<<

Materiały B ABS This article seeks to seeks article This World Syndrome USA in during Covid-19 Pandemic USA in the World Mean Digital The and Reality Trauma: The viral video of video viral with a with Keywords: of Most movement. Matter Lives inescapable” graphic content. graphic inescapable” it trauma, graphic content as fears and ties COVID-19 the to up a play both narratives media familiar. The article shows the media consumers’ feelings developed as developed feelings consumers’ the media shows article The familiar. for Journalism and Trauma within the theoretical framework of framework theoretical the within Trauma and for Journalism in movements social current the with involved activists and protests the covered Working trauma. vicarious/secondary with associated feelings and movements social ence protests during the global pandemic in pandemic global the during protests secondary trauma among a among trauma secondary a to related emotions and feelings with content distressing associated uncensored eyewitness digital the that effects similar the explores article This attitudes. and news eyewitness that hypothesis working the explores article this articles media and positive effect that encouraged people to people encouraged that effect positive to challenges the highlights vicarious/secondary trauma with a with trauma vicarious/secondary

to The School The of Global Public Health Mykaila Young orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-0284 New Y TRA date research material obtained while conducting interviews with journalists who who journalists with interviews conducting while obtained material research date sample of sample June 2020. This article builds upon previous research facilitated by facilitated research previous upon builds article This 2020. June CT ork University, United States

. Media Coverage Matter Lives of Black . Media media, eyewitness

George Floyd’s George

pandemic. The results of results The pandemic. a perspectives from activists, reporters, nurse practitioners, literary texts, texts, literary practitioners, nurse reporters, activists, from perspectives

result of result that focused on focused that to establish as reported was coverage news Positive media. eyewitness

sample of sample role USA, reporters, reporters, USA,

death had in had death broadcasting for reporters and newsroom workers during during workers newsroom and for reporters broadcasting my what extent does eyewitness user generated content influ generated user eyewitness does extent what in the influence of influence the cultivating environments of environments cultivating interviewees found distressing images “numbing” or “numbing” images distressing found interviewees

in involved were directly that viewers America. focus on focus

the interviews show that nearly all the respondents respondents the all nearly show that interviews the

understand the historical context of context historical the understand producing feelings associated with vicarious/ with associated feelings producing #BlackLivesMatter

the recent # recent the Zeszyty The value of value The effects of effects www.ejournals.eu/Zeszyty-Prasoznawcze/ 4(244), s. nr 63, t. 2020, Kraków DOI: 10.4467/22996362PZ.20.034.12700 DOI: BlackLivesMatter

the article is article the violent media on media violent

PRASOZNAWCZE , COVID-19, etc. mistrust, fear, George Gerbner’s George trauma induced anxie induced trauma

a

twofold: it twofold: result of result the Dart Center Center Dart the the nationwide nationwide the

trauma, digital digital trauma, protests in protests individuals’ individuals’

“virtually “virtually the Black Black the America; America;

that lead lead that presents presents 123 having having Mean Mean –

too too the the 140 - -

Materiały Materiały “I Thousands of Thousands to seeks article This Working with a Working with (Bogel-Burroughs 2020). ABC News Writer, Jill Lawless (2020) Writer, News 2020). Lawless ABC referenced George (Bogel-Burroughs Jill American tragedy with global echoes”. global with tragedy American “an Floyd’s death Floyd’s Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma within the theoretical framework of framework theoretical the Trauma within and for Center Journalism Dart 124 Nationwide Protests During the Global Pandemic Gerbner’s this year. of this months by consumed (namely television) media of state heightened and mism, on media influence social movements and feelings associated with vicarious/secondary trauma. trauma. vicarious/secondary with associated and movements feelings social influence in neck, while handcuffed, as handcuffed, while neck, of death the captured which net, novel coronavirus is novel coronavirus the similar effects that the digital eyewitness uncensored viral video video of viral uncensored eyewitness digital the that effects similar the disregarded the safety measures implemented by measures safety the disregarded America. in pandemic global the during “8 lined Cuomo (2020) to used Chris Journalist, CNN that line that hypothesis working the explores article this articles media and texts, literary eyewitness news and media narratives both play a both narratives media and news eyewitness of of of sides fromboth andcontentviewers influencers, media social activists, outlets, of on of killed by killed after the video video of the after a among explore will article This world. about the opinions and beliefs, attitudes, inform and to exposed are can’t

et. paranoia fear, mistrust, the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus the Floyd’s 2020 to 2020 the movement began posting and demanding justice for his death. The death. for his justice demanding and movement posting the began one side majority and the other side the minority. minority. side the other the and one side majority Nationwide protests for began on Floyd for began George protests Nationwide Global was also the COVID-19 the also was Global

recent protests. the breathe”. These words were heard after his death by death his after breathe”. words were These heard in had death 46 and Minutes

sample of sample

a individuals’ attitudes. Mean World Syndrome asserts that viewers who who viewers that World Mean asserts Syndrome attitudes. individuals’ Mean WorldMean Syndrome is America that was death saw in they what against officer who ignored the calls for help from a forhelp calls the ignored who officer police people marched into American streets during the coronavirus pandemic pandemic coronavirus the during streets American into people marched violence related content can experience increased fear, anxiety, pessi fear, anxiety, increased experience content related can violence sample of sample officer was filmed kneeling on kneeling filmed was Chauvin Derek officer

in involved were directly that viewers establish to establish severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 coronavirus syndrome respiratory acute severe producing feelings associated with vicarious/secondary trauma trauma vicarious/secondary with associated feelings producing This article builds upon previous research facilitated by facilitated research upon previous builds article This in How Floyd Wasseconds: George Killed perspectives from activists, reporters, nurse practitioners, practitioners, nurse reporters, activists, from perspectives he that lead to lead that alert in alert what extent does eyewitness user generated content generated user eyewitness does extent what continuously pleaded for air. Mainstream media media for Mainstream pleaded air. continuously an

that focused on focused that pandemic. African-American man named George Floyd, Floyd, George named man African-American

“a response to response which lead to lead which tale of tale viewers has the power to the has viewers vicarious/secondary trauma with a with trauma vicarious/secondary a in disseminated video, viral two cities”, alluding to cities”, alluding two The official scientific name for the name for scientific official The

the US the perceived threats. This is This threats. perceived role the influence of influence the the 25th of 25th the in pandemic global in The New The Times in cultivating environments environments cultivating the nationwide protests protests nationwide the describe the aftermath aftermath the describe 2020 to 2020 crowds of M May 2020 shortly shortly May 2020 man who begged begged who man directly influence influence directly Y effects of effects slow the spread spread slow the Police Custody” Custody” Police K George Floyds Floyds George

(SARS-CoV-2). AI the division division the people who who people L A Y the early early the the inter the

because because George George George George violent violent OUNG

focus focus head head the the - - - - The cognitive value of value cognitive The were still required to required were still 7th of 7th I I Methodology D five distinct sections. The report begins by begins report The sections. distinct five use of use for 15 it in ical context to context ical Syndrome theory to theory Syndrome had with viewing the uncensored eyewitness video of video eyewitness uncensored the viewing with had navirus (Thornton 2020). (Thornton navirus a outbreak navirus 24 almost affecting nents, in workers (thatnewsroom participated protocols to protocols media) in plays eyewitness (through telling to article. the I present in of which excerpts the June as through and quarantine restrictions 2020). (Thorntonissued President Donald time Trump the to measures implementing with struggled that 2020). of August 25th on (published the statistics to WHO according thousands, the virus among each other. each among virus of spread the the to protocols mitigate distancing at distancing directly involved with the current social movements in social current the with involved directly early stages of stages early practitioners nurse and students activists, journalists, with interviews conducting online, at online, sion of to reported sides to applied rules same i.e. fears and as conducted illustrate throughout the article the cognitive value of value cognitive the article the throughout illustrate I was a was G nationwide protests. I protests. nationwide These concerns were expressed, among many other issues, in issues, other amongmany expressed, were concerns These of The outbreak In 2019 to lead On first time, according to according time, first ITA addition to addition in days interviews and the theoretical framework of framework theoretical the and interviews the 30th of 30th the U.S. the 2020, April the controversy between conflicting media narratives surrounding George George surrounding narratives media conflicting between controversy the L TRA considered a considered high frequencies, through eyewitness media that participants on participants that media eyewitness through frequencies, high Americans that prohibited social gatherings of gatherings prohibited social that Americans demonstrations for George Floyd would lead to lead Floyd for would George demonstrations UM et. anxiety paranoia, attempt to attempt part of part coronavirus. Followed by coronavirus. showcase why movements like are broadcasted broadcasted are Matter Lives Black why movementsshowcase like

