Title Page Alternate Title, Penultiamte Version

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Title Page Alternate Title, Penultiamte Version RISING FROM BELOW: THE FAMILIES OF ROMAN MUNICIPAL FREEDMEN AND SOCIAL MOBILITY IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE by Jeffrey Adam Easton A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Classics University of Toronto © Copyright by Jeffrey Adam Easton 2019 RISING FROM BELOW: THE FAMILIES OF ROMAN MUNICIPAL FREEDMEN AND SOCIAL MOBILITY IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE Jeffrey Adam Easton Doctor of Philosophy Department of Classics University of Toronto 2019 Abstract This dissertation provides the first combined analysis of how Roman municipal freedmen and their descendants navigated the social, economic, and political landscape of imperial society. The municipal freedmen (liberti publici) had been owned and manumitted by towns in Italy, where they constituted the familia publica and performed many day-to-day functions for the municipal administration. They are not to be confused with freedmen of private individuals of local origin. Their status is often assumed to have conferred on the freedmen and their descendants a high degree of prestige that helped to advance their careers. The study first addresses two demographic issues in order to estimate the volume of municipal freedmen and descendants one can expect to document in the epigraphic record. A heterogeneous approach is employed to argue that the familia publica in most towns was small. The practice of manumitting slaves in the familia is also reconstructed in light of universal practices observed in other slave households. I propose that towns tended to be cautious in manumitting their slaves, especially those with technical skills. Next, the evidence for the municipal freedmen is analyzed. While some had the opportunity to forge links to the municipal elite and accumulate a large peculium that enhanced ii their social capital, they also lacked a personal patron whose financial backing and connections would have provided a push up the social ladder after manumission. Only a limited number of the freedmen known to us achieved any meaningful social or economic advancement. It is suggested that the lack of a patron made it difficult for most freedmen to break away from the familia publica and enter into other spheres of the local economy and social hierarchy. The study concludes by analyzing the activities of the municipal freedmen’s descendants across multiple generations. They, too, experienced only marginal success. A small number ascended to the senatorial or equestrian order or the ranks of the municipal elite, and another narrow segment joined local occupational and voluntary associations. Yet the vast majority never advanced socially or economically and are known to us as little more than a name on an epitaph. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is my pleasure to thank many people for their assistance in the completion of this dissertation. I owe my gratitude to two professors who contributed to my early education in Classics and Ancient History, Anthony Corbeill and Ronald Ferris. The Department of Classics at the University of Toronto has been very supportive during my graduate studies. I am particularly appreciative of the Norwood Traveling Fellowship, which allowed me to work in the library of the British School at Rome at a crucial period early in my research. I have also benefitted from the kindness and support of many friends and colleagues in the Department, not least Ben Akrigg, Boris Chrubasik, Alex Cushing, John Fabiano, David Wallace-Hare, and Drew Davis. I also cannot say thank you enough to the Department administrators Coral Gavrilovic and Ann-Marie Matti for their continuous help behind the scenes. The final version of the dissertation was greatly improved by the feedback and insights I received from Andreas Bendlin, Jonathan Edmondson, and Seth Bernard. I am grateful to John Bodel for his stimulating comments on the final draft of the dissertation. I am indebted most of all to Christer Bruun, my advisor, who guided this project from the seeds of an idea in a graduate seminar to its submission. His vast expertise and patient supervision throughout the process have been invaluable. I also want to thank him for providing a model of hard work and professionalism as a scholar and a teacher. Vorrei anche ringraziare i miei suoceri, Anna e Stefano, per avermi introdotto alla cultura italiana, e in particolare a quella romana. It is impossible for me to express my gratitude to my wife Cristiana (and our little puppy Hugo!). She is a selfless and constant source of support. I also want to thank my parents, Steve and Mamie. They first inspired my love of history and have encouraged me to pursue my passion ever since. I dedicate this dissertation to them. