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Influence of Changes in the Concentration of Selected Air Pollutants on the General Health of Children and Adolescents in Bielsko-Biala

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Influence of Changes in the Concentration of Selected Air Pollutants on the General Health of Children and Adolescents in Bielsko-Biala ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING & ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 2021, 22(1), 60–73 Received: 2020.12.11 https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/132093 Accepted: 2020.12.28 ISSN 2719-7050, License CC-BY 4.0 Published: 2021.01.05 Influence of Changes in the Concentration of Selected Air Pollutants on the General Health of Children and Adolescents in Bielsko-Biala Dariusz Góra1 1 Faculty of Natural Sciences, Silesian University, ul. Bedzinska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Air pollution results in smog, acid rain, ozone hole, global warming, as well as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. It also contributes to cancer, which increasingly often occurs in children. Children and infants are par- ticularly vulnerable to air pollution because their immune, respiratory and central nervous systems are not fully developed. Compared to adults, children often spend more time outdoors, and due to their lower lung capacity, they also breathe more frequently, which means that they inhale much more air than adults, in relation to their body weight. The article concerns the data on the meteorological conditions, air quality (annual average concentration of nitric oxides, benzo(a) pyrene, PM2.5 and PM10 particulate matter) as well as morbidity and hospitalization due to the respiratory, circulation and cancer diseases in Bielsko-Biala in 2010–2018. The hypertension, cardiovascular malformations and cancer incidence among children and adolescents, has been systematically increasing since 2010, just like in the case of hospitalization due to bronchial asthma and congenital malformations. The basic cause of poor air quality in Bielsko-Biala is low emission and inversion phenomenon which are perfect conditions for smog development. Therefore, certain actions must be taken, which can include: liquidation of coal boilers and their replacement with environmentally friendly energy sources (e.g. subsidy of 100% return on investment costs), introducing communication solutions that will lead to a reduction in linear emissions, free communication and ecological education. Keywords: air pollution, Bielsko-Biala, air monitoring, particulate matter, nitrogen oxides INTRODUCTION • dispersion, the mechanism of which is based on the physical diffusion of pollutants (mo- According to the currently binding Environ- lecular migration of pollutants from the places mental Protection Law of 2001, the term air pol- where they occur in high concentrations to the lution is understood as an emission that may be places with lower concentrations), harmful to the human health or the state of the en- • convection, i.e. the transfer of air masses due vironment, may cause damage to material goods, to temperature differences, deteriorate the aesthetic value of the environment • advection, i.e. the transmission of pollutants or interfere with other, justified methods of envi- by the wind (Juraszka, Dąbrowski 2011). ronment use (Wielgosiński, Zarzycki 2018). Pollution spreading in the atmosphere reaches Introduction of various types of pollutants individual elements of the environment (e.g. the constitutes the source of atmospheric contamina- Earth’s surface, water surface, elements of nature, tion. The introduction of pollutants (contamina- etc.). This process is known as immission. Pollut- tion) into the environment is an emission, and ants can be introduced into the environment (air) the place (source) of introducing these pollutants through emitters releasing pollutants in an orga- is the emitter. The introduced pollutants are dis- nized manner (e.g. with the use of a fan) and in persed (spread) in the atmosphere, which takes an unorganized manner (e.g. gravity ventilation, place simultaneously as a result of: surface and linear emitters, etc.). 60 Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 2021, 22(1), 60–73 Point emitters (which constitute the vast ma- deterioration of the atmospheric air during the jority) are the emitters in which emissions are in- days when the wind is still, especially in the lower troduced into the air in an organized manner at center. one specific point. A point emission is an emis- Urban development strongly influences the sion from identified large emitters (e.g. power wind speed and direction. The critical value plant, electrical heating and power station, boiler is 3–5 m/s, above which the wind speed slows houses, etc.) and identified technological emitters down, and below it is accelerated due to e.g. the of enterprises for which emission permits have tunnel effect. Buildings, especially