Beyond Plan B

Workbook II Core & Periphery Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery Contents

→→ Intro page 4 The workbook Core & Periphery is the second in a row of several workbooks within the research-project Beyond Plan B. →→ Chapter 1: The Center of Europe In the context of economic crises Beyond Plan B wants to bring together knowledge and expertise from the fields of economy, spatial-planning and governance to facilitate ↘↘ Unofficial Core & Unofficial Periphery page 15 a debate on options how to strengthen the resilience, the spatial qualities and the ↘↘ Official Core & Official Periphery page 25 governance of different area’s. →→ Chapter 2: Rhinelands The study Core & Periphery investigates the spatial reality around the economical loaded debate around a Core Europe and a Peripheral Europe. Unsurprisingly the ↘↘ Rhine Official page 47 study discovers that the Rhine can be seen as the core region of Europe in many ↘↘ Rhine Culture page 61 different layers. Yet this core is not one solid mass but is polycentric porous structure. ↘↘ Rhine Unofficial page 73 Depending on the definition of what is a core, this field can be interpreted and contextualized differently. From the utmost strong clump to a weak field one can find anything in it. The utmost strength of the core zones along the Rhine (London included) is its advanced state of ubiquity.

The quest is, to discover the fundaments of Europe’s core to discover the basic structure of this ubiquity which gives the area its utmost resilience. On the base of it we hope to discover the deep relationship between the organization of space and the organization of economy.

Next to the aim of drawing some preliminary conclusions the workbook should be seen as a first trigger for a debate.

study conducted by: TD Theo Deutinger Lisa Deipenbrock Pedro Rey Antón

TD 2013

2 Beyond Plan B Workbook II 3 Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery

Intro

Core & Periphery

In order to understand the influence of the Rhine ion, which for some poses a threat while for others Banana and has taken on since then various shapes Spatial expansion always involved spatial planners area and the area that influences the Rhine area, it it is a reassurance of their seemingly strong posi- but never really left the area spanned between Liv- and triggered fantasies of future occupation. Not is necessary to investigate its context. A collective of tion. Generally it is assumed that Europe’s core is erpool and Genoa, with the river Rhine at its center, so with the EU expansion. No strategic masterplan factors (demographic, cultural, infrastructural, etc.) financially healthy, well educated and blessed with is still gaining people while Europe’s periphery (in seems to exist for the new territories that joined make the area along the river Rhine to a focus zone less corrupt administration. “Europe might be sick, demographic sense) is gradually thinning out and is the soft empire. Instead an unprecedented library within Europe. We try to mistrust this fact as much but at its core it is healthy”, this is the image most becoming ever more peripheral. of rules and standards needs to be taken over by as possible in order to redefine its current condi- Europeans, which are of course from the core, want each new member state. But each and every little tion. to present to the world outside. But is this true? Seen in this light, Europe’s core seems to intensify rule in this compilation has the ability to influence What and who is the core? rather than disintegrate. If one looks at infrastruc- the physical landscape of the member state. Most Europe does not have a clearly defined center or ture densities, headquarters of multinational corpo- of theses rules are not indented as regional or core but one can surely talk about a certain central- Generally, the core is a myth. Since we learned that rations or hourly wages, in each of these values urban planning tools but e.g. to protect the health ity, from a core zone, which is economic, institu- not the earth is the center of the universe, we know the core is much better off than the area we call of the citizens or in the case of “Natura 2000”, to tional and cultural dominating. In our part of the that everything is circling around everything. Even periphery. No wonder that for example Italy is not maintain or increase Europe’s bio-diversity. Thus project Beyond Plan B we go on a quest for Europe’s our sun is, only is the center and fix within our solar getting tired to point out that it is not at Europe’s unnoticed (or not?) the spatial organization and periphery and core with the help of economic, system, because if one zooms out it is clear that periphery with the hint that it is at least one of the layout of the European Union transformed but not social-political and cultural parameters. also she is circulating around a core in the galaxy, founding member states of the European Union, an through planning but govern. Maybe this subver- which itself is again circulating and so on and so on. idea which was born in the center. sive planning style is nothing new and always has The current relationship between urbanity and eco- Another fact is that standing right at the core and in been the strongest tool for shaping the cities? Are nomic growth seems to be easy explained. Where the center, it is impossible to realise ones position All founding members of the European Union are the rules and laws of the EU just like the market there is a high concentration of people, there is a and the scale of it. It need messengers that provide “Blue Banana States” and the EU’s major institu- rights in the Middle Ages and the defence strate- high concentration of connections which leads to a us with news and gossips from the periphery/core tions are all based within its core zone. The juvenile gies in the Renaissance? higher information flow than in less populated -ar or one needs to go there themselves, anyway, core-community had at its beginning still competi- eas. A higher information flow is resulting in higher something has to move to be able to realize. tion from the EFTA (European Free Trade Associa- These are some of the main questions we are deal- exchange rates and consumption. This advantage tion) which was in the 1960s referred to as the ing with right at the moment. of high concentration in a rather small area can’t be Everything is both, a center and periphery simul- “Outer Seven” while the EU, called EEC (European competed by other, softer qualities, of less densely taneously. Being core or periphery is a relative Economic Community) at that time, was nick- Of course there might be no core, and there might populated zones. Thus, according to this theory, condition that depends on the current perspective named as the “Inner Six”. The Suez Crisis made the be no periphery and it is possible that exactly what high density is good business. and context. Thus if we talk about a core (or center), UK rethink its geopolitical position in Europe and we define as core is the periphery and what we see it only can be a core on the move and a core in a provided the incentive to switch sides from the as periphery is the core. As said before, the core What happens to high density areas can be ex- specific scale, at a specific moment in a specific “Outer Seven” (with its numerical majority) to the is a trap, since everybody defines it’s own focus of plained with the core-periphery model which con- genre, with dynamic observers. Only in this light the “Inner Six”. From that time on the battle was won investigation as the core around which everything structs the link between areas of high concentration current economic discussion about core-Europe and for the group now called European Union and from else is centring. to areas of low concentration of, inhabitants, trade periphery-Europe can be discussed since we have to that time on it kept on expanding outward. volumes, infrastructure, etc. The most intriguing accept and respect the economic unstable condi- We intend to avoid this trap but also to step into it, part of this model is its scalelessness, thus it is not tion of this core. By the time this text will be read But what is the nature of this EU expansion? Of wholeheartedly. only applicable to cities but also to villages and a disintegration of this core can already be set in course one has to apply to become a member social groups as well as to the world at large. motion, or even at the time this text is written this but how much pressure is there on non member disintegration of Europe’s core could be fully under states? How much dinner invitations does one miss In our study we investigate Europe in the light of way since I could be simply not aware of it. if one is not a member of this club? the core-periphery model to either prove it or trash it but as starting point it helps us to reorganize this Next to the economic reality there are also spatial, Is the EU expansion a spatial, a geopolitical project? vast atomized space. demographic, cultural realities and if we choose Or is it, as often presented, a redistribution project to define the core for example by the density of which gives money from the rich (the core) to the Since the financial crisis hit the Euro Zone the word population, than there is no sign of disintegration poor (the periphery)? Or does the core need cheap ‘core’ got used frequently in attempts to describe in Europe. To the contrary, the Europe’s core zone, labour within its free market-economy? the economic differences within the European Un- which was once defined by Roger Brunet as Blue

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↘↘ The ‘Blue Banana’ by Roger Brunet;

In the year 1989 the French geographer Roger Brunet wished to identify “active” and “passive” parts of Europe. He discovered an urban corridor of industries and infrastructures from northern England to northern Italy, the Blue Banana*. France, in his view, lost its links to the corridor as a result of its persecution of minorities and excessive centralisation in Paris.

