A SPECIAL REPORT: 70 YEARS OF PAKISTAN & DAWN THE TESTAMENT OF MR JINNAH 1876-1948 Designed by Creative Department, Xpert Services (Pvt.)Ltd. 2 DAWN MONDAY SEPTEMBER 11, 2017 SPECIAL REPORT SPECIAL REPORT DAWN MONDAY SEPTEMBER 11, 2017 3

COVER STORY A life well spent on all counts

By Stanley Wolpert

N August 11, 1947, when Mohammad Ali Jinnah addressed the fi rst democratically elected O Constituent Assembly of his newly independent nation, he told Pakistan’s political leaders that “the fi rst duty of government” was to maintain “law and order … so that the life, property, and religious beliefs of its subjects are fully protected by the state.” Their “second duty,” he continued, was to prevent and punish “bribery and corruption. That really is a poison. We must put that down … as soon as possible.” Another “curse,” he added, “was black-marketing … a colossal crime against society, in our distressed condition, when we constantly face shortage of food.” “If we want to make this great state of Pakistan happy and prosperous we should wholly and solely concentrate on the well- being of the people, and especially of the masses and the poor … If you will work … together in a spirit that every one of you, no matter to what community he belongs, no matter what relations he had with you in the past, no matter what is his colour, caste or creed, is fi rst, second and last a citizen of this state with equal rights, privileges and obligations, there will be no end to the progress you will make. You are free, you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the state … We are all citizens and equal citizens of one state.” Mohammad Ali Jinnah devoted the last two decades of his life to the relentless struggle to realise his brilliant and beautiful dream of an independent state of Pakistan, born just 70 years ago out of the Muslim majority regions of partitioned British India. Sent to London by his father to study business management, young Jinnah’s fascination with politics was ignited by the Congress Party’s president Dadabhai Naoroji, a Parsi whose campaign in the British parliament, demanding liberty, equality and justice for all Indians, lured Jinnah to work hard for him, helping Congress’s ‘Grand Old Man’ win his seat by only three votes, after which he was called ‘Mr. Narrow-Majority’. Jinnah joined the Congress as

Dadabhai’s secretary, and enrolled in the Dawn/White Star Archives City of London’s Lincoln’s Inn, deciding to study law instead of business. His portrait still hangs in that Inn’s hall, its only Asian- born barrister to become governor general of a Commonwealth nation. After he returned to India, Jinnah also joined the Muslim League, brilliantly drafting the Lucknow Pact in l9l6, which was adopted by both the Congress and the Muslim League, as their post-World War I demand for Dominion status in Britain’s Commonwealth. He launched his singularly successful career as a barrister in Bombay, rather than in his smaller birthplace, Karachi, which was destined to become Pakistan’s fi rst capital. Before the end of the War, Jinnah‘s negotiating skills and wise

moderation earned him the sobriquet, All images in this Special Report unless otherwise indicated are © ‘Best Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity’. Throughout World War I, both Jinnah Clockwise from top: QUAID-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah and Miss Fatima Jinnah enjoying a boat ride, possibly in Dhaka, in the early 1940s. Standing on the left [wearing and Gandhi had supported the British sherwani] is Khawaja Nazimuddin, who was at the time the Premier of Bengal. | Photo: PID QUAID-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah with Khawaja Nazimuddin during the former’s cause, as did the Indian princes. Brave visit to Dhaka in April, 1948. | Photo: PID CIGAR in hand, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah looking on quizzically as he was being photographed at the Cecil Hotel, Simla, in Muslims of Punjab were recruited to help 1944. | Photo: National Archives Islamabad QUAID-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah smiling as he was welcomed at the Supreme Court of Pakistan in Karachi in 1947. | Photo: PID hold the Maginot Line in France, and to fi ght and die in Mesopotamia. Congress and the League had hoped that such loyal Jinnah was booed out of Congress’s largest for their immediate uplift, social and million by March, l940, when the League sunshine and joy of freedom, enriched by service would be rewarded with freedom meeting for calling their Great Soul – economic, and we have to formulate plans held its greatest meeting, demanding the citizens of every faith – Parsis and Hindus, at the end of the War, or at least the Mahatma Gandhi – “Mister” Gandhi. of a constructive and ameliorative creation of Pakistan, in the beautiful Christians and Jews, as well as Muslims of promise of Dominion status. Instead, India Jinnah felt obliged to resign from character, to give immediate relief from imperial Mughal Gardens of Punjab’s every sect – all working together, was forced to accept martial ‘law’ Congress, and returned to London to live, the poverty and wretchedness from which mighty capital. harmoniously helping each other to build regulations, extended indefi nitely, and a and practise law, in Hampstead with his they are suffering.” “The Musalmans are a nation,” Jinnah this Land of the Pure into one of the world’s brutal massacre of unarmed Sikh peasants sister, Fatima, and teen-aged daughter Jinnah never again attempted to announced. “The problem of India is not of strongest, wisest, richest countries. That in Amritsar’s Jallianwala Bagh, leaving Dina. But soon Liaquat Ali Khan and convince Nehru to agree to Congress- an inter-communal character, but was what the Great Leader dreamed his 400 innocents dead and over 1,200 other League stalwarts convinced him to League cabinets, no longer wishing to link manifestly of an international one, and it nation could and would become long wounded. return to India to revitalise the Muslim the League to Congress’s lumbering must be treated as such.” To “secure the before Pakistan’s birth. Jinnah immediately resigned from the League, over which he would preside for bullock-cart of a Party, insisting that the peace and happiness of the people of this It would never be easy, he knew, yet prestigious ‘Muslim seat’ from Bombay he’d the rest of his life. Congress “has now killed every hope of subcontinent,” Jinnah added, the British Jinnah tried his best to remind his followers been elected to on the Governor General’s “We must stand on our own inherent Hindu-Muslim settlement in the right must divide India into “autonomous of what they needed to do, shortly before Council, arguing that the “fundamental strength … It is no use blaming others,” royal fashion of Fascism … We Muslims national states.” Pakistan was not Pakistan’s birth, when he had little more principles of justice have been uprooted Jinnah told the League in Karachi. “It is want no gifts … no concessions. We mentioned in his speech, however, and than one year left to breathe, losing more and the constitutional rights of the people no use expecting our enemies to behave Muslims of India have made up our mind every member of the press asked him the blood every day from his diseased lungs. have been violated at a time when there is differently.” To young Muslims who to secure full rights, but we shall have next day if he meant one or two new states, Often asked by disciples, “What are we no real danger to the state, by an over- complained to him about the behaviour of them as rights … The Congress is nothing since Bengal’s Muslim leader, Fazlul Huq, fi ghting for? What are we aiming at?”, fretful and incompetent bureaucracy which inept League leaders, Jinnah replied, as but a Hindu body.” had chaired the resolutions’ committee Jinnah replied: “It is not theocracy – not for is neither responsible to the people nor in he might admonish today’s youth: “It is In Lucknow, in December 1937, wearing that proposed partition the day before a theocratic state. Religion is there, and touch with real public opinion”. your organisation … no use keeping out his black astrakhan Jinnah cap and long Jinnah spoke. religion is dear to us. All the worldly goods Gandhi launched his fi rst nationwide and fi nding faults with it. Come in, and … dark sherwani, instead of a British Jinnah knew by then that his lungs were are nothing to us when we talk of religion, Satyagraha in response to Britain’s post- put it right.” barrister’s suit, Quaid-i-Azam (Great fatally affl icted with cigarette smoke, but there are other things which are very War ‘black acts’ and the Punjab murders. Faced with Congress’s revolutionary Leader) Jinnah presided over his League, coughing up blood. He couldn’t wait for vital – our social life, our economic life … Jinnah, on his part, tried unsuccessfully to movement, from which most Muslim assembled in the Raja of Mahmudabad’s Congress and the British to agree to the We Muslims have got everything … brains, caution him against inciting Congress’s leaders were alienated, the British tried to garden. “Your foremost duty is to formulate birth of what later became Bangladesh. So intelligence, capacity and courage – virtues masses, who cheered the Mahatma’s win back mass support by holding a constructive programme of work for the he insisted that his League meant one that nations must possess … But two things revolutionary calls to boycott everything provincial elections in 1937, devolving people’s welfare … Equip yourselves as Pakistan, though divided by a thousand are lacking, and I want you to concentrate British, including all imported cotton regional powers to popularly elected trained and disciplined soldiers. Create miles of North India. your attention on these. One thing is that goods from Britain’s midlands, and every cabinets. Nehru campaigned most the feeling … of comradeship amongst When the last British Viceroy, ‘Dickie’ foreign domination from without and British school as well as all commercial vigorously nationwide and led Congress to yourselves. Work loyally, honestly and for Mountbatten, urged Jinnah to accept him Hindu domination here, particularly in our and legal institutions. victory in seven of the 11 British Provinces. the cause of your people and your country. as joint governor general of Pakistan as economic life, has caused a certain Jinnah cautioned Gandhi that his Jinnah’s Muslim League, however, faced No individual or people can achieve well as of independent India, the job degeneration of these virtues in us. We movement would lead to greater violence with a number of competing Muslim anything without industry, suffering and Nehru offered Mountbatten, Jinnah have lost the fullness of our noble character. and disaster, but Gandhi insisted that non- regional parties, failed to capture even a sacrifi ce. There are forces which may bully refused, never charmed by the Royal And what is character? The highest sense violence (Ahimsa) was sacred to him, and single Province with a Muslim majority. you, tyrannize over you … But it is by going Mountbattens, as was Nehru, insisting on of honour and the highest sense of integrity, Young Nehru’s heady victory increased through this crucible of the fi re of serving himself as Pakistan’s governor conviction, incorruptibility, readiness at his arrogance and contempt for Jinnah, to persecution which may be levelled against general. any time to efface oneself for the collective CAPTION FROM THE FRONT PAGE whom he replied when Jinnah suggested you … that a nation will emerge, worthy of After seven decades, how many of the good of the nation.” In this rare meta-image, Quaid-i-Azam joint cabinets for India’s large multi-ethnic its past glory and history, and will live to problems Jinnah defi ned at Pakistan’s His legacy of wisdom was worthy of the Mohammad Ali Jinnah autographs his provinces. “Line up!” Jawaharlal shouted. make the future history greater and more birth have as yet been resolved? And of Quaid-i-Azam, who lived a life honouring portrait at a reception held in Karachi “There are only two parties” left in India, glorious. Eighty millions of Musalmans in late senseless terrorist murders have been justice and fair play. Every Pakistani must in December 1947. | Photo: The Press “Congress and the British”. Jinnah India have nothing to fear. They have their added to Pakistan’s list of dreadful crimes remember that Jinnah’s fearless integrity Information Department, Ministry of insisted, however, that there was a “Third destiny in their hands, and as a well-knit, against its innocent, impoverished people, would never sanction any terrorist murder, Information, Broadcasting & National Party; the Muslims!” solid, organised, united force can face any helpless women and children, as well as nor the violent abuse of any man, woman Heritage, Islamabad (PID) “Unless the parties learn to respect and danger to its united front and wishes.” devout Muslims bent in their prayers even or child in his noble Land of the Pure.  fear each other,” Jinnah told the League, Throughout 1938 and 1939 Jinnah inside the most beautiful mosques of To listen to the voices and music refl ective of the “there is no solid ground for any settlement. devoted himself to building the strength Karachi, Quetta, Lahore and elsewhere. The writer is a historian and a well-known epoch that this Special Report covers, scan the QR We have to organise our people, to build up of the League, advancing it from a few Jinnah worked tirelessly for Pakistan to biographer, among others, of Quaid-i-Azam code on the cover page with your mobile phone. the Muslim masses for a better world and thousand members at Lucknow to half-a- become a great nation basking in the Mohammad Al Jinnah. 4 DAWN MONDAY SEPTEMBER 11, 2017 SPECIAL REPORT

