-wing regional and regional right-wing the Spain, in democracy of advent the Since appointed had and years eight than more serve to not agreed Aznar The PP’s slim victory over the PSOE (by half a point) a half (by PSOE the over victory PP’sslim The IS, 2006). P arty (34.9 %) and theand (34.9%) arty S, 2008);S, another book containing more general data, morebutwhichis focused P . Oñate(dir.),. Elecciones comportamiento y electoral Españala en P eople’s P arty (35.6%) had a tie vote in the municipalelecthe - in votetie a (35.6%)hadarty SOE. C Eleccionesgenerales(Madrid:2004 arles C 19 astro, RelatoElectoralEspaña de 18 P in the 2007 the in arty won a greatera won arty C IS, Government ratherthanonideologicalconfrontation. lea- elections.dership, which pragmatic focused on the consolidation of the Basque Autonomous and 2009 moderate more the a by of facilitated was wake support the This in PSE-PSOE the by Government Autonomous Basque the of takeover the despite government, Socialist Zapatero’sJ.L.Rodriguez to support sporadic offer to been has policy PNV the 2004, Since legislature. 2000-2004 the during Party People’s ETA’s entourage, the movement entered into direct competition with the strategy had become more radical and its positions closer to those of the PP.the of However,nationalist those its to once then and governments Socialist the to first support its lent also elections, regional 2009 April which the until Party] Government Autonomous Basque the Nationalist of leadership retained [Basque (EAJ-PNV) Vasco Nacionalista to supportitfromwithintheopposition. positions and a style very unlike those of the PP, Pujol’s party continued power in 2004, the CiU refused to support the new government. Despite Pujol’sfor part 2003.in Catalonia in defeat to came Socialists the After in account may government Aznar the for sympathy manifest Pujol’s PP,the and CiU the and between reconciliation CDC.political the This the Government of Catalonia from 1980 to 2003 and is still President of Right to Left. The leader of the movement, Jordi Pujol, was President of Christian Democrat (UDC) orientations allowed it to easily switch from matic form of Catalan nationalism, its Centre-Right, Liberal (CDC) and prag- very a PP’sby the government.Inspired to then and (1993-1996) years last its during government Socialist González’s Felipe to support parliamentary role, its decisive lending level,a first national played CiU with the (ERC).At allied nationalists left-wing (PSC) (ICV-EUiA)and post-Communists Catalunya de Socialistas del Partit the by coalition directed a by control government from removed was it when 2003, Jeltzalea-Partido Alderdi Eusko the period, same that During 17 The State of the Right: Spain 18 fondapol | political innovation the years in which it obtained its best results. In the last two electoral two last the In results. best its obtained it which in years the – 2000 in and 1996 in consolidated it which gains substantial made PP Aznar-ledthe 1993, In results. disheartening elections’ subsequent two the despite Right, the of representative leading the as itself establishing Centre Democratic the (UCD),People’sthe 1982,in seats of number large a won (AP) Alliance of Union the by occupied were seats Right’s wing groupsontheother. the lesser – though often decisive – role of the Catalan and Basque right- and hand, one on government the from departure its after alternative possible a as retention its and PP) later and (AP movement popular the of progression the 1977: in era democratic the of beginning the from Graph 1 highlights two major trends in the Spanish Right’s voting results 1. The PP’s electoral base Source :ICPS, based on data from the Spanish Ministry of the Interior votes cast): legislative elections (1977-2008) C 30 40 50 20 25 45 35 10 15 hart 1:Votinghart trends of Spanish right-wing parties (expressed inpercentage of T 0 5 After the 1977 and 1979 elections, during which a majority of the of majority a which during elections, 1979 and 1977 the After he he

