Los Cincuenta Mapas De Minard

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Los Cincuenta Mapas De Minard LOS CINCUENTA MAPAS DE MINARD Un recorrido por algunos de los mapas estadísticos de Minard y de los procedimientos gráficos que utilizó. 76 M22_Reportaje Minard2.indd 76 05/03/15 13:43 THE FIFTY MAPS OF MINARD A glimpse of both the themes of Minard’s statistical maps and the graphical procedures that he employed. Sandra Rendgen Autora y editora Author and editor 77 M22_Reportaje Minard2.indd 77 05/03/15 13:43 Los cincuenta mapas de Minard The Fifty Maps of Minard Fig. 1. Charles Joseph Minard, n la historia de la visualización de infor- ithin the history of information ‘Tableau figuratif du mouvement mación, el ingeniero francés Charles visualisation, the French engineer commercial du Canal du Centre en Joseph Minard (1781–1870) es algo así Charles Joseph Minard (1781– 1844’, 1845. Por cortesía de la Escuela como una superestrella. Se labró su pres- 1870) is somewhat of a superstar. Nacional de Ingeniería Civil (París). tigio principalmente gracias a un gráfico: He gained this status mostly in re- Courtesy of École Nationale des Ponts su mapa de 1869 sobre la campaña rusa de Napoleón ference to one graphic: his 1869 map of Napoleon’s et Chaussées, Paris. E W en 1812. Popularizado desde los años 80 especialmen- Russian Campaign of 1812. Popularised since the te a través de la obra de Edward Tufte1, este gráfico 1980s notably through the works of Edward Tufte,1 ha sido ensalzado por su impecable integración de no this graphic has been praised for its seamless integra- menos de seis dimensiones de datos. tion of not less than six dimensions of data. Sin embargo, esta obra no fue el resultado de un However, this work was not the result of a single único esfuerzo. De hecho, solamente fue uno de los effort. In fact, it was only one of the last works in a últimos trabajos de una larga serie de mapas esta- long row of statistical maps which Minard created dísticos que Minard creó a lo largo de su carrera. En over the course of his career. This large body of more la actualidad, este vasto corpus de más de 50 obras than 50 works is today mostly forgotten, even though está prácticamente olvidado, aunque contiene varias they contain several innovations devised or at least innovaciones concebidas o al menos elaboradas por elaborated by Minard. This article seeks to provide Minard. Este artículo se centra tanto en los temas de a glimpse of both the themes of Minard’s statistical los mapas estadísticos de Minard como en los proce- maps and the graphical procedures that he emplo- dimientos gráficos que utilizó. yed. 78 M22_Reportaje Minard2.indd 78 05/03/15 13:43 Malofiej 22 Nacido en 1781 y formado en París como ingeniero civil a partir de 1800, Charles Joseph Minard creció en un período de rápida industrialización. Minard paso las tres primeras décadas de su carrera en la École Na- tionale des Ponts et Chaussées (Escuela Nacional de Ingeniería Civil), inspeccionando y planificando la construcción de canales, puentes y puertos. Su tra- bajo sobre el terreno se tradujo en varios dibujos téc- nicos y planos, por ejemplo, una gran lámina con una serie de gráficos que analizaban los daños ocasiona- dos por las crecidas en distintos puentes de Francia2. En torno a 1830, casi a los cincuenta años de edad, Minard comenzó a profundizar en un tema que resul- taba ultramoderno en aquella época y que estimuló la imaginación de muchos de sus contemporáneos: la construcción de un sistema de ferrocarril. Por aquel entonces, en Europa solamente existían algunos tra- mos ferroviarios cortos, en parte debido a que la tec- nología todavía era nueva. Minard intentó recopilar toda la información disponible al respecto e impartió una serie de conferencias sobre el tema3. Un análisis del trasporte Una de las principales problemáticas en los albores del sistema ferroviario fue planear la ruta exacta de las líneas. Una ley francesa de 1842 propuso un sistema de ferrocarril que abarcara toda Francia, con París en el centro de la red. Sin embargo, el trayecto concreto de los tramos individuales siguió siendo objeto de Born in 1781 and educated in Paris as a civil engineer Fig. 2. Charles Joseph Minard, debates y discusiones en las distintas regiones. Esta from 1800 on, Charles Joseph Minard grew into a pe- ‘Carte de la circulation des cuestión, planificar el trasporte por unos itinerarios riod of rapid industrialisation. Minard spent the first voyageurs par voitures publiques determinados, fue lo que hacia 1845 impulsó a Char- three decades of his career at the École Nationale des sur les routes de la contree où sera les Joseph Minard a crear gráficos estadísticos con el Ponts et Chaussées inspecting and planning cons- placé le chemin de fer de Dijon à Mulhouse’, 1845. Por cortesía de la objetivo de utilizarlos como herramienta para anali- truction on waterways, bridges