Index

Please note that most of the topics listed refer to the Heisei era. For those specifi cally about the Showa era, please look under “Showa era”. Page numbers in bold refer to the glossary.

1955 system 9, 99–102 Akihito, Emperor 161, 223–4, 239 1995 terrorist gas attacks 30 conservatives, distancing from 3/11 earthquake and tsunami 20, 226 198–200, 216–17, 264 Daijosai rite 226–7 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster fl ag-and-anthem issue 228 see Fukushima Daiichi nuclear Korean ancestry 230–1 disaster popularity 239–40 government response 200–1 reconciliation diplomacy 224–5, impact on survivors 217 225–6, 230–1 media coverage 28 Akishino, Prince 237 post-3/11 changes 265 Akita suicide prevention program 75 post-disaster restraint 218 amakudari (descent from heaven) 31, reconstruction 214–16 98, 103, 146, 193–4, 266, 270 relief efforts 215–16 Article 9 of Constitution 5, 10, 116, 117–18, 270 abductees in 124–30, contesting 101, 116–17, 122–4 133 support for 106, 117, 121, 123 Abe, Shinzo 122–3, 124, 127, 169–70, weakening of 121–2 233 COPYRIGHTEDAsahara, MATERIAL Shoko 30 Akahata JCP newspaper 105–6 Asahi newspaper 118–19, 230, 232 Akaishi, Chieko 65–6 Asia Women’s Fund (AWF) 154, Akihabara rampage 79 166–9, 170–1, 173

Contemporary : History, Politics, and Social Change since the 1980s, Second Edition. Jeff Kingston. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Index 303

Atarashi Rekishi Kyokasho oTsukuru- scarcity of 41, 43–7, 58–9 kai 164, 270 in single-parent households 64, 65, Aum Shinrikyo (Supreme Truth 66–7 Sect) 30, 270 China immigrants from 144–6 baby boomers 24, 35, 41, 53, 83, 270 and Japanese war memory 157, 158, balance sheet recession 26 171 Big Bang 83–4, 270 relations with 12, 110, 131–4, 166 big business 266 security risk 19, 115, 116, 122 citizens fi ghting back 188 trade with 132, 144 Iron Triangle 3, 9, 97, 99–100, 103, Chinese immigrants 144–6 251, 265–6, 272 Chisso Corporation 188 botaiho 252–3, 271 choiwaru oyaji (cool older man) 110, Brazilian immigrants 141–3 271 bubble economy 14–16, 24, 271 Chong Hyang Gyun 140 bursting of 23, 24–5 Chongryon 139, 271 and 245, 249 Chubu Electric 202 bunraku 239, 271 civil action burakumin (hamlet people) 244, 271 against yakuza 254–6 bureaucracy 8, 10, 13, 97–8, 103, 266 over abductees in North Iron Triangle 3, 97, 100, 103, 251, Korea 125–6, 126–7 265–6, 272 over Koizumi’s visits to Yasukuni 162 Bush (G.W.) administration 109, 125, over Minamata disease 188 129, 130, 131 over nuclear safety 210, 220 over unemployment 80–2, 85–6 caregivers over US–Japan Security Treaty 101 abuse by 54 civil society 29, 32, 76, 82, 264, 267, family-based 52 268 foreign 58, 146–9 Class-A war criminals 6, 157, 159–60, professional 52–3 160, 163, 271 shortage of 50–1, 53 Clinton administrations 122 Centers for the Elimination of Clinton, Hillary 131