tall ones (e.g. been issued or emission notifications accepted. Beskidzkie Estate in the southern part of the city Surface emitters are the emitters in the case and Lower Suburb in the city center) change the of which the emission (most often unorganized) direction and the speed of the wind flow. Due to takes place from a flat surface (e.g. soil, water res- the convergence of the air flows, the windward ervoir or a thin layer directly adjacent to it) with side of the building is exposed to wind gusts and specific dimensions. Surface emission is the emis- is therefore an area of high pressure. The leeward sion from overbuilt and overpopulated residential side of the building is in an aerodynamic shadow areas where individual heating systems dominate. and is covered by a low pressure area. This situ- Linear emitters are a group similar to the sur- ation creates the conditions for ventilation in the face emitters, where one of the horizontal geomet- vicinity of the building, and the resulting pressure ric dimensions of the emitter is much smaller than difference has a negative effect, especially on the the other, just as its height is significantly smaller people suffering from cardiovascular diseases than the horizontal geometric dimensions. Ex- (Prognosis of impact ... 2016). amples of linear emitters are roads and highways In terms of ventilation, the city area can be which are the source of car exhaust emissions, broadly divided into two different types, i.e. into sewers emitting contamination or a row of point “well-ventilated” areas, for example with hills emitters located very close to each other. Linear and “less ventilated” areas constituting valleys, emission are also generated from mobile sourc- where the percentage of the frequency of days es (cars) traveling along communication routes with still wind and light breeze is much greater, (streets, roads, highways, etc.). thus reducing the possibility of exchanging and The most important pollutants emitted to purifying air in the city. the atmosphere as a result of economic activity The general air quality condition in Bielsko- (mainly production) are: Biala is influenced by many factors, making this • sulfur dioxide: SO2, phenomenon a complex multi-parameter system, • nitrogen oxides: NO, N2O, NO2, difficult to model and forecast. However, the most • particulate matter, important factors are those related to the forma- • volatile organic compounds, tion, migration and local cumulation of pollut- • persistent organic pollutants, ants at low elevations above ground level. What • heavy metals, is more, the topography and the way of develop- • greenhouse gases, ing the city are also important. The geographical • odors (Wielgosiński and Zarzycki, 2018). location of the city of Bielsko-Biala fosters the ventilation of the urban area, as the height of the Characterization of an examined land slopes from the south to the north and from area of Bielsko-Biala and location the west to the east. On the other hand, there are of measurement points local depressions of the land, and for this reason, appropriate landscape planning, especially of ur- The city of Bielsko-Biala is located in the banized areas, is important. Clusters of buildings south of Poland, in the Silesian Foothills, at the of different heights, different density and loca- foot of the Beskidy Mountains. Its area is 125 tions, multiply the roughness of the ground, and km2. It is spread over a dozen hills. The center also clearly constitute an obstacle to the free flow itself is situated at an altitude of 310 meters above of air masses, causing various types of turbu- sea level. The lowest situated areas are Stawy Ko- lence. The increase of friction reduces the speed morowickie – 262 meters above sea level, and the of the wind near the ground, while the turbulent highest peak of Klimczok – 1117 meters above mixing and gusts of wind increase. Another factor sea level. This landform causes a significant that directly causes the increased concentrations 61 Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 2021, 22(1), 60–73 of pollutants in the air are the climatic and me- teorological conditions. Favorable meteorologi- cal conditions (air temperature, wind speed and direction) cause an increase or decrease in the concentration of pollutants in the atmospheric air at the measurement height (about 2 meters above ground level) (Study ... 2012). There are 3 stations in the city that monitor the air quality. On ul. Kossak-Szczucka (south- western part of the city) there is a station for man- ual and automatic measurement (station code: SlBielbBiel_kossa). The station is situated in a place with low traffic, close to community streets and detached houses. There are no industrial sites here, but there is a busy ring road (al. Andersa). The second air monitoring station is located at ul. Sternicza (station code: SlBielbBiel_stern), which passively measures benzene since 2011, and manually
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