a the cases continued to continued cases the the mandate for citizens to for citizens mandate the be A in crisis health global January 2020, The World Health Organization declared the corothe declared The Organization 2020, World Health January public health emergency of emergency health public : T the related to related in systems healthcare straining pandemic produce content for daily segments within the required social social required the within segments produce content for daily showcase the correlation between the role that digital story digital role that the between correlation the showcase H my reporters and newsroom workers. Reporters on Reporters workers. newsroom and reporters E REA is article this also highlight the challenges to challenges the highlight also highly infectious disease, renamed COVID-19, renamed disease, infectious highly research on research slow the spread of spread slow the million people around the globe and killing more the 817 more the killing and globe the around people million a in deaths 2,000 more than reported count maintained by maintained count L feelings of feelings A ITY among participants. I participants. among ND T ND the traumatic impact of impact traumatic the up

rise. Health experts feared the lack of lack the feared experts Health rise. the survey) during the COVID-19 the during survey) the to the experiences respondents to respondents experiences the trauma. This is This trauma. 2020 when the virus spread to spread virus the when 2020 H date research material obtained while while obtained material research date explaining the state of state the explaining E M the virus. These restrictions extended extended restrictions These virus. the follow protocols, the the protocols, distancing social follow producing trauma related anxieties anxieties related trauma producing In concern. international slow the spread of spread slow the EA N WO Johns Hopkins University at University Hopkins Johns George Gerbner’sGeorge America. This report contains contains report This America. George Floyd’sGeorge broadcasting for reporters and and for reporters broadcasting R followed up LD this article through the the through article this later explore the histor the explore later … digital media contents, contents, media digital more than 10 more than an almost every country country every almost influx of influx By virus. the a in America the interviews interviews the single day for day single death that led led that death by Mean WorldMean the frontline frontline the mid-March mid-March my the discus the pandemic. pandemic. in all conti all the coro the people people survey survey China China

social social both both the the the the the the 125 ------

Materiały Materiały Anchorage, Alaska at . Alaska Anchorage, in reporter on-air an were spent as which 3 years. past for the sit-ins Oklahoma and in protests organized has who with a with Floyd’s Maeve Glackin-Coley Maeve Jen Mueller, Brown, an and Ashley Glackin-Coley, Maeve Howard University with a with Howard University 126 5 4 3 2 1 movement 2016. Brown since Ashley for Journalism and Trauma for individuals that feel impacted by impacted feel that Trauma for and individuals for Journalism in M. activists: and reporters with interviews if Newark, NJ. Newark, in diseases infectious and dialysis in nurse that digital mediated content can have content on can mediated digital that reasons. for personal , to remain In outbreak. coronavirus the during that resulted. that in live world of they the perception interviewees of the any enced content; I by impacted were personally that students and ers,

as developed feelings related trauma any As in She worked professionally 2005. since news Marissa Silver Marissa M. Léonide During the COVID-19 the During the workplace. the in equity and equality improve is aspiration Her Inclusion. and is Brown Ashley Board. is She ular. is She issues. justice social about vocal Glackin-Coley’s Maeve content. video through society of stories tell to M.A at native a experienced she where years teenage her Gofin Léonide University. at Indiana Journalism in B.A her for 2 news producing been has Silver Marissa education. transformative through of systems dismantle to working of Director Co-Executive and Co-founder He world. the across people marginalized upon violence grave inflict that behaviors to wanting from comes inspiration His of a with M.

Oklahoma. Francisco B.A his received Francisco with the survey, my survey, the with

degree in degree in death. I death. in minor Digital Marketing at Marketing Digital in invested equally was schools where students spoke a spoke students where schools Gofin a of member He 1 is conclude this report with recommendations from the Dart Center Center Dart the from recommendations with report conclude this

Women’s is

3 in working currently 2 a Communications and Political Science. B.M Science. Political and Communications is is in sit-ins and protests organized has a in born native French community organizer, anti-oppressive educator and researcher researcher educator and anti-oppressive organizer, community a a 4 digital marketing content creator familiar with the influence influence the with content familiar creator marketing digital

inspiration for activism was influenced by influenced was for activism inspiration in Producer News is Foundation’s Tacoma Community Greater the in lockdown pandemic and Gender Studies and International Studies from the University University the from Studies International and Studies Gender and objective was to was objective a in degree youth activist that has been a been has that activist youth as marketing digital include interests Her Skema. in to African and African American Studies and Political Science Science Political and Studies American African and African help corporate America better understand how they can can how they understand better America corporate help if understanding the marketing industry and has a has and industry marketing the 5 inspired by inspired She is science. health and nursing

from graduated addition to addition to change radical see Paris. She lived on lived She Paris. is she Currently, language. different cultural shock and being a being discrimination and shock cultural

Foundation for Liberating Minds, a Minds, Liberating for Foundation influencing positive or positive influencing a share the perspectives of perspectives the share Francisco, Marissa Silver, Marissa Francisco, Louisville, Kentucky. She has worked She Kentucky. has Louisville, result of result 1/2 in makers documentary and youth in years June 2020 I 2020 June the field for eight years, five years fiveyears years, field foreight the the casing point, I point, casing the media framing/narratives influ framing/narratives media the viral video of video viral the Oklahoma for the past three years. years. three past the for Oklahoma “virtually inescapable” graphic graphic inescapable” “virtually the University of University the of island the Hazard Kentucky. She received received She Kentucky. Hazard the systems, institutions, and and institutions, systems, the part of part interviewee who wanted wanted who interviewee conducted several online online several conducted have who parents her M

negative emotions. emotions. negative passion for for Diversity passion Youth Youth Philanthropy

the justice social the eyewitness news. eyewitness Guadeloupe during during Guadeloupe graduated from from graduated Y activists, report activists, K Léonide wanted to wanted AI George Floyd Washington a pursuing her her pursuing L a registered registered A Y of form nonprofit nonprofit OUNG French French Gofin, Gofin, partic is been been see see the the art art - - - “dangers” of “dangers” The widespread frequent circulation of frequentcirculation widespread The way that consumers of consumers way that Indicators Project, Gerbner defined Mean Mean as World defined Gerbner Syndrome Project, Indicators In Theoretical Framework: Mean World and Eyewitness Trauma D 6 filmed a filmed Gerbner, 2010, Morgan p. of Cultivation in later. discussed be will video viral the in recorded in into another to another into how these changes affect viewers’ perceptions of perceptions viewers’ affect changes how these in been has needing to needing p. public sphere today looks vastly different than it than different vastly looks spherepublic today the ability to ability the to the to of tions shouting went people when streets out the into experienced and seen had they daily activities that did not exist decades ago. decades not exist did that activities daily is context media entire viewers. online so become has violence that was outlined for 14 worked on TV She has years. on camera. between American citizens and frequent reminders through digital media of media digital through reminders frequent and citizens American between allows individuals to individuals allows oppression et and about race a

I pioneering analysis of analysis pioneering

G 32; The article discusses the case of case the discusses article The perceive the world as perceive the which people who watch moderate to moderate people who watch which as presence all-encompassing its unison: “I unison: Jen Mueller During the interviews, my interviews, the During nalism and public policy. public and nalism in degrees with University Methodist Southern from graduated Mueller Jen 1968 George Gerbner established the Cultural Indicators Project which was was which Project Indicators Cultural the established Gerbner 1968 George effects of effects ITA see also: Gerbner, 1976). Gross also: see L TRA the world. This project documented the trends in trends the documented project world. This the documentary titled “The Mean the ViolenceMean & “The WorldMedia Syndrome: titled documentary set aside time to time aside set 20 industry broadcasting the violent media on media violent

read and contribute to contribute and read in living can’t UM 6 Fear” summarizing the work of the summarizing Fear”

With rapidly developing technology and the rise of rise the and technology developing rapidly With is create and reinforce a reinforce and create A an