Boryokudan 253 CO2 emissions 177, 178 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 10, Cold War 10, 100, 105, 115 100 Japan as capitalistic showcase 8, 118 Charles, Prince of Wales 236 comfort women system 154, 166–71, Chidorigafuchi war monument 161–2 173, 232–4 child abuse 70–2 Constitution 7, 123 Child Abuse Prevention Law 70 Article 9 see Article 9 of childcare problems 44–7, 58–9, 88–9 Constitution children freedom of conscience 228 child abuse 70–2 separation of state and religion 160, of nikkeijin 143 162, 226, 227 304 Index

construction state (doken kokka) 104, deregulation 194–6, 251, 271 of trade and labor 18, 36, 78, 83–4, corruption 31, 99, 100, 102–4, 251 90–1, 106 crime 6, 138, 143, 145 of utilities 183 organized see yakuza Diet 95, 271 Criminal Investigations Wiretapping “twisted” 21, 96, 108 Law 253 discrimination of burakumin 244 Daijosai 226–7, 271 of ethnic minorities 138, 139–40, Das Kapital (Marx) 78 144, 145 defense spending 10, 115, 120, 133–4 of Fukushimans 220 dekichatta kekkon (shotgun of women 45, 88 marriages) 63, 271 disparities 34–6, 77, 84–5, 91, 96, 273 demilitarizing, post-WWII 5 Dispatched Manpower Business Democratic Party of Japan Act 85 (DPJ) 18–19, 99, 108, 113–14, divorce 61–4 271 doken kokka (construction state) 104, bureaucracy-taming agenda 97–8 194–6, 251, 271 disappointments in 21, 97, domestic violence 67–9 112–13 Domestic Violence Prevention Law hopes in 96–7 68 military issues 119 drug use, post-WWII 6 and nuclear weapons 119 promises of 31, 92 earthquakes prospects 114 3/11 see 3/11 earthquake and public works cuts 33, 195 tsunami rise of 95–6 Kobe 28, 29, 215, 247–8 school fees elimination 67 and nuclear safety 182–3, 184, 205 SIA, disbanding of 55 economic crisis war responsibility 171 current global 17, 25, 79–80, 85–6, and Yasukuni Shrine 161 272 demographics 57–8 Lost Decade see Lost Decade aging society 41–2 Economic Partnership Agreements consequences 42–3 (EPAs) 146, 147, 148 elder abuse 54–5 economy 17 elder care 51–4, 58 1970s oil shocks, responses elderly 47–8 to 15–16 fertility rates, falling 43–7, 58–9 bubble economy see bubble and healthcare 49–51, 57–8 economy managing impending crisis 48–51 demographic infl uences see pensions 55–6 demographics prospects 56–9 government failures 25–7 workforce impacts 83 keiretsu 13–14 Index 305

Koizumi’s policies 18, 36, 83–4, environmental issues 177, 196–7, 109–10, 112, 114 268–9

LDP policies 17, 18, 18–19, 96 CO2 emissions 178 Lehman shock 17, 25, 79–80, 85–6, construction 194–6 274 fossil fuel use 178 Lost Decade see Lost Decade Minamata disease 188–9 Plaza Accords 14 nuclear energy see nuclear post-WWII 13 energy public dissatisfaction 17–18 renewable energy 184–7, 202–3, risk 16–19 218–19 and social issues 17–18, 18–19 whaling 189–94 trade imbalances 14 Equal Employment Opportunity Law zaibatsu 13 (EEOL) 88 Edano, Yukio 203 ethnic diversity 137 education 87, 123, 269 fl ag-and-anthem issue 227–30 families 75–6, 268 of immigrants 138–9, 144–5, 152 child abuse 70–2 patriotic 123 childcare problems 44–7, 58–9 and poverty 66–7 divorce 61–4 elderly 268 domestic violence 67–9 abuse of 54–5 single mothers 64–7 caregiving 51–4, 58 and social welfare system 60–1 lifestyles 47–8 suicide 72–5 suicide rates 75 fertility rates, falling 43–7, 58–9, 90 electoral reform 107–8, 113–14 FIFA 2002 World Cup employment tournament 230–1 dual labor market 90 Filipino immigrants 146–7, 148 gender wage gap 35, 62, 88 fi sheries, global 189, 193 and identity 91–2 FIT (Feed-in Tariff) 185, 202, 272 immigrant workers 136–8, 141–3, fl ag issue 227–30 144, 145–6, 146–9, 149 foreign policy implications of 89–92 with China 12, 110, 132–4 job subsidy system 85 “heart-to-heart” diplomacy 12 non-regular employment see with North Korea 124–30, 133 non-regular employment with 11 older workers 43 Treaty of Peace and Friendship paternalistic system 82 12 women and childcare 44–7, 58–9, with the US 10–11, 14, 115–16, 66, 88–9 130–1 women, marginalization of 4, 59, fossil fuel use 178 83, 87–9 freeters 84, 272 in yakuza 244 Fukuda, Takeo 161 for young people 86–7 Fukushima 272 306 Index