1977 34.4 1.6 2.8 8.2 S AP panish panish -PP

1979 1.7 6.1 34.8 2.7

R ight’s str ight’s 1982 3.7 1.9 26.4 6.8 internal internal

U 1986 CD 1.5 5 26 u

ct 1989 u o 1.2 5 25.8 res: res: rganisati

1993 Co 1.2 4.9 34.8 nstit

C iU o 1996 1.3 4.6 38.8 n u

ency, netw ency, 2000 1.5 4.2 44.5

2004 3.2 1.6 37.7 PNB o

rks, rks, 2008 1.2 3 39.9

has been governing more continuously.more governing been has it where Castile-León, and Galica Murcia, Community, Valencian the Madrid, are bastions electoral PP’smain position.The electoral fourth or third a to it relegate – respectively PNV and CiU the – parties nalist natio- the centre-right two of the of and presence the which Catalonia in Country, Basque of Communities Autonomous the for except biggest partyandastheSocialistgovernment’s solecrediblealternative. Right’sSpanish the as it positioned which base electoral solid a tained power,political main- strongest yet second the became PP the contests, absolutemajorities whileat the head theof Galician ment. The second interruption occurred between 2005 and 2009: after Manuel FragaDecemberthe obtained 1989 regionalelections, motion censorfour tothea consecutive 20.Galicia,In the Source :ICPS, based on data from the Spanish Ministry of the Interior showing the winning party ineach Autonomous C Map of voting results for the March 2008 elections to the C whole territory. the over out spread strongholds,are these which accurately quite trates N acionalista Galego [Galician N At the territorial level, the PP’s constituency is rather homogeneous, rather is PP’sconstituency the level, territorial the At P PP SOE-P SC PPGovernment’s hasrule been interrupted twice since1981. Between September 1987 and ationalist Bloc] seized power, recaptured by the PP inApril 2009. PP , a coalitiona , between the Socialist 20 P The 2008 electoral map illus- map electoral 2008 The eople’sSocialistGovernmentgoverna toled ommunity hamber of Deputies, P arty andartythe Bloque -

19 The State of the Right: Spain 20 fondapol | political innovation that the PSOE may not be able to remain at the head of the regional government, asithasdonesince1982. the of head the at remain to able be not may PSOE the that PP was noted during the last 2008 and 2009 elections, which may mean the for votes in upsurge an stronghold, electoral Socialist a Andalusia, the majority and the government to a large coalition led by the PSOE. In lost PP the (2007), elections regional recent most the in where, Islands Balearic the in and 1983, since election regional every won has PSOE the where Community, Mancha Castile-La the in however, struggling is, It support. voter strong enjoys traditionally it where Communities, rentiated andautonomousfromthePSOE. diffe- formally and legally is which PSC, the Catalonia, in organisation own their have Socialists the Also,force. political main Right’s Centre the were communities these in Parties Nationalist Basque and Catalan issue.The regionalist the to due diverse more were present forces tical poli- the exceptions: natural were Country Basque the and Catalonia configuration. national the PP,duplicating the and PSOE the between Autonomous the confrontation the by dominated Communities,was contest political the of all nearly In Islands. Canary and Balearic the in place first recaptured and regions aforementioned the in positions its prised mainly of entrepreneurs, senior public servants and members of members and servants public senior entrepreneurs, of mainly prised com - electorate older an PP, joining the for voting began sectors vice ser public and administration distribution, in employees and farmers, entrepreneurs, small shopkeepers, 1990s, early the In 1980s. the since voters areNationalistandSocialist.. urban of majority Country,the Basque where the and leadership, their maintained far so have Socialists regional Catalonia,the are where rule this to exceptions cities.The large the in votes of majority the obtains it elections, European and legislative in Similarly, capitals. provincial fore is the dominant party in municipal elections, particularly in Spain’s The PP’s urban implantation has been growing since the 1990s. It there- 2. Sociological profile of the PP’s constituency h P nntees oen te aoiy f pi’ Autonomous Spain’s of majority the governs nonetheless PP The elections,People’sEuropean the 2009 consolidated June Party the In The sociological profile of the People’s Party electorate has evolved has electorate Party People’s the of profile sociological The - iy ih h Rgt dooial, u ta te ae oeht evenly somewhat are they that but ideologically, Right the with tify democracy confirms that the majority of People’s Party supporters iden- 7-8). A study on Spain’s political and electoral situation electoral and political Spain’s on study A 7-8). (positions Right the or 9-10) (positions Right Extreme the with identify upper-middle class andtheupperclass. the between situated those and month per 4,000 EUR exceeds income whose those owners, business level, education higher a with those are supporters loyal most The areas. urban inhabitants) (400,000 to 1 million inhabitants) and medium-size (50,000 to 100,000 among groups, large in those as well education,as higher age or elementary an with voters over-65 and 35-to-44 the among results best its are groups more likely, however, population to vote for the PP than others. It therefore obtains Certain sizes. commune and levels education groups, age all across homogeneously fairly distributed is constituency Its bourgeoisie. upper and middle the among as well as farmers), and self-employed, the (entrepreneurs, classes middle traditional former the entrepreneurs and farmers, and obtains its best result among members of professionals,executives,liberal senior among majority a enjoys PP the study carried out in May 2007 nous stronghold among the Spanish population as a whole. Another CIS tions –isthepartywithmostsolidelectoralbase. elec- 2004 the to compared vote,as loyalty 91.1% a with – PP the that reveals study Lastly,CIS’sCatholics.post-electoral the practicing be to claim who voters among majority the Right.far the by port has PP The sup- strongly who voters losing process, the in without, Centrists more 2000,and 1996 between base electoral its enlarging by attracted PP the 24. Study no. 2701 of the C in pro-PP voters among the religious and conservative constitutencies. the liberal professions. At the same time, there was a substantial increase ICP Bartomeus,competenciaO.MolaslaEstructura and I.de España23. 1986-2000políticaSee en : (Barcelona: 22. Study no. 2757 of the C anclajes de ideología, religión yclase,” inJ. R.competencia Montero,electoralentre“La Medina, I. Lago and M.L. TorcalTorcaland (dir.),M. op. context cit. this in 21.See S-WP As for partisan positioning, the PP is the preferred party of voters who According to the CIS’s post-electoral study of the 2008 elections, 2008 the of study post-electoral CIS’s the to According Although identified as a conservative party, homoge- conservative a a enjoys as PP identified the Although , 2001), no. 196. IS database. IS database. 24 concerning the quality of the country’s P SOE y SOE 23 PP found that found : el peso de los de peso el : 22 21