*According to Roger Brunet, the name ”Blue banana“ is a media addition. The banana shape was introduced by Jacques Chérèque, Minister of Planning, at a press conference. The designer of the Nouvel Observateur gave it the blue colour and Josette Alia baptised it in an article as the “blue banana”

In his analysis, Brunet artificially disregarded the French conurbations, which are particularly narrowly concentrated around Paris, in order to persuade French authorities of the necessity of greater integration of business into the centre of Europe.

↘↘ Geographer & Inventor of the ‘Blue Banana’ - R. Brunet

source: http://age.ieg.csic.es/hispengeo/fotos_escfranc.htm

source: www.mgm.fr/PUB/Mappemonde/M202/Brunet.pdf‎

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↘ Timeline of European Empires;

The idea of the Blue Banana was developed during the 1980’s and presented in the spring of 1989; several months before the fall of the Berlin Wall. Since then, the area of the Blue Banana and its surrounding was exposed to major events: the massive expansion of EU, the development of new high speed railways and cheap airlines, the introduction of the Euro, the Schengen Agreement etc. Thus it is time to look at the Blue Banana anew in order to redefine its shape, its fringes and its mode of operation.

To fully understand the current relationship of Europe’s major cities, one needs to acknowledge European Union (1958 -2012) the dynamics of the European geopolitical history. Communist revolution (1917 - 1990) All historical happenings are layers that add up to what the urban landscape of today is consisting of. Napoleon Empire (1804 -1812)

British Collonial Empire (1915 - 1914)

Russian Empire (1721 - 1917) ↘ Fall of the Berlin Wa ll, 9 November 1989 Habsburgic, Austro-Hungarian Empire(1526 -1918)

Otoman Empire (1300 - 1921)

Hanseatic League (1200 - 1600)

Holly Roman Empire (962 - 1806)

Carolingian Empire (800 - 888)

Byzantine Empire (395 - 1476)

Roman republic+Roman Empire (509 BC - 476 AD)

Greek Classical+Helenistic period (510 BC - 147 BC)

500 BC 0 500 1000 1500 2000

source: http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/files/2013/02/berlin_wall.jpg

source: Historischer Weltatlas, F.W. Putzger, Wien, 1981 & various other sources

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↘ Territory of European Empires

Every major European empire was governed from one center. These centers of gravity and their corresponding empires shifted through the continent. Every empire left a trace of urbanity and a remembrance of its force of gravity behind.

Roman Empire greatest extent (117 A.D.) By superimposing the most significant empires and economic centres throughout history, an area that stretches along the Rhine down to the Po-valley appears to stand out as Europe’s core zone.

↘ European Empires - Superposition

Carolingian Empire greatest extent (843A.D.) Italian Renaissance (1494)

Lubeck Danzig Hanseatic League Hanseatic League Hanseatic League (1500) Holy Roman Empire (1550) 1500 1500 Amsterdam Brunswick London VOC British Empire Hanseatic League 1670 Cologne 1866 1500 Hanseatic League 1500 Brussels Aachen Brussels EU Carolingian Empire Flanders 2012 843 1670

Paris Napoleon Empire Augsburg 1805 Holy Roman Empire 1550

Florence Dutch VOC (1670 ) Napoleon Empire greatest extent (1805) Italian Renassaince 1494

Rome Roman Empire 117 A.D.

British Empire greatest extent (1866) European Union (2013)

source: http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/files/2013/02/berlin_wall.jpg 10 Beyond Plan B Workbook II 11 Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery

Chapter 1: The Center of Europe

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Unofficial Core & Unofficial Periphery

The term ‘Blue Banana’, because of its simplicity and memorability, was rapidly adopted by the media, and became subject to promotional manipulation. Local authorities within the Blue Banana tried to redefine it as the best place for business investment. This gave other interested parties good reason to blur the boundaries to include regions they wished to promote.

Thus unofficially the Blue Banana was used to explain and justify a central versus a peripheral position within Europe. Informal, because unplanned, core zones appeared in and around what has been defined as Blue Banana.

How do these cores look like and what parameters are needed to find them?

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↘↘ Jan Brueg(h)el de Oude; Het Prediken van Christus ;

The idea of core and periphery is expanding re- cently from a rather local, urban point of view to a global phenomenon. It is a scale-free model that is mainly defined by dependencies and economic power.

The Core–periphery model is based on the idea that as one region or state expands in economic prosperity, it must engulf regions nearby to ensure ongoing economic and political success. The area of high growth or former high growth becomes known as the core, and the neighbouring area is the periphery. Cores and peripheries can be towns, cities, states, or nations. source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Core%E2%80%93periphery

the core

source: http://www.malerei-meisterwerke.de

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↘ Superposition of All Core Zones ↘ Core zones per parameter

Helsinki

Stockholm By overlapping the core regions defined by a high Moscow Copenhagen concentration of population, infrastructure and businesses, a contemporary European Core Zone Warsaw Prague can be defined. This area represents the current Vienna Budapest (but ever changing) shape and condition of what once was called “Blue Banana”. Rome Madrid Ankara

Lisbon

The river Rhine can be found at the core of every High Speed Railway 270/320 km/h High Speed Railway 230/270 km/h Capital layer. population high speed rail network

Rank Bank Country Total Assets (US$b)

1 Deutsche Bank Germany 2.805,50 London (LHR) Munich H&M 2 HSBC Holdings UK 2.637,22 IKEA 1 69,433,565 6 37,763,701 passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011 3 BNP Paribas France 2.545,34

4 Credit Agricole Group France 2.514,81

5 Barclays PLC UK 2.430,74 Paris (CDG) Rome 6 Royal Bank of Scotland Group UK 2.246,52

2 60,970,551 7 37,651,222 7 Banco Santander Spain 1.712,05 passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011 8 ING Group Netherlands 1.656,88

9 Societe Generale France 1.592,72

Frankfurt Istanbul 10 Lloyds Banking Group UK 1.548,00

3 56,436,255 8 37,398,221 11 Groupe BPCE France 1.540,24 passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011 12 UBS Switzerland 1.514,15

13 UniCredit S.p.A. Italy 1.244,75

Amsterdam Barcelona 14 Credit Suisse Group Switzerland 1.108,61

4 49,754,910 9 34,387,597 15 Rabobank Group Netherlands 947,618 passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011 16 Nordea Bank Sweden 925,827

17 Commerzbank Germany 921,825

Madrid London (LGW) 18 Intesa Sanpaolo Italy 870,638 5 49,644,302 10 33,668,048 19 BBVA Spain 801,094 passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011 20 Standard Chartered UK 799,186

21 KfW Bankengruppe Germany 658,218

22 Danske Bank Group Denmark 627,624

23 ABN AMRO Netherlands 541,782

24 Dexia Belgium 532,284

25 DZ Bank Group Germany 531,296 London (LHR) Munich 1 69,433,565 6 37,763,701 passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011

Paris (CDG) Rome 2 60,970,551 7 37,651,222 passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011 Rank Airport Country Passengers in 2011

1 London (LHR) UK 69.433.565 Frankfurt Istanbul 2 Paris (CDG) France 60.970.551 3 56,436,255 8 37,398,221 passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011 3 Frankfurt Germany 56.436.255