: T breathe”. of impact The American television and radio sports broadcast journalist. She She journalist. broadcast sports radio and television American H in engage America have proved to America media messages perceive the real world (Vinney 2020, p. 2020, world (Vinney real the perceive messages media E REA what matters, how one kind of how one kind matters, what the influence of influence the a dangerous and frightening place (Jamieson, Romer 2014, (Jamieson, place frightening and dangerous 6). Gerbner explored how media messages impact the the impact 6). messages how explored media Gerbner in listen via evening news, increased access to access increased news, evening via people’s L A ITY respondents shared their feelings regarding what what regarding feelings their shared respondents in participation George Floyd and public protests after his death. death. his after protests public Floyd and George discourses on discourses ND T ND a beliefs. and opinions, attitudes, on In fish is fish

distinct view and sense of sense and view distinct videos of videos television on television large amounts of amounts large national and transnational conversations conversations transnational and national 2010 The Media Education Foundation 2010 Foundation Education The Media H years, first as first years, familiar to familiar

E M George Floyd’sGeorge to EA G. the public sphere throughout their their sphere public throughout the water. According to water. According 20 even did have lingering consequences for consequences have lingering police killings, racist encounters encounters racist killings, police via one’s via media social N WO the world. During the Cultural Cultural the During world. the Gerbner and others concerning concerning others and Gerbner people’s us story or story a R that we that

television are more likely more are likely television LD producer before moving producer before moving

last words and sounds sounds words and last television content and television years ago. Rather than than Rather ago. years … attitudes and percep and attitudes program blended program are often as often are the phenomenonthe social media, the the media, social the Internet and and Internet the the world (see:the The perspective perspective The broadcast jour broadcast Gerbner, the cell phone cell blind blind the the 127 1). - -

Materiały Materiały The story of story The his death. his in resulted later that neck to his officer’s an knee with to works in hands his with Unarmed, Florida. Robertson 2015, p.Robertson 63). Because of Because Crisis CoverageCrisis and Distancing Social in 2020 128 The Black Lives Black The MovementMatter members of members ing for justice and for Black lives taken unjustly and without without and unjustly taken lives for Black accountability police and for justice ing ness to ness In online. encounters police fatal talized in participating individuals that encounter first the of ‘the that to distancing protocols. The same rules applied to applied rules same The protocols. distancing In infractions. for rogue consequences of abolition the since experienced in consequence officer was acquitted. This sparked the beginning of beginning the sparked This acquitted. was officer of store in for interviews: also and reporters among segments and the origins of origins the and , 17,Trayvon Martin, The video of video The be Despite mandatory social distancing protocols, news stories were still required required were still stories news protocols, distancing social mandatory Despite George Floyd was suspected of suspected Floyd was George

in produced We I mask’, said Silver (2020). Silver said a mask’, wear there through this app. We this through there If there. crews our meet director, master control room workers, my workers, room control master director, person (Silver 2020). (Silver person of in instead over scenes and and scenes to vehicles own their take to required was detail security the security, home. Interviews are conducted conducted are Interviews at home. Iam if even room control the in Iwere if as the injustices of injustices the as ability the have , when police were called. Floyd was restrained with handcuffs handcuffs with restrained Floyd was were called. police when Minneapolis, dismantle systemic racially biased policies that protect police officers from officers police protect that policies biased racially systemic dismantle to required are the coronavirus pandemic US pandemic coronavirus the law to enforcement are the historical movement, Black Lives Matter begins with the death death the with begins Matter Lives movement, Black historical the America. The Black Lives Matter movement seeks to movementMatter seeks Lives Black The America. George Floyd’sGeorge non-traditional ways. Apps were used to Apps were used ways. non-traditional the Black Lives Matter movement, Chaney and Robertson write write Robertson and movement, Chaney Matter Lives Black the unarmed Black children signals to signals children Black unarmed in killed shot and police violence that have historically have historically Americans African that violence police take separate vehicles. Even with the protests and needing needing and protests the Even with vehicles. separate take a to producer to you had death for many respondents to respondents for many death

use a use . The movement mobilizes, informs, and informs, slavery. The movement mobilizes, passing a passing be the air, Trayvon Martin was killed, and the the and killed, was air,Trayvon Martin the in monitors see 2014, 18, Brown, Michael regarded with suspicion and fear’ (Chaney, fear’ and suspicion with regarded in ride

their noteworthy study on study noteworthy their different app that allows me allows that app different 2015 by citizens were obliged to were obliged citizens $20 counterfeit a car with another co-worker you must you must co-worker another with car reporters and newsroom workers: newsroom and reporters anchor, and the meteorologist just just meteorologist the anchor, and officer Derrick Wilson in Wilson Derrick officer the public sphere had with digi sphere public with had the the nationwide movement nationwide call the as room control the them early on early them communicate for news for news communicate bill at bill the survey, was not was survey, the M was shot and killed killed shot and was Y brutality police K raise conscious raise a

AI follow social follow social to convenience convenience L

in talk to talk A Y Sanford, Sanford, life that that life if OUNG I were

the the - - - death (Vera of a day Floyd’s death 2020). within in Day weekend Memorial D unlawful killing of killing unlawful messages: as value same have the should lives Black that and ment, of care the under forward and solidifies the racist legacy of legacy racist the solidifies and forward journalist Amir Vera reported under the article headline “Chicago sees deadliest deadliest sees “Chicago headline article Vera the under Amir reported journalist report Chaney and Robertson write that the murder of murder the that write Robertson and Chaney report in as virtually video the rienced eyewitnesses and cameras: and of front eyewitnesses in to a man murder enough powerful during slavery (Chaney, Robertson 2015, (Chaney, slavery p. Robertson 51).during New York in 2017. in arrest City an during leading issue plaguing Black communities across America, the effects of effects the America, across communities Black plaguing issue leading the of the respondents of the of era. rights 1880’s men from civil the into American of African of in killed by age and history of history and age I

G accountability should exist for the general population and members of members and population general for the exist should accountability The reference to when a movementMatter asserts Lives Black The in Louisiana Rouge, George FloydGeorge as John W.John In One respondentOne I officer George Zimmerman in Zimmerman George officer ITA an such was South, the These policemen were fearless of fearless were policemen These 11, July over TV’. all broadcasted and on camera caught was Lynching ‘His 2020 June12, 8, June Floyd’s May 30,May not just death’. just not in more violent are police the that be also could to not intervene did around people the same’. the do could death Floyd’s George say suffocating, especially when he when especially suffocating, of video entire the from. Watching suffer citizens oppression the shows a L TRA murder, this 100% is murder, this 2014 by Fountain (2020), at author Fountain ‘Emmett 2020: didn’t Floyd ‘George 2020 UM death was difficult. I difficult. was death Floyd’s George say should person every story, news ‘Every 2020: an A law enforcement in George Floyd’sGeorge : T

as feeling and perception the give violence a to for trying hurt Black Americans. Arguably, police brutality may not be brutality police Arguably, Americans. Black officer in officer

‘modern day lynching’. users concurred by Twitter concurred ‘modern lynching’. day users in interviewed H E REA unfairness a Till’s four years with 10 with years four lynching. The very definition of definition The very lynching. 2016. 32, Gardner, Eric L Cleveland, . Freddie Gray, Freddie Ohio. 25, Cleveland, well, felt shocked the police officers in officers police the felt shocked well, A ITY lynching ignited a ignited lynching 12, Rice, Tamir . Ferguson, as death could feel the pain when he when pain the feel could ND T ND called out for his mom. At mom. out for his called my and continuation of continuation and

intervene. I intervene. The Chicago Sun Sun Times Chicago The 43, 2015. Sterling, Alton in than America effective method of method effective just die. It die. just is who survey, the consequences of consequences the help George Floyd. But then I then But Floyd. George help H

slave patrols that were initiated were initiated that slave patrols citizen a E M modern-day lynching reminded some some reminded lynching modern-day killed and 39 and killed EA think these policemen could have could policemen these think

N WO was not just a not just was civil rights movement. Historians Historians movement. rights civil murder occurs, the same level level same the occurs, murder as died Europe and that other people people other that and Europe that of that in based R LD Blacks unarmed a systematic and and racism systematic lynching’ (Twitter 2020). lynching’ referred to referred a policing the activities activities the policing … in injured result of result first, I first, their actions which which actions their was killed by killed was In non-blacks. was screaming and and screaming was though it though death, or death, France and expe and France was killed while while killed was wondered why wondered was shot and shot and was question felt question remembered remembered a

law enforce the murder murder the chokehold chokehold shootings” shootings”

the cover the

tweeting tweeting even just just even is. lynching lynching carries carries George George police police CNN CNN their their the the 129 - - -

