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Citizenship and North Korea in the Zainichi Korean Imagination: the Art of Insook Kim 郷愁 キム･インスクの作品 における在日朝鮮人の表象

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Citizenship and North Korea in the Zainichi Korean Imagination: the Art of Insook Kim 郷愁 キム･インスクの作品 における在日朝鮮人の表象 Volume 13 | Issue 5 | Number 3 | Article ID 4263 | Feb 02, 2015 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Citizenship and North Korea in the Zainichi Korean Imagination: The Art of Insook Kim 郷愁 キム･インスクの作品 における在日朝鮮人の表象 Young Min Moon thousand years, many traditional homes can still be found in the narrow alleys around Nijo Young Min Moon with an Introduction by Castle, a World Heritage Site where Shogun Sonia Ryang Tokugawa Ieyasu is believed to have stayed. The house, bearing a nameplate reading "Ko Introducing Young Min Moon's Reflection Kang-ho/Lee Mi-o," was built about 90 years on the Photographic Art of Insook Kim ago[….] Sonia Ryang "Welcome." The voice that rang out was high and gentle. This was Kang-ho's wife Ri Mi-oh, An article in the Hankyoreh a few months back 55. A doctor of respiratory medicine, she treats caught my attention. The story is about Ko patients with terminal cancer at a hospital in Kang-ho and Ri Mi-oh, a married couple of Kobe, a city in nearby Hyogo Prefecture. The Zainichi Koreans living in Kyoto. Recently Mr. date of the visit happened to be a national Ko had filed a lawsuit in Seoul City Court holiday: National Foundation Day, requesting that his South Korean nationality be commemorating the accession of Japan's first annulled. Ko had become a South Korean emperor Jimmu. Other holidays include Showa national upon his parents' acquiring that Day, which honors the birthday of the late nationality after the 1965 normalization of emperor Hirohito, and the Emperor's Birthday, diplomatic relations between Japan and the for current emperor Akihito. Kang-ho, who has ROK. Now he has chosen to become stateless, run a dental clinic for over two decades in the option which in theory is available to Otsu, a city in Shiga Prefecture, did not take Zainichi, who were completely statelessthe day off for holidays connected with the between the years 1945 and 1965. Thereafter, Japanese imperial family. only those who acquired South Korean nationality (including Mr. Ko's family) obtained Similar round faces, similar friendly smiles - permanent residence in Japan, leaving a large the couple even had similar jobs. They almost number of Zainichi continuing to be stateless, looked like brother and sister. About ten years the situation only to be addressed in the 1990s. ago, a swollen-faced Ri was recommended to In 2012 this unprecedented request was denied Kang-ho's clinic by a friend after a bad tooth in the Supreme Court of South Korea. Mr. Ko's diagnosis. The treatment was good, but he action was inspired by his wife, Ms. Ri, who has didn't seem to know much about making lived all her life stateless: she has nomoney. He didn't recommend expensive nationality, retaining only theChōsen treatments like implants that aren't covered by identification in her Japanese alien registration. insurance. He didn't accept payment from Excerpts from the Hankyoreh: fellow Koreans, and he offered patients some of his own homegrown vegetables. On Jan. 1, In the heart of Kyoto, Japan's capital for a 2000, just three months after they met, they 1 13 | 5 | 3 APJ | JF were married. It was a wedding between two become self-sufficient right away, something foreigners living in Japan. she could do outside of Japan? A job where she could help others. She finally settled on Ko Kang-ho knows hardly any Korean. His becoming a doctor. father hadn't wanted to send him to one of the Chosun Korean schools operated by the"Chosun" isn't a recognized nationality. Mi-oh General Association of Korean Residents in has no passport, and people without passports Japan (pro-North Korea Chongryon). But the have a difficult time traveling from one country boy with the Korean name didn't spend much to another. One substitute for a passport is a time with Japanese friends either. Mostly, he document from the Japanese Ministry of Justice just read books and newspapers. He considered permitting "reentry," which serves as the going to university in his father's country, but necessary identification for border crossing. the household wasn't well-off financially. In Any overseas travel requires at least two or 1976, he enrolled in an engineering college to three months to prepare the necessary study ship-building. His plan was to get a job at documents. But it's a process that has allowed a South Korean shipyard after graduating and her to visit the US and the United Kingdom, join the labor movement. But caring for his although she was unable to travel to Ireland. widowed mother and younger siblings left him unable to study for the six years