4 Amsterdam Netherlands 49.754.910 Amsterdam Barcelona top 25 banks 5 Madrid Spain 49.644.302 major universities 4 49,754,910 9 34,387,597 6 Munich Germany 37.763.701 Paris (ORY) passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011 7 Rome Italy 37.651.222 27,139,076 passenger in 2011 8 Istanbul Turkey 37.398.221 Madrid London (LGW) 9 Barcelona Spain 34.387.597 5 49,644,302 10 33,668,048 Moscow (DME) passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011 10 London (LGW) UK 33.668.048 25,701,610 passenger in 2011

Antalya Stockholm 25,183,142 19,088,363 passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011

Zurich Manchester 24,283,941 18,991,503 passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011

Palma de Mallorca Brussels 22,723,837 18,756,885 passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011

Dublin Copenhagen 18,735,944 22,673,477 passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011

Moscow (SVO) London (STN) 22,555,309 18,046,777 passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011

Vienna Berlin 21,106,330 passenger in 2011 16,919,820 passenger in 2011

top 30 airports car facturies Oslo Helsinki 21,092,873 passenger in 2011 14,851,675 passenger in 2011

Dusseldorf Lisbon 20,339,466 14,791,260 passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011

Milan Athens 19,291,427 14,428,032 passenger in 2011 passenger in 2011

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↘ Comparison of Bridges over Danube and Rhine;

Europe’s most important rivers are Rhine and Danube. The bridges over theses rivers function as indicators for centrality. The more bridges over a river, the higher the necessity to cross it, the more exchange there is. While the Rhine is even in its river delta very frequently traversable, the Danube only counts 6 bridges on its last 1.000 km after Belgrade.

Thus belonging to Europe’s core seems to be very attractive. It does not only suggest more and better infrastructure but also a more powerful economic position = Location, Location, Location.

source: http://maps.google.de/maps

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↘↘ Newspaper Headlines on Europe’s Core and Periphery

Since the beginning of the Euro crisis in 2009, the terms ‘core’ and ‘periphery’ got used in the media and by politicians more frequently. It became ap- parent that the countries that are closer to the core are more resilient to the global financial turmoil.

Core and periphery which survived for a long time in a concealed geopolitical state, all of a sudden became acceptable and got played off against each other.

“Threatened” by the core countries, the so called PIIGS countries (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain) which all can be found in Europe’s periphery, start to unite themselves.

The till now unknown state of the “Two Europe’s” suddenly gets discussed even by high ranking Euro- pean politicians.

↘↘ Demostrators with the Flags of the PIIGS Countries in Lisbon, November 14th 2012

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Official Core & Official Periphery

The six founding members of the European Union are “Blue Banana States” and the EU’s major institutions are all based within its core zone. The juvenile core-community had at its beginning still competition from the EFTA (European Free Trade Association) which was in the 1960s referred to as the “Outer Seven” while the EU, called EEC (European Economic Community) at that time, was nick-named as the “Inner Six”.

The Suez Crisis made the UK rethink its geopolitical position in Europe and provided the incentive to switch sides from the “Outer Seven” (with its numerical majority) to the “Inner Six”. From that time on the battle was won for the group now called European Union and from that time on it kept on expanding outward.

Today the core is on the brink to become formalized and officially identified. Since the Eurozone-Crisis in 2009 the terms core and periphery left the bureaucratic EU documents and found their way into main stream media; unfortunately as positive space defining principle but as a means to highlight cultural, economic and political differences.

While the non-political core & periphery are going ahead and deal with the new economic realities, the political core & periphery of Europe is at a crossroad. Should the EU fully embrace the idea of core & periphery, a Europe of different speeds, or should it continue in leveling out differences – continue with redistribution?

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↘Passage from the Treaty of Rome, the founding paper of the European Union

The European Union was formed 1957 by the six states Belgium, France, Germany Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Though brought together by the spirit of a peaceful future, the territorial expansion of the European Union was planned right at its founding.

While the Unions expansion should be based on “harmonious development” and “increase of stability”, are exactly these two issues under threat in the current developments of the Euro Crisis.

Treaty of Rome 25 March 1957: 25 March 1957 Signing of the Treaty of Rome: Paul-Henri Spaak, Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs; Jean-Charles Snoy et d’Oppuers, Head of the Belgian delegation at the Intergovernmental Conference; Christian Article 2 Pineau, French Minister for Foreign Affairs; Maurice Faure, French Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; Konrad Adenauer, German Federal Chancellor; Walter Hallstein, Secretary of State at the German “The Community shall have as its task, by establishing a common market and progres- Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs; Antonio Segni, Italian Prime Minister; Gaetano Martino, Italian sively approximating the economic policies of Member States, to promote throughout Minister for Foreign Affairs; Joseph Bech, President of the Government of Luxembourg and Minister the Community a harmonious development of economic activities, a continuous and for Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Wine Grow- ing; Joseph Luns, Dutch Minister for Foreign Affairs; balanced expansion, an increase in stability, an accelerated raising of the standard of Johannes Linthorst Homan, head of the Dutch delegation at the Intergovernmental Conference (from living and closer relations between the States belonging to it.” left to right)

↘ Signature ceremony of the Treaty of Rome

source: http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/photo/photoDetails.cfm?sitelang=en&ref=P-001321/00-05#0

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↘↘ Enlargement of the European Union and its Territory;

The territory of the European Union dribbled from 1.299.300 km² to 4.382.790 km² throughout the past 55 years. The membership of the United King- dom in 1973 and the expansion to the east in 2004, were for sure the Union’s most important increase.

4.382.790 km²

4.325.260 km²

- Belgium - France 3.975.870 km² - West Germany 4 M - Italy km² - Luxemburg - Netherlands - United Kingdom - Ireland - Denmark - Greece 3.237.330 km² - Spain - Portugal - East Germany - Belgium - Austria 3 M - France - Finland km² - Belgium - West Germany - Sweden - France - Italy - Poland - West Germany - Luxemburg - Czech Republic - Italy - Netherlands - Slovakia - Luxemburg - Hungary 2.507.900 km² - United Kingdom - Netherlands - Ireland - Slovenia 2.399.600 km² - United Kingdom - Denmark - Estonia - Ireland - Greece - Latvia - Denmark - Spain - Lithuania - Greece - Portugal - Malta - Spain - Cyprus 2 M - Belgium - East Germany km² - France - Portugal - Austria - Romania 1.801.400 km² - West Germany - East Germa ny - Finland - Bulgaria - Belgium - Italy - Austria - Sweden - Croatia 1.670.400 km² - Belgium - France - Luxemburg - Finland - Poland - France - West Germany - Netherlands - Sweden - Czech Republic Candidates: - Belgium - West Germany - Italy - United Kingdom - Poland - Slovakia - Montenegro 1.299.300 km² - Belgium - France - Italy - Luxemburg - Ireland - Czech Republic - Hungary - Macedonia - France - West Germany - Luxemburg - Netherlands - Denmark - Slovakia - Slovenia - Turkey - West Germany - Italy - Netherlands - United Kingdom - Greece - Hungary - Estonia - Iceland - Belgium - Italy - Luxemburg - United Kingdom - Ireland - Spain - Slovenia - Latvia - France - Luxemburg - Netherlands - Ireland - Denmark - Portugal - Estonia - Lithuania Possible candidates: 1 M - Denmark - Latvia - Serbia km² - West Germany - Netherlands - United Kingdom - Greece - East Germany - Malta - Italy - United Kingdom - Ireland - Greece - Spain - Austria - Lithuania - Cyprus - Bosnia&Herzegovina - Luxemburg - Ireland - Denmark - Spain - Portugal - Finland - Malta - Romania - Kosovo - Netherlands - Denmark - Greece - Portugal - East Germany - Sweden - Cyprus - Bulgaria - Albania

0 1958 1973 1981 1986 1990 1995 2004 2007 2012

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00027&plugin=1

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union

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↘↘ Comparison of Europe’s Territory 1958-2012;

The European Union grew from the center towards its periphery. One could say that the Union is an urban idea or more precise an idea that origins can be found close to its economic heart, the Rhine Valley.

