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Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Kadongo Kamu: Gitarren-basierte Musik Ugandas im ost- und zentralafrikanischen Kontext“ verfasst von / submitted by Philipp Heller BA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2017 / Vienna 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 836 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Musikwissenschaft UG 2002 degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Ass.-Prof. Mag. Dr. August Schmidhofer Inhaltsverzeichnis Danksagung.......................................................................................................................4 Einleitung...........................................................................................................................5 1. Die Gitarre im Kongo/Zaire..........................................................................................9 1.1. Fingerstyle Gitarre in Zaire/Kongo......................................................................10 1.2. Die elektrische Gitarre im Kongo........................................................................15 1.2.1. Die Anfänge ca. 1945-55..............................................................................15 1.2.2. Der Rumba-Einfluss.....................................................................................17 1.2.3. Die 2. Generation 1956-1974.......................................................................18 1.2.4. Die 3. Generation in den achtziger Jahren und neunziger Jahren................23 1.3. Wichtige Gitarristen.............................................................................................25 2. Die Gitarre und ihre Stile in Kenia..............................................................................29 2.1. Fingerstyle Gitarre in Kenya................................................................................32 2.2. Elektrische Gitarre ..............................................................................................38 2.3. Wichtige Gitarristen.............................................................................................43 2.4. Problem mit Massenmedien und Verbreitung......................................................46 3. Die Gitarre und die Musikszene in Uganda.................................................................47 3.1. Die Anfänge der Gitarre in Uganda.....................................................................48 3.2. Die Anfänge der populären Musikszene in Uganda............................................49 3.2.1. Die Situation auf dem Land bzw. in ganz Uganda.......................................51 3.2.2. Die urbane Musik Ugandas..........................................................................55 3.3. Kadongo kamu.....................................................................................................59 3.3.1. Die Geschichte von kadongo kamu..............................................................60 3.3.2. Was macht kadongo kamu aus?....................................................................67 3.3.3. Die Musik des kadongo kamu......................................................................71 3.3.4. Die Beziehung zwischen kadongo kamu und traditioneller Musik..............73 3.3.5. Kadongo kamu als Theater...........................................................................74 3.3.6. Die Rolle von kadongo kamu.......................................................................75 3.4. Wichtige Gitarristen ............................................................................................78 4. Die Interviews..............................................................................................................80 2 Probleme bei der Transkription/Auswertung.........................................................80 Biographie bzw. Auswertung der Interviews ........................................................81 4.1. Stanley Kamparo..................................................................................................81 4.2. John Kabagambe..................................................................................................86 5. Conclusio.....................................................................................................................87 Quellenverzeichnis..........................................................................................................91 Anhang 1 .........................................................................................................................96 Interview 1..................................................................................................................96 Anhang 2........................................................................................................................117 Interview 2................................................................................................................117 3 Danksagung Ich möchte mich gerne bei meinem Betreuer Ass.