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Factors Shaping Regional Integration in Europe, Asia

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Factors Shaping Regional Integration in Europe, Asia FACTORS SHAPING REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN EUROPE, ASIA, AND AFRICA: THE VALIDITY OF COMPETING THEORIES CHEN, JIE Bachelor of Jurisprudence, Peking University, 2005-2009 A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of the University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ART Political Science University of Lethbridge LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA, CANADA © Jie Chen, 2011 Abstract This research summarizes, compares and analyzes the origins and developments of integration in Europe, Asia and Africa since World War Two. There have been some interesting findings. Europe has been the most successful region, having realized free movements of people, goods, services and money in several countries within the European Union (EU). Africa has been more advanced in institutional integration than Asia, although its level of economic development, constrained by instability, corruption, and poor socio-economic conditions, has hindered integration; meanwhile, its regional economic communities (RECs) have been more successful than the continental organization. Despite the improved economic conditions, Asia has been experiencing difficulties in community building due to lack of consensus and a partnership among major powers. There has not been any continental organization in Asia; nor has the subregional grouping, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), progressed far in economic and political integration. iii Acknowledgements I give thanks to Prof. Alan Siaroff for his support along the way and guidance in the independent study, Prof. Geoffrey Hale for his vigorous discussions with me in the independent study and his painstaking comments on my thesis, and Prof. Alexander Darku for his encouragement and enthusiastic help in improving my language and research on African integration. I also thank Prof. Christopher Kukucha and Jeff Coffman for their kind help in my first year of this program, and Prof. Peter McCormick to chair my defense. The Graduate School of University of Lethbridge and the International Center for Students must also be acknowledged for their assistance during various stages of this program. Without your help, I would not have done this. Thank you all. iv Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowlegements .................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ viii Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 Aims and Methods of the Research ...........................................................................................4 Terminology: Region, Integration and Regionalism .................................................................6 Chapter Outline .......................................................................................................................20 Chapter 2 Literature Review .............................................................................................................. 23 Introduction .............................................................................................................................23 Realism ....................................................................................................................................25 Functionalism ..........................................................................................................................31 Neofunctionalism ....................................................................................................................34 Chapter 3 Postwar European Integration Up Through the Maastricht Treaty: The Successful Pattern ........................................................................................................................................................ 41 Introduction .............................................................................................................................41 Whose Europe? .......................................................................................................................42 European Integration: the Successful and Failed Experiences ................................................65 Conclusion: ―Fragmegration‖ .................................................................................................83 Chapter 4 New Regionalism in Asia: The Vague Identity and Slow Developments................. 89 Introduction .............................................................................................................................89 Redefining Asia .......................................................................................................................90 ASEAN, APT and EAS: a Continuum ..................................................................................127 Conclusion: the East Asian Groupings ..................................................................................151 Chapter 5 Pan-Africanism: Struggle for Independence and Prosperity ..................................156 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................156 The Question of Identity: Africa in Pan-Africanism .............................................................157 Origin and Early Developments of Pan-Africanism: 1900-1962 ..........................................163 Developments within the Continental Organizations ............................................................173 The Origin and Developments of the RECs ..........................................................................198 Conclusion: the Two-Level Struggles for Independence and Prosperity ..............................220 Chapter 6 Realism, Functionalism, and Neofunctionalism: Which Explains Regional Integration Well? ....................................................................................................................................223 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................223 The European Way: Neofunctionalism..................................................................................224 Asian Regionalism: the Power Politics .................................................................................248 Pan-Africanism: the Impeded Political Project .....................................................................278 Chapter 7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................301 References ................................................................................................................................................310 Appendices ...............................................................................................................................................324 v List of Tables 1.1 Stages of Economic Integration 14 4.1 ASEAN countries by GDP and GDP Per Capita, 2008-2009 108 4.2 ASEAN Countries by Population, 2008-2009 109 5.1 Comparing African RECs 199 6.1 Factors Shaping European Integration 245 6.2 Factors Shaping East Asian Regionalism 276 6.3 Years of Independence of African States 280 6.4 Factors Shaping African Integration 298 vi List of Figures 1.1 Institutional Integration 15 1.2 Modes of Global Governance 19 vii List of Abbreviations AAPO All African Peoples‘ Organization AATPO Association of African Trade Promotion Organizations ABMI Asian Bond Markets Initiative ACJ African Court of Justice ACU Asian Currency Unit AEC African Economic Community or ASEAN Economic Community AEM ASEAN Economic Ministers AFREC African Energy Commission AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area AIPO ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Organization AMF Asian Monetary Fund APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APPER Africa‘s Priority Program for Economic Recovery APRM African Peer Review Mechanism ASC ASEAN Security Community ASCC ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ASEAN 5 Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore ASEM Asia-Europe Meeting AU African Union BCSA bilateral currency swap agreement Benelux Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxemburg CAP Common Agricultural Policy CEPT Common Effective Preferential Tariff CEN-SAD Community of Sahelo-Saharan States CET Common External Tariff CFEI strategy for Collective FDI-dependent and Export-oriented Industrialization CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CIAS Conference of Independent African States CIS Commonwealth of Independent Sates CISI Strategy for Collective Import Substituting Industrialization CLMV Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Viet Nam CMI Chiang Mai Initiative COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa EAC East African Community or East Asian Community EAEC East Asian Economic
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