PHOTO FEATURE Where Quaid-i-Azam is laid to rest

n Saturday, September 11, 1948, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah 1. A forlorn Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan is seen gun carriage was carried from Governor General fi nally succumbed to a prolonged bout of tuberculosis. The country seated by the gun carriage that carried Quaid-i- House to the gravesite on Bunder Road (now M.A. 4 that he had founded was left bereft. It was hard to come to terms with Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah to his gravesite; a Jinnah Road). 4. Naval cadets are seen leading the 1 Othe fact that he was dead; all the more so because his illness was kept black fl ag emblazoned with the words ‘Ya Hazrat funeral cortege as thousands of people watched a closely guarded secret. Abbas’ can be seen fl uttering in the wind behind from the sidelines for a last farewell to their beloved As dawn broke on the following day, September 12, the sound of a 41-gun salute him. 2. Dina Wadia (extreme left), Quaid-i-Azam Quaid. 5. A Quran Khawani was held on the 5 was heard across Karachi; grey clouds gathered over the skies as rain began to Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s only daughter, fl ew in from grounds of Governor General House following the descend, adding to the pall of gloom that had wrapped itself around the city. Delhi to attend her father’s funeral. Seen on her funeral. 6. From left to right: Khawaja Nazimuddin, 2 As the day progressed, nearly half-a-million mourners assembled at Governor- left are Lady Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah, Miss Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan and Yusuf Haroon General House to catch one last glimpse of their beloved Quaid. It was from Fatima Jinnah, and Lady Nusrat Haroon. All were are seen offering prayers at the gravesite of 6 there that the body of Mr Jinnah was carried to Exhibition Ground, draped in clearly and understandably unable to hold back Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. 7. Sir Sultan the national fl ag with rose petals showered all over, and where he was laid to their tears as they grieved Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah’s Mohammed Shah Aga Khan III paying his respects 3 rest. A 40-day mourning period was announced, but for the millions of death. 3. Thousands of voices were raised in to Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah a few 7 Pakistanis that he left behind, the mourning would continue long after.  unison to declaim “Quaid-i-Azam Zindabad” as the weeks after the funeral. | All photos: PID SPECIAL REPORT DAWN MONDAY SEPTEMBER 11, 2017 5

EXCERPTS FROM DAWN’S ARCHIVES The Father of the Nation laid to rest

DAWN September 13, 1948 (News Reports)

xactly at 3 p.m. on Sunday, September It then proceeded toward Elphinstone Street 12, 1948, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali in a measured but slow speed, swelling in Jinnah began the journey to his last volume as it progressed. It took nearly an hour Eresting place on the shoulders of his for it to reach the junction of Garden Road Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, and his ministers and Bunder Road Extension, the estimated Zafrullah Khan, Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar, Pirzada crowd at that time being over 300,000. Abdus Sattar, Jogendra Nath Mandal, Sheikh-ul- The [two-mile-long] procession was Islam Shabbir Ahmad Usmani and others. disciplined and orderly. Every window and As the carriers of the precious burden lifted it balcony, and in fact, every point of vantage from the Main Hall of the Governor General along the two-mile route, was fi lled with House, they chanted “La Ilaha Illallah seething humanity, particularly women and Muhammad-ur-Rasulullah.” children. Draped in Pakistan’s national fl ag, wreathed in The procession reached the Exhibition garlands of fl owers, the Quaid-i-Azam’s Janaza Ground – the destination of the last journey of moved gently, solemnly along the driveway of the the Father of the Nation at 4:30 p.m. Governor General’s House to the gun carriage An already existing wooden pillar was outside the main gate. painted black as a mark of respect to the His eyes still heavy with tears – he had been memory of the passing soul. [Close to the weeping like a child sitting on the fl oor beside the pillar], the Janaza prayers were led by Maulana body in the Main Hall – the Prime Minister led the Shabbir Ahmed Usmani. mournful Janaza till it reached the gun carriage. Immediately behind the Janaza followed in a car USMANI’S ADDRESS Fatima Jinnah, the broken-hearted sister of the “The Quaid-i-Azam is dead, but the nation Quaid-i-Azam, accompanied by his daughter, Dina he brought into existence still lives and hopes Wadia, who had rushed to Karachi by air from to live a life of honour and strength,” said Bombay on Sunday morning. Maulana Shabbir Ahmed Usmani addressing A hush fell on the assembled multitude inside the huge gathering, after the prayers. and outside the compound of the Governor- “The Quaid-i-Azam is no more. The loss is General’s House as the Janaza came in view. As it irreparable for Pakistan, nay, I should say for was placed on the gun carriage, thousands of the the whole Muslim world. He was gifted with voices in the immediate vicinity – from the sides of heart and was a rare example of nature’s gift the road, from the tops of roofs, balustrades and to humanity. His selfl ess services to Pakistan trees – burst into shouts of “Quaid-i-Azam and the Muslim nation will be remembered by Zindabad.” all and in all ages”, said Maulana Usmani. To his people the Quaid-i-Azam was still alive and would be alive for ever. Then the ceremonial SOLID BLOC State Funeral began. Maulana Shabbir Ahmed Usmani added that it was the ambition and determination of the GUN CARRIAGE Quaid-i-Azam to create a solid bloc of all the The gun carriage was drawn by Naval Cadets, and Muslim states stretching from Karachi to on the other side of the carriage were the Prime Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco and from Minister, Mr Liaquat Ali Khan, and other ministers here to the capital city of China. He wanted to including Sir Mohammed Zafrullah Khan, Sardar see the Muslims of the world united under the Abdur Rab Nishtar, Mr Mandal and Pirzada Abdul banner of Islam. Sattar, Sindh Premier Pir Illahi Bukhsh and Syed Miran Mohammed Shah. LAST JOURNEY A detachment of 50 civil policemen founded the At the conclusion of Maulana Shabbir vanguard of the cortège, followed by the main body Ahmed Usmani’s speech, the bier was lifted by of the Royal Pakistan Navy ratings, about a hundred Army and Navy personnel. As it reached the personnel of Pakistan Army and Air Force, two burial ground, Royal Pakistan Air Force companies of the RAF and the Governor General’s Tempests, while dipping in salute, showered body guards were in front of the gun carriage. fl owers. Two cars carrying Miss Fatima Jinnah, Mrs Wadia At 6:24 p.m. the body was gently deposited and Begum Hidayatullah and others followed the into the grave by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali procession. Over 200,000 mourning citizens reciting Khan and other members of the Cabinet. Mr ‘Kalima’ uninterruptedly moved on slowly and Liaquat Ali Khan placed a handful of earth solemnly in an impressive manner. and other Ministers and members of the Diplomatic Corps of Islamic countries followed ORDERLY CROWD him in the last rite. After the grave was covered A view of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s funeral on September 12, 1948, at the Exhibition Ground in Karachi. Emerging from the main gate at exactly 3:15 and the last homage was paid to the Quaid-i- Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (centre) is seen conferring with Maulana Shabbir Ahmed Usmani (in a white shalwar p.m., the procession turned to Victoria Road. Azam, the vast concourse dispersed quietly.  kameez), as he prepared to lead the funeral prayers. | Photo: PID Shirin Jinnah remembers her brother – the Quaid-i-Azam

