Introduction Chapter 1 the Clinton Scandal Epidemic
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Notes Introduction 1. See ‘Figure 3-1. 1996 Presidential Election’, Michael Nelson, ‘The Election: Turbulence and Tranquillity in Contemporary American Politics’, in Michael Nelson (ed.), The Elections of 1996 (Washington D.C.: CQ Press, 1997) p. 61. 2. There are several interpretations of the plight faced by the modern presi- dency and the problems created and endured by the presidential office; see Burt Solomon, ‘Do We Ask Too Much of Presidents?’, National Journal, 18 June 1994, pp. 1390–92. 3. ‘19 August 1998. The Ratings: Good News for Networks’, NYTimes.com [http://www.nytimes.com/library/politics/081998clinton-ratings.html] 4. ‘1 March 1998. Republicans Abandon Restraint on Clinton’, NYTimes.com [http://www.nytimes.com/library/politics/030198clinton-repubs.html] 5. ‘19 August 1998. The Reaction: Prominent Democrats Are Unhappy With Clinton’, NYTimes.com [http://www.nytimes.com/library/politics/081998 clinton-politics.html] Chapter 1 The Clinton Scandal Epidemic 1. See, ‘Clinton’s Latest, Worst Troubles Put His Whole Agenda on Hold’, Congressional Quarterly Weekly, 24 January 1998, pp. 164–5. 2. ‘27 January 1998. Hillary Clinton: “This is a battle” ’ CNN.com [http://www. cnn.com/US/9801/27/hillary.today] 3. Theodore Lowi, ‘Foreword’, in Andrei S. Markovits and Mark Silverstein, (eds), The Politics of Scandal: Power and Process in Liberal Democracies (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1988) p. viii. 4. Cited in ‘Watergate’s Clearest Lesson: Ten years later, the point remains: Not even a President is above the law’, Time, 14 June 1982, p. 36. 5. ‘25 January 1998. Other Presidents Have Been the Talk of the Pillow’, NYTimes.com [http://www.nytimes.com/library/politics/012598clinton- history.html] 6. Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin (New York: Signet, 1971) pp. 302–3. 7. Cited in Gayle Worland, ‘Scandals Throughout Presidential History’, Washingtonpost.com [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/ special/clinton/stories/scandalhistory.htm] 8. Denise M. Bostdorff, ‘Clinton’s Characteristic Issue Management Style: Caution, Conciliation and Conflict Avoidance in the Case of Gays in the Military’, in Robert E. Denton Jr. and Rachel L. Holloway, The Clinton Presidency: Images, Issues and Communication Strategies (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1996) p. 189. 9. Elizabeth Drew, On The Edge: The Clinton Presidency (New York: Touchstone, 1995) pp. 32–3. 224 Notes 225 10. Dilys M. Hill, ‘The Clinton Presidency: The Man and His Times’, in Paul S. Herrnson and Dilys M. Hill, (eds), The Clinton Presidency: The First Term, 1992–1996 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999) p. 8. 11. Drew, On the Edge (1995) p. 41. 12. Ibid., p. 175. 13. For an excellent and concise review of Whitewater, see Robert Williams, Political Scandals in the USA (Edinburgh: Keele University Press, 1998) pp. 63–88. 14. ‘Timeline: Whitewater Special Report’, Washingtonpost.com [http://www. washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/whitewater/timeline2.htm] 15. Williams, Political Scandals (1998) p. 65. 16. James B. Stewart, Blood Sport: The President and His Adversaries (New York: Touchstone, 1996) pp. 27–35, 293–5. 17. Ibid., pp. 297–303. 18. ‘Foster’s Death a Suicide’, Washington Post, 1 July 1994, p. A1. 19. Cited in ibid., p. A1. 20. ‘Starr Probe Reaffirms Foster Killed Himself’, Washington Post, 11 October 1997, p. A4. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid. 23. Drew, On The Edge (1995) p. 414; Larry J. Sabato and S. Robert Lichter, When Should the Watchdogs Bark?: Media Coverage of the Clinton Scandals (Washington D.C.: Center For Media and Public Affairs, 1995) p. 8. 24. ‘4 March 1998. The Web That Widened From Whitewater’, NYTimes.com [http://www.nytimes.com/library/politics/030498whitewater-2.html] 25. Cited in Gregory S. Walden, On Best Behavior: The Clinton Administration and Ethics in Government (Indianapolis: Hudson Institute Press, 1996) p. 206. 26. ‘23 July 1994. Exchange With Reporters in Hot Springs, Arkansas’, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 30 no.30, 1 August 1994, p. 1545. 27. Hill, ‘The Clinton Presidency’, in Herrnson and Hill, The Clinton Presidency (1999) p. 11. 28. Walden, On Best Behavior (1996) p. 237. 29. Ibid., p. 248. 30. ‘Hillary Clinton and the Whitewater Controversy: A Close-Up’, Washington Post, 2 June 1996, p. A1. See also, Stewart, Blood Sport (1996) p. 426. 31. ‘September 16, 1996. Review and Outlook: Will Anyone Believe?’, Robert L. Bartley (ed.), A Journal Briefing: Whitewater Vol. III (New York: Dow Jones/Wall Street Journal, 1997) p. 33. 32. Matthew Robert Kerbel, ‘The Media: Viewing the Campaign Through a Strategic Haze’, in Michael Nelson (ed.), The Elections of 1996 (Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1997) p. 95. 33. ‘9 January 1996. The President’s News Conference’, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 32, no.2, 15 January 1996, p. 29. 