Materiały Materiały virus. This frustrated activists and to led activists frustrated This virus. Martin, among others, that respondents felt were drowned out felt by respondents were drowned that others, among Martin, 130 uncensored footage of footage uncensored news reports that shifted focus from the protests back to back the protests from focus shifted that reports news protests where and rubber bullets were used by were used bullets rubber and gas where tear protests to events: the experiences unhelpful: experiences of of of A video: of the experience the recalled interviewee Another Activists who were interviewed believed public awareness of awareness public believed were who interviewed Activists secondary trauma generated by generated trauma secondary unarmed Black Americans has been intensified by intensified been has Americans Black unarmed i.e. deaths high-profile in resulting communities marginalized among injustices the

news producer explained the shock of shock the producer explained news The who murdered George Floyd were not arrested because other cops other because arrested Floyd not were George who murdered cops The Watching someone’sWatching yell out telling their killer that they cannot breathe, yelling for their mother, for their yelling breathe, cannot they that killer their out telling yell It is (2020). Gofin L. said France, in than America in issue more of an much is in to to Francisco (2020). Francisco M. said media, if guns out their pulled easily experience to experience officer while she was live on was she while officer of believe that sharing the images and videos of videos and images the sharing that believe I inside. thrown gas tear and broken Silver (2020). Silver M. producer or them behind went off shots gun when protests saw so soon too lives Black taken always has country this that reminder worst the and sad (Francisco 2020). (Francisco racism of institutional aresult as to have will family Black another at

to challenging emotionally was an in station another me. do their breath likely will not face any consequences nor accountability and that that and nor accountability consequences any not face will likely breath their to regards I the video, they were arrested because we because arrested were they video, the could only imagine what it what imagine only could indescribable level of level indescribable in The look in look The France. This is This France.

awareness and I and awareness watch and see them berated on berated them see and watch her station’s

the officer’s the my George Floyd, Michael Brown, Eric Gardner, Trayvon Gardner, Eric Brown, Michael Floyd, George is breaths last why I why city shot nearly point blank with pepper balls by balls pepper with blank point nearly shot city pain. Knowing that the person who robbed them them robbed who person the that Knowing pain. air. That shook me shook That air. think the issue of issue the think is which intervened, people know that for Black people it people for Black that know eyes through his face shield was chilling, said news news said chilling, was shield face his through eyes users although some found the sharing of sharing some the found although users news crew and station on station and crew news live without their loved one. It one. loved their without live see my see to like been have would an never

a desire to desire was very shaken when I when shaken very was terror she felt when confronted with with felt she confronted when terror out in co-workers

the TV the as Watching experience. easy the people saw the video. I video. the saw people the people’s police violence and gun violence violence gun and violence police continue to continue because I because the glass on glass the

social media broadcasting broadcasting media social screen and throughout social social throughout and screen as police is moments last the rising cases of cases rising the an not such the first night of night first the to used is M the field during the during field the remind the public public the remind have that happen that have reporters covered covered reporters an Y our building was was building our more exposure more exposure is K police killings killings police the media and and media the incredibly dark dark incredibly saw a saw AI so just be L A Y easy thing thing easy a reporter reporter reporter reporter a helpful helpful terribly terribly OUNG do police police such such they they

the the the the not Amanda O’Handley Amanda Trauma resources. Their study focused on focused study Their Trauma resources. (VT) notyou in are when hewhen is report impressive whose Black men killed by men killed Black I can’t breathe: Sound and TraumaI can’t breathe: Traumatic Eyewitness Media D first-hand the results of the results first-hand most distressing elements of elements distressing most etc. experienced event they matic is activism and media as trauma with associated feelings and health mental upon the others. among Twitter, Facebook, i.e. Instagram, platforms media issue to issue byied Sound was reported, by reported, was Sound gruesome or gruesome as screams the and lives their or secondary that to exposed are they to in dren in verbally, described can have with viewing traumatic content. traumatic viewing have with can do who civilians or cult to exposed similar to similar to sought (1995) Figley Charles in others and Stamm, Beth specialists of stories article “Tools to article I G refer to The correlation between the impact viewing traumatic eyewitness media has has media eyewitness traumatic viewing impact the between correlation The of deaths unlawful The in For some participants Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) Traumatic Stress is Secondary ITA and Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) are frequently used interchangeably interchangeably used (STS) frequently Traumatic Stress are Secondary and

Sam Dubberly, Elizabeth Griffin and Haluk Mert Bal(2015) Mert Haluk researchers – and Griffin Dubberly,Sam Elizabeth (O’Handley second-hand stories and images disturbing L TRA eyewitness media on media eyewitness distress; hearing violence; the utterance of utterance the violence; hearing distress; said, “I said, individual realities. individual

an when occur can that trauma indirect the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) without having necessarily been been necessarily having (PTSD) Disorder without Post Traumatic Stress understand why service providers seemed to seemed providers why service understand (O’Handley themselves trauma direct frightening television shows and various other media. It media. other various shows and television frightening UM actual danger; you are not you at are danger; actual can’t not work in Reduce Vicarious/Secondary Trauma and Compassion Fatigue” Fatigue” Compassion Trauma and Vicarious/Secondary Reduce A is trauma vicarious : T the police have circulated around the public sphere public on the around have circulated police the i.e.

found that this can occur by occur can this found that H

writing or writing breathe” in breathe” E REA a its potential for mobilizing new activists and telling the the telling and activists new for mobilizing potential its graphic news accounts, a accounts, news graphic Dubberly, Griffin and Mert Bal(2015, andMert p. Dubberly, Griffin shooting rampage or rampage shooting G. recommended by recommended my high-trauma fields but are deeply impacted by impacted aredeeply but fields high-trauma the digital frontline. The intuitive link between social social between link intuitive The frontline. digital the L working with eyewitness media: the example of example the media: eyewitness with working Floyd, T.Floyd, they die was used to used was die they A ITY through audio or audio through study it study the early portion of portion early the In ND T ND her report O’Handley (2017, O’Handley her report p. 1) caused by caused E. Martin, was the sound of sound the was a H as trauma vicarious/secondary concept that was developed by developed was that concept E M the scene of scene the an the Dart Center for Journalism and and for Center Journalism Dart the EA accident. Instead, those stories are are stories those Instead, accident. an video recordings. Sound matters. Sound recordings. video N WO friend sharing details of details sharing friend

A. Gardner, describe the impact that sound sound that impact the describe viewing graphic news reports, reports, news graphic viewing last words; people pleading for pleading people words; last 2017, p. indirect exposure to exposure indirect

is individual the video that made feelings feelings made that video the the traumatic event seeing event seeing traumatic the R

be LD Floyd’s

exhibiting symptoms symptoms exhibiting … 1). Vicarious trauma 1). trauma Vicarious the early 1990s that that 1990s early the Sterling and other other and Sterling 2017, p. a 6), as pleading for air for air pleading result was stud was result exposed to exposed can also affect affect also can contributes contributes one of a 1). In primary primary trauma: trauma: trauma trauma stories stories a social social trau diffi chil the the the the 131 - - - -

Materiały Materiały watch”, Maeve Glackin-Coley (2020) said. Glackin-Coley Maeve to watch”, video when viewed, re-visited, and shared online at online shared and re-visited, viewed, when be can Facebook Media and Vicarious Trauma on Vicarious and Media Bal 2015,Bal p. 132 so users in resulting inescapable”. If is content. “Yourace-related to numbed are had with the Minneapolis Police Department. One youth activist reported feelings feelings reported activist youth One Department. Police Minneapolis the with had normalization of normalization police officers killing 46-year-old Black resident George Floyd,George to resident Black 46-year-old killing officers police too distressing or traumatizing: distressing content too be would the in Case have allowed. would broadcasts television traditional normal than to television from transition (2020) Brown as Ashley tivist described her experience of her experience described eyewitness media contributed to contributed media eyewitness (Gerbner, else 2010, Morgan p. anything experienced content. The impact of impact content. The of or on my surveys. wrote. activist another online,” day every almost videos traumatizing “I see described. one activist as over again” of of feelings associated with “numbness”. with associated of feelings because video full the able to watch being suggested that becoming accustomed to accustomed becoming that suggested storytelling and activism. and of storytelling aform as news of eyewitness alism as fatigue and compassion with associated like a like The intensified impact of impact intensified The What some respondents found distressing about eyewitness media was the the was media eyewitness about distressing found respondents some What Trauma related anxieties are intensified in intensified are Trauma anxieties related police brutality barely shock you anymore. It’s you anymore. shock barely brutality police as violence pain, sadness, anxiety etc. “virtually inescapable”. One activist reported not reported inescapable”. activist One “virtually etc. anxiety sadness, pain, Michael Morgan, Professor of Professor Morgan, Michael In even worse than witnessing the violence itself. The audio throughout the video video the throughout The audio itself. violence the witnessing than worse even Social media allows for videos and images similar to similar images and for videos allows media Social