DAWN December 25, 1976 fi rst governor of Sindh after independence) gathered around the By Izhaul Hasan Burney table. After a while, we returned to my residence; he stayed there for a while n the first floor verandah of and left early due to a dinner engagement the Jungshahi-stone Mohatta elsewhere.” Palace, overlooking Old She adds: “The Quaid was a hard O Clifton, Mohtarma Shirin Bai taskmaster but he was benevolent and was seated on a sofa once used by [her rewarded persons of merit. He paid a brother] Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad handsome salary to the person who Ali Jinnah. looked after his fi les and maintained his On a table nearby is a clock which Mr offi ce for 20 years.” As she was nearly 15 Jinnah glanced at from time to time years younger than Mr Jinnah, she when it was placed on his writing desk, confesses that she knows little about her and many years later it continues to illustrious brother’s childhood. “I wasn’t function. Mr Jinnah’s prized Iranian born when Bhaijaan was studying at a carpets adorn the tiled fl oors of the school in Bombay or when he was verandah, where a teak dressing table, pursuing law at Lincoln’s Inn in London.” fl ower vases, exquisite pieces of pottery, Mohtarma Shirin Bai established the as well as a host of articles used by him Quaid Foundation in January, 1974, can be seen and complete the perfect after donating one-quarter of her ‘relic-room setting’ which today inspire property, mainly due to her curiosity his only surviving sister to recall about the various aspects of Mr Jinnah’s moments of her cherished association life and his achievements. with the man who changed the destiny She is hopeful that that the Board of of a people and the world political map. Directors, which she heads and which “‘My son is destined to be Rajah. He has includes Mr. M.H. Saiyid (Vice- a birth-mark on the sole of his right foot,’ President), Mr. Rizwan Ahmad mother used to tell us often when we talked (Secretary/Treasurer), Mr. Husain after dinner about Bhaijaan who was then Imam, Maulana Zafar Ahmed Ansari, studying law in England,” Mohtarma MNA, Mr. Justice (Retd) M.B. Ahmed, Shirin Bai recalls. “Upon his return from A group photograph of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s siblings. Front row, from left to right: Fatima Jinnah, Bunde Ali Jinnah Mr. Z.A. Suleri, Mr. K.H. Khursheed and England, my sisters and I, curious about his and Shirin Jinnah; back row, from left to right: Ahmed Ali Jinnah, Maryam Jinnah and Rehmat Jinnah. Seen on the right is Mohtarma her son Mr. Akber C. Jafferbhoy birth-mark, requested him to let us look at Shirin Jinnah in 1976. | Photos: Pioneers of Pakistan: Jinnah & Iqbal published by the ISPR (members), will be able to do this, and the sole of his right foot.” adds that the Foundation’s progress has “‘Don’t be superstitious,’ was his been insignifi cant so far, perhaps due to immediate, brusque response, but after about everyone’s welfare, not excluding he was living alone as Miss Fatima Mohtarma Shirin Bai, however, did the pending property inheritance case our cajoling, he eventually yielded, and that of my cook Latif, whose Mughlia Jinnah was studying dental surgery in introduce the Quaid to several women in the court. took off his shoes and a sock. And there dishes, especially biryani and zarda, he Calcutta. It was then that Mohtarma who were active in public life, including She is of the opinion that the condition it was, right in the middle of his sole – particularly liked.” Shirin Bai stayed with him. Mrs Sarojini Naidu, Atiya Begum, prescribed by the Government with round and the size of a rupee coin.” However, given the fact that he was “I vividly remember watching the Begum Bhopal and Begum Nazli. regard to income tax exemption on “That the prophecy would prove truer a very busy person, first as a lawyer proceedings of one of the League’s For nearly 12 years, Mohtarma Shirin donations to the Foundation, which than the belief could not, however, be and later as a politician, the courtesy meetings from the ladies’ enclosure Bai lived in Poona. “During this time, requires the Foundation to consume dreamed by any of us,” Mohtarma calls had to be brief. In Mohtarma which was separated by a qanat,” she Bhaijaan visited us, mostly unannounced, every penny within the year the donation Shirin Bai says. Shirin Bai’s case, the conversations recalls. The Quaid wanted her to unexpected and unscheduled. One was received, will be an impediment. Mr Jinnah lived a disciplined life and were even briefer. This was because become an active worker of the Home evening, while I was at the new Poona Besides, she points out, the Government followed his schedules rather rigidly. He while Mr Jinnah was not conversant in Rule League to mobilise the women of Club, my servant came running to tell has not revalidated this exemption for was usually dressed in a three-piece suit Gujarati or Urdu, she was not fluent the country. me that he had come to see me. He had the year ending December 31, 1976. except when retiring for bed; he would in English. After her marriage, Mr “He went to the extent of translating fi rst gone to my house, and upon not Mohtarma Shirin Bai is confi dent that wear a dressing gown before his morning Jinnah visited Mohtarma Shirin Bai each and every word to explain the fi nding me there, he asked the servant these problems will be overcome in due bath or as he relaxed every afternoon at at her in-laws’ home; she remembers concept, aims and objectives of the to accompany him to the club. The course, and states that the work done so 5:30 p.m. That was the time when family vividly the time that he bought a Home Rule League and all that it servant came on a cycle and Bhaijaan far, which includes initial research members usually visited him. mechanical toy for her son who he entailed. It was all so complicated that I followed him in a car. As word got undertaken on individual basis by various “He greeted us with a soft smile – called “Little Akbar”. begged him to spare me. I suggested that around, a host of his admirers and board members, is encouraging.  always. He was pleased to receive us,” During the time when Mr Jinnah was Fatima would be a better choice, and followers, including Sir Ghulam Hussain she remembers. “He would enquire associated with the Home Rule League, indeed, she was.” Hidayatullah (who later became the The article has been edited for clarity. 6 DAWN MONDAY SEPTEMBER 11, 2017 SPECIAL REPORT SPECIAL REPORT DAWN MONDAY SEPTEMBER 11, 2017 7 8 DAWN MONDAY SEPTEMBER 11, 2017 SPECIAL REPORT

EXCERPTS FROM DAWN’S ARCHIVES The last days of Quaid-i-Azam

Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah is seen having a last look at the speech draft as he was about to speak on All-India Radio on June 3, 1947, in Delhi, soon after the announcement by Lord Mountbatten of the British Government’s Partition Plan. | Photo: PID