1958 2012

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union

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↘ EU System of redistribution

EU average

To ensure stability, the European Union provides money for underperforming regions. Through this mechanism the Union is able to govern its territory by setting the preconditions for stability, generally resulting in economic growth.

The goal of the European Union in its governing through funding is to level every country ‘up’ to one economic standard. The norm is the statistical aver- ↘ Fiscal Equalisation System of1% the European Union; source: ESPON 6% Citizenship, freedom, The European Union as a security and justice age throughout the European Union. ATLAS Mapping theglobal structure player of the European territory” October 2006 6% Administration

41% Sustainable growth

1% Trans European Network 1% ↘ Financial Framework of the EU Budget from ‘07-’13 Energy projects to aid economic recovery 1% - Competitiveness & 43% innovation framework Preservation and programme management of natural resources 1% Citizenship, freedom, 6% 6% security and justice € 721.606.000.000 The European Union as a Cohesion Fund global player , 7% Administration 1% Energy projects to aid economic recovery

Rural development 9% 1% Trans European Network 9% 27% Rural Development Competitiveness & Structural Fond 1% innovation framework 45% programme Preservation and management of natural resources 6% Cohesion Fund

41% Sustainable growth

9% Rural Development 27% Structural Fond

45% Spatial Planning Budget

source: http://ec.europa.eu/budget/library/biblio/publications/2011/fin_report/fin_report_11_en.pdf Fiscal Equalisation System of the European Union;source: ESPON ATLAS Mapping the structure of the European territory” October 2006

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↘ Structural Fond and Cohesion Fond 1989-2013;

Since 1989 economic ‘weak regions’ are classified by the European Union as objective 1, objective 2 and objective 3 regions. Objective 1 regions are the 89-93 most underperforming regions and get the largest 07-13amount of special funding in order to reach the European standard.

64% 81%

94-00

↘ Structural Fond and Cohesion Fond 1989-2013

Objective 1 - funding for regions with less then 75% of the average

Objective 2 - foster competitiveness and employment 68% Objective 3 - cross border cooperation

1989 -1993 1994- 2000 2000-2006 2007- 2013

00-06

71% Objective 1

Total Budget 69 168 234 347 Billion Euro

source: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/index_en.htm source: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/index_en.htm

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↘↘ Highway project in the Czech Republic subsidized by the EU

Today all core countries (except Switzerland) are part of the European Union. Every enlargement of the European Union results de facto in an enlargement of the periphery. This increases the need for subsidies and funding according to the cohesion and structural politics.

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↘↘ Enlargement of the European Periphery;

5,000,000 km² On top of this, led every territorial enlargement of the European Union to a further de-densification, in the past 30 years. This means that the periphery Territory is growing faster than the core, thus expenses for a cohesive Union increase at an ever higher speed.

4,000,000 600,000,000

500,000,000 Population 3,000,000 de-densification 150 people/km²

400,000,000

2,000,000 Density 300,000,000 100

200,000,000

1,000,000 50

100,000,000

0 0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

source: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?page=6

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↘ National income levels/month in Europe

On the other hand enjoy the businesses as well as €3.142 the inhabitants of the core the benefits of the ine- quality with the Union. Cheap labour and therefore low price products are just around the corner.

€3.235

€5.040 €905

€3.096 €665 €606 €4.913 €627

€2.370 €3.932 €2.998 €382 €3.716 €827 €3.229 €4.444 €981 €797 €220 €295 €4.586 €2.467 €5.353

€724 €2.897 €1.470 €1.035 €475

€486 €645 €389 €2.214 7€26 €487 €262 €1.044 €1.950 €711 €1.226 €1.297 €1.962

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↘ The Battle of Cores

In an international context the power of the Euro- pean Union is undeniable, but how can striving for inner cohesion can react to global economic realities? Does the core of the EU, the Rhine valley, hold the monopoly of funnelling all streams of products and money? How coherent is this core and how does it interact with the periphery?

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Chapter 2: Rhinelands

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Rhine Official

The existence of a European Core is undeniable. The question is how is it structured, how coherent is it and what are its major players. The notion that the core appeared along the river Rhine makes it evident that this core resulted out of a geographical advantage to other regions. A river adds perpendicular to its flowing direction a spatial disruption since creates a natural border while with its flowing direction it adds unprecedented opportunities a trade and communication since it can easily be used as transport line.

This duality of the river Rhine leads to its unique position of today. Its contested position made it peripheral to the countries and counties who owned it and resulted in its polycentric urban field without a city larger than 1 million inhabitants. While the Rhine as infrastructure tied together these many small entities to one functioning body.

The Rhine’s contested position and infrastructural nature lead very early to interregional and international agreements. The very idea of the European Union can be directly linked to agreements along the river Rhine.

46 Beyond Plan B Workbook II 47 Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery

↘ Global Megalopoli along rivers

Rivers function as cheap linear infrastructure corridor, as well as a source for water and energy. This multi-purpose stimulated urbanity along water- ways throughout history. World’s 25 largest urban Rhine agglomerations, so call megalopoli, are all situated RHINEVALLEY MABILON CENTROPE either along a river or along the seashore. LIAONING CASCADIA QUÉWI CLUSTER NORTHEASTERN CITIY CHIPITTS PO PLAIN EUROASIA BEIJING-TIANJIN KOREA Great Lakes BOSWASH Perpendicular to their direction of flow, rivers are Yangtze CITY NILE DELTA Ganges TOKAIDO SAN SAN PIEDMONT ATLANTIC seen as dividers of the surrounding land in a left (consists of TEXAPLEX YANGTZE RIVER DELTA SoCal & NorCal) HI-GANG GULF FLORIDA and a right half. Cities, countries and even conti- COAST nents (Asia and Europe) are separated by rivers. KHAMBHAT GULF Nile SIAM CITY Yet in the flow direction, rivers are mostly seen as connectors, since they run through various climatic, BENI COAST political and cultural zones alike. This stoic nature of rivers forces the adjacent countries to adapt and JABODETABEK communicate. Using the river as water transport network, energy source and water resource leads automatically to the necessity of agreements be- SAO RIO tween the different interest groups along a river. GAUTENG

LA PLATA XL

150.000.000 inhabitants

100.000.000

50.000.000

0 QUEWI SAORIO SANSAN HI-GANG EURASIA FLORIDA TOKAIDO MABILON CHIPITTS LO-GANG SIAM CITY SIAM GAUTENG BOSWASH CASCADIA TEXAPLEX PO VALLEY PO CENTROPE NILE DELTA NILE KOREACITY BENI COAST LA PLATA PLATA XLLA GULF COAST RHINEVALLEY TAIWAN TAIWAN WEST JABODETABEK SICHUAN BASIN BEIJING-TIANJIN KHAMBHAT KHAMBHAT GULF PEARLRIVERDELTA PIEDMONT ATLANTIC YANGTZE YANGTZE RIVERDELTA NORTHEASTERN CITIES LIAONING CITY CITY LIAONINGCLUSTER