21 The State of the Right: Spain 22 fondapol | political innovation strategic think tanks to attract members of intellectual circles reticent circles intellectual of members attract to tanks think strategic inthe Communitiesgoverned bythePP. based stations TV autonomous few a and Televisacompany Mexican the with – friends personal his of one by time the at headed – España Telefónicade Compañía merging by company TV digital a of creation in Galicia. Similarly, during his first mandate, J. M. Aznar facilitated the and Valencianthe Community in Madrid, in notably governs, it which Communities Autonomous the in stations TV public and radio the on influence over the media. For example, it has not hesitated to air its views Madrid since1998), alsovisiblysupportsPP’s politicalviews. newspaper the and Cero Onda station radio the 3, Antena network TV the head- controls which and Barcelona, also in quartered house publishing a Planeta, PP. the and CiU the between Catalonia,In newspaper,traditional most the zine newspaper,information maga- general information a economic the and in 1998, appearance first their Conferencia Since Española). the Episcopal by (owned station radio COPE the and Berlusconi) by Telecinco(owned station TV the origin), Basque (of Group Correo entire Vocentothe from the also includes Group,but paper which ABC news- daily the from support It long-standing enjoying been only intellectuals.not has of number growing a and network media broad a of This right-wingpartyhasbenefitted, andstillbenefits, fromthesupport 3. The PP’s media and intellectual networks confirm thePP’s electoralstrength. among students, home workers and small business managers. These data the majority vote among farmers and that it is almost tie with the PSOE has PP the that shows categories socio-professional to according torate elec- its of breakdown A classes. middle former the among advantage the has People’sclearly PSOE,the Party the against competing sizes.In habitat urban and levels educational groups, age all among distributed In addition to this media gridwork,media this to addition In People’sthe its modernised Party its expanded has PP the leadership, government assuming Since Expansión have decided to align themselves with the PP’s positions. La Vanguardia,fluctuates (printed in (printed Razón La l Mundo, El tion spearheadedbytheCatholicChurch. opposi- social the and opposition politico-parliamentary between made law.abortion the of reform the of time,This however, was distinction a occasion the on notably legislature, current the through persisted have efforts joint hierarchy.These ecclesiastic the and PP the by organised (divorce simplification, homosexual marriage, rights educational laws, civil etc.) were jointly expand to government Socialist the by laws proposed the against rally to calls the of most legislature, During hierarchy. 2004-2008 Church the Catholic the of majority the from as well as Española, Episcopal Conferencia the of assistance and support the the PP has benefitted both in the government and in the opposition from ting forpolitical, economicandsocialequalityforwomen. advoca- Igualdad,foundation en a Mujeres de Nacional Confederación the on as well as America, Latin in co-operation democratic and tian pro-Chris- promote to Foundation] Democracy and [Humanism (FHD) Democracia y Humanismo Fundación the on count can PP the FAES, the with Foundation.Along the guide which ideas political liberal tive Spanish and foreign scholars whose political views are in line of with the conserva- number certain a as well as leaders, right-wing American and European key featuring discussions hosted FAEShas existence,the of years twenty its During Left. the with affiliated are whom of some People’s the for ideas intellectuals,moderate Party.for forum of and place meeting a as serves It pipeline key a is FAES The tanks. think or netorks, American Latin and European American, diverse with ciated asso- groups,is brain-storming it PP-linked other three Castillo,by and del Cánovas Fondation former the by 2003 in Joined platform. tank J.by chaired and 1989 in M. Aznar,party’sthe became thus think main founded Studies], Social and Analysis for [Foundation (FAES) Sociales Estudios los y Análisis el para party.Fundación the The join openly to solidly centred around the person of the Chairman since the Party was Party the since Chairman the been of person the around have centred solidly bodies Its 2008. in 700,000 over to 1979 in 50,000 from grown has membership Party People’s the data, own its to According 4. The PP’s internal organisation In addition to these structures organically linked to the People’s Party, 23 The State of the Right: Spain 24 fondapol | political innovation nalisationPartidoau Popular headed