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Teoria Quântica: Estudos Históricos E Implicações Culturais Teoria quântica: estudos históricos e implicações culturais Olival Freire Jr. Osvaldo Pessoa Jr. Joan Lisa Bromberg orgs. SciELO Books / SciELO Livros / SciELO Libros FREIRE JR, O., PESSOA JR, O., and BROMBERG, JL., orgs. Teoria Quântica: estudos históricos e implicações culturais [online]. Campina Grande: EDUEPB; São Paulo: Livraria da Física, 2011. 456 p. ISBN 978-85-7879-060-8. Available from SciELO Books <http://books.scielo.org>. All the contents of this work, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. Todo o conteúdo deste trabalho, exceto quando houver ressalva, é publicado sob a licença Creative Commons Atribuição - Uso Não Comercial - Partilha nos Mesmos Termos 3.0 Não adaptada. Todo el contenido de esta obra, excepto donde se indique lo contrario, está bajo licencia de la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Unported. Teoria Quântica: estudos históricos e implicações culturais Universidade Estadual da Paraíba Profª. Marlene Alves Sousa Luna Reitora Prof. Aldo Bezerra Maciel Vice-Reitor Editora da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba Diretor Cidoval Morais de Sousa Coordenação de Editoração Arão de Azevedo Souza Conselho Editorial Célia Marques Teles - UFBA Dilma Maria Brito Melo Trovão - UEPB Djane de Fátima Oliveira - UEPB Gesinaldo Ataíde Cândido - UFCG Joviana Quintes Avanci - FIOCRUZ Rosilda Alves Bezerra - UEPB Waleska Silveira Lira - UEPB Editoração Eletrônica Jefferson Ricardo Lima Araujo Nunes Leonardo Ramos Araujo Capa Arão de Azevedo Souza Foto da capa Christelle Rigal Comercialização e Divulgação Júlio Cézar Gonçalves Porto Zoraide Barbosa de Oliveira Pereira Revisão Linguística Nídia M. L. Lubisco Normalização Técnica Normaci Correia dos Santos Olival Freire Jr. Osvaldo Pessoa Jr. Joan Lisa Bromberg (Organizadores) Teoria Quântica: estudos históricos e implicações culturais Livraria da Física Co-edição Campina Grande-PB / São Paulo-SP 2011 Copyright © 2011 da EDUEPB A reprodução não-autorizada desta publicação, por qualquer meio, seja total ou parcial, constitui violação da Lei nº 9.610/98. A EDUEPB segue o acordo ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa de 1990, em vigor no Brasil, desde 2009. 1ª Reimpressão (2011). Depósito legal na Biblioteca Nacional, conforme decreto nº 1.825, de 20 de dezembro de 1907. FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL - UEPB 539 T314 Teoria Quântica: estudos históricos e implicações culturais / organizadores, Olival Freire Jr., Osvaldo Pessoa Jr., Joan Lisa Bromberg. – Campina Grande: EDUEPB/ Livraria da Física, 2011. 456 p. ISBN: 978-85-7879-060-8 - EDUEPB ISBN: 978-85-7861-092-0 - Livraria da Física 1. Física Quântica. 2. Teoria Quântica. 3. História da Ciência. 4. Mecânica Quântica. I. Freire Jr., Olival. II. Pessoa Jr., Osvaldo. III. Bromberg, Joan Lisa. 21. ed. CDD EDITORA DA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DA PARAÍBA Rua Baraúnas, 351 - Bodocongó - Bairro Universitário - Campina Grande-PB - CEP 58429-500 Fone/Fax: (83) 3315-3381 - http://eduepb.uepb.edu.br - email: [email protected] Editora filiada a ABEU Sumário Apresentação Teoria Quântica: História e Cultura .............................9 Parte I História da Teoria Quântica – desenvolvimentos e fundamentos Problemas de pesquisa na história da Mecânica Quântica .............15 Joan Lisa Bromberg Dissidentes quânticos: pesquisa em fundamentos da Teoria Quântica em torno de 1970. ........................................33 Olival Freire Junior A descoerência emerge: os múltiplos caminhos de um novo fenômeno físico ..................................................... 65 Fábio Freitas O itinerário científico de Louis de Broglie em busca de uma interpretação causal para a mecânica ondulatória ........................ 79 Paulo Vicente Moreira dos Santos Sobre a cultura material dos primeiros testes experimentais do teorema de Bell: uma análise das técnicas e dos instrumentos (1972-1976) ................................................. 95 Wilson Fábio de Oliveira Bispo Denis Gilbert Francis David Campos que interagem: Física Quântica e a transferência de conceitos entre física de partículas, nuclear e do estado sólido ................... 107 Christian Joas Parte II Implicações filosóficas da Teoria Quântica “Construção do objeto” e objetividade na Física Quântica ........... 153 Michel Paty O realismo de Einstein e sua crítica da Mecânica Quântica ...........181 Christoph Lehner Bohr e o problema da medição: uma solução dualista? ................ 229 Stefano Osnaghi Algumas singularidades do pensamento de Eugene P. Wigner ..... 251 Frederik M. dos Santos Fundamentações e perspectivas para a Teoria Quântica .............. 