the report “Making Secondary Trauma a Secondary “Making report the I I warning disclaimer at disclaimer warning posting of posting thought it thought chose not to chose fish that does not know that it know not that does fish much they went out into the streets. Audio was reported to reported was Audio went streets. out the much into they as 29), described was sound fear, in and anxiety part of part be content cannot online someone’s

considered as considered be would online content similar to content similar online watch the video of video the watch in environment cultural the Floyd’s life being taken away from them should come with a with come should them away from taken being life due to unexpected horrific content was described by content described was horrific unexpected the very least, which was not always the case (Brown 2020). (Brown case the not always was which least, very the the attempts to attempts the “virtually inescapable” due to inescapable” “virtually i.e. platforms media social popular

if same, the having Communication at Communication last words and recorded sounds moved internet moved internet recorded sounds words and last

senseless posting of posting senseless feelings and anxiety of anxiety and feelings a the Digital Frontline” (Dubberly, Griffin, Mert Mert (Dubberly, Frontline” Griffin, Digital the world. A. digital dangerous and mean George Floyd which was more difficult than than more difficult was which Floyd George is a making the greatest impact of impact greatest the making a escaped trauma becomes more accessible more accessible becomes trauma escaped in narrative as and pain, the in swimming

result of result the fatal police encounter George Floyd George encounter police fatal the avoid the uncensored video out of video uncensored avoid the

higher frequencies from smartphones smartphones from frequencies higher Primary Issue: A Issue: Primary the new digital age of age digital new the too much exposure of muchtoo exposure not the heightened effect, based based effect, heightened not the like every month there’s month every like the University of University the it America through uncensored uncensored through America the one captured of one captured the all over the internet. I internet. over the all a given cultural environment environment cultural given

water because it because water “same sad movie over and over movie and sad “same 6). The frequent message 6).frequent message The an the growing sensation growing the American, the videos videos the American, Study of Study M be also Y Instagram and and Instagram K Massachusetts, Massachusetts, be AI Minneapolis Minneapolis a media. The media. L distressing distressing Eyewitness Eyewitness as just distressing distressing student-ac A Y ”virtually ”virtually has never never has think the the think graphic graphic Brown Brown OUNG point: point: a new new bad, bad, fear fear - - #Icantbreathe violence, became fearful of fearful became violence, with the pursuit of pursuit the with Facebook User wrote: “Last night, I night, “Last User wrote: Facebook Internet users were posting online and the sense of sense the and online were posting users Internet Broadcaster Jen Mueller who explained that: explained who Jen Mueller Broadcaster Storytelling as a Potential Change Agent in Activist Movements Change Agent in Activist Storytelling as a Potential D Gerbner theorized that individuals that frequently viewed television highlighting highlighting television viewed frequently that individuals that theorized Gerbner video. eyewitness graphic this with associated her feelings (2020)Coley expressed my form ofform rampant (see also: Vinney 2020, p. 1). 2020, Vinney (see also: rampant horrifying to horrifying man’s the from knee his painful. I painful. that this country has always taken Black lives too soon”, too M. lives Black said taken always has country this that of points turning of experience the that both mobilized and divided people. When journalists started to started journalists When people. divided and mobilized both that digital content of digital content: “I of consists by stories of stories about the wicked murder of murder wicked the about as and/or vicarious with associated and chaos became a became chaos and I G The importance of importance The followed, based on based followed, Hashtags Hashtags

involved in activists Each of Each beloved boy-complying by beloved boy-complying ITA 24/7 The informative informative or as rich isn’t deep, as content that to leads that cycle news a24/7 in to media. It’s media. to need experts of to broadcasters story multiple different ways, you have youto ways, different multiple story (Mueller 2020). (Mueller be it could as L TRA hashtags related to related hashtags misinformation. I misinformation. the reasons you see different “experts” sounding off of sounding “experts” different you see reasons the tried to tried the oppressed. Immense pressure to pressure Immense oppressed. the could not watch the video of video not the watch could Floyd pleading for air and eyewitnesses begging the officer to officer the begging eyewitnesses and for air Floyd pleading in involved respondents the #Am Inext? or endure. UM news cycle creates tremendous stress and pressure for reporters and and for reporters pressure and stress tremendous creates cycle news

#blacklivesmatter not that journalists aren’t journalists not that watching the full video of video full the watching channel my channel A George Floyd’sGeorge the movement. “It’sthe : T justice at justice relevant part of part relevant continue the flow of the continue H sound different from each other so other each from different sound each individual experience with the uncensored eyewitness eyewitness uncensored the with experience individual each as accounts eyewitness E REA as survey the as were described neck. My neck. is there say almost would the world, believing that crime and victimization were victimization and crime that world, believing the the protest and the demand for justice: demand the and protest the the heart of heart the is – this action” immediate into anger L #GeorgeFloyd dying”. The expressions of expressions dying”. The A ITY death. When participants were asked to were asked participants When death.

contributed to contributed

secondary trauma after viewing the eyewitness eyewitness the viewing after trauma secondary slept in slept interviewees found the sound unbearable and and unbearable sound the found interviewees mainstream news story following Floyd’s following story news mainstream ND T ND a so just call to call

my youto have When information. George Floyd’sGeorge

H a my working hard, it’s hard, working George Floyd’sGeorge E M given social movement, was described described movement, was social given and how that easily could have been have been could easily how and that initial reactions to reactions initial survey expressed one or expressed survey son’s terribly sad and the worst reminder reminder worst the and sad terribly report was underlined by underlined was report a action for better ways of ways for better action keep finding new angles and it’s angles new finding keep EA form of form in changes the

N WO room on a in problem control quality togetherness through the the through togetherness they can actually contribute contribute actually can they murder because it murder because R activism and storytelling storytelling and activism pain, anger, hopelessness, anger, hopelessness, pain, LD death, the responses were responses the death,

the floor, heavy-hearted floor,the heavy-hearted the pressure for viewers for viewers pressure the … Floyd’s every topic. Those Those topic. every media frames and and frames media Francisco (2020).Francisco how M. report on report #GeorgeFloyd, #GeorgeFloyd, more feelings more feelings tell the same same the tell death. One One death. telling the the telling Television describe describe Glackin- was too too was remove death death what what one the the 133

Materiały Materiały Few regarded the media’s the Few regarded said: M., B. Nurse, Registered Now they face a face Now they 134 movement. This led to led movement. This bymost of instances until i.e. discourse However, outlets. narrative the media a be always it will in representation but it issue, of shared were videos the more ity. The to reporters for some. For example, one activist felt: one activist for For et some. fear, example, anger paranoia, as ensued chaos and participation in peaceful as demonstrations reported CNN updates. clock the around required protests reported was CNN experiencing. begun already had protests, before the pandemic, be and share and tive activ criminal for responsible the and were protesters narrative media the to were who believed those and protesting those a that 24/7 when were exaggerated, pandemic, the during development of contributors headlined, “Small businesses across America were struggling to were struggling America across businesses “Small headlined, contributors of of (2020). Glackin-Coley stories”, more to the said sides I see online of by an in age news three channel KTBS were reported. burned were and looted that stores and as one respondentand described

so for injustices accountability and crisis The challenge to challenge The feelings intensified that portrayed, were images the and told the media stories The The vast majority of majority vast The the global pandemic were regarded by were regarded pandemic global the et. fear, anger, paranoia as interviewees

important factor which to which factor important The media’sThe was disheartening (Registered nurse 2020). nurse (Registered disheartening was so do to shoppers buying up buying shoppers and disinfectant spray in spray disinfectant and at TV the

first and then all of all then and first the looting during the protests, no protests, the during looting the above article focused primarily on primarily focused above article journalist J. journalist is initial headlines describing the protests. Headlines remained neutral neutral remained Headlines protests. the describing headlines initial continue the flow of the continue not. Itnot.