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures vii List of Appendices viii Introduction 1 0.1 The families of Roman municipal freedmen as a case-study of social mobility 7 Chapter I: Methodology 25 I.1.1 Methodology and organization of the epigraphic evidence 25 I.1.2 Identifying municipal freedmen and freedwomen 33 I.1.3 Identifying descendants and familiae 36 I.2.1 Roman onomastics and municipal freedmen 38 I.2.2 Possessing a municipal gentilicium 41 I.2.3 Identifying the most relevant municipal gentilicia for study 43 Chapter II: Demographic Background in the Municipal Familia Publica 53 II.1 The scope of municipal administration 53 II.2 Quantifying Roman manumission 72 II.3 Demography and the municipal familia publica 79 II.4.1 The practice of manumission in the municipal familia publica 98 II.4.2 Evidence for the municipal familia publica and theories of Roman manumission 113 II.5 Conclusions 121 Chapter III: Social Mobility and the Municipal Freedmen of Italian Towns 124 III.1 The secure and probable municipal freedmen 125 III.2 Settlement patterns 127 III.3 Marriage patterns 132 III.4.1 Membership in urban associations 136 III.4.2 The *Augustales 136 III.4.3 Professional and cultic associations 153 III.4.4 The familia publica as a professional association 164 III.5 Occupations 173 III.6 Conclusions 183 Chapter IV: Social Mobility and the Descendants of Municipal Freedmen 186 IV.1 Settlement patterns 189 IV.2 Municipal freedmen’s sons 195 IV.3.1 The descendants of municipal freedmen 205 IV.3.2 Senatorial order 205 IV.3.3 Equestrian order 218 IV.3.4 Municipal elite 229 IV.3.5 Roman army 246 IV.3.6 Urban associations, occupations, and role in the economy 257 IV.4 Conclusions 262 v Conclusion 265 Bibliography 271 Appendices I. Demographic Estimates of Select Cities in Italy 291 II. Catalogue of Secure Municipal Freedmen 292 III. Catalogue of Probable Municipal Freedmen 301 IV. Catalogue of Freeborn Children of Municipal Freedmen 315 V. Catalogue of Private Freedmen of Municipal Freedmen 317 VI. Catalogue of Freeborn Descendants of Municipal Freedmen 319 VII. Catalogue of Freedmen Descendants of Municipal Freedmen 339 VIII. Catalogue of Incerti Descendants of Municipal Freedmen 348 vi LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 0.1 Municipal freedmen and their descendants from sites in Italy 17-20 Table II.1 Decrees by the municipal council of decurions of six select towns 65 Table II.2 Ages at death of municipal slaves 83-5 Table II.3 Ages at death of municipal freedmen and freedwomen 85-6 Table II.4 Status of children born from endogamous familia publica unions 90 Table III.1 Municipal freedmen and freedwomen 126 Table III.2 Settlement patterns of municipal freedmen and freedwomen 127 Table III.3 Marriage patterns of municipal freedmen and freedwomen 132 Table III.4 Secure and probable municipal freedmen who became *Augustales 140 Table III.5 Internal success rate of local gentes contributing to the *Augustales 145-6 Table III.6 Representation by local familiae among the *Augustales 147-8 Table III.7 Secure and probable municipal freedmen plumbarii 175-6 Table IV.1 Nomenclature and status of descendants 187 Table IV.2 Settlement patterns of freeborn children and ex-slaves 190-1 Table IV.3 Settlement patterns of descendants 193 Table IV.4 Municipal freedmen’s descendants in the senatorial order 208 Table IV.5 Municipal freedmen’s descendants in the equestrian order 219-20 Table IV.6 Municipal freedmen’s descendants in the ordo decurionum 231-3 Table IV.7 Representation by local familiae in the decurionate 243-4 Table IV.8 Descendants in the Roman legions 246-7 Table IV.9 Descendants in the Praetorian Cohorts 251-2 Table IV.10 Descendants in the Urban Cohorts 252 Table IV.11 Descendants in the Fifth Cohort of vigiles in Rome 255 Table IV.12 Descendants in the position of officinatores involved in brick production 260 Figure 0.1 Italian sites producing secure and probable municipal freedmen 21 Figure 0.2 Italian sites producing descendants of secure and probable municipal freedmen 22 Figure IV.1 Social and economic advancement of 464 male descendants 263 vii LIST OF APPENDICES I. Demographic Estimates of Select Cities in Italy 291 II. Catalogue of Secure Municipal Freedmen 292 III. Catalogue of Probable Municipal Freedmen 301 IV. Catalogue of Freeborn Children of Municipal Freedmen 315 V. Catalogue of Private Freedmen of Municipal Freedmen 317 VI. Catalogue of Freeborn Descendants of Municipal Freedmen 319 VII. Catalogue of Freedmen Descendants of Municipal Freedmen 339 VIII. Catalogue of Incerti Descendants of Municipal Freedmen 348 viii INTRODUCTION There are few areas in the study of Roman history and culture in which the researcher is not confronted with the theme of social mobility. Whether one looks at the ancient evidence from a philological standpoint, from a legal framework, or from an archaeological perspective, questions about upward or downward social and economic movement frequently lie below the surface. While the hierarchical social strata of Roman imperial society remained rigid, opportunities for upward mobility were often available, under the right conditions and with the right patronage connections.1 One social group that has persistently fascinated scholars in this context consists of ex-slaves and their families.