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear healthcare 49–51, 57–8 disaster 200, 204, 264–5 foreign caregivers 146–9 aftershocks and fallout 209–13 mental health 74 earthquake and tsunami Heisei era 272 damage 205 Hinomaru fl ag 106, 227–30, 272 evacuations 206–7 Hirohito, Emperor Showa 4, 223, 226, food safety 211–12 227 investigation’s conclusions 206 death of 122, 225 loss of public trust in and war crimes 6–7, 165, 231–2, government 211, 211–12, 212 233 post-disaster energy Yasukuni Shrine, boycott of 161, conservation 217–18, 218 163 post-disaster sentiments Hiroshima 117 219–20 Hisahito, Prince 237 reckoning 213–14 homelessness 27, 80–2 safety apathy 205 tsunami risk 207–8 identity, national 19, 77, 91, 224 workers’ heroics 205–6 of immigrants 139, 143 Furukawa, Yasushi 203 and peace 123 Futenma Marine Airbase 113, 119, and whaling 190, 191 130–1 and work 91–2 ie 4, 272 gaijin (foreigners) 150, 272 Ikeda, Hayato 14, 101 Gates, Robert 130 immigrants 136–8, 268 gender wage gap 35, 62, 88 attitudes towards 136, 137, 138, Genkai 203–4 145 Prefecture transparency Chinese 144–6 case 32–3 foreign caregivers 146–9 governance 268 monitoring 149–50 Government Revitalization Unit need for 151 (GRU) 98 nikkeijin 140–4 Great Hanshin–Awaji Earthquake 28, numbers of 137 29, 82, 215, 247–8 policies 149–53 Gulf War 124 zainichi 138–40 imperial family habatsu (factions) 102, 272 prospects 238–40 haken mura 80–2, 272 relations within 235–8 Hamaoka nuclear plant 202 relevance 224–5 Hashimoto, Ryutaro 68, 109 Imperial Household Agency Hata, Ikuhiko 168, 233 (IHA) 224, 235–8, 239, 272 Hatamura, Yotaro 207, 207–8 income distribution 4, 34–6, 77, 84–5, Hatoyama, Yukio 97, 113, 130, 161, 91, 96, 272 177 Indonesian immigrants 146–7 Index 307