WorldMegalopoli along rivers

48 Beyond Plan B Workbook II 49 Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery

↘ Comparison of five selected Megalopoli along rivers

In terms of length but also in the field of urbaniza- tion, political complexity and history the Rhine Valley is best comparable to the Ganges Valley. India can be seen as well-established European Union while the Netherlands as delta-country finds its Liechtenstein Bangladesh China Uganda Tanzania Canada India USA pendant in Bangladesh. Switzerland (Tibet) Ethiopia Burundi Austria Sudan Rwanda France Countries Egypt Kenya Generally speaking one can say that the Rhine Val- Germany Congo ley with its central position within a continent and Netherlands South Sudan its heavily urbanised shores, is incomparable to any Central Commission for the Joint River Commission Yangtze River Waterway Nile Basin Initiative Great Lakes Commission other region. Navigation of the Rhine since 1972 Regulation Commission since 1999 since 1995 River Comissions since 1815 since 1928

50 million 400 million 480 million 437 million 33,5 million

Population

Rhenus - Mother Ganga Hapi - Father Rhine Nile River God River God

Iffezheim Loharinag Pala Hydro Three Gorges Dam Aswan High Dam Robert Moses Niagara Hydroelectric Plant Power Project Hydroelectric Power Station Largest 150 MW 600 MW 22.5 GW 2.1 GW 2,525 MW Hydro Power Plant

218.300 km² 1,080,000 km² 1,808,500 km² 3,400,000 km² 244,106 km² Chicago Size 1238 km 2525 km 6300 km 6853 km 4,385 km Colone Calcutta Shanghai Cairo

Rhine Ganges Yangtze Nile Great Lakes

50 Beyond Plan B Workbook II 51 Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery

↘ Rhine-Nations at the forefront of agreements and contracts;

The Rhine countries were forced by economic prag- matism to work together. Ditching local toll systems was a simple win-win situation for all cities and countries along the Rhine. The Benelux countries and later the European Union followed this example more than 100 years later.

The Rhine Valley has been Europe’s political, cul- Founding Members: tural and economic testing ground and it has the potential to continue this position in the future. European Union Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Italy, Germany The Rhine countries were forced by economic prag- matism to work together. Ditching local toll systems Schengen Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, W-Germany was a simple win-win situation for all cities and countries along the Rhine. The Benelux countries and later the European Union followed this example European Commuinity Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Italy, W-Germany more than 100 years later. European Atomic Energy Community Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Italy, W-Germany Increasing usage of the river Rhine for navigation forced the countries along the river to a binding contract already in the early years of industrializa- European Economic Community Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Italy, W-Germany tion. In 1815 Belgium, France, Switzerland, Nether- lands and Germany established the “Central Com- European Coal and Steel Community Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Italy, W-Germany mission for the Navigation of the Rhine” (in short: Central Comission) an institution that still exists and operates, making it world’s second oldest intergov- The Inner Six Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Italy, W-Germany ernmental organization. NATO Belgium, Netherland,s Luxembourg, United Kingdom

West European Union Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, United Kingdom

Benelux Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg ↘ flag of the “Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine” Paneuropa (not realized)

ZRK Belgium, Netherlands, France, Germany, Switzerland

Rheinbund German states along the Rhine, France

18001800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025

source: Spiegel 1942/ 6 Grafik “Bedingt Abwehrbereit” http://www.tripadvisor.in/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g190342-i22246224-Clervaux_Diekirch_District.html

52 Beyond Plan B Workbook II 53 Intergovermental Organisation along the Rhine Founder Jahr bis

Rheinbund German States along the Rhine, France 1806 1813 Centrale Commissie voor de Rijnvaart Belgium, Netherlands, France, Germany, Schweiz 1815 2013

P aneuropa Idee (kein Staatenbund) 1923 2013 BeNeLux Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg 1944 2013

West European Union Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, United Kingdom 1948 2011 NATO Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, United Kingdom 1948 2013 The Inner S ix Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Italy, W - Germany 1950 1993 European Coal and Steel Community Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Italy, W - Germany 1951 2002 European Economic Community Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Italy, W - Germany 1957 2007 European Atomic EnergyIntergovermental Community Organisation along the Rhine Belgium, Netherlands,Founder Luxemburg, France, Italy, W - Germany 1957 2013 E uropean C ommuinity Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Italy, W - Germany 1965 2007 S chengen Area Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, W - Germany 1985 1999 European Union Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Italy, Germany 1993 2013 Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery

“The Central Commission was formally constituted at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, but at an earlier stage two occurrences that are fundamental fea- tures of the organization and which it has inherited directly took place: the creation of an international river organization, establishment of the principle of the freedom of navigation. ↘ The “Mannheimer Akte”; 17. October 1868

“The Mannheim Act of 17 October 1868 (official: Revidierte Rheinschiffahrtsakte) upheld both the principle of the absence of tolls levied for navigation on the Rhine and the possibility for those States that were members of the Central Com- Artikel 1 - Schifffahrtsfreiheit Artikel 6 - Keine höheren Eingangs- und Aus- mission to adopt common regulations (subject to (1) Die Schifffahrt auf dem Rhein und seinen gangsabgaben . Ausflüssen von Basel bis in das offene Meer (1) Von den auf dem Rhein ein- oder ausgehenden a veto by any State). The Central Commission’s soll, so- wohl aufwärts als abwärts (...) den Waren dürfen keine höheren Eingangs- oder Aus- sphere of competence expanded to include every Fahrzeugen aller Nationen zum Transport von gangsabgaben erhoben werden als beim Eingang oder Waren und Personen gestattet sein. Ausgang über die Landgrenze. aspect involving the “prosperity” of navigation on the Rhine. Detailed regulations were developed to Artikel 2 -Freie Wahl der Wege durch die Niederlande und nach Belgien Artikel 7 - Freie Durchfuhr provide a precise organization of navigation on the (1) Die zur Rheinschifffahrt gehörigen Schiffe (1) Soweit nicht sanitätspolizeiliche Rücksichten Rhine and were transposed into the national law of und die vom Rhein herkommenden Holzflöße entgegenstehen, ist die Durchfuhr aller Waren können auf jedem ihnen beliebigen Wege auf dem Rhein von Basel bis in das offenen Meer the Member States for boatmen’s licenses (Protocol durch das niederländische Gebiet vom Rhein gestattet. of 4 June 1898), the transport of dangerous goods in das offene Meer oder nach Belgien und umgekehrt fahren. Artikel 8 - Freihäfen (1868), police regulations (1869), etc.” (http://www. (1) Die gegenwärtigen, dem Rheinhandel angewi- esenen Freihäfen sollen auch in Zukunft fortbestehen. ccr-zkr.org/11010100-en.html) Artikel 3 - Freiheit von Abgaben Die Vermehrung derselben bleibt dem Ermessen der (1) Auf dem Rhein, seinen Nebenflüssen, soweit einzelnen Uferregierungen überlassen. sie im Gebiet der vertragenden Staaten liegen, This agreement is still valid and its texts have since und den im Artikel 2 erwähnten Wasserstraßen been updated regularly. darf eine Abgabe, welche sich lediglich auf die Artikel 9 - Behandlung durch den Zoll Tatsache der Beschiffung gründet, weder von (1) Will ein Schiffer direkt und ohne Veränderung den Schiffen oder deren Ladungen, noch von seiner Ladung durch das Gebiet eines Uferstaates With the “Palais du Rhine” (1920) in Strasbourg den Flößen erhoben werden. oder mehrerer zu einem Zollsystem gehöriger Staaten durchfahren, so ist ihm die Fortsetzung der Reise serving as headquarters of the Rhine Commission, ohne vorgängige spezielle Revision der Ladung unter architecture manifested the agreement. Artikel 4 - Gleichbehandlung der Bedingung zu gestatten, dass er sich der amtli- Die zur Rheinschifffahrt gehörigen Schiffe sind chen Verschließung der Laderäume (...) nach dem berechtigt, Transporte von Waren und Perso- Ermessen der Zollbehörde, zu unterwerfen hat. nen zwischen zwei an den in Artikel 3 Absatz 1 genannten Wasserstraßen glegenen Plätzen durchzuführen. ↘ “Palais du Rhine”, Strasbourg Artikel 10 - Warenabfertigung In Bezug auf die Abfertigung derjenigen Waren, Artikel 5 - Kein Zwang zum Löschen oder welche auf dem Rhein mit der Bestimmung eingehen, Umladen im Land zu bleiben (...) finden die allgemeinen (1) Die Schiffer dürfen auf den obengenannten gesetzlichen Bestimmungen desjenigen Uferstaates Wasserstraßen (Art. 3) nirgends gezwungen Anwendung, über dessen Grenze die Ein- beziehung- werden, Ihre Ladung ganz oder teilweise zu sweise Aus- oder Durchfuhr erfolgt. löschen, oder an Bord eines anderen Schiffes zu bringen.