DAWN September 11, 1949 corners of the earth on his appoint- Some people have blamed the FIRM CONVICTION He was simply charming at times. ued to attend to offi cial work. I ment as the Governor General of Quaid-i-Azam for being cold. No Though his mind was usually He often regaled us with anec- will never forget the occasion By Farrukh Amin Pakistan, whether I would “kindly” doubt, he retained balance and made up, he sometimes relented dotes and jokes at the dinner when he signed one of the last start with them and sort them out. poise and showed no weakness when and paid us the compliment for our table. One joke that has stuck in offi cial documents granting Full his day, a year ago, our smaller men were swayed by passion sincerity by accepting our advice in my memory was as follows: Powers to Sir Zafrullah Khan to Quaid-i-Azam departed TEARS OF JOY and wanted to give vent to it. harmless matters. I remember for A certain Indian judge was stroll- represent Pakistan on the UN. from us. The loss was too Two weeks later we arrived in If he did not keep his head cool example when he planned to visit ing on the platform of a small coun- He was very weak and asked me Tdeep for tears, and the Karachi and immediately ,who would? But mentally he suf- Kakul and open the Pakistan try station in England where the to help him sit up. I did so and he hearts of the people of Pakistan plunged into a vortex of offi cial fered deep anguish. Military Academy in May, 1948, train had stopped for an unduly said, “Hold me fast.” The words wept more bitterly than their functions. On August 14 when the It was during his second visit to and suddenly became too indis- longer time, when a top-hatted were uttered as if in command, eyes. For it was he who gave us Constituent Assembly of Pakistan Lahore in October, 1947, where posed to travel. He insisted upon Englishman got down from his 1st but how very weak was the tone! our homeland and the right to a met for the fi rst time the Quaid-i- he had an attack of infl uenza going, as any changes in his offi cial class compartment and, coming He was tired when he had got name amongst the nations of the Azam asked me to accompany that I realised how diffi cult he engagements were most repugnant straight to the judge, asked: “When through with the paper, and said world. He was not only the Creator him to the Assembly Chamber. was in the matter of his personal to him. But we all felt that he should is the train due to leave?” in a peculiar touching voice. of Pakistan and of an era of This was his fi rst offi cial function. health. I respectfully suggested not go and in the end he accepted “How do I know?” The latter “Amin, I am out of breath and independence and self-realisation The roads were lined with mem- to him twice to let us arrange for our advice and agreed to the can- replied. you are also out of breath.” I was for us, but he was like a father bers of the Armed Forces and the the best doctor available but he cellation of the visit. “Surely you ought to know. Are certainly out of breath, but not to all Pakistanis and was loved, public. The full-throated shouts would say “Amin, there is noth- On a more pleasant occasion, he you not the station master?” said because the effort of holding him respected and looked up to as such. of ‘Quaid-i-Azam Zindabad’ and ing wrong with me. I have had said that Ziarat, which he loved, the top-hatted Englishman. up had tired me. It was the effort How my good fortune brought ‘Pakistan Zindabad’ made my this bad throat on many occa- could be made into a beautiful “No, I am not,” said the judge to control my emotions. me close to the Quaid-i-Azam was heart swell. sions, and I know what to do!” city with big comfortable hotels, with some acerbity. a surprise to me, and I remember The Quaid-i-Azam was visibly He did not like doctors “to nice bungalows, parks, fl ower gar- “Then,” retorted the ARRANGEMENTS AT MALIR the details vividly. It was in New moved and remarked, pointing to experiment” on him, as he put it dens, and so on. He added smiling: Englishman, “why the hell do On September 10 in Quetta he Delhi on July 23, 1947, four days the people, what wonderful himself humorously. He had also “You know I dream, and some- you look like one?” called me. “Is everything ready”, he after the formation of the human material we had and how, an aversion to a nurse attending times my dreams come true. asked, “supposing I want to leave Provisional Government of if their enthusiasm was directed to him probably because he did Pakistan was one such dream. FALLING H EALTH for Karachi today?’’ I said, “Yes, Pakistan, when unexpectedly I into the proper channels, not want to be helped by others. Similarly I dream about Ziarat too The details of the Quaid-i- Sir.” “Have you got anything impor- received word that I should see Pakistan would become one of In the beginning, I used to pick and it may one day come true!” Azam’s last illness are now more tant to show to me?” He added after Mr. Mohammad Ali, Secretary- the leading states of the world. up his papers or pen to place The Quaid-i-Azam had a keen or less known to the public. Since a pause. “There is nothing, Quaid-i- General to the new Government, As we passed the YMCA building before him, but he did not like it sense of humour – his one quality he would not spare himself from Azam,” I said and was amazed at his at 10 a.m. I went to him, and he on Strachen Road, he described the and would always help himself. generally unknown to the people. offi cial work at Karachi and car- perpetual concern for matters of selected me for appointment on institution as an example of organi- ried work and met visitors even state even in such a delicate condi- the personal staff of the Quaid-i- sation and how a handful of people during the weekends at Malir, he tion. The next day we left Quetta. Azam and asked me to go and had set up branches in all quarters was advised a change. He left for A few hours after arrival at report to the GREAT MAN. of the world. He went on to men- Quetta on May 25 but cut short Karachi his condition suddenly So far I had seen and admired tion the Parsi community – a small his rest and recuperation in the took a turn for the worse. I had the Quaid-i-Azam from a dis- fraction of the population of India, end of June and came down to the privilege to be near him up to tance, on the public platform and but rich and honoured because of Karachi to inaugurate the State the last. At 10.10 p.m. that day, Assembly Floor, but being so near their industry and organisation. “If Bank of Pakistan. the doctor, in order to make him to such a great man was different. only we can organise all the Muslim During his stay in Karachi he fi ght the illness, said, “Quaid-i- It was therefore with no easy people,” the Quaid-i-Azam added, overworked himself and returned Azam, you are going to live.” steps that I made my way to 10, “we can achieve miracles.” to Balochistan a tired man with the “No, I am, not” said the Quaid-i- Aurangzeb Road, where I sent in Although the Quaid-i-Azam good effects of his rest lost again. Azam prophesying his end, and my name. Mr. Mohammad Ali had never rested a moment after he One day one of the doctors within 15 minutes he was no more. telephoned about me, and I was became Governor General and lit- attending on him said, “Quaid-i- The Father of the Nation was dead. immediately admitted. I walked erally worked himself to death, his Azam, we need you for another He had departed from our midst into the study and then suddenly fi rst two months were the busiest 10 years to strengthen Pakistan and joined the immortals. His last I was in his presence. This was the and most anxious. It was a period which you achieved after such a moments were very peaceful and greatest moment of my life. when Muslims were being merci- long struggle.” in his death he looked more serene lessly butchered in East Punjab, I am told that he did not let the and dignifi ed than ever. SHEER WILLPOWER and the West Punjab Government doctor even fi nish. “I have done As His Excellency Khawaja The Quaid-i-Azam was seated in which had had a Muslim League my job,” he said. “I do not mind Nazimuddin in his fi rst broadcast a sofa smoking a cigar and beck- Ministry only from August 16, was dying now – but I don’t want to die on his assumption of offi ce as oned me to sit down. My excite- suddenly confronted with the stu- in Ziarat.” Then he added the Governor General said, there can- ment and nervousness had the bet- pendous problem of refugees. It famous words some of which he not be another Quaid-i-Azam. What ter of me as I wondered what he was a time of great trial and had later repeated in his he did, nobody is now in a position would expect of me and my work. he been unnerved then, Pakistan Independence Day message. “You to do. The various qualities he had Soon, however, the Quaid-i-Azam in would have succumbed in the very have got everything – a free and few can combine. Forever we shall his inimitable way put me at ease. hour of its birth. independent country where you remember him, but no greater trib- He asked me questions about The Quaid-i-Azam exerted him- can shape your life to your own utes could be paid to his memory myself, my career, my plans for self to the utmost and thundered pattern. Nature has given you eve- than to make his creation Pakistan moving to Karachi. Then, in a tone in those uncertain days “Pakistan rything … It is now for you, the strong and great. This was the one which removed the last vestiges of had come to stay” and, as every- Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah is being welcomed at the Chamber younger generation, to build up ideal always in his mind.  my nervousness, he asked me, one now knows, it stayed and of Commerce in Karachi in 1947. Seen in the distance is a crowd of and strengthen your country.” pointing to a heap of telegrams and shall stay. But at what grievous people in front of the North Western Palace Hotel that had gathered to Throughout his illness, until he The article has been edited for messages he had received from all cost to himself! catch a glimpse of the Quaid. | Photo: PID was absolutely spent, he contin- clarity. SPECIAL REPORT DAWN MONDAY SEPTEMBER 11, 2017 9

ABOUT DAWN & JOURNALISM

Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah always encouraged teamwork. He is seen here shaking hands with members of the Mohammadan Sporting Club in Calcutta, possibly in the late 1930s. Due to paucity of funds, the play- ers could not afford shoes, and, therefore, played without them. Yet they managed to win several matches against British and Hindu teams. Khawaja Nazimuddin, Premier of Bengal in British India and Chief Minister of East Bengal post-partition, served as the Club’s president from 1936 to 1940. | Photo: The private collection of Shahnaz Babar Khairuddin Dawn Delhi III: The emergence of Quaid-i-Azam