after he Traveling to South Korea is also a tall order. enrolled. He wondered if there was anything he She has to obtain a "travel certificate," a could do for the Zainichi Korean community. temporary passport issued by the South Korean Finally, he changed course and went to dental government. It was not until 1996, during the school. administration of President Kim Young-sam, that she was able to set foot in the country. The Mi-oh does speak Korean well, having attended authorities had permitted her visit after she a Chosun school. Her father was a Korean from explained that she wanted to visit her father's Jeju, while her mother was Japanese. Her grave in Jeju Island. After he passed away in mother had been resolute enough to leave 1991, it had taken four years for his remains to home where her father insisted, "women don't make their way home. Under the brutal military need to go to university." Her fateful encounter dictatorship, it was inconceivable for her occurred one day while she was studying at the relatives in Jeju to try to contact the family. Her house of her brother, an exchange student in father had once been a member of Chongryon, Tokyo. In the yard of a friend's house, she saw though she claims he was forced out. a shabby clapboard home, barely fit for a dog. Inside lived a poor Korean teenager. This was In 2010, with the Lee Myung-bak the young man who would become Mi-oh's administration in office in South Korea, Mi-oh father. The grandfather objected, but Mi-oh's and a friend paid a visit to South Korea. [In mother went ahead with the wedding. Since 2014], Mi-oh was prevented from making they were of two different nationalities, they another trip. She made two consulate visits for decided to give their first child Japanese the necessary procedures, but her efforts were nationality and their second Chosun nationality. in vain. "The employee at the consulate told Mi-oh was the second daughter. Proud and me, 'You've been there ten times now. If you've assertive, she had hopes of leaving Japan seen what a good country South Korea is, why someday to live elsewhere. If she left the land don't you change your citizenship? All it takes where she was born and raised, maybe, she is one procedure and you won't have to come imagined, she could be free. Was therehere every time anymore,'" she recalled. "And I something she could do that would let her said, 'I'm willing to come to the consulate 2 13 | 5 | 3 APJ | JF twenty or thirty times if it means I can go to example, that all Zainichi Koreans renounce South Korea.'"(Park 2014; English original) their South Korean nationality and apply for Japanese nationality, given that their life exists I read it with particular interest, because the in Japan (see Ryang 2004). Stated with irony, wife in this story, Ri Mi-oh, is my old school such a view bears a modicum of validity in that mate from Chongryun's Korean high school. Mi- it is true that no Korean residents whose oh always had integrity and I could see that parents and grandparents came from southern even in marriage, or perhaps precisely in Korea to Japan during the colonial period would marriage, she exercised her integrity. While permanently return to live in South Korea, her husband, Mr. Ko, is trying to assert his although recently there has been a notable identity by renouncing his nationality, she is increase of Zainichi younger generations going asserting her own statelessness by notto study, work, and travel in South Korea. Yet adopting South Korean nationality. In fact, she to this day acquiring Japanese nationality, at a is even more consciously doing so, given that time when 10,000 to 15,000 Zainichi Koreans she is eligible to acquire Japanese nationality are being naturalized as Japanese annually, without a problem because her mother is carries political and a certain emotional weight Japanese. This option would have made her life, beyond techno-legal meaning. Unlike, for including professional life as a physician, much example, the US green card, the permanent less cumbersome. Yet, she is insisting on being residence to which Zainichi Koreans are stateless, being Zainichi of her own making. entitled does not automatically provide a basis From within this rather unprecedented quest for naturalization. While, culturally speaking, for statelessness emerges a Zainichi ontology, and laden with problematic racial inequalities, the state of being stateless. Their South Korean US public discourse may embrace being an nationality is not really a nationality – while American of other ethnic origins, Japanese testifying to the South Korean consulate that public discourse regarding national identity is they would not exercise any rights as a resident premised on the mono-ethnic presumption of of South Korea, including voting, they are Japanese being Japanese and nothing else.
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