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Armand David Pandaren Aita Armand David pandaren aita Kepa Altonaga Armand David pandaren aita Euskal Herriko Unibertsitateko Irakasleen Errektoreordetzaren (Irakasle Hobekuntzarako Planaren bidez) eta Kultur Hedakuntza eta Unibertsitate Zabalkunderako Errektoreordetzaren diru-laguntzez kaleratua. Azalaren diseinua: Blanco Maketa: J.L. Blanco, Argi Aizpurua ©Kepa Altonaga Sustatxa © Edizio honena: ELHUYAR Fundazioa Zelai Haundi, 3. Osinalde industrialdea. 20170 USURBIL (Gip.) (2001) [email protected] / www.elhuyar.org ISBN: 978-84-92457-18-2 Joni Juleni Josuri Bizitza itxaropen delako landatzen ditut zuhaitzak1 * 1.- Bitoriano Gandiaga Grant didn´t like computers. He knew that this made him old-fashioned, dated as a researcher, but he didn´t care. Some of the kids who worked for him had a real feeling for computers, an intuition. Grant never felt that. He found computers to be alien, mystifying machines. Even the fundamental distinction between an operating system and an application left him confu- sed and disheartened, literally lost in a foreign geography he didn´t begin to comprehend. Michael Crichton Jurassic Park, 126. 1990. Aitzinsolasa Idazlan honekin Armand David (1826-1900) naturalista ezpeletar handia omendu eta ezagutaraztea gura dugu, bera baita "Eskual-herritik behinere jalgi diren jakintsun han- dienetarik bat". Izan ere, aita Daviden garrantzia handia izan arren, nekez aurkitzen da berorren ekarpen zientifikoen berririk daukan lagunen bat. Kasurako, edonorentzat da ezagun panda eta pandaren inguruko hil-ala-biziko problematika, baina inortxok ere ez daki animalia karismatiko hori Euskal Herriko seme batek aurkitu eta deskribatu zuenik. Jakina, pandarena izebergaren erpina da, alegia, Armand Daviden kurrikulu zientifikoaren erakusgarri nagusia. Horrexegatik esan dugu omendu, batetik, eta eza- gutarazi, bestalde. Armand Daviden Txinako ibilaldiak lorpen ezezagun eta sinesgaitzez beteta daude, eta baita abentura zoragarriz zipristinduta: jakina, horiek guztiak bildu ditugu liburuan barrena, gizonaren alde biografikoa osatu dugunean. Alabaina, bizitzaren gertaera nabarmenak eta mugarri nagusiak adierazteaz aparte, pertsonaia orduko giroan koka- tuko dugu, duen garrantziaz hobeto jabetu gaitezen. Horrez gainera, eta Armand Davi- den bizitzak eta aurkikundeek luzatutako paradaz baliatuz, hainbat kontu jorratuko ditu- gu, konbentzituta gaude-eta gaur egungo zientziaren ikuspegitik interesgarriak eta edo- zeinentzat jakingarriak direla. Hau da, Armand Daviden argazki moduko bat egingo dugu, eta aldi berean, hainbat kontu zoologiko, floristiko, geopolitiko, paleontologiko, lexikologiko, biogeografiko, kontserbazionista, historiko, genetiko, eta abar eta abar ekarriko ditugu harira, konta- kizun poliedriko samarra itxuratuz. Izan ere, aipatutako alor horiek guztietatik tiratuko dugu gehiago edo gutxiago. Gure asmoa ez da kontakizun lineala osatzea izan, Armand Daviden biografian zehar hasieratik amaieraraino artez-artez doana. Gurago izan dugu, ibai helduen antzera itsa- sorantz meandroz meandro jaistea: emeki-emeki, ibarraren zabalera profitatuz alderik alde; noraezean bezala, baina helmugarantz beti ere. Horretarako, alde