Institute for Cetacean Research 189, Kashiwazaki nuclear plant 182–3, 196, 191 205 International Military Tribunal for the Kato, Tomohiro 79 Far East (IMTFE) 6–7, 157, 231, Katz, Richard 15–16 232 Kazokukai 125–6, 127, 128, 273 International Whaling Commission keiretsu 13–14, 273 (IWC) 189, 190–1, 192–3, 194 Keizai Doyukai 163–4, 273 Iraq 112, 116, 121, 124 Kiko, Princess 237 Iron Triangle 3, 97, 100, 103, 251, Kim Dae Jung 231 265–6, 272 Kim Jong-il 124, 125, 133 Ishihara, Shintaro 127, 140, 228 Kimigayo (national anthem) 106, Itami, Juzo 248 227–30, 273 Kishi, Nobusuke 4, 100, 101, 102, 249 Japan Communist Party (JCP) 105–7, Kobe earthquake 28, 29, 82, 215, 161 247–8 Japan, Inc. 3, 18, 100, 272 koenkai (fundraising support discrediting of 23, 37, 263–4 groups) 9, 99, 273 Japan International Corporation of Koizumi, Junichiro 23 Welfare Services 146 1955 system, dismantling of 102 Japan International Training anti-LDP actions 111–12 Cooperation Organization China, relations with 110, 132 (JITCO) 145–6 economic disparity, blamed Japan National Broadcasting see NHK for 34–5 (Japan National Broadcasting) economic policies 18, 36, 83–4, Japan Pension Services 55 109–10, 112, 114 Japan Socialist Party (JSP) 9, 10, 100, foreign policy 112 100–1, 105 Gulf War 124 jiage 245, 258, 272 immigration 152–3 jiko sekinin (self-responsibility) 17, 60, jiko sekinin 17, 60, 81, 84, 96, 273 81, 84, 96, 273 legacy 110, 112 Jinja Honcho 160, 273 North Korea, relations with 124–8 jishuku (restraint) 218, 273 political rise of 108–9 Johnson, Chalmers 100 postal reform 111 judiciary 32–3, 36, 252–4, 268 public works cuts 33, 111, 195 jusen 249–50, 273 showmanship 110–11 Yasukuni Shrine visits 159, 160–1, kakusa shakai (society of 162, 163–4, 172 disparities) 34–6, 77, 84–5, 91, Kono Statement 166–8, 170, 173 96, 273 Kono, Taro 152 Kan, Naoto 97, 108, 113, 185, 200–3, Kono, Yohei 166–7 207 Koo, Richard 26 Kanemaru, Shin 248–9 Korean immigrants 138–40, 244 Kanikosen 78 Korean War 11, 120, 124–5 308 Index

kozo oshoku (structural Lost Decade 15, 16, 23–4, 37–8, corruption) 100, 273 263–4 Kurume 254–5 government failures 25–31 Kuwait 116 kakusa shakai (society of KY (kuuki yomenai) 124, 274 disparities) 34–6 Kyoto Protocol 177, 178 lessons from 27 Kyushu 188, 255 media’s role in exposing Kyushu Electric 203–4 problems 27–8 public trust, loss of 30–1 land reform 8–9 reforms, current 36–7 Law on Prevention of Spouse Violence transparency legislation 31–4 and Protection of Victims 69 yakuza’s part in recession 249–51 Learning From Failure lung cancer 48 (Hatamura) 207–8 Lehman shock 17, 25, 79–80, 85–6, MacArthur, General Douglas 4–5 274 marriage 44, 62–3 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) 9–10, divorce 61–4 21, 124, 265, 274 and income 90, 91 1955 system 99–102 with non-Japanese 137, 139, 150 bureaucrats’ infl uence over 97 and retirement 63–4 CIA involvement in 100 Marubeni 104 coalition with JSP 105 Masako, Crown Princess 235–6, 237, creating of 100 238 economic policies 17, 18, 18–19, 96 Matsumoto, Ryu 215 electoral reform, impact of 107, 108 media environmental policies 101–2 3/11 and post-3/11 coverage 215 factions and corruption 102–4 abductees in North Korea, coverage failures of 95–6 of 125–6, 126, 127, 128 fl ag-and-anthem bill 227 Akihabara rampage, response to 79 foreign policy 10 and attitudes towards divorce 62 immigration proposals 151–2 exposing child abuse 70 Iron Triangle 3, 97, 100, 103, 251, exposing economic problems 27–8 265–6, 272 exposing social problems 71, 76 Koizumi see Koizumi, Junichiro foreign caregivers coverage 148 prolonged support for 99, 102 Fukushima coverage 212 prospects 114 haken mura, coverage of 80–1 Sagawa Kyubin scandal 248–9 imperial family coverage 225 welfare policies 65, 66, 67, 96 nuclear energy issues coverage 182, and Yasukuni Shrine 161 205, 217, 219 life expectancy 47 political intervention 233 Lockheed Corporation 104 post-WWII 4 Long-Term-Care Insurance shaping System 49–50, 52 sentiment 220 Index 309