bythePSOE. is it when it weaken to efforts help PP,to the or by headed is it when government central the favour to is decision the whether organisation, PP’sthe by objectives national to central according settled generally are debates Mancha.Such Castile-La i.e., and – Aragon water surplus with the water-poor Communities – such as Valencia and Murcia – and those between policy water on debate a during occurred dispute a example, For debates. certain of course the in bodies national and local between Communities Autonomous usually focus on the Party’s the national strategy, in some divergences can arise representatives PP’s the Although tion have occasionally taken up the defence of specific regional interests. and J.J. Linz (dir.), Partidos Políticos: viejos conceptos ynuevos retos (Madrid: Trotta, 2007). bureaucratisation. and professionalisation specialisation, its by characterised is apparatus recruited from among every political persuasion. officers Moreover, the key PP’s core its cohesion, Party (Secretary General, Vice-Secretary and various maintain committee chairmen) are to order In control. strict officially existedsince2004. Aznar), working alongside the Party’s Chairman, Mariano Rajoy – have ofFounding – that M.(José Chairman Honorary an of that and Fraga) (Manuel Chairman offices two although Fraga, Manuel by founded “Representación política y modelos de partido en España: losTània casosVerge,bycomparable article de a (Madrid:IU,Tecnos, Galicia and1999); Partido dePopular desarrollo del y 25. On these issues, see F. Despite this highly centralised structure,centralised PP’shighly the this Despite organisa- territorial The Party’s National Executive Committee is under the Chairman’s the under is Committee Executive National Party’s The C hadel, 25 (Barcelona:ICP Penser le changement dans les partis politiques. Le processus d’institution S-WP , 2001),, studythe192;no.by also see P SOE y PP ,” in J.R. Montero, R. Guhther N . Lagares,. Génesis - recent study recent A right-wing. as itself position or define to wanted group political no – dictatorship Francoist long the after particularly – Spain in that fact Right People’sThe1. liberalParty:politicalmorethethanbe A force to claiming and socially advanced economy. free a supporting tradition, liberalism Spanish the to heir party Centre businesses, retireesanddefenceofthefamily. with a special focus on middle classes, farmers, small and medium-sized external threats, a market-based economy and and the internal free enterprise system, with deal to order and security monarchism, unity, land home- European: or Spanish whether ideology, right-wing traditional most the of scope the within falling clearly proposals of set a lists then text The them. towards attitude radical and extreme any entertaining conservative parties, with which it had close affinities, and was far from the organisation shared the philosophy of Europe’s popular, centrist and that stressed People’sAlliance the of Manifesto Electoral the 1977, In 27.QuintanillaM.A. See various politically oriented texts have been posted from the most recent national C 26.For detailsfull on the scale categories inits post-electoral analysis. CuadernosPensamientode Político 20. no. 2008), October FAES, t iw a dtn bc t te 82 osiuinl oeet n to and movement constitutional 1812 the to back dating as views it “right-wing.” This study is a good example of the Spanish reluctance to adopt the label results. election better obtain to order in it with identified be to attempt to Right,nor the with itself equate to not study,on this called is PP the ideological presupposition which cannot be classified as Left or Right. In some obeying as presented are proposals and programme the values,PP’s which in sociologists and scientists political some by used scale” “false Left-Right the of critical was elections, legislative 2008 March Thirty years later, the People’s Party defined itself as areformist as itself defined Party People’s the later, years Thirty In associating itself with the tradition of Spanish liberalism, which liberalism, Spanish of tradition the with itself associating In T he he 27 commissioned and published by the FAES following the FAESfollowing the by published and commissioned S N an avarro,“Trasperderperderse,” 9-M: elo PP panish panish ’stactical and strategic proposals detail,full in visit the website www.pp.es, where d its relati its C lcins e 9M ete l eto ls extremos,” los y centro el entre 9-M: del “Elecciones Wert J.I. onversely, (Madrid:FAES, October 2008), no. 20, which makes very logical use theof R ights’ i ights’ o 26 nship t nship This rallying discourse stems from the d e o l o gical p gical o CuadernosPensamientode Político liberalis o siti ongress inJune 2008. m o ning ning