the virus, protests and other news information compared to compared information news other and protests virus, the new threat” (Wiener-Bronner, Kavilanz 2020). While CNN cover CNN 2020). While (Wiener-Bronner, threat” new Kavilanz the media concerning experiences of experiences concerning media the view of view violence among protesters that clashed with law enforcement with clashed that protesters among violence mean world mean being the most common news source to source news common most the being is broadcasting and the tremendous stress and pressure for pressure and stress tremendous the and broadcasting the storytellers through eyewitness accounts. This need was was need This accounts. eyewitness through storytellers the vs everyone increased Facebook sharing of sharing Facebook increased Mueller, as regarded

interviewees across sectors spoke of spoke sectors across interviewees the COVID-19 the in everything as coverage among a among sudden it sudden

bulk and seeing many families without the opportunity opportunity the without families many seeing and bulk proacto be necessary it is to order survive in and some extent helped to helped some extent “incredibly xenophobic and racist towards China”. towards xenophobic racist and “incredibly information during COVID-19 during information a racism. It racism. sample of sample result: “The media paints it paints media “The result: was this huge panic. The way the media showed the media way The panic. huge this was in involved those representing accurately as store the in pandemic

the violence, theft and anarchy the more more the anarchy and theft violence, the interviewees as interviewees some may step away from the perception perception awaysome the may step from the biggest challenge to challenge biggest the

differs fromwhat I differs testimony of testimony clear distinction was made between between made was distinction clear viewers that in that viewers as far have infiltrated the movement. have infiltrated the beginning was very relaxed relaxed very was beginning the coverage of coverage looting videos to videos looting Black people outsideof people Black mitigate feelings of feelings mitigate by toilet paper, hand sanitizers sanitizers paper, hand toilet

confusing, misinforming, misinforming, confusing, in CNN business owners affected affected owners business receive updates on updates receive

the beginning of beginning the

the need for better for need better the M as see online because because online see both sides of sides both Y and the protests protests the and the early stages stages early the a K vs black AI broadcasting broadcasting undermine undermine L A Y trauma, trauma, survive. survive. OUNG largely largely

white white times times other other the the the the the the the the - - - (Collinson 2020, p. death. to honor 1). 2020, his were painted (Collinson Murals I D Chaney and Robertson (2015) suggest that media characterizations of (2015) characterizations media Robertson that and suggest Chaney awareness (Francisco 2020). (Francisco to awareness regard in ful representation and negative depictions. negative and representation inclined as regarded in Stephen Collison, focused on focused Stephen Collison, not his death should have been protested in: protested have been should death or not his whether in no ground to marches nationwide distressing for some. What we for What some. distressing police brutality and race related incidences: related race and brutality of police videos and images see constantly we what ences to extent, brother or brother police brutality and racism. and brutality problem of police to the contribute criminals violent as a as do I Black person deserving of deserving person Black G is there one feels When When the same interviewee was asked what it what asked was interviewee same the When division among activists and political commentators i.e. commentators political and activists among division be could images those that Knowing traumatic. Simply Traumatic. a M. like For activists Francisco, Organizer and Activist said: Activist and Organizer Francisco, M. In In ITA direct result according to according result direct not believe that sharing the images and videos of videos and images the sharing that not believe their examination of examination their 2020, the narrative of narrative the 2020, The content in content The is media The remain anonymous 2020). anonymous remain to wanted to way is ity in to to of forces about talking likes to likes (Francisco 2020). go have to (Francisco we truly how shows far media of by putting them on them putting against racist systems in systems racist against L TRA in demonstrating are who protesters the as individuals Black policing. The conversation quickly shifts from the state violence of violence state the from shifts quickly conversation The policing. tainted coverage of coverage tainted to so mitigate traumatic impact of impact traumatic mitigate sister or sister to continued and ignored has America many institutions, including American media and journalism (activist who who (activist journalism and media American including institutions, many if even stories contradictory repost and share in giant” “Gentle is, Truth anger. just our display

UM call itself the greatest country, the most powerful in powerful most the country, greatest the itself call do A and howand we : T sibling or sibling often unable or unable often mainstream media suggests that America does not value the lives lives the not value does America that suggests media mainstream H a Francisco (2020) Floyd’s George Francisco E REA level playing field as field playing level demand peace and systemic change. George Floyd was Floyd was George change. systemic and peace demand the fatal shootings of shootings fatal the as labeled protesters angry rightfully it. against fight who those and injustice systemic life who this society dehumanizes to dehumanizes society this who life as much accountability to accountability mother or mother in criminality black L

interviewees when asked about the lack of lack about the asked when interviewees A ITY see matters. Representation matters because it because matters Representation matters. see is that trauma the and feel this country because those same systems are upheld are systems same those because country this

the CNN report (Ebrahimji 2020). CNN Analyst, Analyst, 2020). CNN (Ebrahimji report CNN the the legacy of legacy the to unwilling ND T ND they value the lives of lives the value they father or father H eyewitness news because they feel less less feel they because news eyewitness there will never be never will there the institutional racism deeply entrenched entrenched deeply racism institutional the E M Floyd that echoed across the globe globe the across echoed Floyd that as deems media the what EA understand power dynamics when dynamics power understand some degree –it some degree build upon a upon build cousin or cousin unarmed Black people by people Black unarmed feels like to like feels N WO media environments resulted resulted environments media people’s criminal background bore bore background criminal R white individuals. The real The individuals. white LD

then collectively shared shared collectively then , during during Owens, Candace friend or friend it

… a racist history. America America history. racist is

last moments is last to way correct in live thugs and criminals, criminals, and thugs disheartening and and disheartening

the point of point the the world, but the but the world, the helps, to helps, partner or partner America and and America you, or you, the incorrect incorrect the police forces forces police Black men men Black This leads leads This accurate accurate protest protest police, police, death. death. some

influ your your help just just 135 - - -

Materiały Materiały is video eyewitness traumatic unexpected and some surprising viewing While (Blake 2020). in charged and Floyd were arrested 136 Eyewitness Media, Digital Environment and Trauma Vicarious federalist media publication. This led to led This publication. media federalist group therapy sessions with colleagues to colleagues with sessions therapy group the next story: next on to the moving and incidents the not addressing than Silver, up Marissa trauma. to take due to table to Floyd’s surrounding tive in changes in thrown being bombs smoke broken and sides of sides defund and dismantle the city’s the dismantle and defund CNN journalist John Blake wrote that the Floyd video could lead to lead could Floyd video the that wrote Blake John journalist CNN to opposition Owens’ commentator, Candace political Conservative

11 (Francisco 2020). to days those during time spent also boss Our is Everyone fight and scream and demand support for the people in people the for support demand and scream and fight It I with pepper balls. The reporter directly affected, wrote a wrote affected, directly reporter The balls. pepper with is in in to is lem good (Reynolds 2020). (Reynolds noup to good so was video help. that But getting and emotionally her experience several days later and it and later days several experience her We up starting ended safe. be to station’s basement our to evacuated be to had is people no past, a prevent, for example, the negative emotional effects of effects emotional negative the prevent, for example, the movement: the were in who people few the incident that during learned human being who deserved life. Like we Like life. deserved who being human p.m. is committing crimes. But weBut crimes. committing to wants Nobody regard. that get past the event of event the past get the place we place the nonsense, a nonsense, police culture. All four Minneapolis officers who were filmed arresting arresting filmed whowere officers Minneapolis four All culture. police the nature and framework of framework and nature the us newscast later than usual because of because usual than later newscast

to one deserves is American [...]. Black Not every is and violent and harmful incredibly pretending that this man lived a lived man this that pretending so progressed have and are distraction, and a and distraction, death was published by published was death the reporter at reporter the be and found pictures of pictures found and killed by killed his death. The pledged pledged Council City Minneapolis The death. his in department police in unique are in truth the tell social media there are steps individuals can can individuals steps are there media social