Recommended publications
  • Las Inscripciones De Cales (Calvi, Italia) Que El Marqués De Salamanca Dejó En Nápoles Y Algunas Notas Sobre Esculturas De Es
    245 Las inscripciones de Cales (Calvi, Italia) que el marqués de Salamanca dejó en Nápoles y algunas notas sobre esculturas de esa procedencia en su colección arqueológica The inscriptions of Cales (Calvi, Italy) that the marquis of Salamanca left in Naples and some notes on sculptures of that origin in his archaeological collection José Beltrán Fortes ([email protected]) Universidad de Sevilla Resumen: La colección arqueológica del marqués de Salamanca fue conformada en el tercer cuarto del siglo XIX y comprada por el Museo Arqueológico Nacional (MAN), de Madrid, en 1874. Casi la totalidad de los materiales son de procedencia de la península Itálica, como de Paestum y Cales, donde Salamanca tuvo concesiones oficiales para llevar a cabo excavaciones. De Cales (Calvi) procedían cinco inscripciones que donó al Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Nápoles, así como otras esculturas que se conservan hoy en día en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Madrid. Palabras clave: Arqueología. Epigrafía. Escultura. Museos. Cales. Abstract: The archaeological collection of the marquis of Salamanca was made up in the third quarter of the nineteenth century and acquired by the MAN of Madrid in 1874. Almost all of the pieces are from the Italian peninsula, like Paestum and Cales, where Salamanca had some official permission in order to carry out excavations. Five inscriptions came from Cales (Calvi), which he donated to the National Archaeological Museum of Naples, as well as other sculptures, that today are preserved in the MAN of Madrid. Keywords: Archaeology. Epigraphy. Sculpture. Museums. Cales. 1. Introducción José de Salamanca y Mayol (Málaga, 1811-Madrid, 1883) conformó la más importante colección arqueológica española de carácter particular del siglo XIX, que, afortunadamente en 1874, mediante Orden de 10 de mayo, fue adquirida por el Estado para engrosar los fondos del Boletín del Museo Arqueológico Nacional 36/2017 | Págs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Client Community Nicolspdf III 2 Status Client
    The Client Community NicolsPDF_III_2 Status Client Province Date No. Nomen Cognomen ? Aquae Sabaudiae Narbonensis 200 680 Smerius Masuetus ? Eburodunum Germ sup 150 292 Flavius Camillus ? Lepcis Afr proc 60 876 Rufus ? Lepcis Afr proc 60 877 Ignotus CA ? Reii Narbonensis 150 759 Ignotus AJ chec Auzia Mauretania 200 26 Aelius Longinus chec Sufetula Afr proc 732 check check city Verona Italia x 138 474 Nonius M. f. Mucianus citz ...enacates ? Pannonia 100 332 Glitius P. f. Atilius citz Abella Italia i 120 404 Marcius Plaetorius citz Abellinum Italia i 200 59 Antonius Rufinus citz Abellinum Italia i 225 183 Caesius T.f. Anthianus citz Abellinum Italia i 175 217 Claudius Frontinus citz Abellinum Italia i 175 218 Claudius Saethida citz Abellinum Italia i 175 219 Claudius Saethida citz Abellinum Italia i 200 278 Egnatius C. f. Certus citz Acinipo Baetica 225 378 Junius L. f. Terentianus citz Acinipo Baetica 200 422 Marius M. f. Fronto citz Acinipo Baetica 200 608 Servilius Q. f. Lupus citz Aeclanum Italia ii 126 277 Eggius L. f. Ambibulus citz Aeclanum Italia ii 150 468 Neratius C. f. Proculus citz Aeclanum Italia ii 161 509 Otacilius L. f. Rufus citz Aeclanum Italia ii 240 705 Calventius L f Corl...sinus? citz Aeclanum Italia ii 150 717 Maximus? citz Aeclanum Italia ii 150 795 Ignotus BF citz Aenona Dalmatia -1 615 Silius P. f. citz Aenona Dalmatia 23 678 Volusius L. f. Saturninus citz Aequicoli Italia iv 225 389 Livius Q. f. Velenius citz Aesernia Italia iv 150 1 Abullius Dexter citz Aesernia Italia iv -25 68 Appuleius Sex f citz Aesernia Italia iv 150 262 Decrius C.