and ports. His work Escuela Nacional de Ingeniería Civil zar el caudal de tráfico en las carreteras y los cursos in the field resulted in several technical drawings and (París). Courtesy of École Nationale fluviales ya existentes. Consideró razonable que los plans, for instance one large plate with a number of des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris. tramos ferroviarios debían proyectarse en paralelo a graphics analysing flood damages on bridges through- los recorridos más utilizados, y sus gráficos ofrecían out France.2 un argumento favorable a esta opción. In around 1830, at the age of almost fifty, Minard Uno de los primeros frutos de este trabajo es la re- began to delve into a topic that was ultra modern at presentación del flujo comercial del Canal de Borgoña the time and captured the imagination of many of his en 1844 (Fig.1), fechado en diciembre de 1845. Consiste contemporaries: the construction of a railway system. en un gráfico de barras, un método que Minard había At the time, a few short railway traces had been ope- ideado para visualizar cuántos pasajeros o mercancías ned across Europe, but the technology was still very eran transportados por una ruta concreta, en este new. Minard tried to gather all available knowledge caso el Canal del Centro, en Borgoña. and held a series of lectures on the subject.3 El gráfico presenta un diagrama en dos dimensio- nes, cuyo eje “y” indica el volumen de mercancías Analysing transportation transportadas, expresado en toneladas. El eje “x” One major issue in the early days of the railway sys- refleja la longitud en kilómetros de cada sección del tem was to plan the exact route of the lines. A French canal (tres milímetros equivalen a un kilómetro). Un law from 1842 drafted a railway system throughout código de colores (o el sombreado respectivo) espe- France, with Paris at the centre of the network. cifica el tipo de mercancías transportadas, como ma- However, the detailed route of the individual traces terial de construcción, carbón, madera, yeso, hierro remained open for discussion and were much deba- fundido, etc. Para explicar el tráfico de manera más ted within the regions. It was this issue of planning precisa, Minard añadió flechas que indican en qué transportation along particular routes which first dirección viajaban las mercancías (no obstante, sin prompted Charles Joseph Minard in the mid-1840s relacionar esa dirección con cantidades concretas de to draw statistical graphics, to be used as a tool for mercancías). analysing the amount of traffic on existing roads and Minard recalcó que consideraba muy importante waterways. He considered it reasonable that railway que los rectángulos trazados de esta manera fuesen traces should be planned along those routes that estrictamente proporcionales a los pesos verídicos were already most used, and his graphics provided an transportados y a las distancias reales que recorrían argument toward this end. 79 M22_Reportaje Minard2.indd 79 05/03/15 13:43 Los cincuenta mapas de Minard The Fifty Maps of Minard 80 M22_Reportaje Minard2.indd 80 05/03/15 13:43 Malofiej 22 las mercancías, posibilitando la comparación del trá- One early result of this work is the ‘Tableau figuratif He considered it 4 fico con un mero análisis visual . Sin embargo, también du mouvement commercial du Canal du Centre en reasonable that railway admitió que no resultaba fácil seguir el recorrido de un 1844’, dated December 1845 (Fig.1). It features a divi- determinado tipo de mercancía, ya que las secciones ded bar chart, a graphical method which Minard had traces should be planned de los rectángulos en ocasiones aparecen separadas. devised for visualising how many passengers or goods along those routes Este gráfico incluye varios de los rasgos que más were transported along a particular route, in this case that were already most tarde aparecerían en los mapas de flujos de Minard: the Canal du Centre in Burgundy. used, and his graphics el uso de la largeur de zones (esto es, la anchura de The graphic features a two-dimensional diagram, cada flujo) para distinguir las cantidades, así como the y-coordinate of which presents the amount of the provided an argument el empleo del color o del sombreado para definir las transported goods in tonnes. The x-coordinate en- toward this end cualidades de los flujos. En total, Minard creó cuatro codes the length of each canal section in km – 3 mm de estos tableaux graphiques; los otros tres diagra- correlates to a distance of 1 km. The colour coding (or mas los ejecutó en blanco y negro. Todos los ejemplos the shading respectively) classifies the type of goods datan de mediados de la década de los 40 del siglo XIX, that were being transported, such as construction y Minard no volvió a utilizar este formato con poste- materials, coal, wood, plaster, cast iron et cetera.
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