despicable assertion. George Floyd was was Floyd George assertion. despicable debates and division online from both both from online division and debates talk about the experiences helped more helped experiences about the talk the police. The criminalization of criminalization The police. the the other station being shot at shot being station other the helped me helped her boss’s do. all a heroic lifestyle. We lifestyle. heroic criminal. Not every Black American American Black Not every criminal. in little the evacuation. It evacuation. the to talk in Reynolds Elle contributor that we that Black America. Our biggest prob biggest Our America. Black a It huge reason we reason huge matters not what he not what matters her station’s to window, she found online window, online found she us the wake of wake the to regard upsetting for me upsetting know she was doing okay doing was she know in are the only people that that people only the are our community that are are that community our our meetings on meetings our vicarious/secondary vicarious/secondary the station that night night that station the Facebook post about about post Facebook M Y are embarrassing embarrassing are race and racism racism and race took me took K windows being being windows AI Floyd’s are still stuck stuck still are L A Y the narra the in did concrete concrete by to a OUNG watch. watch. police police death death Zoom Zoom Black Black while while inevi the the his his - - - “drowning out protests and the movement”. the of and outfrequent protests message The “drowning Journalism and Trauma included tips for identifying and managing trauma. Helpful Helpful trauma. managing and for identifying tips Trauma included and Journalism with feelings and emotions related to related emotions and feelings with report the with 2015. in published Frontline” Digital Trauma on the Vicarious and Media I Conclusion D important things about dealing with traumatic digital media content. media digital traumatic with about dealing things important be can resources to butrelated not limited ing images “numbing” or “numbing” images ing non-supporters of non-supporters tool totool of context historical the during the protests after George Floyd’s George after protests the during is there one feels When trauma. and eties at content online posted of of of of found that nearly all the respondents to respondents the all nearly that found I G as reported was coverage Positive news media. eyewitness individuals that responded to responded that individuals anxiety, paranoia, fear and sensitivity to sensitivity and fear paranoia, anxiety, While not all activists and social media users experience trauma, the sample sample the trauma, experience users media social and activists not all While in environment cultural the Journalists, editors, producers and media workers should remember the most most remember the workers should media producers and editors, Journalists, For individuals that feel impacted by impacted feel that For individuals ITA You in not alone human. are only you are that Understand Recognize that it that Recognize Be Be ings. to (Dubberly, Griffin, Mert Bal Bal 2015, 61). p. Mert (Dubberly, Griffin, trauma to in content, as emotions of of groups smaller with sessions therapy online helped too (Silver 2020). (Silver too helped If durations. prolonged are displaying symptoms of symptoms displaying are how to learn and PTSD and trauma vicarious about in images put “real” L TRA

make sure we sure make working with distressing eyewitness media content. Educate yourself yourself Educate content. media eyewitness distressing with working aware that you and your colleagues are at are colleagues your you and that aware UM aware that working with distressing eyewitness media content can lead lead can content media eyewitness distressing with working that aware “Making Secondary Trauma a Secondary “Making found atfound A particular when one views such images on images such one views when particular a the social movements. social the : T direct consequence of consequence direct H for us organized company our okay and doing were E REA

is high frequencies contributed to contributed frequencies high the Black Lives Matter movement. distress found Most Matter Lives Black the vicarious/secondary traumatic stress, the Dart Center for Center Dart the stress, traumatic vicarious/secondary the Dart Center website (https://dartcenter.org/), together together website (https://dartcenter.org/), Center Dart the

too familiar. Some found social media to media social Some found familiar. too entirely normal human reaction to reaction human normal entirely sphere public as the you are experiencing negative emotions or emotions negative experiencing you are L A ITY America through uncensored eyewitness media media eyewitness uncensored through America the survey exhibited feelings associated with anxi with associated feelings exhibited survey the do trauma vicarious ND T ND as fears and anxieties induced trauma death that encouraged people to people encouraged that death viewing traumatic images eyewitness media media eyewitness images traumatic viewing eyewitness digital media or media digital eyewitness my H accountability to accountability E M encounters with law enforcements and law and enforcements with encounters survey associated distressing content distressing associated survey Primary Issue: A Issue: Primary EA a risk of risk N WO our co-workers on co-workers our response to response and/or guilty not feel as trauma vicarious R feelings within the scope scope the within feelings LD recognize symptoms [...]. symptoms recognize having a having some degree – it some degree a … experiencing such feel such experiencing

regular basis and for and basis regular experience negative negative experience Study of Study mainstream media media mainstream as violence be Zoom and that that and Zoom positive effect effect positive notice signs signs notice feel that you that feel a understand understand to Eyewitness Eyewitness necessary necessary ashamed. ashamed. do a a group group result result helps, helps, result result part part 137 - - -

Materiały Materiały Bibliography 138 C. Cuomo S. Collinson R.V. Robertson C., Chaney A. Ebrahimji (2020). Personal communication. (2020). M. Personal Francisco J.W.Fountain C.R. Figley N. Bogel-Burroughs communication. (2020). A. Personal Brown J. Blake Dubberly S., Griffin E., Mert Bal H. Bal Mert E., Griffin S., Dubberly a be always it will that perception trauma. The vast majority of majority vast The trauma. to groups and meetings organizing through depictions. negative and representation of accurate lack the to less inclined to inclined less as shared collectively of in representation better it because anxiety among other feelings that were associated with vicarious and secondary secondary and vicarious with were associated that feelings other among anxiety or digital co-workers whether among for some to distressing and times of times some extent, to some extent, CNN 28-sot-cpt.; 12.07.2020]. [https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/27/us/george-floyd-trnd/index.html; 17.07.2020]. [https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/27/us/george-floyd-trnd/index.html; [http:www.cnn.com/videos/us/2020/05/30/chris-cuomo-george-floyd-tale-of-two-cities-may- in participated that Reporters In: in index.html; 12.07.2020]. nytimes.com/2020/05/31/us/george-floyd-investigation.html; 12.07.2020]. tality-derek-chauvin-john-fountain/; 12.07.2020]. lives-matter-protests-george-floyd-06–09–2020; 26.08.2020]. org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/03/trauma_report.pdf?x65316; 20.07.2020]. org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/03/trauma_report.pdf?x65316; of of suntimes.com/columnists/2020/6/5/21282034/george-floyd-killing-lynching-racism-police-bru

Those Who Treat the Traumatized (p. Traumatized Treat the Who Those Eyewitness Media and Vicarious Trauma on Trauma Vicarious and Media Eyewitness Unarmed Black People by Black Unarmed

C.R. , 4.06.2020 [http:www.cnn.com/2020/06/04/us/protests-black-americans-debate-blake/ 4.06.2020 , (2020). The are sparking a sparking are protests Floyd (2020). George The

(2020). America a (2020). America Figley (ed.). Compassion Fatigue: Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder Disorder Stress Traumatic Secondary with Coping (ed.). Fatigue: Figley Compassion as (1995). fatigue Compassion (2020). George Floyd. (2020). George influences what we influences so for injustices accountability and crisis is (2020). This

(2020). A if even stories contradictory repost and share (2020). 8 mitigate traumatic impact of impact traumatic mitigate

Modern-Day Lynching. Lynching. Modern-Day a An (2015). Dangerous? and Armed direct result according to according result direct us want how ones loved the media concerning experiences of experiences concerning media the 46 and Minutes Tale of Police view. What we view. What CNN

(2015). interviewees across sectors spoke of spoke sectors across interviewees do .

Two in Cities of Journal mean world , 10.06.2020 [http: edition.cnn.com/us/live-news/black- [http: 10.06.2020 , the survey found that cultivating a cultivating that found survey the and howand we 1–20). Brunner/Mazel Psychological Stress Series, No. Series, Stress Psychological 1–20). Brunner/Mazel Making Secondary Trauma a Trauma Secondary Making in were helpful in-person An disorder: stress traumatic secondary Seconds. Seconds. Pan African American Studies American Pan African the Digital Frontline [http:www. firstdraftnews. [http:www. Frontline Digital the Chicago Sun Times, Chicago to see matters. Representation matters matters Representation matters. see Wake of . remember George Floyd. Floyd. George remember share experiences and hardships hardships and experiences share New YorkNew Times eyewitness news because they feel feel they because news eyewitness is that trauma the and feel interviewees when asked about about asked when interviewees in debate surprising some may step away from the away the some may step from Floyd’s Examination of Examination Death. Death. 5.06.2020 [http:chicago. 5.06.2020 , 1.06.2020 [https://www. , 1.06.2020 Black people outside outside people Black

Primary Issue: A Issue: Primary regards to regards M it Y is , vol. 8 , vol. CNN, K disheartening disheartening AI CNN Fatal Shootings Shootings Fatal black America. America. black the need for need the L safe space space safe (4), p. 30.05.2020 A Y , 3.06.2020 reducing reducing overview. overview. OUNG