    [Show full text]
  • Map 44 Latium-Campania Compiled by N
    Map 44 Latium-Campania Compiled by N. Purcell, 1997 Introduction The landscape of central Italy has not been intrinsically stable. The steep slopes of the mountains have been deforested–several times in many cases–with consequent erosion; frane or avalanches remove large tracts of regolith, and doubly obliterate the archaeological record. In the valley-bottoms active streams have deposited and eroded successive layers of fill, sealing and destroying the evidence of settlement in many relatively favored niches. The more extensive lowlands have also seen substantial depositions of alluvial and colluvial material; the coasts have been exposed to erosion, aggradation and occasional tectonic deformation, or–spectacularly in the Bay of Naples– alternating collapse and re-elevation (“bradyseism”) at a staggeringly rapid pace. Earthquakes everywhere have accelerated the rate of change; vulcanicity in Campania has several times transformed substantial tracts of landscape beyond recognition–and reconstruction (thus no attempt is made here to re-create the contours of any of the sometimes very different forerunners of today’s Mt. Vesuvius). To this instability must be added the effect of intensive and continuous intervention by humanity. Episodes of depopulation in the Italian peninsula have arguably been neither prolonged nor pronounced within the timespan of the map and beyond. Even so, over the centuries the settlement pattern has been more than usually mutable, which has tended to obscure or damage the archaeological record. More archaeological evidence has emerged as modern urbanization spreads; but even more has been destroyed. What is available to the historical cartographer varies in quality from area to area in surprising ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Flexsenhar-Mastersreport
    Copyright by Michael A. Flexsenhar III 2013 The Report Committee for Michael A. Flexsenhar III Certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis report: No Longer a Slave: Manumission in the Social World of Paul APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: L. Michael White Steven J. Friesen No Longer a Slave: Manumission in the Social World of Paul by Michael A. Flexsenhar III, B.A., M.T.S. Report Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin May 2013 Dedication In memoriam Janet Ruth Flexsenhar mea avia piissima Abstract No Longer a Slave: Manumission in the Social World of Paul Michael A. Flexsenhar III, M.A. The University of Texas at Austin, 2013 Supervisor: L. Michael White The Roman Empire was a slave society. New Testament and Early Christian scholars have long recognized that slaves formed a substantial portion of the earliest Christian communities. Yet there has been extensive debate about manumission, the freeing of a slave, both in the wider context of the Roman Empire and more specifically in Paul’s context. 1 Cor. 7:20-23 is a key passage for understanding both slavery and manumission in Pauline communities, as well as Paul’s own thoughts on these two contentious issues. The pivotal verse is 1 Cor. 7:21. The majority opinion is that Paul is suggesting slaves should become free, i.e., manumitted, if they are able. In order to better understand this biblical passage and its social implications, this project explores the various types of manumissions operative the Roman world: the legal processes and results; the factors that galvanized and constrained manumissions; the political and social environment surrounding manumission in Corinth during Paul’s ministry; as well as the results of manumission as it relates to Paul’s communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Veiling Among Men in Roman Corinth: 1 Corinthians 11:4 and the Potential Problem of East Meeting West
    JBL 137, no. 2 (2018): 501-517 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15699/jbl. 1372.2018.346666 Veiling among Men in Roman Corinth: 1 Corinthians 11:4 and the Potential Problem of East Meeting West PRESTON T. MASSEY [email protected] Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, IN 46953 Close attention to the original meaning of the words κατακαλύπτω (1 Cor 11:6) and κατά κεφαλής εχων ( 1 Cor 11:4) permits a translation only of a material head covering. These words do not describe the process of letting hair hang down loosely. These words are consistently used in Classical and Hellenistic Greek to describe the action of covering the head with a textile covering of some kind. In spite of sustained efforts by advocates, the long-hair theory still has not sue- ceeded in gaining an entry into standard reference works. The original edition of BAGD in 1957, the revised edition in 1979, and the more recent edition of BDAG in 2000 all support the view that the text of 1 Cor 11:2-16 describes an artificial textile head covering of some kind. In 1988, Richard Oster published a provocative article detailing the cultural practice of Roman men wearing head coverings in a liturgical setting.*1 His study called attention to the value of the artifactual evidence as well as the many literary texts documenting the widespread use of veiling among Roman men. His purpose was to establish the fact that it was obligatory for elite Roman men in certain ritual settings to wear a head covering. His article did not focus on the element of shame.