Tanaka’s corruption, exposure NHK (Japan National Broadcasting) of 104 abductee issue coverage 126, 127 Tokyo Women’s Tribunal foreign caregivers coverage 148 coverage 232–4 nuclear energy issues coverage 182, unemployed protests coverage 86 205, 217, 219 and whaling 191 Tokyo Women’s Tribunal and WWII memories 117 coverage 232–4 yakuza coverage 252 Nihon Izokukai 160, 274 middle class, post-WWII 3–4, 9 nikkeijin 137, 140–4, 152, 274 Mihashi, Kaori 67–8 Nippon Keidanren (Japanese Business military Federation) 152, 266, 274 and Article 9 see Article 9 of Noda, Yoshihiko 97, 187 Constitution non-profi t organizations (NPOs) defense spending 120, 133–4 3/11 relief efforts 215 Peace Keeping Operations haken mura 80–2 (PKO) 121 Kobe earthquake response 29, 215 Self-Defense Forces (SDF) 120–1 and transparency legislation 32, Minamata disease 188–9 33–4 minbo (extortion) 248, 252, 254, non-regular employment 274 and deregulation 17, 18, 36, 84, Minbo No Onna (Itami) 248 85–6, 90 139, 274 despair of employees 79 Ministry of Economy, Trade, and and income disparities 84–5 Industry (METI) 181, 201, 202, low fertility rates, as one cause 203, 204, 209, 274 of 45 Miyazaki, Hayao 195–6 rise in 24, 35–6, 77, 83 Miyazaki, Manabu 251, 259 social consequences of 77–8, 80, 86, Monju nuclear reactor 98, 183–4 89–92 Mori, Yoshiro 109, 249 and women 46, 65, 67, 87–9 Murayama, Tomiichi 105 and youth 86–7 nopan shabushabu 31, 274 Nakagawa, Hidenao 151 North Korea 115, 122, 124–30, 133 Nakagawa, Shoichi 233 nuclear energy 178–9, 187, 265 Nakasone, Yasuhiro 104, 135, 144, 156, deregulation 183 160, 162 and earthquakes 20, 182–3; see also Naruhito, Crown Prince 235–6, 237, Fukushima Daiichi nuclear 238, 239 disaster national anthem 227–30 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster national identity see identity, national see Fukushima Daiichi nuclear nationalism 155, 156, 165, 171 disaster fl ag-and-anthem issue 227–30 Genkai scandal 203–4 Yasukuni Shrine/Museum see host communities 204–5 Yasukuni Shrine/Museum Kan’s policies 202–3 310 Index

nuclear energy (cont’d) leadership changes 97 Kashiwazaki close call 182–3 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) see post-Fukushima prospects 218–19 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) public concerns 204 prospects 113–14 Rokkasho reprocessing plant 183–4 yakuza involvement 248–9 Tokaimura accident 179–80 Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea whistleblowing about safety 180–2 (Miyazaki) 196 Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency postal system, privatization of 102, (NISA) 201, 203, 206, 208, 274 111 nuclear village 201, 203, 218, 219, 220, poverty 34–5 275 and child abuse 71–2 nuclear weapons 117, 118, 134–5 of elderly 42, 54 North Korea’s 115, 122, 125, 128–9, of single mother households 64–7 133 working poor 77–8, 91 US’s, in Japan 118–19 precariat 77, 90 nure uchiba (wet leaf) 63–4, 275 prostitution, post-WWII 6 public opinion Obama, Barack 113, 131, 132, 133, 252 about abductees issue 127 Obuchi, Keizo 36, 110 about AWF 169 Oe, Kenzaburo 236 about foreigners 153 offi cial development assistance about imperial family 224, 224–5, (ODA) 12–13, 116, 194 237 Okazaki, Hisahiko 158 about Japan’s future 263–4 Okinawa 10, 11, 116, 118, 130–1, 226 about nuclear energy 218 Ozawa, Ichiro 113, 116–17, 124 about US military bases 131 about yakuza 248, 251 Pal, Radhabinod 159 Public Safety Commission 253, 255 Peace Keeping Operations (PKO) 121 public trust, loss of 30–1, 34, 95 pensions 19, 42, 43, 55–6, 90 public works 9, 26, 194–6, 245 Philippines 146 funding cuts to 33, 102, 121, 195 Plaza Accords 14 Pyongyang Declaration 125 policies for future 267–9 politics 95 quantitative easing 26–7 1955 system 99–102 and bureaucracy 97–8 rachi mondai (kidnapping Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) see problem) 125–30, 275 Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) reforms 36–7 electoral reform 107–8 aging society, aimed at 43 Japan Communist Party economic 16–17, 18, 84, 96, 109 (JCP) 105–7 electoral 107–8 Japan Socialist Party (JSP) 100, medical 49, 49–50, 58 100–1 Occupation-era 6, 8 LDP-JSP coalition 105 postal 111 Index 311