(Madrid: 25 The State of the Right: Spain 26 fondapol | political innovation devoted toliberalphilosophiesanddoctrines. works of number the in increase an stimulated opposition the to Right the of return The 2001. in Foundation the by published was thought Berlin’s Isaiah analysing disseminate. book FAESto first the strives The ideas whose Aron, Raymond and Rawls John including Popper, Karl F.from liberalism of theorists classic great the to A.on Hayek ries,and marily based on Isaiah Berlin’s work, Milton Friedman’s economic theo- consumption ofalcoholandcertainfoodhabits. the tobacco, against prohibitions regulatory and restrictions increasing M.José Aznar,the ridiculing and criticising openly of point the reached economic, social and personal lives of citizens. of lives personal and social economic, the in intervention its limit the must which – when PSOE the by government headed is latter the with assimilated – State a with dealing in society” “civil to possible role important most the assign to wishes it that asserts Party training.The and labour,education on by stimulated oneself,surpass to desire the exalts and energy creative based merit and Michael P M. See 29. el aniversario del Gobierno Largo (Madrid: FAES, 2009). Los frutos del liberalismo español en el siglo XIX (Madrid: FAES, 2009), and J. M. Aznar et al., Antonio Maura, en 28.Amongthe mostrecent bookspublishedF. theby workthe FAESbyis VicentedeJ. Algueró, la¡Viva 31. See F. Haegel, “Les droites en France et en Europe,”in en et FranceF. endroites See31.Haegel, “Les Hayek-Keynes 70 años después (Madrid: FAES, 2008). mista liberal (Madrid: FAES, 2008); J. L. Feito, Isaiahal., et Berlin:liberalAznarM.perspectiva, en un (Madrid, FAES,Ibid,2008); Milton Friedman: econoun - Lassalle (Madrid:(coordinator),M. otro 2001);J. reflexión FAES, el J. Isaiahsobre liberal SeeunaBerlin: 30. sabilidad. noi Muas osraie liberalism, conservative Maura’s Antonio social customs. and mores of terms in liberal least the and areas economic in ventionist inter most the is Right Spanish the movements, eco- right-wing European is concerned issue the of analysis her in societal.shows nomic,or Haegel cultural Florence As whether parties, European liberal less the among Party People’s the place programme its of orientation the France eten Europe (P ensamiento The liberal doctrine currently espoused by the People’s Party is pri- is Party People’s the by espoused currently doctrine liberal The ept tee ttmns f rnil, t mto o gvrig and governing of method its principle, of statements these Despite P ortillo,theprominent British conservative leader thatof era, under thetitle Estado, libertad respony P P orta olítico(Madrid: FAES,July2008),no.19. 1995, In theFAES hadalready publishedessay anby P rls “l eud mnao e aaeo U esy d prospectiva,” de ensayo Un Zapatero. de mandato segundo “El erales, aris: Les P 31 resses de Science P C ausas y remedios de las crisis económicas. El debate económico o, 2007). P . P errineau and L. Rouban (Dir.), LaRouban(Dir.), L. errineauand 28 h P dfns freedom’s defends PP the 30