By Roger D. Long This was the message that was taken to Id-uz-Zuha reception sponsored by the was Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana, who was a therefore, he recognised Jinnah as the Muslims everywhere there was a copy of Muslim Association gathering where he lesser fi gure but determined, as were the national leader of the Muslims of India he greatest contribution Dawn to read, to share with others, or for said that every nation once in its life had British, that Jinnah would not control the but in the province the local party was of Dawn to the creation of the message to be spread by word of mouth to fail but then pick itself up. Muslims in politics of the province and be the bulwark independent. This interpretation of the Pakistan was in helping to or reiterated after Friday prayers at the India the past 200 years had been a fallen behind the demand for Pakistan as Jinnah Pact had been widely accepted in practice T create [Mohammad Ali] Jinnah mosque. It was a message that Dawn took nation but now they were emerging as a demanded, and that the Punjab would but the League was now waging a cam- as the charismatic fi gure of the Quaid- loud and clear to many parts of India and powerful nation and he asked the audi- continue to be governed by the coalition, paign to destroy this understanding and to i-Azam, constantly publicising the students responded to in droves. So many ence to contribute to this emerging world: cross-communal, Unionist Party forged force Khizar into the League. League’s activities and the demand for students showed up for Liaquat’s election “Let us do our task in such a way that our originally by the Muslim Mian Fazl-i- Pakistan. However, if the new nation fi ght in the United Provinces that he had to coming generations may not be ashamed Husain (1877-1936) and the Hindu Jat KHIZAR’S EXPULSION were to be created, everything hinged write asking that no more students be sent of our actions.” This meeting was followed Chhotu Ram (1881-1945) in 1923. With the On May 14 in Delhi the Committee met on the League’s performance in the to his campaign. In the Punjab, too, stu- by a tea party hosted by Dawn itself at the early death of Fazl-i-Husain at the young to consider Khizar’s response and asked general elections in the cool weather of dents appeared in large numbers. This was Imperial Hotel, an event and the names of age of 59 in 1936, with the death of the him to respond. He did, on May 20, merely the winter of 1945-46. one measure of the effectiveness of Dawn its participants, including the Consuls poet Muhammad Iqbal in 1938 and the repeating his statement of May 8 that in If the League failed to win the Muslim in spreading the League’s message. General of Iran and Afghanistan, all faith- passing of Sikander in 1942, there was no- refusing to transform his coalition into a seats in the elections, which were fought by Dawn was, above all, the means by which fully recorded by Dawn. one in the Punjab with the same stature as Muslim League coalition he was operating the League on the basis that every vote cast Jinnah became fi rmly established as the Hundreds of such stories in Dawn in the Jinnah. It was time to move in for the kill within the parameters of the Pact. A week for the League would be a vindication that Quaid-i-Azam, the ‘Great Leader’, the char- years leading up to the all-important gen- in the Punjab and Dawn spared no column later the Committee was back in Lahore the party spoke for the Muslims of South ismatic leader of the Muslims of South eral elections were published, all helping inches in waging a ceaseless campaign of to announce that Khizar had been Asia, and those Muslims demanded Pakistan, Asia. The newspaper faithfully recounted to mobilise Muslims behind the League. criticism and invective against the expelled from the AIML and barred from Jinnah, the demand for Pakistan and the his activities, his travels, his law cases, and As Reuters fed Dawn with stories of the Unionist Party and its leaders. membership in the party. The lines had party would have been dismissed as of no especially all his speeches and Second World War, it was evident the War On February 3, the campaign began fi nally been drawn, and while the League consequence by the Congress and, more pronouncements. was winding down, the elections were not when the AIML Committee of Action trav- had not imposed its will on Khizar, it had importantly, the British, both in India and in One part of this campaign to elevate far off and the campaign to establish elled to Lahore to discuss the condition of put the party in a position to wage a cease- London in the British parliament, where Jinnah to the same stature as Gandhi was Jinnah as its Quaid-i-Azam continued the Punjab Muslim League and to suggest less campaign against Khizar, raising the there was little sympathy or even very much to surround him with Muslim dignitaries without fl agging, reporting his every move ways [in which] the party could be question of his loyalty to his fellow serious consideration given to the idea of whenever he made a public appearance, and every utterance. strengthened but it was the following Muslims, and especially with regard to the dividing India upon independence. however mundane the event, where his In the same way that Congressites paid month on March 18 that Jinnah inaugu- next general elections. Dawn would lead The British certainly divided and ruled pronouncements would be faithfully pilgrimage to Gandhi in his ashram so too rated the Annual Conference of the the charge. but they had no intention of dividing and recorded by Dawn. One such occasion was Dawn recorded all of the visits made to Punjab Muslim Students’ Federation and On July 8, Dawn reported the quitting. Without victory in the general elec- the unfurling of the fl ag of the ‘Jinnah Jinnah by fi gures great and small, but spe- claimed that 90 per cent of the Muslims of Montgomery District Muslim League’s tions Pakistan would never have been cre- Football Tournament’ held in Delhi on cial attention was paid to visits paid by India, whether they were members of the resolution passed two days earlier which ated. All of the elements of the [all-India November 12, 1944. politicians in the areas claimed for League or not, were behind the party. showed the tack the League was adopting Muslim League] AIML that had been assid- In his remarks, reported under ‘Muslims Pakistan: Bengal, Punjab, the NWFP, The following day he entered into nego- toward Khizra. First, they depicted uously cultivated over the previous eight To Emerge A World Nation’ and ‘Quaid-e- Balochistan and Sindh. It was front-page tiations with Khizar Hayat Khan, the Khizar’s expulsion from the League as a years were called into play for the general Azam Appeals For Discipline’, on news on December 2 when the ‘Sind leader of the Unionist Party, to have the defection from the “only representative election. Dawn would play a central role and November 14, 1944, Jinnah claimed that Premier Calls On Mr. Jinnah’ for a ‘Two- name of the ministry changed from that of political party of the Muslims namely the shift into overdrive in reporting on the elec- the Muslims of India were “in the process Hour Talk’ on November 30. the Unionist Coalition Party to the Muslim Muslim League [and it] is clearly against tions and all those who were involved. of moulding and are being hammered out Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah fl ew into League Coalition Party and for the Muslim the best interests of the Millat”. In short, to emerge as a strong nation” and not only Delhi after being summoned by Jinnah as members of the Unionist Party to accept not to support the League was not to be a SUPREME SACRIFICE in India but also abroad. Team work on the he wanted to know the reason for League party discipline. Over the next good Muslim. This was a powerful charge The elections were clearly perceived to football fi eld would teach discipline which Hidayatullah’s appointment of a non- month he met with him numerous times to level against any Muslim and partly be a life-and-death struggle and was something Muslim youth needed. League member to his Cabinet without with discussions lasting up to two to three accounts for the success of the League in preparations began early. On September After his short speech he went to the cen- consulting his League colleagues. The hours on each occasion but on April 27, mobilising support. The following day 22, 1945, Liaquat Ali Khan took one of his tre of the pitch and kicked the ball off to local League party requested Jinnah to negotiations between the two fi nally Dawn published a two-column story by its many trips to Aligarh Muslim University start the game! The fi rst time, he revealed intercede in the matter and he did so. They broke down with Dawn faithfully record- ‘Special Representative’ in which it began, to mobilise the students of the University afterwards, he had ever kicked a football talked that day and G.M. Syed, President ing every meeting and every take that “Do the Unionists want to use the for the coming campaign by asking them in his life. He lent his dignity to the specta- of the Sindh Provincial Muslim League, Jinnah had on the meetings. Congress against the Muslim League?” to give up their studies for a period of cle, of which two of the 10 teams were was expected to join the talks the following A breakthrough for the League occurred Again, this raised the spectre of un-Islamic time and to campaign for the League. called ‘Jinnah Young Friends’ and ‘Jinnah day as he too had been summoned by on April 26 when Sikander Hayat Khan’s behaviour as the League depicted the Dawn reported the speech in full as the Sports Union’, until half-time. Jinnah. By reporting these visits Dawn son Shaukat Hayat Khan was dismissed by Congress as a Hindu organisation. lead story in its issue of three days later For this event the League had not only played an important role in enhancing the Khizar because he had become close to Hundreds of these kinds of articles under the headlines, ‘Avoid Dark And rounded up a number of Leaguers but also importance of Jinnah in the nation’s the League and he was to become a appeared over the next three years. Gloomy Future’ and ‘Time May Come For the Consul General for Iran. The Leaguers politics. In a quite remarkable manner staunch member of the League and a It would be the elections scheduled after Supreme Sacrifi ce’. consisted of Liaquat Ali Khan, who was the Jinnah, whose small political base was in member of the AIML Council. This was a the War that would determine whether the Inter alia Liaquat told the students: organiser of these events and never far from Bombay, had made himself, and been startling turn of events and the opportu- British would take the Pakistan demand “Come out of your schools and colleges, Jinnah’s side at these meetings, and almost made, into the most important Muslim nity for the League to force a fi nal show- seriously and Dawn reported on and fol- whether you lose one year or not – that all the League members of the Central political leader in India. down with Khizar. The press, including lowed the campaign closely.  does not matter. Come out and support the Legislative Assembly and the Council of Dawn, covered the episode ad nauseum. Muslim League. I want every student to State and a number of Muslim government THE CORNERSTONE On May 2, the AIML Committee of Excerpted from ‘Dawn & the Creation of show that he is really fi ghting for the free- employees. A photograph of Jinnah giving The greatest battle to assert Jinnah’s Action met in Lahore to press Khizar as Pakistan’, Media History 2009, SOAS, dom of Muslim nation … This is only the his talk and another of members of the del- authority was in the Punjab, the province hard as they could to force the issue. The London. beginning of the struggle. Time may come egation were printed on November 26. considered the ‘cornerstone of Pakistan’. following day the Convener, Liaquat Ali when the supreme sacrifi ce might be nec- The year 1944 was pivotal in that regard. Khan, wrote to Khizar, asking him to The writer is Professor of History, Eastern essary to obtain the freedom of the nation. AN UNFLAGGING JINNAH The Muslim leader of the Punjab Unionist explain his position with regard to the Michigan University, USA) What good will the degrees be to you if the Dressed in Muslim attire, Jinnah’s pho- Party since 1937 had been Sikandar Hayat League in the province. Khizar replied six future is dark and gloomy. No sacrifi ce is tograph appeared in Dawn on November Khan, but he died suddenly of a heart days later, arguing that the Sikandar- ON SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 23, 2017: DAWN too great at this moment.” 20 along with a report of his address at an attack in December, 1942. His successor Jinnah Pact of 1937 was still in effect and, DELHI IV: THE MAKING OF PAKISTAN 10 DAWN MONDAY SEPTEMBER 11, 2017 SPECIAL REPORT