source: http://www.ccr-zkr.org/files/documents/eventdiscours/Brochure140_de.pdf

54 Beyond Plan B Workbook II 55 Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery

↘Regional cooperations along the Rhine

Today the formation of supra-regional cooperation’s along the Rhine is experiencing an offset. The experience that standing strong together helps to defend and secure interests, municipalities adjacent to the Rhine are extremely active in forming single- or multi interest regions.

Metropoolregion Amsterdam Region Noord Veluwe Arnhem Nijmegen Region Randstadt Euregio Waal-Rhein Metropoolregion Rotterdam Den Haag Regionale 2002 Ruhr Metropolis Gemeenschappelijke Regeling Drechtsteden Metropol Rhein-Ruhr Samenwerkingsverband Regio Eindhoven Regionale 2005 Regionale 2010 Zandstadt Region Koeln Bonn Region Mittelrhein Planungsgemeinschaft Mittelrhein-Westerwald Westpfalz Rhein-Main-Gebiet NiederRhein Region Metropolregion Rhein Neckar Euregio Maas-Rhein Region Mittlerer Oberrhein Regio Pamina Grossregion SaarLorLux Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau Mittelhardt Oberrhein Région Alsace Regionalverband Suedlicher Oberrhein Trinationale Metropolregion Oberrhein Regionalverband Hochrhein Bodensee Basel Region Planungsverband Zurzibiet Trinationale Agglomeration Basel - TAB Ostschweiz

Planungsverband Fricktal Alpine Space

Bodenseeregion

Trinationaler Eurodistrict Basel

56 Beyond Plan B Workbook II 57 Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery

↘ Slogans of regional cooperation along the Rhine

These regions justify their existence with ambi- tious slogans, which predominantly propagate cross boarder development. Yet these one-liners largely remain silent about specific goals in order to avoid Vereniging Deltametropool netwerk Happy Together political bit holes. voor metropolitane ontwikkeling Happy Together "Grensregio’s bouwen aan Europa" Happy Together This ambiguity keeps these groups out of the Gemeenschappelijke Regeling Drechtsteden Happy Together political power spectrum and undermines the very gemeinsam staerker samen sterker Happy Together reason of their existence. Nevertheless, activated Specialist in samenwerken! Home sweet Home and sharpened, these groups have to potential to Nature & Culture reshape the future political landscape of the Rhine Happy Together Grenzen überschreiten Valley. Home sweet Home Mythos Menschen Metropole Home sweet Home Persönlich. Regional. Stark. Happy Together Brückenschläge Future 2.0 Das interaktive Zukunftsportal der Region Rhein -Maas Future 2.0 Land der Möglichkeiten Home sweet Home im Herzen von Rheinland-Pfalz Home sweet Home Beständig im Wandel Happy Together Weltoffen und vielfältig Future 2.0 Gemeinsam die Zukunft der Region gestalten Future 2.0 Raum für die Zukunft. Happy Together Grenzüberschreitender örtlicher Zweckverband Happy Together Dépasser les frontières, projet après projet Home sweet Home Aktiv pro Wohlgefühl Happy Together Der Oberrhein wächst zusammen, mit jedem Projekt! Happy Together Wir bauen Brücken Happy Together Ein Verein für die Grenzüberschreitende Kooperation Future 2.0 Culture unlimited Herzlich willkommen in der Happy Together Vierländerregion Bodensee! Happy Together Wir fördern Europa. Happy Together European Territorial Cooperation 2007-2013

58 Beyond Plan B Workbook II 59 Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery

Rhine Culture

The economic reality along the Rhine seems to be based on a specific “Rhine Culture”. While it is impossible to express and pin-down culture as one element, it is achievable to show its reach and existence with examples. These examples highlight the uniformity of the area along the Rhine but also highlight the small but for the inhabitant’s very important differences.

For culture the notion of core & periphery does is irrelevant. Here the economic influence on the definition of space becomes evident since economy knows two general parameters: quality and quantity. Culture is precisely resisting these two parameters.

60 Beyond Plan B Workbook II 61 O O O O O O O 30 15 0 15 30 4 5 60

Vorkuta

Reykjavik

O 60

Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery

↘ River segments of the Rhine Hamburg

Bremen

The river Rhine can be divided in the six sections: Rhine-Delta, Lower Rhine, Middle Rhine, Upper Amsterdam Rhein-Delta Rhine, High Rhine and Alpine Rhine, with the Alpine Rhine as the only non-navigable section. Sutton Coldfield Hannover Berlin For a long time the topography of the river was Niederrhein leading the human development along it and the urban- as well as the economic landscape followed. Yet in the past 200 years, more or less since the Rotterdam Dortmund founding of the Central Commission, the spatial Essen development became leading and the landscape Duesseldorf Leipzig had to follow. Mittelrhein London Koln Brussels Dresden

Lille Frankfurt

Douai–Lens Oberrhein

Stuttgart Hochrhein

Paris Munchen Alpenrhein

Nantes

Lyon O 45 Milan

Bordeaux 62 Beyond Plan B Workbook II 63 Genoa Nice Marseille Toulon Toulouse

Valladolid Zaragoza Barcelona Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery

↘↘ “Rhine II” (1999), by Andreas Gursky

“Rhein II” is a photography by the German visual artist Andreas Gursky in 1999. In 2011, a print was auctioned for $4.3 million, making it the most expensive photograph ever sold. This image represents the industrialization and denaturalization of the river in order to use it as a “band-conveyor for goods”, to make money, to get Rhinegold.