prospects for 21, 263, 266–7 Showa, Emperor see Hirohito, social policy 70, 72 Emperor Showa renewable energy 184–7, 201, 202–3, Showa era 276 218–19, 265 black markets 5–6 reverse course 8, 275 bubble economy see bubble rinban 26, 275 economy risk 19–20, 38, 267–8 Cold War see Cold War Rokkasho nuclear reprocessing/storage demilitarizing 5 plant 183–4, 196 democracy under SCAP 7–8 rosu gene (lost generation) 79, 275 drug use 6 economy 13, 13–16, 15–16 Saburo, Ienaga 162–3 Emperor Hirohito (Showa) see safety net 267–8, 275 Hirohito, Emperor Showa inadequacies of 18, 60–1, 81, 84 foreign policy 10–13 increased reliance on 90 income distribution 4, 34 trimming of 17, 23, 112 Japanese offi cials, infl uence of 8 Sagawa Kyubin scandal 104, 248–9 Korean immigrants 138 salarymen (sararimen) 74, 275 land reform 8–9 San Francisco Peace Treaty 11, 118, mass media 4 157 middle class, growth of 3–4, 9 Sato, Eisaku 118 politics 9–10, 99–112 security concerns prostitution 6 China 115, 122, 131–4 “reverse course” 8 North Korea 115, 122, 124–30, social cohesion 34 133 “three jewels” employment and US relations 115–16, 121–2, system 82–3 124, 129, 130–1, 132, 133, 134 Tokaimura nuclear accident 179–80 seiken kotai (political change) 96, 112, unions 6 275 US–Japan Security Treaty 4 Self-Defense Forces (SDF) 29, 120–1, US military occupation 4–9 123, 215, 275 violence and crime 6 self-responsibility (jiko sekinin) 17, 60, war crimes see war crimes 81, 84, 96, 273 zaibatsu 8 senior citizens see elderly Six-Party Talks 128–9, 133 Senkaku islands dispute 132–3 smoking 48 separation of state and religion 160, social cohesion 4, 34, 267–8 162, 226, 227 threats to 19, 27, 91, 267 Seto Inland Sea 195–6 Social Democratic Party 161 setsuden (conservation) 217, 218, 276 Social Insurance Agency (SIA) 55 Shii, Kazuo 105 social security spending 48–9 Shinto shrines 226 sodai gomi (large garbage) 63, 276 Yasukuni Shrine/Museum see sogo shoku 88, 276 Yasukuni Shrine/Museum Soh, C. Sarah 169 312 Index

sokaiya 246–7, 252, 276 Kashiwazaki nuclear plant 192–3 Son, Masayoshi 185–6 safety apathy 20, 28, 205, 208–9, South Korea 15, 35, 44, 155, 169, 230–1 265 relations with 11, 156, 164, 181 Tokyo Tribunal 157, 159, 160, 231 Soviet Union 11, 105, 118, 127 Tokyo Women’s Tribunal 231–4 Spain 140–1 transparency legislation 31–4, 268 suicide 72–5, 90 Treaty of Peace and Friendship 12 Sumitomo Bank 250 tsunamis see 3/11 earthquake and Supreme Commander of the Allied tsunami; Fukushima Daiichi Powers (SCAP) 4–9, 275 nuclear disaster