ABOUT DAWN & JOURNALISM

Zamir Niazi remarkably chronicled excesses committed against media and mediapersons by successive governments of all shades and hues. The effort continued till the very end of his life. | Photo: Private collection of Niazi family Recording history for posterity

By Zohra Yusuf Zamir Niazi has recorded a detailed power who use brute force to dictate their beginning with the airing of the footage of the most dangerous for journalists. account of both – repression and terms to the media. of the surrender in Dhaka, the Today they are sitting ducks for Islamic HE pen, as goes the adage, is resistance. In fact, Niazi’s set of three Niazi’s last book, The Web of Censorship, government soon went after its critics militants as well as any interest group mightier than the sword. This books on the subject of freedom of the was written when his ailment had with a sort of vengeance perhaps not seen that sees the free press as an adversary. is an adage that journalists press and the challenges it faced in the signifi cantly progressed. This made even before. This includes the country’s myriad T fervently wish to believe in. fi rst four decades or so are essential sitting down very painful for him. Dawn became among its top targets intelligence agencies, in particular the And yet, in Pakistan’s 70-year history reading for anyone interested in the However, by then he had gained and while its writers and Editor Altaf powerful Inter Services Intelligence the contrary has been the case. Those history of the press in Pakistan. tremendous respect due to the quality of Gauhar were arrested, the newspaper (ISI) that frequently threaten the press responsible for stifl ing the press represent However, resistance didn’t necessarily content of his fi rst two books and his was fi nancially squeezed by the denial of and, at times, are accused of physical the entire spectrum of power in Pakistan: mean that there was unity among request to journalists to contribute their government advertisements. It should be attacks and, again, of murder. military dictators, intelligence agencies, newspapers or even the community of own experiences of press censorship noted that with the sweeping The latest victims are social media the bureaucracy, political party activists, journalists. The press in Pakistan learned greatly enriched his last effort. Oxford nationalisation of the early 1970s, the bloggers. While it was believed that the religious, nationalist and ethnic militants to gang up against itself and its freedom University Press, too, readily published government had suddenly become the social media will give everyone – and sometimes the judiciary through fairly early in the country’s history. The the book which was quite a contrast to his single largest advertiser in the country. unfettered freedom of expression, it was contempt of court notices. fi rst recorded instance of the issue of fi rst book which could not fi nd a publisher Journalists in Pakistan, accustomed to not to be. The Prevention of Cyber Crimes To many observers and media ‘press advice’ concerned the Father of till the Karachi Press Club stepped in to battling those in power for freedom of Act curtailed that freedom through consumers today, the press would appear the Nation himself. Attempts were made publish it under its name. the press, were not ready for the new vague and wide-ranging defi nitions. And, to be unbridled. Today, the media – to suppress the Quaid-i-Azam’s historic While the military coup in July, 1977, threats soon to come their way. New at the same time, the enforced electronic, in particular – appears almost address to the Constituent Assembly on brought unprecedented hardship for the centres of armed street power began to disappearance of several bloggers and reckless in demonstrating its freedom, August 11, 1947, in which he assured the press, it also inadvertently enriched threaten the press in ways not witnessed the registration of blasphemy cases practically unchecked in spite of several non-Muslims of equal rights as citizens of Niazi’s manually maintained database. earlier. While the newly emerged Mohajir against some have resulted in a new age attempts at self-regulation and occasional the new country. As Niazi noted, all the When direct censorship was fi nally lifted Qaumi Movement (MQM) practically of self-censorship. raps on the knuckles by Pemra, the editors complied, except for Altaf Husain in January, 1982, it was replaced with kept the Karachi press under siege (to The media, particularly the electronic regulatory authority. of Dawn who took the trouble of ‘self-censorship’, a more demeaning borrow the title from Niazi’s book) with media with all its potential, has not Contrary to common belief and claim, investigating the source of the ‘press experience for journalists, an aspect its strong-arm methods, it was not the covered itself in glory either. It is largely however, freedom of the media didn’t get advice’. covered by several contributors in The fi rst bully on the block. It was the Islami responsible for the spread of rigidity in to where it is courtesy the policy of In spite of failing health, Niazi Web of Censorship. Jamiat-i-Tulaba (IJT), the student wing of society and intolerance of the minorities ‘enlightened moderation’ of General dedicated his life to recording the history General Ziaul Haq’s government also the Jamaat-i-Islami, that introduced and of voices questioning the state’s role Pervez Musharraf’s regime. Behind of the press in Pakistan. Working without set a record in terms of issuing press violence in dealing with the press. in matters of faith. It has also remained freedom of the press that slowly began to the support of researchers or the advices. Their subjects ranged from However, it was the MQM, with its near primarily urban and patriarchal. Shrill make its mark starting from the late convenience of technology, he set about political parties challenging the monopoly over power in urban Sindh coverage of politics continues to be its 1980s are the decades of struggle of meticulously monitoring newspapers dictatorship (for example, the prefi x from the late 1980s till fairly recently, focus while the disadvantaged are rarely journalists and their unions. The fi rst every day and clipping out reports about ‘so-called’ had to be added before the that perfected violence against the press paid attention to. dictatorship of General Ayub Khan violence and injustices against the press. Movement for the Restoration of into a horrifi c art form, even forcing Seventy years is a fairly long time for brought take-over of newspapers, the He clearly demarcated the themes of his Democracy) to instructions about the newspapers such as Dawn to cease state institutions – including the judiciary institutionalisation of control through the three seminal works. projection of the general’s family (for publication. The party has been held and the armed forces – to accept the Press & Publications Ordinance, 1960, While the fi rst, The Press in Chains, example, only offi cially released pictures responsible for attacks on journalists, media’s intrinsic adversarial role. Having and the imprisonment of leading editors. comprehensively covers the efforts of of Begum Ziaul Haq were to be published). media houses, as well as allegedly for the said that, it is also a long time for the Nevertheless, repression was met with successive governments to crush freedom However, the democratic government killing of a journalist. media to demonstrate greater resistance. Some were acts of individual of the press, the second, The Press Under of Zulfi kar Ali Bhutto was just as The rise of militancy and terrorism responsibility in reporting.  courage, some of collective defi ance. In Siege, focuses on new challengers to press intolerant of a free press as was that of brought yet another threat to journalists his pioneering work, The Press in Chains, freedom – primarily those with street any dictator. After a somewhat bold in Pakistan. It has made the country one The writer is an analyst based in Karachi. Jinnah and Iqbal in a ‘new’ light