29 Some leaders, such as such leaders, Some C aens de uadernos P olitiqueen P epa! - - around neo-liberal principles, this programme turned out to be rather be to out turned programme this principles, neo-liberal around Worded model. economic another proposed PP the recession), strong Spanish economy (an unemployment rate above 18% and a particularly the of collapse the to government Socialist the of reaction disorganised and sluggish somewhat the to Subsequent position. its changed PP the nomic crisis, which appeared in Spain right after the 2008 elections, that eco- the of start the after only was It opposed. never has PP the which measures social by tempered been has it orthodoxy, liberal on based policy economic an pursuing been has government Zapatero’sSocialist Rodriguez While orientation. economic PP’s the altered not has tions elec- legislative two last the in defeat show,the Congress Party recent ranging fromthefightagainstclimatechangetogreen taxation. programme political environmental comprehensive a of adoption the and himself, Rajoy Mariano by professed occasionally “negationism” distances itfromclearlyliberalpositions. Model” Social Our “Protecting intitled programme, economic Party’s economy.open The and free a within talent and merit effort, of values the acknowledging for and sector public the in expensees current ling Immediately following these passages framework.”is control a call transparent for reducing a taxes, control- as well as environment, economic macro- stable a ensuring of and trust inspiring of capable governments States, sound have to need we globalisation, by afforded opportunities citizens,” or: “To be in the vanguard of the global economy and all seize the benefit will State Welfarethe that protection, of form possible best the guarantee,to and thanks growth promote must it world; globalised a in player major a be must sector public “The that: state 2008 June in Congress PP last the at approved programme government the and texts political The nature. interventionist marked a of proposals and gramme reveals a striking contrast between an officially liberal discourse PP’spro- the of analysis competition.An open or liberalisation market promoting policies favour to or intervention State renounce to inclined are electorate its nor PP the neither governments, Aznar various the by 2. Anambiguous relationship with economic liberalism s h gvrmn txs n porme apoe b te most the by approved programmes and texts government the As Similarly, in the environmental field, the Party vacillates between some With regard to the economy, despite the eagerness to privatise shown 27 The State of the Right: Spain 28 fondapol | political innovation N Donotknow Average Verygoodgoodor P N Donotknow Average tions (expressed inpercentages). T government. the managing been has PSOE the way the about 2008 of end the since pularity and the opinons which the Spanish people have been expressing Zapatero’sRodriguez of advantage unpo- take to failed has PP the that feels public the analysis, final the In proposals. tax-reduction repeated ultimately asked that the VAT increase be limited, in accordance with its it deficit, public the of seriousness the Despite content. their specify to for extensive reforms, particularly in labour market matters, but omitted called therefore inadequate.It as them labelling also government,while the by adopted measures one-off of set a approved PP the 2010, April 9 on recently, More proposals. viable or alternative true any offering however, without, etc.), method, computation benefit new age, rement reti- the in increase two-year (a system retirement the reform to posal pro- government’s the opposed formally PP The practice. in inefficient Source :Table compiled by the author based on CIS Barometer Survey nos. 2761, 2798 and 2834. T Source :Table compiled by the author based on CIS Barometer Survey nos. 2761, 2798 and 2834. P Verygoodgoodor the P J.L . P I I able 2:Assessment of the government and of the opposition after the 2008 elec- able 3:P oorveryorpoor oorveryorpoor opularityindex theof leader of opularityindex of o responseo o responseo s the s the way in which the PP R odriguezZapatero (out of 10) PP Mariano ’s activity as an opposition party …? opularity index (according to C R ajoy (out of 10) P rimeMinister PS O E manages the government …?