    [Show full text]
  • The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in Their Social, Economic, and Political Context by Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Directo
    The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in their Social, Economic, and Political Context By Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Director of Thesis: Dr. Frank Romer Major Department: History Abstract The goal of this thesis is, as the title affirms, to understand the military reforms of Gaius Marius in their broader societal context. In this thesis, after a brief introduction (Chap. I), Chap. II analyzes the Roman manipular army, its formation, policies, and armament. Chapter III examines Roman society, politics, and economics during the second century B.C.E., with emphasis on the concentration of power and wealth, the legislative programs of Ti. And C. Gracchus, and the Italian allies’ growing demand for citizenship. Chap. IV discusses Roman military expansion from the Second Punic War down to 100 B.C.E., focusing on Roman military and foreign policy blunders, missteps, and mistakes in Celtiberian Spain, along with Rome’s servile wars and the problem of the Cimbri and Teutones. Chap. V then contextualizes the life of Gaius Marius and his sense of military strategy, while Chap VI assesses Marius’s military reforms in his lifetime and their immediate aftermath in the time of Sulla. There are four appendices on the ancient literary sources (App. I), Marian consequences in the Late Republic (App. II), the significance of the legionary eagle standard as shown during the early principate (App. III), and a listing of the consular Caecilii Metelli in the second and early first centuries B.C.E. (App. IV). The Marian military reforms changed the army from a semi-professional citizen militia into a more professionalized army made up of extensively trained recruits who served for longer consecutive terms and were personally bound to their commanders.
    [Show full text]
  • The Military Institutions of the Romans [ Epitoma Rei Militaris
    The Military Institutions of the Romans [ Epitoma rei militaris - 390 A.D ] by Flavius Vegetius Renatus [ Translated by Lieutenant John Clarke - 1767 ] Introduction - 1940 Preface to Book I Book I : The Selection and Training of New Levies • The Roman Discipline the Cause of Their Greatness • The Selection of Recruits • The Proper Age for Recruits • Their Size • Signs of Desirable Qualities • The Trades Proper for New Levies • The Military Mark • Initial Training • To Learn to Swim • The Post Exercise • Not to Cut, But to Thrust with the Sword • The Drill Called Armatura • The Use of Missile Weapons • The Use of the Bow • The Sling • The Loaded Javelin • To be Taught to Vault • And To Carry Burdens • The Arms of the Ancients • Entrenched Camps • Evolutions • Monthly Marches • Conclusion Preface to Book II Book II : The Organization of the Legion • The Military Establishment • The Difference between the Legions and Auxiliaries • Causes of Decay of the Legion • The Organization of the Legion</li> • The Officers of the Legion • The Praefect of the Workmen • The Tribune of the Soldiers • Centuries and Ensigns of the Foot • Legionary Troops of Horse • Drawing up a Legion in Order of Battle • Names of Soldiers Inscribed on their Shields • Records and Accounts • Soldier's Deposits • Promotion in the Legion • Legionary Music • The Drilling of the Troops • Machines and Tools of the Legion Preface to Book III Book III : Dispositions for Action • The Number which Should Compose an Army • Means of Preserving it in Health • Care to Provide Forage
    [Show full text]
  • PYRRHUS Imperator Campaign of Italy and Sicily, 279 BCE to 275 BCE
    PYRRHUS IMPERATOR CAMPAIGN OF ITALY AND SICILY, 279 BCE TO 275 BCE Pyrrhus Imperator simulates the campaign of It indicates the maximum number of combat units Pyrrhus 1st king of Epirus in Greece from 279 (4 to 10) that may be commanded by this comman- to 275 BCE. One player commands the eastern der. This is a roman numeral for the Romans and camp: Epirotes, Samnites, Etruscans and Greeks; an Arabic numeral for the others. the other player commands the western camp: • Verso : the commander has been activated this Romans and Carthaginians. The Campanians and season. Mamertines are neutral. •Consuls A and B : The rules are inspired by Optimus Princeps (VV 67, The consuls are called A and B to differentiate them 68, 69), Spartacus Imperator (Hexasim) and Caesar in the game help. They have no activated verso.. Imperator: Britannia (VV 112). Note : A Roman commander cannot command a mercenary CU. 0 - MATeRIeL 0.1 - THe GAMe BOARD 0.2.2 - The combat units (CU) The game board represents a point in Africa but es- A combat unit (CU) represents a unit of 500 to pecially in Magna Graecia, which is the southern 2,000 men or 500 to 1,000 cavaliers part of Italy and Sicily. The small islands are deco- or 10 war elephants or 10 siege wea- rative elements. pons. A CU has a melee value of 0 to The zones may be rural zones (plains are green, 3 and a fire value of 0 to 4. mountains are brown), sea zones (blue), or urban The Roman CU have a symbol: or city zones (squares).