By Zamir Niazi He writes: “[I]t (the portrait) has been replaced by another painting with the Quaid-i-Azam dressed in a black sherwani INCE the dawn of Independence, the … The authorities concerned suddenly decided that Establishment — albeit with varying labels portrayal of Mr Jinnah as he was, bareheaded, in a suit and — has tried to misinterpret, tamper or tie, with a light in his eyes and a smile on his face, is S altogether censor any sayings of [Quaid-i-Azam repugnant to present-day trends, and have seen fit to cause Mohammad Ali] Jinnah and his sister [Mohtarma it to disappear.” Fatima Jinnah] which are in direct confl ict with the Thus was Jinnah ‘Islamised’ in offi cial portraits, ruling cliques’ own views. showing him in sherwani and Jinnah cap. Jang, Karachi, On August 11, 1947, according to Hector Bolitho, went a step ahead when it published his full-page colour Jinnah made “the greatest speech of his life”. Some portrait in the ‘Awami’ shalwar-qamiz and waistcoat. hidden hands tried to tamper with a portion of this During Z.A. Bhutto’s ‘Awami Raj, his battalion of speech, without success. During the anti-Qadiani inquiry, sycophants tried to convince the nation that Jinnah was Justice Mohammad Munir and Justice M.R. Kiani had an ‘Islamic socialist’. “to face the wrath of obscurantists on the same speech”. Like Jinnah, Allama Iqbal has not been spared by the During Z.A. Bhutto’s trial in the Supreme Court, he had master tailors who have been engaged to fabricate said that “attempts were made to have this speech burnt history. He also is quoted selectively, words are put in his and removed from the record”. Details reproducing the mouth, and matter torn from its context to fi t into attempts to gag certain portion of this speech are given in ideological frameworks. The Nai Roshni Schools in The Press in Chains, pp. 34-8, with documentary evidence. Punjab (a brainchild of Lt-Gen Mujib) in its primer told Miss Jinnah, like her brother, has been a frequent its pupils: “The great poet of the East, Allama Sir victim of the whims and fancies of the mercurial Mohammad Iqbal, attended the historic public meeting power-hungry bureaucrats. On the third death in Lahore on March 23, 1940, along with the Quaid-i-Azam, anniversary of Jinnah, her speech broadcast on the radio Mohammad Ali Jinnah, and presented the momentous was twice faded out for a few seconds. “A successful Pakistan Resolution. He read out his blueprint for the attempt was made to silence her voice on two occasions”, new state, and issued the ideology of Pakistan.” which, in the opinion of the Controller of Broadcasting, The writer with Editor Ahmed Ali Khan (left) at a ceremony where he donated his books to the Dawn Library which now [During all these years] the names of Jinnah and Iqbal Z.A. Bokhari, were “critical of Liaquat’s government”. has a separate corner dedicated to him called the Zamir Niazi Collection. | Photo: Private collection of Niazi family have been capitalised on by all kinds of adventurers and At least twice Jinnah’s sayings were censored by the zealots as their common stock-in-trade. provincial [Press Information Department] PID censor One can go on and on quoting articles and editorials authorities, once in August 1980 (Business Recorder) and although a few weeks earlier the editor, M.A. Zuberi, context of the Pakistan Movement. Once Pakistan had debunking falsifi cation of history in our country. One again in March 1981 (The Muslim). The second incident then a member of the toothless Majlis-i-Shoora, had read been achieved, the Quaid in his fi rst broadcast as is tempted to end this chapter with a reference to two once again related to Jinnah’s speech of August 11, 1947. out the entire passage in one of [its] sessions. Governor General, from Lahore on August 31, reworded publications by noted historian K.K. Aziz, entitled The As stated, attempts were made to censor or censure Jinnah’s motto of ‘Unity, Faith and Discipline’ was his motto. He said: ‘It is up to you to work, work and work Pakistani Historian and The Murder of History. He tells Jinnah’s inaugural address to the Constituent Assembly, tampered with during the Zia dictatorship. No word was and we are bound to succeed, and never forget our motto, us that “millions of young minds are being fed on a but without success — the bureaucracy failed in its added or dropped or changed. It was just the positioning Unity, Discipline and Faith’.” diet of lies, inaccurate facts, misrepresentations and attempt to stifl e his voice. But in 1981, during the dark of one word that made all the difference. Hamid Jalal It is not only Jinnah’s sayings that have been censored. blatant offi cial propaganda”. The painstakingly- days of pre-censorship, this passage was deleted from an writes: “His ‘Unity, Faith and Discipline’ has been His only portrait, painted by Ahmed Saeed Nagi, for which documented books explore how and why history in article by Khwaja Masud. presented as ‘Faith, Unity and Discipline’. Perhaps our he sat in Lahore in 1944, mysteriously disappeared from the Pakistan has become a strange and dangerous mixture The fi rst incident relates to a sentence in Jinnah’s theocratists , clutching at straws, equate the word ‘Faith’, VIP lounge of Karachi Airport in 1982, where, according to of fact and fi ction.  address which an editorial in Business Recorder quoted on used in the Quaid’s motto, with Islam. There is evidence the noted painter, it “hung for many years”. Nagi claimed March 23, 1980, and which was deleted by the Sindh PID, to show that for the Quaid ‘Faith’ was to be used in the that he did the painting at the request of Liaquat Ali Khan. Excerpted from ‘The Web of Censorship’ SPECIAL REPORT DAWN MONDAY SEPTEMBER 11, 2017 11