april2008 april2008 40, 5 40, 5,58 39,3 20,9 4,24 34,7 41,3 14,4 3,9 0,9 3,0 1,1

IS calculations)

april2009 april2009 39,2 34,9 3,54 4,43 15,9 51,6 0,9 9,5 0,7 3,1 2,1 42 april2010 april2010 36,3 3,09 52,2 59,6 29,5 3,71 2,8 0,8 0,6 9,2 1,9 7,3 public’s eyes. the in credibility his damaging further inadequate, appeared problems Party itself. The reaction of Mariano Rajoy and of his entourage to these the of leadership financial the and Islands), (Balearic governed recently or Castile-León) Madrid, Community, (Valencian governs now Party the which Communities Autonomous various the of management the tainted have cases embezzlement some years, two last the In confront. to had it which corruption of accusations by exacerbated was PP the of posts, ministries, etc.) – won support from other groups. This stagnation those official senior some notably (eliminating spending public reducing – with dealing them of few a Only parties. opposition other the of support the gained which proposals of number small a only introduced would not contribute better solutions to the crisis. In Parliament, the PP lity.government,the of it charge Votersin were Party the if that believe of release credibi- its strengthen the to PP the enabled not have punctuate data macroeconomic which government the and opposition the unable to present a credible alternative for change. The debates between better opinion of the PP. The latter’s leader, Mariano Rajoy, thus appears a have to them cause all at not did policy governmental of opinion tive subject intitled “Education for All Citizens” into the mandatory school mandatory the Citizens”into All for intitled “Education subject new a introduce to and education, public improving and supporting at Zapatero’sby aimed undertaken government reform the against fought People’sstrongly Party.the it teaching, from to opposition regard With More recently, the recognition of homosexual marriage met with radical to the decriminalisation of, and the new regulation concerning, abortion. Zapatero’s Socialist government. It showed itself to be adamantly hostile government),Centrist by implemented regulation UCD’sopen more the to and the of era the in existed already (which its divorce by to parties opposition other from itself differentiated thus has PP The rights. individual new introducing towards attitude closed totally and professing values Christian-inspired represent to claiming programme, conserva- most tive its revived has Party The issues. societal theareaof and in moraes itspositions about liberal is nothing there fluctuating, even moderate,or as categorized be PP’scan the liberalism If economic 3. The People Party’s conservatism insocietal matters As Tables 2 and 3 indicate, the Spanish citizens’ increasingly nega- increasingly citizens’ Spanish the indicate, 3 and 2 TablesAs 29 The State of the Right: Spain 30 fondapol | political innovation Constitution forEurope. the 2005 Referendum, approved ratification of the Treaty Establishing a in who, people Spanish the with sides it sense, inte- this In the process. gration of favour in most “Euro-optimists” the of People’s one European is the and to Party belongs It party. European a be to forces, political Spanish all do as itself, considers PP the Indeed, upon. called issues mentioned, Europe and its integrated policies are repeatedly being societal the of most a to as regard matter.Similarly,with PP policy European the by viewed are issues immigration debates, practical and theoretical countless of focus the are they While rights. immigrant law on Spanish the of review the surrounded that debate 2009 June the despite Parliament, in introduced been never has and programme the from withdrawn was proposal the models, country European other by been have may it influenced how of Regardless Kingdom. United the Belgium,in Holland,and implemented Denmark recently examinations and law,courses immigration integration 2002 Austrian the the by and by adopted measures the 2004, in Sarkozy Nicolas by France in tions, elec- regional Catalonia 2006 the during CiU the by presented those by inspired innovative,sign.was being to proposal from obligated this Far be would year one than more for Spain in reside to wishing immigrants contract”which an “integration for proposal a formulated had PP the methods.regulation campaign,of electoral revision 2008 the its During and measures control border by accompanied immigrants, of gration inte- the for call a includes still programme political PP’s The content. xenophobic from exempt and qualified are immigration on positions of regularisations carried out by Zapatero’s first government, the Party’s criticism strong its despite insecurity,and with immigration assimilate occasionally but help not could PP the Although moderate. more is – promoting family associationism. policies and family the of favour in law comprehensive a by advocating the creation of a “Ministry of Family and Social Welfare”, lysis, the Party is taking up the defence of the traditional family, notably ana- final the In efforts. mobilisation its and positions PP’s the ported sup- has hierarchy ecclesiastical the fronts, these of all On curriculum. Its position on immigration – a relatively recent phenomenon in Spain a more moderate stand in economic and State modernisation matters. PP,take thedo partiesofthese those if from different eventhat not are exclude the territorial question, the CiU’s and PNV’s ideological positions we if parties,right-wingfor Basque and Catalan thePeople’s and Party taught andusedinschoolsthroughoutSpain. be will language Spanish the that guaranteeing law goneso a propose to has as far PP The Communities. ofthese each to specific language the in foremost and first teaching of consist which Galicia, in – degree practices developed in Catalonia, in the Basque Country and – to educational a lesser the denounced has Party The opposition. the by up taken debate,theme a become has language (Castilian) Spanish the of defence this PP. In the by filed appeal constitutional a of subject the been has 2006 June in referendum regional by approved reform statute Catalan the years. block two last the within The initiated reforms statutory Communities’ to desire its professes clearly It model. autonomous the of development the abandoning for calls Party the text, the of body very the In plan. autonomist any opposes and model government Spanish Congress,last historic the of defence and development the to devoted is Party’sthe during approved orientation, political of PP’sstatement the to introduction the of half that years few last the in extent an such to multiplied have Country Basque the and Catalonia of autonomy the to favourable increasingly Measures pluralistic. culturally and historically both nonetheless is which country a of uniformity territorial the of and Constitution,equality the of of letter the of defender a as stands PP the State. In addition to its very limited interpretation of the regional model, measure to improve regional governance, constitutes a threat against the any project,and Federalist-oriented model, any autonomous an moting pro- proposal any point, vantage PP’s the From 1978. of Constitution Spanish the of reform the for calling vision regularly autonomy, narrow regional of a retained always PP the Communities, Autonomous regions’ right and of autonomy. nationalities Later, certain of despite its growing recognition influence in the within various was reticence Alliance People’s most the the raised which the issue in the formulated era, was post-Francoist Constitution the When subject. historic a as nation Spanish the of reaffirmation the on based positions conservative highly professes also Spain’sPP structure,to the territorial regard With 4. Opposing territorial autonomy h atnm ise s h mi pit f isnin ewe the between dissension of point main the is issue autonomy The 31 The State of the Right: Spain 32 fondapol | political innovation parties. falling within the scope of European institutions – with other right-wing parts.Moreover, or bilateral whether – relations excellent enjoys PP the counter European its from little differs Right programmes,Spanish the Right to the Centre. In terms of its the strategic options,from its going ideologies base and its electoral broad a rallying at aimed also was ning ideologies.corresponding the integrating without nisation positio- Such which had to adapt itself to Spain’s democratic and institutional moder Right, Spanish the of history complex the from stem likely paper this in out pointed ambiguities and contradictions Centre.The the towards reformist,and trist than Right the towards oriented more be to seems it cen- be to professes PP the if Even liberalism. to than conservatism linked to closely more is Right Spanish the that indicate to seems Party People’sthe of programme and ideas main the of assessment brief This Co ncl u si o n - - 33 RECENT PUBLICATIONS