biografikoa eta bestelako interes-guneak bilbatu ditugu, nolabaiteko joan-etorriak eginez ardatz nagu- sitik urrunduz. Esan bezala, "aldi berean" gertatuko dira horrelakoak, hari desberdinak txirikordatuz. XI Aitzinsolasa Egiteko modu hori da, David Quammen-ek Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions (1996) dibulgazio-liburu saritu eta eredugarrian erabili izan duena: kapituluka banatuta egon barik, interes-guneak elkarren segidan doaz, eta irakurketa jarrai batek osotasuna badamaizu ere, guztiz posiblea duzu ere jauzika ibiltzea, atalak eta atal-multzoak beregainak baitira neurri batean. Egitura horrek bideragarri egin digu geuri ere meandroz meandro aurreratzea Armand Daviden obran barrena. Ardatz biografikoa hezurmamitzeko erabili ditugun datuak, Armand Davidek berak idatzitako bidaia-kaieretatik eta bestelako argitarapenetatik eskuratu ditugu: horiexek izan dira gure iturri nagusia1 (ikus erreferentziak). Oinarrizko lehengai horrez gainera, lagungarri suertatu zaizkigu Armand Daviden hiru biografiak: Daranatz-ena (1930-31), Bishop-ena (1990) eta Boutan-ena (1993). Beroriek ere, zer esanik ez, Armand Daviden testuetatik edan dute zenbatgura, eta hori dela-eta badute elkarren arteko antz nabar- mena, baina desberdinak dira gizona "ulertzeko" moduari begiratuta. Armand David bezalaxe Daranatz ezpeletarra izanik, herkidea goresteko da Daranatzen biografia. Bishop-ek, bestalde, esploradore zangarra aurkeztuko dizu gehienbat. Boutan, ostera, Armand Daviden testuetatik abiatuta, gizona bera eta bere lorpenak "kokatzen" saiatu da, eta hainbat klabe eskaintzen dizkigu horretarako. Geure aldetik, hiru biografo horien ikuspegiak batera ekarri ditugu. Lehenengo eta behin, eta gorespen hutsean erori gabe, Armand Daviden euskalduntasunaren gaia sakonki lantzen ahalegindu gara, ez horrenbeste irakurle euskaldunarentzat "etxeko" protagonista baten gaineko idazlana erakargarriagoa izan daitekeelako, baizik-eta gaur- -gaurkoz euskalduntasunarena bera ebatzi barik dugulako. Interesgarria da XIX. men- deko amaierari behakoa zuzentzea eta ordukoa ezagutzea, gaur egungoa argitzeko-edo; saiatzeko behintzat. Bigarrenik, ez ditugu bidazti ausartaren abentura ikaragarriak ahaz- tu, zeren frogantza ezin argiagoak baitira garai horretan gainditu beharreko zailtasun eta oztopoenak. Hala ere, ez gara larregi luzatu ildo horretan, abenturazko liburua barik batez ere zientzi dibulgaziozkoa ondu gura izan dugu-eta. Dena dela, gure ahalegin nagusia Armand David ezagutzea izan da: gizona ulertzea eta kontestualizatzea, bere lorpenak azaltzea eta berorien ondorioak aurkeztea. Ahalegin horrek sortu ditu, irakurri ahala aurkituko dituzun meandroak. Kontuak ulertu ahal izateko argibideak behar izaten dira, eta horretarako azalpenak era askota- koak eta luzeak izan daitezke. Gauzak azaldu gura horrek hainbat bidetan zehar eroan gaitu makina bat biderrez, eta joan-etorri horietan interes-gune guztiz desberdinetan murgildu gara, baina beti ere ardatz nagusira itzultzeko. Jakina, meandrorik zabalenak ere atzera egingo du, ibaiak itsasora baitoaz. 1.