64 Beyond Plan B Workbook II 65 Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery

↘↘ Google Hits on Rhine-gold, Rhine-view, Rhine-ro- mance, Rhine-castle, Rhine-father

The Rhine Romanticism was a period in arts at the end of the 18th century, where artists captured the landscape of the rapidly changing valley. “Rhein- gold” today stand for the profit of factories along RHEINGOLD the river but the name originates from one of Rich- RHEINGOLD hard Wagner’s opera’s that from the trilogy “The Ring of the Nibelung”. LORELEI RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD RHEINROMANTIK LORELEIRHEINGOLD The reach of names connected to the Rhine and its RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD LORELEI RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD LORELEI RHEINGOLD legends, visualizes the area in which the people still RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD LORELEI RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD feel emotional and cultural attached to the river RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD and its mythology. RHEINGOLDRHEINBLICK RHEINGOLD 160 x RHEINGOLD RHEINBLICKRHEINROMANTIK RHEINROMANTIKRHEINROMANTIKLORELEI RHEINBLICK 63 x RHEINROMANTIK LORELEI RHEINGOLD LORELEI RHEINGOLDRHEINROMANTIK RHEINVATERRHEINBLICKRHEINGOLD 54 x RHEINBLICK RHEINGOLDRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBLICKRHEINVATERRHEINGOLDRHEINGOLD RHEINGOLDRHEINGOLD RHEINROMANTIKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBLICKRHEINGOLD RHEINROMANTIKRHEINBLICK LORELEI RHEINROMANTIKRHEINGOLDRHEINBLICK 47 x RHEINBURG LORELEI LORELEI RHEINGOLD RHEINBLICK RHEINGOLDRHEINBLICK RHEINBURG LORELEI RHEINROMANTIKRHEINVATERRHEINBLICKRHEINGOLD RHEINGOLDRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBLICKRHEINGOLD RHEINBURG 33 x LORELEI LORELEI RHEINBLICKLORELEIRHEINVATER LORELEI RHEINGOLDRHEINVATERRHEINBLICKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBLICKLORELEILORELEI RHEINROMANTIKRHEINGOLDRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBURGRHEINBLICK RHEINVATERRHEINBLICKRHEINROMANTIKLORELEI RHEINGOLDRHEINROMANTIKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBURGLORELEIRHEINGOLD RHEINROMANTIKRHEINBLICKRHEINBURGLORELEIRHEINGOLDRHEINROMANTIK 1 2 x RHEINVATER RHEINBURG RHEINVATERLORELEIRHEINGOLDRHEINBLICKLORELEI RHEINROMANTIKRHEINBURGRHEINGOLDLORELEIRHEINBLICKLORELEI RHEINGOLD RHEINROMANTIK RHEINROMANTIKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBURGRHEINBLICK RHEINGOLD RHEINROMANTIKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBLICKRHEINBLICKRHEINGOLDLORELEI RHEINGOLDRHEINROMANTIK RHEINROMANTIKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBURGRHEINBLICKRHEINBLICKLORELEI RHEINBLICKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINGOLD RHEINGOLDRHEINROMANTIKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBURGRHEINVATERRHEINGOLDRHEINBLICKLORELEIRHEINGOLD RHEINGOLDRHEINROMANTIKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBURGRHEINGOLDRHEINVATERRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBURG RHEINBLICKRHEINBURGRHEINGOLDRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBURGRHEINBLICK RHEINROMANTIK RHEINROMANTIKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBLICK RHEINROMANTIK RHEINBLICKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINGOLDRHEINBLICK RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLDRHEINBLICKRHEINGOLD RHEINGOLDRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBLICK RHEINBLICKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINGOLD RHEINGOLDRHEINROMANTIKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBLICKRHEINVATER RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD RHEINVATERRHEINBLICKRHEINROMANTIK RHEINROMANTIKRHEINGOLD

RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD

RHEINBLICK RHEINGOLD RHEINBLICK RHEINGOLD RHEINVATERRHEINGOLD RHEINBLICKRHEINBLICK RHEINBURGRHEINGOLD RHEINGOLDRHEINBURG RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD RHEINBLICK RHEINBURGRHEINGOLDRHEINBURG LORELEIRHEINGOLD RHEINROMANTIKRHEINBURG RHEINROMANTIKRHEINVATERRHEINBLICKRHEINGOLDRHEINBLICKLORELEIRHEINGOLDRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBURG RHEINROMANTIKRHEINBLICKRHEINVATERRHEINBLICKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBURGLORELEI LORELEIRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBLICKRHEINROMANTIKRHEINBURG RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD RHEINGOLD

LORELEI

66 Beyond Plan B Workbook II 67 Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery

↘↘ The Rhineland Carnival

HUMMEL HUMMEL - MORS, MORS! AHOI

The Rhineland Carnival is another cultural denomi- nator. It finds its origins in a playful protest move- ALAAF ment against Prussian occupation and is celebrated ALAAF AALAF all along the Rhine. Only in Switzerland it experi- ALAAF AALAF AALAF OLE OLE OLE ences a slightly different interpretation. ALAAF AALAF AALAF HEI-JO Mapping the Rhineland Carnival reveals an unno- AALAF AALAF AALAF HELAU ticed region along the river, which unites the people AALAF AALAF AALAF HELAU HELAU beyond borders and religious backgrounds. Yet, the ALAAF ALAAF POTT HEISSA ALAAF ALAAF carnival chants differ within this field and mark car- ALAAF ALAAF PILAU HALEI HELAU ALAAF ALAAF ALAAF ALAAF HIPP HIPP MECK MECK ALAAF nivalesque sub-regions beyond political boundaries. ALAAFALAAF HELAU ALAAF ALAAF RUMSKEDI ALAAF ALAAF HELAU HASI PALAU ALAAFALAAF ALAAF HELAU HELAUHELAU ALAAF ALAAFALAAF ALAAF HELAU KNOLLI KNOLLI SCHABAU HELAU GELAU HELAU ALAAF ALAAF ALAAF ALAAF HOLTI HOLAU COLAU ALAAFHELAU HAS’ HUP ALAAFALAAF ALAAFALAAF HELAU MANTAU OLLE MEH ALAAF ALAAF ALAAF ALAAF HELAU KATTFILLER HELAU ALAAF ALAAFALAAF HELAU HELAU HELAU HELAU RABU ALAAF AALAF ALAAF ALAAF AALAF AALAF HELAU SCHURRI HELAU ALAAF ALAAF AALAF AALAF HELAU AALAF AALAF AALAF AALAF HELAU AALAF ALAAFAALAF AALAF AALAF HELAU ALLE VILLE HELAU ALAAFAALAF AALAF HELAU HELAU AALAF AALAF AALAF ALAAF AALAF AALAF AALAF HELAU KIKIRI - KI AALAF AALAF AALAF AALAF AALAFAALAF AALAF GRAILAUBUTZE LAAF HELAU AALAF AALAF AALAF HELAU AALAFAALAF AALAF AALAF HELAU HELAU FOLSCH FOLL AALAF AALAF AALAFHELAUHELAUHELAU HELAU HELAU OLAU HELAU HELAU HELAU HALEX FAHR’M DARJUH-JAH HELAU AALAF HELAU HELAU ULAU GRAILAU HELAU IDISS AHOI AALAF HELAU HELAU HALL DIE GAIL HEI DOU HELAU HELAUHELAU HELAU HELAU HOM HOM HELAU AALAF HELAUHELAU HELAU HALLAU HELAU HELAU HELLBLAU HELAU HA HOPPAHOI AHOI WALLBUH AWAAF MAJUU HELAU HELAU DIBBORSCH ALA HELAU DOLAU SCHNUDEL KLAR ALLAMOSCHEE HELAU WAUWAU HIE SCHLOTT HELAUDOLAU HELAU AHOI ALLAMUSCHEE HELAU HELAU HUJAUF HABBERLA MAH ALLEH HOPP HELAU HINNE-HOUCH ALLEH HOPP HELAU HELAU OHOI AHAA ALLEH HOPP KALAU AHOI PLAHOI MUDI-HAJO AHA ALLEH HOPPHELAU HELAU HAU-HU HEEE DU HEEE! ALLEH HOPP HAS HAS NARRO AHA HELAUNARRI NARRO ROTTACH - DOLE AHA ↘↘ The Rhineland Carnival ALLEZ HOPP HOULZSCHLAICHEL FERSCHI ALLEZ HOPP AIAU! HAU-HU HOI ALLEZ HOPP NARRI NARRO NARRI NARRO ALLEZ HOPP NARRI NARRO BLUNTZ BLAUTZ HALLI - SASSI ALLEZ HOPP NARRI NARROHALLI GALLI HIO ALLEZ HOPP NARRI NARRO NARRI NARRO HIO ALLEZ HOPP NARRI NARRO SCHANDI SCHAND RADI - RADI HU HU HU HU HU ALLEZ HOPP NARRI NARRO HOI ALLEZ HOPP OI!-OI!-OI! KASPERLE-SEI STILL HOI DORAUS DETANAUS ALLEZ HOPP NARRI NARRO JEGGIS NAI HE -MU! WILERI-WILERO BAUZE! MECK! WO NEI? DA BACH NEI! ALLEZ HOPP OFALOCH NARRI NARRO KUGELE HOI WO NA - DO NA ALLEZ HOPP NARRI NARRO ALI-GERO SCHELLAU NARRI NARRO OHU-OHUHEIDENEI JA, VERRECK! VERIO ROLLI ROLLI SUPPECHNOLLI MORGESTRAICH VORWARTS MARSCH HAX OH HAX ORE ORE HEXA