ABOUT DAWN & JOURNALISM The English press in colonial India

By S.M.A. Feroze

n almost all parts of the British dominated India, by the middle of the 19th century, newspapers I were being published in English as well as in every vernacular language of some importance. Journalism had made considerable progress in the sub-continent when the fi rst newspaper appeared in the territories now comprising Pakistan. The fi rst defi nite step towards the establishment of a newspaper in the sub- continent seems to have been taken by William Bolts, who, in 1768, proposed to set up a printing press at Calcutta and affi xed a notice on the door of the Council House announcing his intention to bring out a newspaper. But his intention was not approved by the East India Company and he was ordered to quit India for “having endeavoured to utter an odium upon the purchased by the “Indian Public Opinion” administration and promote faction and and absorbed into that paper. discontentment”. OTHER EARLY NEWSPAPERS FIRST NEWSPAPER Before proceeding with the account of the At long last the fi rst regular newspaper English Press in this part of the sub- in India was started, by one James Augustus continent it would be well to give a brief Hickey at Calcutta. It was entitled the account of other newspapers which “Bengal Gazette” or “Calcutta General appeared not much later than the “Lahore Advertiser”. The fi rst issue appeared on Chronicle”. January 29, 1780. The paper was generally No useful material which could give known after the name of its founder as some help in tracing the progress of jour- Hickey’s Gazette. nalism in the territories of the former prov- Severe criticism published in the paper inces of Sind, N.W.F.P., Baluchistan or the incurred the wrath of many a person who present Eastern Wing of Pakistan is forth- wrote to the Governor General for taking coming. One, therefore, fi nds oneself help- immediate action against Hickey, who was less in furnishing a detailed account and imprisoned and fi ned more than once. But has to rely on what little information is all the hardships failed to extinguish the available. Luckily, however, we fi nd, it was fl ame of freedom in his heart. Hickey the custom in those days, to copy news despite all his shortcomings deserves to be from contemporaries and quote them as remembered as the pioneer of the freedom the source of information. By utilizing this of the Press in the Indo-Pakistan method we come to know through the fi les sub-continent. of the “Indian News” and “Chronicle of The second oldest paper was the Eastern Affairs” of London (1848-50) and “Indian Gazette” which appeared in the “Lahore Chronicle” (1857) that the fol- Clockwise From Top Left: The Civil and Military Gazette was established in Lahore and Simla in 1872 and played an important role November, 1780, at Calcutta. Then lowing newspapers existed in the above in the development of English-language journalism in the subcontinent. John Lockwood Kipling (left), curator of Lahore Museum, followed in quick succession the “Calcutta named territories of present day Pakistan secured a job for his son, the well-known author Rudyard Kipling (right) in 1882, as assistant editor at the Civil and Military Gazette, a Gazette”, quarto-size publication, in and that they appeared during the year position he held for fi ve years. The Delhi-born Syed Muhammad Azim established the Lahore Chronicle in 1849 which is believed to February, 1784; the “Bengal Journal” in 1850 or afterwards: “Kurrachee Advertiser” be the fi rst newspaper to be published in present-day Pakistan. | Photo: Pakistan Quarterly Magazine February, 1785; the “Oriental Magazine” (1850), “Sindian”, “Sind Kossid” and or “Calcutta Amusement”, the fi rst “Scind” were published from the former monthly in the sub-continent, in April of province of Sind; “Dacca News” (1850) of the Urdu literature, the late Sir Abdul “Eastern Times” was the only newspaper in Sind. But reference to the fi le of the “Indian the same year; and, lastly, the “Calcutta came out from East Bengal, while the prov- Qadir, held the post of its editor from 1898 the Punjab which held high the cause of the News” and the “Chronicle of Eastern Chronicle” in January, 1786. inces of the N.W.F. P. and Baluchistan had to 1904. The paper published frequently Unionist Party and supported it fervently Affairs,” London, makes one believe that a By this time, newspapers had started no English newspaper. articles contributed by the late Mian Fazl-i- and, in return, received regular annual newspaper called “Kurrachee Advertiser” publishing also from other parts of the Husain who later also edited the paper for subsidy from the said Party. After the death existed in 1850. The total number of country. On October 12, 1785, appeared THE CIVIL AND MILITARY GAZETTE some days. It continued to appear till 1918. of Mian Fazil-i-Husain, the paper saw its publications in Sind in 1876 was 13, nine of the “Madras Courier”, the fi rst newspaper Although during the sixties of the 19th decline as a daily, and was converted into a which were in English. of the Madras Presidency. The weekly century a number of somewhat outstanding THE MUSLIM OUTLOOK weekly in which form it continued to appear It may be pointed out here that in 1861 “Madras Gazette” (January, 1795) and newspapers appeared from Karachi, yet the The “Muslim Outlook” was started as a till 1940 when it again assumed the status of the only English paper published at the “Indian Herald” (April 2, 1795) year 1872 was a turning point in the history daily in 1922. This was the fi rst daily a daily after changing its ownership. The Karachi was “Our Paper.” However, later in followed it. The Bombay Presidency saw of English journalism in this region, for in English newspaper ever owned by a “Eastern Times” was fi nally closed down in 1879 when a share-holder of the Lahore the publication of its fi rst newspaper, the that year was founded the fi rst great Muslim and was brought out with the November, 1947. “Civil and Military Gazette”, Colonel “Bombay Herald”, in 1789. Next year was English newspaper, the “Civil and Military object of voicing the feelings of the Corey, visited Karachi, he made founded the “Bombay Courier” which is Gazette”, which in the coming years played Muslims in North-Western India. In the THE HINDU HERALD arrangements to bring out a Karachi now represented by the “Times of India”. an important role in the development of fi rst year of its publication the paper The “Hindu Herald” was an English Edition of the paper. But this arrangement These facts provide suffi cient ground to English journalism in the Indo-Pakistan enjoyed a circulation of 1,800 copies a day. daily which existed between the years could not continue long and only after fi ve believe that newspapers were appearing subcontinent. As a matter of fact the history years, in 1883, Colonel Corey severed his from almost all parts of the British- of the “Civil and Military Gazette” is the relations with the Lahore offi ce and carried occupied India by the end of the 18th history of the evolution of English journal- on the Karachi paper under the title of the century. ism in the region now known as Pakistan. “Sind Gazette”, which continued to appear By the middle of the 19th century two The “Civil and Military Gazette” was fi rst till 1912. The year 1886, however, was a provinces (Sind and the Punjab) which established as a weekly at Simla in 1872 and turning point in the history of the “Sind now have been amalgamated in the was then printed on royal-quarto size. When Gazette” for then Sir Montague acquired Province of West Pakistan, had been the Government offi ces shifted to Calcutta an interest in the Company and began to included in the British Kingdom of India. during the winter, the paper was published take an active part in its affairs. At his Lahore started to assume an important from Calcutta. Its main object was to cover instance the “Sind Gazette” was converted position culturally. When the fi rst the activities of the Central Government; into a daily in 1904. In 1915, the paper’s newspaper appeared from this town in and it, therefore, had to follow the title was changed to the “Daily Gazette” 1849, other parts of British India had Government offi ces wherever they went. In and it fi rst appeared with this name on July already begun to give their stray 1876, the proprietors of the “Civil and 1 of that year. The “Daily Gazette” newspapers the form of an organized Press. Military Gazette” acquired the “Mofussilite” continued to appear till 1938. In 1940, Haji By 1839, Calcutta had 35 newspapers (six of Agra, the joint publication was then Abdullah Haroon and Mr. N.E. Dinshaw of which were dailies), Bombay possessed issued from Lahore as a daily. It continued to were appointed its liquidators and 14, Madras nine and Ludhiana, Delhi and pursue the policy which it had set forth in its subsequently the latter acquired this Agra, one each. Most of them were issue of February 1, 1873, which opens with concern. Early in 1948, the “Daily Gazette” published in the English language. the following operative sentence: was purchased by the Dalmia Jain Charity “The object of the Civil and Military Trust, but it could not become popular and THE LAHORE CHRONICLE Gazette is to make the Civil and Military somehow maintained its existence till The fi rst newspaper appearing in the Gazette a faithful and conscientious advo- January, 1949, when it was again taken regions which now comprise Pakistan was cate of the true interests of the services, over by the “Civil and Military Gazette” of titled the “Lahore Chronicle” and it started civil and military, in India, watching all that Lahore and published as a Karachi edition appearing in 1849. Its promoters were high affects those interests for good or evil…” of the Lahore paper, but this venture could offi cials “whose object was to strengthen The “Civil and Military Gazette” contin- not last long. what we know as patriarchal rule”. It is ued till 1947 to give a lead in the adoption stated that the “Lahore Chronicle” was of many journalistic innovations which our THE SIND OBSERVER started by Syed Muhammad Azim, father of English Press has incorporated. The “Sind Observer” was established in the Punjab historian, Syed Muhammad 1911 and was appearing as a bi-weekly in Latif, in 1849. THE TRIBUNE 1919. It was converted into a daily Syed Muhammad Azim was a native of A few years after the appearance of the afterwards and played a leading role in Delhi and started his journalistic career as “Civil and Military Gazette” at Lahore, representing the Muslim cause in the compositor in the Delhi Gazette Press in appeared the well-known English province of Sind during the Pakistan 1830. He was soon promoted to the position newspaper of the British Punjab, the movement. The paper could never attain of a foreman and became a skilful printer. “Tribune”. Its fi rst issue appeared on the position of a fi rst-rank publication and He came over to Lahore in 1849 and started February 1, 1881. The paper was started as remained in existence just because it was the “Lahore Chronicle”. In 1856, he brought an Anglo-vernacular bi-weekly, but it later the only paper run by a Muslim concern. out another paper, the “Punjabi”. It was a abandoned the vernacular edition and When the “Dawn”, chief spokesman of the tri-weekly. It fi rst appeared as an English became a purely English journal. In the All-India Muslim League, shifted its head- journal, but was converted, after a few foundation of the “Tribune” considerable quarters to Karachi after the establishment years, into a purely vernacular one, in which inspiration and assistance was given by Sir of Pakistan, the “Sind Observer” was hit form it continued till 1890. Syed Azim’s Surendranath Banerji, who was an hard, and had to be stopped in May, 1953. career as a journalist was long and intimate friend of the founder of the paper, The Urdu Press has always been the prosperous. His enterprise as the pioneer of Sirdar Dayal Singh Majithia. strongest of all vernacular presses in the the Press in the Punjab and his intelligent On January 1, 1906, the “Tribune” was In 1915, the name of The Civil and Military Gazette was changed to The Daily Gazette (above). former province of the N.W.F.P. Among appreciation of the object and motives of converted into a daily newspaper. The The Sind Observer was established in 1911 and ceased publication in 1953 (top). the English newspapers, the “Khyber the Government won for him the respect of treatment of news received greater Mail” was and continues to be the most eminent men connected with the Province”. attention and as an organ of the public prominent. It was started in 1932 as a The “Lahore Chronicle” was in existence opinion it gained in prestige and infl uence. The “Muslim Outlook” was a champion of 1926-31. Later it became a bi-lingual weekly and converted into a daily in 1950. in 1857. When the Press Act of 1857 came From the 1920s onwards considerable the Pan-Islamic movement and was a paper appearing in English and Hindi. In Other less important English newspapers into force, it became necessary for the improvements were made in the modern paper in every sense. The display the beginning it was a moderate paper, which existed for a smaller duration are “Lahore Chronicle” to get a licence. The production of the paper. By the year 1945- of news was quite up-to-date with two to but later it grew into an advocate of the “Frontier Mail” and the “Frontier records show that the licence was granted 46 its circulation had risen to 26,500 copies fi ve-decker head-lines set in different Hindu communalism. Its circulation Gazette”. on December 3, 1857, on an application a day, the largest circulation ever enjoyed varieties of type. When the paper ceased ranged between 1,600 and 6,000 copies a In the end it will suffi ce to say that about signed by Mr. Oswald Welly, manager, and by an English newspaper in this part of the its publication in 1932, its circulation had day, during its fi ve years’ existence. 125 English newspapers and journals are Mr. McArthy, printer. Indo-Pakistan sub-continent. risen to 2, 260. being published in Pakistan in 1957, of It has already been mentioned that the THE DAILY GAZETTE OF SIND which “Pakistan Times,” “Dawn”, and “Lahore Chronicle” was supported by high THE PUNJAB OBSERVER THE EASTERN TIMES Sind was captured by the British forces “Times of Karachi” in West Pakistan, and offi cials. This group was afterwards opposed The “Punjab Observer” was founded in In 1931 appeared another Muslim daily in before their occupation of the Punjab, but “Morning News,” “Pakistan Observer” and by the younger civil servants who launched the years 1893-94. It was owned by a English, the “Eastern Times”. It was started it appears that no part of modern Western “Pakistan Post” in East Pakistan are the the “Indian Public Opinion” on November wealthy Muslim of Ludhiana, Khwaja by Ferozsons, a Lahore publishing house, Pakistan, except the Punjab, had a most outstanding.  16, 1866. A sharp struggle ensued between Ahmad Shah. It was an Anglo-vernacular and was edited in the beginning by the late newspaper before 1850. A Gazetteer of the the two organs, and a year later in 1867 the bi-weekly, having a circulation of 1,200 cop- Abdulla Yusaf Ali. It is recorded in the book Province of Sind states that a newspaper Excerpted from the Winter, 1957 edition of “Lahore Chronicle” collapsed. It was then ies per issue in 1897. The prominent fi gure on Mian Fazl-i-Husain by its author that the called “Sindian” was the fi rst to appear in ‘Pakistan Quarterly’. 12 DAWN MONDAY SEPTEMBER 11, 2017 SPECIAL REPORT