Takemae, Eiji 159 unemployment 17, 78, 80–2, 85–6, Takenaka, Heizo 109 90 Takeo, Miki 160 unions 6, 82, 83 Takeshita, Noboru 104, 249 United Nations (UN) 110, 117, 151 Tamogami, Toshio 117, 134 United States Tanaka, Kakuei 103–4 and Article 9 118 Taniguchi, Tomohiko 193 and China 12, 132 tanshin funin 45, 276 CIA involvement in LDP 10, 100 terrorist attacks FBI-yakuza relationship 257–8 1995, Tokyo 28–9, 30 Futenma Marine Airbase 113, 119, bombing of pro-North Korean 130–1 diplomat’s house 127 Korean War 11 Three Non-Nuclear Principles 10, 118, and North Korea 129 134 nuclear weapons 118–19 Tohoku see 3/11 earthquake and post-3/11 relief efforts 215 tsunami and post-WWII economic aid/ Tokaimura nuclear accident 179–80 reforms 13 Tokyo post-WWII military 1964 Olympics 4 occupation 4–9, 118 1995 terrorist gas attacks 28–9, 30 San Francisco Peace Treaty 11, 118 Akihabara attacks 79 security ties with 115–16, 121–2, haken mura 80–2 124, 129 Kaori Mihashi case 67–8 US–Japan Security Treaty 4, 10–11, Yasukuni Shrine/Museum see 101, 105, 118–19, 123, 133 Yasukuni Shrine/Museum Vietnam War 10–11 Tokyo Electric Power Company urbanization 3 (TEPCO) US–Japan Security Treaty 4, 10–11, falsifi cation of safety records 181, 101, 105, 118–19, 123, 133 182 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear Vienna Declaration and Programme of disaster 201–2, 205, 206–7, Action 68 207–8, 213–14 Vietnam War 10–11, 101 Index 313

Violence Against Women in War- single mothers 64–7 Network Japan (VAWW-NET work and childcare 44–7, 58–9, 66, Japan) 233–4 88–9 workforce marginalization 4, 59, 83, war see Article 9 of Constitution 87–9 war crimes 156 Women’s International War Crimes Hirohito’s escape from Tribunal (WIWCT) 231–4 prosecution 6–7, 165, 233 Kishi’s escape from prosecution 101 yakuza 241–2, 276 Tokyo Tribunal 157, 159, 160 and 1990s recession 249–51 Women’s International War Crimes citizens fi ghting back 254–6 Tribunal (WIWCT) 231–4 and construction projects 245 and Yasukuni Shrine 157, 158, economic challenges 252 159–60, 163 front companies 244 war memory 154 legal challenges 252–4 confl icting attitudes 155, 156, membership 243–4 157–8, 164–5, 171 modern problems and and reconciliation 164–6, 171; Asia responses 242–3 Women’s Fund 166–71; police, relationship with 241, 243, prospects 171–3 248, 253, 256–7 and responsibility 155–6, 165–6, prospects 258–9 224–5; comfort women public image 247–9, 251–2, 254–6 system 166–71, 173, 232–3 recession management 246–7 Yasukuni Shrine/Museum see sokaiya 246–7 Yasukuni Shrine/Museum threats to 256–8 whaling 189–94 Yasukuni Shrine/Museum 154, 155–6, Wikileaks 119, 130 172–3, 276 Will, George 158 justifi cation of wartime women record 156–9 and caregiving 52 prime ministerial visits to 159–64 and child abuse 70–1 and Shintoism 160 comfort women system 154, war criminals, attitudes 166–71, 173, 232–4 towards 159–60 conceiving before marriage 63 Yokota, Megumi 128 divorce, attitudes towards 63–4 Yoshida doctrine 11, 276 domestic violence 67–70 Yoshida, Shigeru 11, 118 exclusion from reigning 236 youth 84, 86–7, 89 fertility rates, falling 43–7, 58–9, 90 yuai (fraternity) 96, 276 gender wage gap 35, 62, 88 Yuasa, Makoto 80 marriage and family, attitudes towards 62–3 zaibatsu 8, 13, 276 patriarchal attitudes towards 62 zainichi 138–40, 244, 277 and politics 106 zombie companies 25–6, 277