265 Jhonny Alexander Castrillón Pérez Parte III Implicações culturais e educacionais da Teoria Quântica O fenômeno cultural do misticismo quântico ............................ 279 Osvaldo Pessoa Jr. Mecânica Quântica e a cultura em dois momentos ..................... 301 Frederico Firmo de Souza Cruz Os princípios de complementaridade e de incerteza na obra Copenhague de Michael Frayn: a arte e a teoria quântica ............. .319 Alessandro Frederico da Silveira Aurino Ribeiro Filho Ana Paula Bispo da Silva Teoria da ressonância: história e ensino .................................... 337 José Luis P. B. Silva Nídia Franca Roque Ênfase conceitual e interpretações no ensino da Mecânica Quântica . 357 Ileana M. Greca Olival Freire Jr. Parte IV Construção da Teoria Quântica – história e tendências de pesquisa Max Planck e a Física de sistemas estocásticos ........................... 377 Sílvio Renato Dahmen De Louis de Broglie a Erwin Schrödinger: uma comparação ........ 393 Roberto de Andrade Martins A imagem pública de Arthur Holly Compton: um físico quântico ou clássico? .................................................411 Indianara Lima Silva Olival Freire Jr Ana Paula Bispo da Silva Mecânica Quântica e não-linearidade – dificuldades e possibilidades ...................................................423 Aurino Ribeiro Filho Ontologia de Fourier, análise local por onduletas e Física Quântica ...435 João Araújo João Cordovil José Ramalho Croca Rui Nobre Moreira Amaro Rica da Silva Sobre os autores ........................................................................ 451 11 Apresentação Teoria Quântica: História e Cultura A Teoria Quântica, desenvolvida no primeiro quartel do século XX, é a mais bem sucedida teoria física hoje disponível. A confiança que os físicos nela depo- sitam é de tal ordem que os desenvolvimentos teóricos ulteriores a tomam como um quadro referencial básico para pensar a Física. Desde as primeiras aplicações tecnológicas, com a invenção do transistor e do laser, até as atuais promessas no campo da informação quântica, o seu manancial de aplicações parece inesgotá- vel. Em que pese esse sucesso científico e tecnológico, persiste entre os cientistas incertezas sobre a interpretação dos próprios fundamentos dessa teoria cientí- fica. As incertezas derivam do fato de que ela desafia as nossas intuições não só de senso comum mas mesmo aquelas enraizadas no desenvolvimento da Física nos últimos séculos. Não é de estranhar, portanto, que a segunda metade do século XX tenha presenciado um renascimento tanto da controvérsia, quanto das investigações sobre os fundamentos dessa teoria. Essa controvérsia não tem sido estéril. Hoje, compreendemos melhor a Teoria Quântica como consequência dessa controvérsia e da pesquisa que ela engendrou. A propriedade física do ema- ranhamento entre sistemas quânticos espacialmente separados, evidenciada no Teorema de Bell, hoje largamente aceita como um genuíno efeito quântico e colo- cada na base das pesquisas sobre informação quântica, tem suas raízes associadas a críticos dos fundamentos dessa própria teoria, como Albert Einstein, David Bohm, John Bell, John Clauser e Abner Shimony. No início deste ano, o presti- giado Prêmio Wolf de Física foi atribuído a John Clauser, Alain Aspect e Anton Zeilinger pelos seus experimentos com emaranhamento de fótons. O prêmio reconheceu pelo menos um físico que sempre foi um crítico dos fundamentos da Teoria Quântica, no caso John Clauser. A controvérsia sobre os fundamentos da Teoria Quântica tem fascinado a muitos, bem além do círculo dos próprios físicos. A capa deste livro reflete essa fascinação, por estar inspirada em escultura de Albert Einstein e Niels Bohr, os principais protagonistas da controvérsia sobre os quanta, em um parque em Moscou. Imagens dos dois gigantes da Física tornaram-se ícones da Física do século XX. A controvérsia é comparada, muitas vezes, àquela que opôs Newton 12 Apresentação a Leibniz. Enquanto a controvérsia que está na origem da ciência moderna, no século XVII, é parte da história, a controvérsia sobre os quanta é contemporânea e estamos todos nela imersos, como partícipes. Em 1974, o historiador Max Jammer finalizou seu The philosophy of quantum mechanics afirmando que a história dessa controvérsia é uma “história sem fim”; e acrescentou, lembrando o ensaísta francês Joseph Joubert, que “é melhor deba- ter uma questão sem resolvê-la do que resolver uma questão sem debatê-la.” Mais de 30 anos depois, as afirmativas de Jammer guardam plena atualidade. A presente obra - Teoria quântica: estudos históricos e implicações culturais - é uma coletânea de trabalhos que exploram aspectos da história dessa teoria científica, desde sua criação aos desenvolvimentos ulteriores, incluindo a contro- vérsia sobre os seus fundamentos e sobre suas implicações filosóficas e culturais. Discute também
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