    [Show full text]
  • Soprintendenza Per I Beni Archeologici Di Salerno, Avellino, Benevento E Caserta
    Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Salerno, Avellino, Benevento e Caserta Giornata nazionale dell’archeologia, del patrimonio artistico e del restauro Domenica 7 dicembre 2014 Provincia di Avellino Avellino - Ex Carcere Borbonico Tutela, salvaguardia, recupero e restauro del patrimonio archeologico. Apertura del laboratorio di restauro e presentazione delle tecniche di restauro utilizzate per il primo intervento sui materiali provenienti dagli scavi. Contestualmente verranno illustrati i procedimenti amministrativi che normalmente vengono elaborati prima del decreto di vincolo dal personale del settore Tutela e dal personale del Settore Disegni, e saranno illustrati dei grafici e i giornali di scavo. Orario: dalle 16.00 alle 20.00 “Avellino in posa. Esplorazioni archeologiche in città” Si effettueranno visite guidate con il personale di questa Amministrazione alla mostra archeologica “Avellino in posa. Esplorazioni archeologiche in città” che esporrà reperti archeologici venuti alla luce durante le campagne di scavi degli anni ’80 del secolo scorso. Si illustrerà l’iter a cui un reperto è sottoposto, dalla sua scoperta alla musealizzazione. Orario: dalle 16.00 alle 20.00 Contatti: Tel. 0825/784265 – Fax 0825/793728; e-mail: [email protected] Ariano Irpino – Antiquarium Inaugurazione mostra fotografica “La Regina Viarum e la via Traiana”, con presentazione del catalogo patrocinato dall’Università del Salento e dalla British School at Rome Archive. Ariano Irpino si configura come luogo ideale per la presentazione di questa mostra, dal momento che la via Traiana attraversa il centro di Aequum Tuticum e che proprio a Sant’Eleuterio, nel corso di ricognizioni effettuate con il Prof. Ceraudo, è stato riconosciuto il tracciato alternativo a quello proposto da Ashby.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue Ofa Valuable Collection Ancient And
    C A T A L O G UE OF A V A LUA BLE C OLLE C TI O N ANC I E NT AND M ODE R N C o i ns and M e d al s C OM P R I SING THE W HOL E OF THE C ABINET FOR M ED BY THE B . TAYL R of h rl es to . n Late 0 01 JAM S H O , C a , 8 0 T M TH ER ND N A E W I TH S ELE C I ONS FR O O S , A A DD NDA . T O BE S O LD A T A UC T I O N ' ‘ E A . LEA T M E G . A BY S RS . O C o . I T E R SA E R M S VIT , H I L OO S , l into n. Hal l A s tor Pl ace Ne w Y ork C , , , ON THE A FTERNOON OF ndlm NOWOm bOr 11 h y, 6t , AND FO LLO W I NG DAYS UNT IL ALL I S LD SO , N IN E D 8 ’ COM M E C G AC H AY u o cLocx. ‘ T e e f . Q ITT Quétio eex h M fifi fl LE V , q s . ATALOGUED BY ILLIAM H STR I C W . OBR D E G . 1 8 7 5 I NT R O D UC T I O N THE ol l e tor of oin w atever e al t m a b e annot fa l t o c c c s , h his sp ci y y , c i fi nd om e n i h i t a te Th e en ne num i s m at s thi g nthis C atal ogue t o s s .