-Prof. Mag. Dr. August Schmidhofer für seine Hilfe, Geduld und Zeit, die er mir gewidmet hat, bedanken. Außerdem dafür, dass er einigen Studierenden die Möglichkeit bot, im Rahmen einer Exkursion nach Uganda zu fahren, um zu forschen. Dort entstand auch eines der Interviews im Anhang. Vielen Dank! 4 Einleitung Ich möchte mich in der folgenden Arbeit mit der Gitarre im zentral- und ostafrikanischen Raum mit Schwerpunkt Uganda befassen. Meine Absicht ist, dabei möglichst genau auf die verschiedenen Stile, auf die Entstehung, die Verbreitung, die Protagonisten, die Musik, den sozialen Kontext und die Orte einzugehen. Die Länder die ich dabei behandeln werde, sind die Demokratische Republik Kongo, Kenia und Uganda. Diese Länder sind durch verschiedene Faktoren verbunden, und es gab interkulturelle Wechselbeziehungen unter ihnen. Die Gitarre und die verbundene Musik kann man dabei inkludieren. Durch verschiedene Faktoren ist Uganda von beiden Seiten musikalisch beeinflusst worden und hat daraus, oder vielleicht auch unabhängig davon, eine eigene Musikkultur entwickelt. Mit dieser möchte ich mich dann speziell befassen, soweit sie die Gitarre mit einschließt. Der Zeitraum, den ich dabei bei allen Ländern behandle, liegt zwischen ca. 1930 und 2000. Die Entstehungsgeschichte der Gitarrenmusik, die auch behandelt wird, reicht jedoch teilweise bis vor den 2. Weltkrieg zurück. Die meiste Zeit werde ich in den 1960iger und 1970iger Jahren verbringen, da sich in diesem Zeitraum die wichtigsten und interessantesten Entwicklungen abspielten (aus meiner Sicht). Es wird um Gitarrenmusik gehen, sowohl akustische und elektrische, als auch Solo-Spieler und Bands. Den Großteil der Arbeit möchte ich einem bestimmten Stil in Uganda widmen, dem kadongo kamu. Im Rahmen der Recherche habe ich mir einige Fragen notiert, die ich beantworten wollte: Was ist Dry Guitar? Was kennzeichnet den Katanga Gitarrenstil? Wie hat die Gitarre die Popmusik beeinflusst? Was sind die ästhetischen Merkmale der Gitarre? Wie soll sie klingen? Was sind die Einflüsse von Kenia und der Demokratischen Republik Kongo in Uganda? Gibt es einen eigenen Stil in Uganda? 5 Was zeichnet diesen aus? Das ist nur ein Teil der Fragen, die ich mir stellte, als ich meine Recherche begann. Manche kann ich hoffentlich beantworten, andere vielleicht nicht. Wieder andere würden weitere Recherche, möglichst vor Ort, erfordern. Das Ziel meiner Arbeit ist, in dem, noch wenig erforschten, Gebiet der populären Gitarrenmusik in Uganda ein wenig die Lücken zu füllen, bzw. Uganda in den Kontext der Gitarrenmusik von Kenia und der DRK miteinzubeziehen. Denn auch Uganda hat einiges vorzuweisen, was die Gitarrenmusik angeht. Es mag sein, dass Uganda für die Musikentwicklung der „Großmächte“ Kenia und Kongo nicht so erheblich war, dennoch kann es eine ergiebige Musikkultur, nicht nur traditionelle, sondern auch populäre, vorweisen. Die Relevanz meiner Arbeit ist insofern gegeben, als dass es keine deutschsprachige Arbeit über diese Region und diese Musik gibt. Zumindest keine, die ich gefunden hätte. Ich werde auch zwei Interviews mit einem Gitarristen, bzw. auch seinem Partner, transkribieren und auswerten und, wenn möglich, die Ergebnisse in den Text einbauen. Ich hoffe dadurch ein kompletteres Bild der Musikszene in Uganda schaffen zu können, als man es jetzt hat. Der Forschungsstand über die Gitarre in Afrika allgemein ist von Region zu Region verschieden. West-Afrika, z.B. ist recht gut erforscht und es gibt reichlich Literatur dazu. Der Kongo ist ausgiebig erforscht worden, zumindest die Vergangenheit, allein die Gegenwart und die letzten Jahre würden Forschung erfordern. Die Musikkultur Südafrikas gehört auch zu den besser erforschten Bereichen. Der Osten und auch Uganda ist, was populäre Musik betrifft, nur rudimentär erforscht. Sehr hilfreich, jedoch nicht wissenschaftlich, aber nichtsdestotrotz sehr informativ ist das Buch von Stapleton und May (1987), das auf Interviews basiert, die sie von wahren Legenden der Musikindustrie gemacht haben, und Informationen bietet, die man sonst nirgendwo findet. Die Aufsätze in der Afrika Edition der Garland Enzyklopädie (1998) sind sehr informativ und gut geschrieben und recherchiert. Auch die Gitarren-Ausgabe von World of Music (1994) ist eine sehr gute Quelle. Die Literatur von Gerhard Kubik ist immer wieder ein Genuss und ein Muss, besonders die Veröffentlichungen
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