The State of the Right: Sweden and Dennmark Jacob Christensen, July 2010 The State of the Right: Italy Sofia Ventura, July 2010 Banking regulation for sustainable growth Nathalie Janson, June 2010 The Netherlands: the populist temptation Christophe de Voogd, May 2010 The State of the Right: Great Britain David Hanley, April 2010 #iranelection#gr88 #neda Please RT: just what has Twitter done in Iran? Laurence Allard and Olivier Blondeau, February 2010 In the eyes of the world: mobiles, Iran and video Laurence Allard and Olivier Blondeau, February 2010 E-Democracy vs. Open Democracy. The cathedral and the bazaar…1 redux Laurence Allard and Olivier Blondeau, December 2009 Iran: civil revolution? Nader Vahabi, November 2009 nosdeputes.fr: “Mr Hacker goes to Parliament” Laurence Allard and Olivier Blondeau, October 2009 The 2009 European Elections Confirmed the Supremacy of the Right in the EU Corinne Deloy and Dominique Reynié, September 2009 Iran or proxy warfare: towards a public culture of IT security? Laurence Allard and Olivier Blondeau, August 2009 European Development Policy: A Response to the Crisis Affecting Globalisation Jean-Michel Debrat, June 2009 From 29 January to 19 March: Civil Service vs. Civil Society? Dominique Reynié, March 2009 Four Proposals to Stem the Tide of Protectionism in Europe Nicolas Bouzou, March 2009

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