    [Show full text]
  • Pompeii and Herculaneum: a Sourcebook Allows Readers to Form a Richer and More Diverse Picture of Urban Life on the Bay of Naples
    POMPEII AND HERCULANEUM The original edition of Pompeii: A Sourcebook was a crucial resource for students of the site. Now updated to include material from Herculaneum, the neighbouring town also buried in the eruption of Vesuvius, Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Sourcebook allows readers to form a richer and more diverse picture of urban life on the Bay of Naples. Focusing upon inscriptions and ancient texts, it translates and sets into context a representative sample of the huge range of source material uncovered in these towns. From the labels on wine jars to scribbled insults, and from advertisements for gladiatorial contests to love poetry, the individual chapters explore the early history of Pompeii and Herculaneum, their destruction, leisure pursuits, politics, commerce, religion, the family and society. Information about Pompeii and Herculaneum from authors based in Rome is included, but the great majority of sources come from the cities themselves, written by their ordinary inhabitants – men and women, citizens and slaves. Incorporating the latest research and finds from the two cities and enhanced with more photographs, maps and plans, Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Sourcebook offers an invaluable resource for anyone studying or visiting the sites. Alison E. Cooley is Reader in Classics and Ancient History at the University of Warwick. Her recent publications include Pompeii. An Archaeological Site History (2003), a translation, edition and commentary of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti (2009), and The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy (2012). M.G.L. Cooley teaches Classics and is Head of Scholars at Warwick School. He is Chairman and General Editor of the LACTOR sourcebooks, and has edited three volumes in the series: The Age of Augustus (2003), Cicero’s Consulship Campaign (2009) and Tiberius to Nero (2011).
    [Show full text]
  • The Worship of Augustus Caesar
    J THE WORSHIP OF AUGUSTUS C^SAR DERIVED FROM A STUDY OF COINS, MONUMENTS, CALENDARS, ^RAS AND ASTRONOMICAL AND ASTROLOGICAL CYCLES, THE WHOLE ESTABLISHING A NEW CHRONOLOGY AND SURVEY OF HISTORY AND RELIGION BY ALEXANDER DEL MAR \ NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY THE CAMBRIDGE ENCYCLOPEDIA CO. 62 Reade Street 1900 (All rights reserrecf) \ \ \ COPYRIGHT BY ALEX. DEL MAR 1899. THE WORSHIP OF AUGUSTUS CAESAR. CHAPTERS. PAGE. Prologue, Preface, ........ Vll. Bibliography, ....... xi. I. —The Cycle of the Eclipses, I — II. The Ancient Year of Ten Months, . 6 III. —The Ludi S^eculares and Olympiads, 17 IV. —Astrology of the Divine Year, 39 V. —The Jovian Cycle and Worship, 43 VI. —Various Years of the Incarnation, 51 VII.—^RAS, 62 — VIII. Cycles, ...... 237 IX. —Chronological Problems and Solutions, 281 X. —Manetho's False Chronology, 287 — XI. Forgeries in Stone, .... 295 — XII. The Roman Messiah, .... 302 Index, ........ 335 Corrigenda, ....... 347 PROLOGUE. THE ABYSS OF MISERY AND DEPRAVITY FROM WHICH CHRISTIANITY REDEEMED THE ROMAN EMPIRE CAN NEVER BE FULLY UNDERSTOOD WITHOUT A KNOWLEDGE OF THE IMPIOUS WoA^P OF EM- PERORS TO WHICH EUROPE ONCE BOWED ITS CREDULOUS AND TERRIFIED HEAD. WHEN THIS OMITTED CHAPTER IS RESTORED TO THE HISTORY OF ROME, CHRISTIANITY WILL SPRING A LIFE FOR INTO NEW AND MORE VIGOROUS ; THEN ONLY WILL IT BE PERCEIVED HOW DEEP AND INERADICABLY ITS ROOTS ARE PLANTED, HOW LOFTY ARE ITS BRANCHES AND HOW DEATH- LESS ARE ITS AIMS. PREFACE. collection of data contained in this work was originally in- " THEtended as a guide to the author's studies of Monetary Sys- tems." It was therefore undertaken with the sole object of estab- lishing with precision the dates of ancient history.
    [Show full text]