34. Washington Post, 2 June 1996, p. A1. 35. Ibid. 36. ‘On the griddle again: New evidence and new questions plague the first family’, U.S. News and World Report, 22 January 1996, p. 26. 37. ‘Prosecutors Question First Lady at Length’, Washington Post, 26 April 1998, p. A1. 226 Notes 38. Fiske was worried that a congressional investigation ‘would pose a severe risk to the integrity of our investigation’. Cited in Walden, On Best Behavior (1996) pp. 212, 213. 39. Ibid., p. 232. 40. Ibid., pp. 235–6. 41. Ibid., p. 245. 42. ‘Editorial: The Real Whitewater Report’, U.S. News and World Report, 29 January 1996, p. 101. 43. ‘The Hearings End Much as They Began’, Washington Post, 19 June 1996, p. A1. 44. Williams, Political Scandal (1998) p. 75. 45. Walden, On Best Behavior (1996) p. 255. 46. Washington Post, 19 June 1996, p. A1. 47. Walden, On Best Behavior (1996) p. 203. 48. Dick Morris, Behind the Oval Office: Winning the Presidency in the Nineties (New York: Random House, 1997) pp. 285–6. 49. Walden, On Best Behavior (1996) p. 213. 50. ‘24 March 1994. The President’s News Conference’, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 30, no.12, 28 March 1994, p. 627. 51. Ibid., p. 634. 52. Ibid., p. 627. 53. Ibid., p. 634. 54. ‘23 July 1994. Exchange With Reporters in Hot Springs, Arkansas’, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 30, no.30, 1 August 1994, p. 1545. 55. ‘5 April 1994. Remarks in Town Meeting in Charlotte, North Carolina’, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 30, no.14, 11 April 1994, p. 684. 56. ‘3 August 1994. The President’s News Conference’, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 30, no.31, 5 August 1994, p. 1616. 57. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 30, no.14, 11 April 1994, p. 684. 58. ‘17 May 1995. Statement of the White House Press Secretary’, The White House: Office of the Press Secretary. 59. ‘10 August 1995. The President’s News Conference’, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 31, no.32, 14 August 1995, p. 1419. 60. ‘12 January 1996. The President’s News Conference’, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 32, no.2, 15 January 1996, p. 36. 61. ‘30 May 1996. More People Think Clinton is Hiding Something in Whitewater’, CNN.com [http://allpolitics.com/news/9605/30/poll.whitewater] 62. Ibid. 63. ‘NBC/Wall Street Journal August 1995 poll’, cited in ‘A Sampling of Public Perception on Whitewater’, PoliticsUSA.com [http://www.politicsusa.com. PoliticsUSA/nes/1218if10.html.cgi] 64. Kerbel, ‘The Media: Viewing the Campaign Through a Strategic Haze’, in The Elections of 1996 (1997) p. 96. 65. Sabato and Lichter, When Should the Watchdogs Bark? (1995) p. 79. 66. Ibid., p. 66. 67. Gene Lyons, Fools For Scandal: How the Media Invented Whitewater (New York: Franklin Square Press, 1996) pp. 22–3. Notes 227 68. Walden, On Best Behavior (1996) pp. 310–11. 69. Cited in Sabato and Lichter, When Should the Watchdogs Bark? (1995) p. 71. Chapter 2 The Lewinsky Affair 1. Drew, On The Edge (1995) p. 381. 2. Alan M. Dershowitz, Sexual McCarthyism: Clinton, Starr, and the Emerging Constitutional Crisis (New York: Basic Books, 1998) p. 102. 3. Cited in ibid., p. 99. 4. Richard A. Posner, An Affair of State: The Investigation, Impeachment, and Trial of President Clinton (London: Harvard University Press, 1999) pp. 217–18. 5. ‘Review and Outlook: Jones 9, Clinton 0. May 28, 1997’, Bartley, Whitewater Vol. III (1997) p. 440. 6. ‘High Court Set Stage for Crisis’, Washington Post, 29 January 1998, p. A12. 7. Cited in Howard Kurtz, Spin Cycle: The Clinton Propaganda Machine (New York: The Free Press, 1998) p. 209. 8. Ibid., p. 209. 9. Dershowitz, Sexual McCarthyism (1998) p. 114. 10. Cited in ‘Review and Outlook: Paula’s Aftershocks. May 29, 1997’, Bartley, Whitewater Vol. III (1997) pp. 447–8. 11. See Dershowitz, Sexual McCarthyism (1998) pp. 15–16. 12. Cited in ‘The Testimony Of Kenneth Starr. November 19, 1998’, in Merrill McLoughlin (ed.), The Impeachment and Trial of President Clinton: The Official Transcripts, from the House Judiciary Committee Hearings to the Senate Trial (New York: Times Books 1999) p. 9 (hereafter, The Impeachment and Trial of President Clinton). 13. Posner, An Affair of State (1999) p. 64. 14. ‘President Clinton’s Videotaped August 17, 1998 Grand Jury Testimony’, in Phil Kuntz (ed.), The Starr Report: The Starr Evidence. Complete Testimony from President Clinton and Monica Lewinsky, and other Documents from the Independent Counsel’s Investigation (New York: Pocket Books, 1998) p. 437 (hereafter Starr Evidence). 15. The Starr Report: The Findings of Independent Counsel Kenneth W. Starr on President Clinton and the Lewinsky Affair (New York: Public Affairs/ Washington Post, 1998) p. 48 (hereafter Starr Report). 16. Ibid., p. 49. 17. ‘President Clinton’s Videotaped August 17, 1998 Grand Jury Testimony’, Starr Evidence, p. 372. 18. Ibid., p. 437. 19. See Starr Report, p. 63. 20. Ibid., p. 64. 21. Ibid., p.