- Horrela izanik, batzuetan gauzak Armand Davidek berak idatzi bezala ekarri ditugu hona, dela aipamen batzuk frantsesez, dela txinerazko izen batzuk. Hala ere, leku-izenei dagokienez, ez ditugu Armand Daviden sasoikoak erabili, gaur egungoak baino. Salbuespena Moupin izan da (= Baoxing), ikusiko duzunez, Moupin printzerria leku eta izen karismatikoa baita Armand Davi- den geografian. XII Aitzinsolasa Idazlana dibulgazio modura planteatu dut, baina behe-mailako dibulgazioa ez egi- tea deliberatu dut, zeren, Armand Davidek hainbat gai sakonki jorratzeko aukera eskain- tzen baitu, eta, konturatuko zarenez, batzuetan dibulgaziotik saiakera-arlora igaroko gara oharkabean. Nolabait, Stephen Jay Gould miresgarriaren eredura egin gura izan dut, jakin izan arren berorren trebezia eta jakituria ez daudela inondik inora gure esku- ra. Edozelan ere, Armand David, pandaren aita zientzi dibulgazioaren maisu handi horren erara gauzatzen saiatu naiz, eta egia esateko gustuko beharlekua izan dut. Poz-pozik ibili naiz Armand Daviden urratsen atzetik haren idazlanak irakurtzean: bide luzeko neke eta arriskuak, lantzean-behingo aurkikunde handi eta alegrantziak, eguneroko esfortzua eta datu-metaketa... Lerroz lerro gizonaren eitea begietaratu zait irakurketa horietan. Era berean, oso atsegingaria suertatu zait, txonbo egin eta biblio- grafian igerian egitea gairik gai, izan ere, dokumentazio-lana luze eta astitsua izan da, baina aldi berean adorez bete dudan ataza, hainbat eta hainbat gauza ikasi ditut-eta. Neureganatu. Aldapatsuena idazketa bera gertatu zait: esan beharrekoak zelan papere- ratu, kontuak zelan garandu eta apaindu. Hurrengo orrialdeotan aurkituko duzu nire olgeta eta arduren emaitza. Ea atsegi- nez irakurtzen duzun! XIII Esker ona Hainbat laguntza eduki ditut, idazketa-lana leundu didatenak. Makina bat pertsonarengana jo dut mesede eske, dela erreferentzia bibliografikoren bat, dela puntu ilunen baten azalpena, dela iritzi bila, eta abar. Zorretan nago ondoko lagun guztiokin: Eduardo Angulo, Alvaro Antón, Zigor Arteaga, Xabier Artola, Hum- berto Astibia, Angel Campos, Luis Dantart, Martxel Ensunza, Jakoba Errekondo, Lore- to García Arberas, Inazio Garin, Josu Igartua, Peio Jorajuria, Xabier Kerexeta, José Ignacio Lizarraga, Javier Loidi, Antonio López Quintana, Carmen Manzano, Ibón de Olano, José Luis Puente, Esther Rebato, eta Gillermo Roa. Eta bai Azkue Biblioteka- ko Nerea Altuna eta Josune Olabarria. Liburuaren atalak idatzi ahala, kapitulu bakoitzaren lehen bertsio gordin horiek ondoko pertsonek irakurri eta kritikatu dituzte zintzoki: Mikel Aizpuru, Estibaliz Ape- llaniz, Arturo Elosegi, Pruden Gartzia, Jazinto Iturbe, Koldo Nuñez-Betelu, Santi Pagola eta Ana Puente. Halaber, Jose Ramon Etxebarriak, Juan Carlos Odriozolak, Isabel Salzedok eta Mari- bi Unamunok atalen bat edo beste orraztu dute. Idazlana amaitutakoan beste lagun batzuen eskuetan utzi dut, liburua bere osotasu- nean irakurri eta azter zezaten. Ondokoek hartu zuten ardura hori: Juan Luis Goikoe- txea, Itziar Martinez Sustatxa, Mateo Pagazaurtundua, Fernando Plazaola, Arantza Txintxurreta, Piarres Xarriton, Igone Zabala eta Iban Zaldua. Liburuaren azken bertsioa asko hobatu eta aberastu da, jaso ditudan irakurle horien ekarpenei esker. Izan ere, hainbat eta hainbat kritika eta zuzenketaz gainera, makina bat iruzkin, ideia eta
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