LEI LEI

68 Beyond Plan B Workbook II 69

ALLEZ HOPP Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery

↘ In quest for the Rheinland

The word and/or definition “Rhineland” is used and mentioned by different groups along the river Rhine throughout history. By overlaying all existing definitions of Rhineland’s based on religion, landscape, politics, sport, science and music, it turns out that the heart of Rhineland is the region along the Lower-Rhine. Demiliterised Zone Rheinland Preussische Provinze Forschungsdialog Rheinland 1914 Rheinland - 1919 Rhein-Delta

Niederrhein

Weinlagen - Pfalzwein e.V. Evangelische Kirche im Forschungsdialog Rheinland Rheinland

Mittelrhein

Diakonie Rheinland-Westfalen- Rheinische Turnerjugend - RTJ Forschungsdialog Rheinland Oberrhein Lippe e.V.

Hochrhein TUV Rheinland Group Landschaftsverband Rheinland Nahverkehr Rheinland Alpenrhein

Posaunenwerks Rheinland Regionale Radtouren Rheinland

70 Beyond Plan B Workbook II 71 Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery

Rhine Unofficial

As on continental scale, it is the non-political, the informal layer, that shapes and reinforces the centrality of the Rhine valley. The 65 year period of peace and the economic deregulation reinforced the spatial advantage of the Rhine valley. Universities, car parts manufacturers as retailers are all concentrating along the river and ever strengthening its central position.

On the other hand it becomes evident that Europe’s core is not one solid continuous region but can be structured predominantly in four core zones which in itself have a polycentric foam structure. Between the four cores natural landscapes appear - central peripheries – which have very distinct qualities for the adjacent core regions.

72 Beyond Plan B Workbook II 73 Beyond Plan B - Core & Periphery Rank Bank Country Total Assets (US$b)

1 Deutsche Bank Germany 2.805,50

2 HSBC Holdings UK 2.637,22

5 % 3 BNP Paribas France 2.545,34 2,5 % 1 % 4 Credit Agricole Group France 2.514,81 regional share of total patent applications in EU

By repeating the exercise done on continental scale 5 Barclays PLC UK 2.430,74 in a smaller window, one can refine the parameters and grain size. By superimposing educational, 6 Royal Bank of Scotland Group UK 2.246,52 economic and cultural parameters on this scale, the 7 Banco Santander Spain 1.712,05 area that appeared as one continuous urban field on continental scale, falls apart in the four major 8 ING Group Netherlands 1.656,88 Population sub-core regions: London, Eurocore, Maincore and 9 Societe Generale France 1.592,72 Swisscore. Major Universities ESPON ATLAS Mapping the structure of the European territory 10 Lloyds Banking Group UK 1.548,00 ESPON Regional share of total patent applications to the European Patent Office (EPO) 11 Groupe BPCE France 1.540,24

The presence of major retailers is an indicator for a 12 UBS Switzerland 1.514,15 stable middle class as well as socio-cultural equali- 13 UniCredit S.p.A. Italy 1.244,75 zation. 14 Credit Suisse Group Switzerland 1.108,61 The location of bank headquarters indicates strong 15 Rabobank Group Netherlands 947,618 trading hubs while the concentration of automotive suppliers and chemical industry highlight industrial 16 Nordea Bank Sweden 925,827 production centre’s. 17 Commerzbank Germany 921,825

Three of “Big Four” headquarters are along the H&M IKEA 18 Intesa Sanpaolo Italy 870,638 Rhine that represents the domination of the service sector in the Region while patens as a parameter for 19 BBVA Spain 801,094 innovation. 20 Standard Chartered UK 799,186

21 KfW Bankengruppe Germany 658,218

22 Danske Bank Group Denmark 627,624

23 ABN AMRO Netherlands 541,782

24 Dexia Belgium 532,284

25 DZ Bank Group Germany 531,296

Top 25 Banks Top 100 automotive suppliers

“Big Four” Headquarters Top 100 chemical industry

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↘ Superimposition & Cores

By superimposing all layers three major cores appear along the Rhine. Each of these cores has its individual strength and focus. LONDON The Euro Core in the delta (focus = trade), the Main Population: 14 Million Core in the middle (focus = production) and the Swiss Core at the Rhine’s origin (focus = trade & production).

London must be granted a special position within these series of cores since it is the only one of the EUROCORE four cores that is not consisting of a polycentric Berlin structure. London is the island in the mouth of the Population: 24 Million river. Its eccentric and uncontested position did not allow the development of a polycentric structure. London

MAINCORE Population: 13 Million

Paris

SWISSCORE Population: 5 Million

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↘ Core & Periphery

Between these cores two major peripheries are ap- pearing along the Rhine.

If rated like companies, these peripheries would get LONDON a AAA rating. Squeezed in between major Euro- Population: 14 Million pean cores, they enjoy a prime location; almost like urban parks.

The European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion (ESPON) defined the term “Inner Periphery” for these kind of locations: EUROCORE Population: 24 Million Berlin “Inner Peripheries can be identified on the basis of two overall principles:

- they are the result of significant spatial-tempo- ral socio-economic developments, which usually receive political responses; NORTH SEA - they can be described as being “in the shadow” of neighboring metropolitan areas within a macro- regional context.” MAINCORE RHENISH MASSIF Population: 13 Million

Paris

VOSGES - BLACK FOREST ↘research area for economic investigation

SWISSCORE Population: 5 Million

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↘↘ Core & Periphery

After identifying the core and periphery zones of Europe, it would be interesting to know what the dependencies are between the different core zones London North Sea Eurocore Rhenish Massif Maincore Vosges- Black Forest Swisscore

Furthermore one would like to know what the relationship between core and periphery is and what tasks the peripheries are taking on.

The quest is, to discover the fundaments of Eu- rope’s core to discover the basic structure of this ubiquity which gives the area its utmost resilience. On the base of it we hope to discover the deep relationship between the organization of space and the organization of economy.

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