45–78. Study Study then then 23. -

ma Artykuł (2020). C. Vinney Vera A. Wiener-Bronner D., Kavilanz P. D., Kavilanz Wiener-Bronner M. Thornton &the Violence (2010). World Media Mean Foundation. Syndrome: “The Education Media The świadków, szczególny rodzaj rodzaj szczególny świadków, Jamieson E.P., D. Romer Jamieson D O’Handley A. O’Handley communication. (2020). Personal L. Gofin communication. (2020). M. Personal Glackin-Coley M. Morgan G., Gerbner L. Gross G., Gerbner demonstracji ruchu Black Black ruchu z demonstracji relacje Medialne świat. i zły Rzeczywistość trauma: Cyfrowa Mueller J. Mueller E. Reynolds Registered nurse. (2020). Lawless J. Lawless Stanach Zjednoczonych wStanach COVID-19 pandemii podczas Matter Lives S (2020). Personal communication. (2020). M. Personal Silver ENIE TRESZCZ I G AP death. death. of Floyd’s day a within shootings in 39 injured US. [http: thefederalist.com/2020/06/04/candace-owens-george-floyd-is-not-my-martyr; 12.07.2020]. Cultivation of Cultivation Analysis. Series A Time of Fear: Cultivation Fatigue, 3.11.2017Fatigue, [http:www.tendacademy.ca/tools-to-reduce-vicarious-trauma-second cation, ry-definition-4588455; 21.09.2020]. ry-definition-4588455; gan [http:vimeo.com/ondemand/11967; 19.07.2020]. [http:vimeo.com/ondemand/11967; gan national/small-businesses-across-america-were-struggling-to-survive-now-they-face-a-new- to 19.07.2020]. transcripts/Mean-World-Syndrome-Transcript.pdf/; threat/article; 17.07.2020]. threat/article; com/2020/05/25/us/chicago-memorial-day-deaths/index.html; 21.09.2020]. com/2020/05/25/us/chicago-memorial-day-deaths/index.html; 10.07.2020]. coronavirus-updates-how-covid-19-unfolded-u-s-timeline; of ary-trauma-and-compassion-fatigue; 12.07.2020]. ary-trauma-and-compassion-fatigue; 12.07.2020]. an-american-tragedy-with-global-echoes; ITA , Survive. Now They Face a Face Now They Survive. Fear. Media Education Foundation documentary transcript [http://www.mediaed.org/ transcript documentary Foundation Education Media Fear.

5.06.2020 [http:www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020–06–05/george-floyds-death- 5.06.2020 USA Today USA (2020). Chicago sees deadliest Memorial Day weekend in weekend Day Memorial deadliest sees (2020). Chicago L TRA

(2), 26 vol. p. 1–20.

(2020). Personal communication. (2020). Personal (2020). George Floyd’s (2020). George is Floyd ‘George Owens (2020). Candace na

(2020). in: Five Months (2017). Tools to UM celu ustalenie, w ustalenie, celu Fear”. Documentary by Fear”. Documentary Cultivation Theory, Theory, Cultivation www.usatoday.com/in [http: , 23.06.2020 A (1976). Living with Television: The Violence Profile. Violence The Television: (1976). with Living : T (2010). The Mean World Syndrome: Media Violence and the Cultivation Cultivation the and Violence (2010). Media World Mean Syndrome: The

H remain anonymous. remain to wanted nurse The communication. Personal

(2004). E REA

reduce Vicarious Trauma/Secondary Trauma and Compassion Compassion and Trauma Trauma/Secondary Vicarious reduce New Threat. Threat. New user-generated content user-generated

L (2020). Small Businesses Across America Were Struggling Were Struggling America Across Businesses (2020). Small Violence in Violence Death an Death jakim stopniu materiały rejestrowane przez naocznych naocznych przez rejestrowane materiały stopniu jakim A ITY 28.08.2020 [http:www.thoughtco.com/cultivation-theo 28.08.2020 A et Jeremy Earp ND T ND Timeline of Timeline

American Tragedy with Global Echoes. Echoes. Global Tragedy with American KTBS News KTBS

U.S. Popular Media and Communication and Media H E M Not My EA How COVID-19 al. , 1.06.2020 [http:www.ktbs.com/news/ , 1.06.2020 CNN N WO na , wpływają Cast: George Gerbner, Michael Mor Gerbner, Michael George Cast: TV Time Prime Martyr’. , 25.05.2020 [http: http:www.cnn. [http: , 25.05.2020 depth/news/nation/2020/04/21/ R

four years with 10 with years four LD … The Federalist, Federalist, The in unfolded has Journal of Journal , vol. , dynamikę ruchów ruchów dynamikę Dramas and the the and Dramas

2 (2), p. 31–41.

killed and and killed Communi 4.06.2020 US News, News, 139 the the - - - -

Materiały Materiały 2020 140 trauma, cyfrowa trauma, drastyczne treści drastyczne trauma, cyfrowa COVID-19, trauma, że George’a Zjednoczonych. Wypowiedzi respondentów bezpośrednio zaangażowanych w zaangażowanych bezpośrednio respondentów Wypowiedzi Zjednoczonych. cyfrowej przestrzeni. w cyfrowej uciec” się da nie „prawie których od treści, drastyczne wywołują w rolę ważną respondenci, którzy widzieli nieocenzurowane nagranie pokazujące śmierć czarnoskórego czarnoskórego śmierć pokazujące nagranie nieocenzurowane widzieli którzy respondenci, w budziło rzeń do odbiorców zachęcający wpływ, tywny ma Artykuł traumatyzacji. miast demonstracji członków ruchu Black Lives Matter, Autorka przeprowadziła wywiady wywiady przeprowadziła Autorka Matter, Lives Black ruchu członków demonstracji miast mówiła o mówiła z wywiadów podczas uzyskany badawczy materiał w udostępnianych m.in kontekstu ruchu Black Lives Matter. Artykuł pokazuje odczucia, jakie w jakie odczucia, pokazuje Artykuł Matter. Lives Black ruchu kontekstu wyda świadka naocznego przez wykonane Nagranie elementy. drastyczne zawierało które hipotezę, zweryfikować pozwoliły dziennikarskich relacji analiza oraz protesty krajowe oraz aktywistami zaangażowanymi w zaangażowanymi aktywistami oraz Słowa kluczowe: Słowa zbyt znajome. Respondenci wspominali również o również wspominali Respondenci znajome. zbyt na uwagę zwraca podczas pandemii COVID-19. pandemii podczas George’a śmierć pokazujące społecznych i społecznych filmy rejestrowane przez naocznych świadków wydarzeń oraz medialne relacje odgrywają odgrywają relacje medialne oraz wydarzeń świadków naocznych przez rejestrowane filmy

z na trwających oraz koronawirusa pandemii podczas roku, aktywistami ruchów społecznych, reporterami, pielęgniarkami pracującymi w pracującymi pielęgniarkami reporterami, społecznych, ruchów aktywistami Floyda, mówili o mówili Floyda, na „odrętwieniu” kształtowaniu atmosfery strachu i strachu atmosfery kształtowaniu emocje związane z związane emocje respondentach uczucia, które można rozpatrywać w rozpatrywać można które uczucia, respondentach nagrania naocznych świadków, USA, reporterzy, reporterzy, USA, świadków, naocznych nagrania wyzwania, jakie stanęły przed dziennikarzami i dziennikarzami przed stanęły jakie wyzwania, do prowadzić mogą internecie lęku i lęku dwojaką wartość poznawczą: przedstawia aktualny i aktualny przedstawia poznawczą: wartość dwojaką Floyda poruszyło internautów, którzy przesyłali dalej nagranie, nagranie, dalej przesyłali którzy internautów, poruszyło Floyda skutek oglądania drastycznych ujęć, które wydają się czasem czasem się wydają które ujęć, drastycznych oglądania skutek Z emocjach związanych z związanych emocjach ​​ że wynika, rozmów przeprowadzonych traumą drugiego stopnia / wtórną traumą. W traumą. /wtórną stopnia drugiego traumą działalnie ruchów społecznych w społecznych ruchów działalnie głębszego poznania i poznania głębszego nieufności itp., a itp., nieufności wtórnej traumatyzacji odbiorców. Wideo odbiorców. Wideo traumatyzacji wtórnej dziennikarzami relacjonującymi protesty protesty relacjonującymi dziennikarzami relacjach medialnych, które miały pozy miały które medialnych, relacjach traumą. Większość rozmówców rozmówców Większość traumą. zrozumienia historycznego historycznego zrozumienia na nagrane sceny ulicach amerykańskich amerykańskich ulicach pracownikami redakcji redakcji pracownikami M kategoriach wtórnej wtórnej kategoriach odbiorcach mediów mediów odbiorcach #BlackLivesMatter USA; ponadto tekst tekst ponadto USA; Y K prawie wszyscy wszyscy prawie AI L A Y unikatowy unikatowy czerwcu czerwcu Stanach Stanach filmach filmach ogólno OUNG - - - ,