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Architectural Drawing I Prepared especially for home study .. ; By WILLIAM S. LOWNDES, Ph. B., A.I.A. and FREDERICK FLETCHER, A.I.A. Registered Architect
5637B-2 Part 2 Edition 3 4 assignments
! International Correspondence Schools, Scranton, Pennsylvania
International Correspondence Schools, Canadian, Ltd., Montreal, Canada T
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ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING^
\A Part 2
“The beginning is half the thing." —Greek Proverb
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“Well begun is half done” is another familiar saying. .] WILLIAM S. LOWNDES, Ph.B., A.I.A. In your decision to “do something” to add to your fund of and knowledge through some systematic spare-time gtudy, you are “well begun.” And if you will persist in this deter FREDERICK FLETCHER, A.I.A. mination, diligently studying one lesson after another, one Registered Architect day, not too far in the future, you’ll “BE DONE.” '! 25
Serial 5637B-2
Copyright© 1981, 1954, 1944, by INTERNATIONAL TEXTBOOK COMPANY Copyright in Great Britain. All rights reserved Printed in United States of America
International Correspondence Schoolsj * t Scranton, Pennsylvania/ ICS International Correspondence Schools Canadian, Ltd, Montreal, Canada What This Text Covers . . . ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
I. Preliminary Considerations Pages 1 to 25 Part 2 Certain preliminary steps are necessary before you can start the working drawings for a building. The requirements of the client, the survey, sketches and studies, and cost esti PRACTICAL PROBLEMS mates are explained. FRAME RESIDENCE 2. Making Working Drawings Pages 26 to 51 Working drawings are prepared after the design has been 1. Introduction.—To illustrate the application of the prin approved. The working drawings include plans, elevations, ciples of drawing set forth in previous texts, a practical prob sections, and details. lem will be considered. The problem will consist of studying the development of a set of plans for a residence, as shown in the 3. Brick-Veneer and Block-Construction . .. Pages 52 to 66 accompanying supplement, from the time the owner, or client, You will be interested in the details of brick veneer and block first consults an architect regarding it until it is completed. In construction. Features common to bungalow construction are addition to the special problem, other architectural features shown. will be considered.
4. Steel Skeleton Building Page 85 2. The drawing work in this text consists of four plates In the usual multistory building many floors are similar in plan and can be shown in one drawing. Technical considera as follows: tions, such as the design of steel columns and beams, affect Plate I.... First-Floor Plan, (Art. 42) the plans. Plate II___Second-Floor Plan (Art. 101) Plate III.... Front Elevation (Art. 109) 5. Key to Criticism Pages 85 to 86 Plate IV___Fireplace and Chimney Details (Art. 139) Each plate should be sent to the Schools for examination as soon 3637B as it is completed. Although only these four plates are to be sent to the Schools for examination and correction, the student will profit by drawing the various details that are described.
3. The Problem.—A client or owner wishing to build a residence for himself and family consults an architect regarding its design and erection. During the consultation the owner states his requirements and the amount of money that he wishes to spend. His family consists of himself, his wife, and a son 17 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 3
years of age. Provision must be made for these, and one bed screens. (3) A central hall extending through the house from room must be provided for guests. The following rooms are, front to rear, containing the main staircase, a coat closet, and therefore, required in order that the house shall furnish the a toilet room. (4) A dining room large enough to accommodate necessary accommodations. eight persons. (5) A kitchen containing the usual accessories, such as dressers, cabinet, sink, range, refrigerator, etc. The ioo'-Q" lO’-o" kitchen should open into the hall so that a servant can answer + 29 the front-door bell without going through the dining room or + 23 the living room. (6) Stairs running from the cellar to the 1.0T LlflES second floor. (7) A porch at the kitchen door with a suitable E roof for shelter. (8) A den or study, which may be used as a I guest room if desired, may be included in the first-floor accom © i modations, if convenient. 5- On the second floor: (1) A large bedroom, with a dressing •w ii U room and a connecting private bath, for the owner and his wife. O d (2) A bedroom for the son. (3) A guest room. Each bedroom _! 55 o co is to have a suitable connecting closet. (4) A bathroom o (Q E accessible from the hall. *-15'-(A d O £ a In the cellar: (1) A laundry. (2) A boiler room and coal RESTIUCTIO/f LINZS o U bins. (3) A recreation room. \ (Q a General matters decided upon are that a direct steam-heat system is to be used, that the building is to have a stucco finish, =o and that the walls and roof are to be insulated. ‘in oj 4. Survey.—The owner has had a survey made of his lot, ^BUILDLNG Ok. EE/ICE LI-NE^* as shown in Fig. 1, which shows a lot 100 feet X 100 feet in size,
O and practically level. It also shows that sewer and water pipes i run through Walnut Avenue. The house is to face the west on +50y T + 29 CUB.B Ll/d Er Walnut Avenue. The lines ab and be show the distance that the • Walnut ■ AVe/iue • actual building must be kept back from the building lines, in accordance with the terms of the deed to the property. The Water. llne O/mfcCTIO-N architect must consider the presence of such restriction lines in “ seWer. Lf/fiF*’"" the deed to a property on which a building is to be erected, as Fig. 1 the client will be held responsible for any violations of the pro visions of the deed. On the first floor: (1) A large, cheerful living room, provided with a fireplace, and having windows on two or three sides so 5. Rough Sketches.—During the discussion with the client, as to obtain sunlight during the greater part of the day and to the architect who can use his pencil freely may make rough afford pleasant outlooks in different directions. (2) A porch sketches which, while far from accurate, will nevertheless express opening off the living room which can be enclosed by glass or his ideas or the suggestions of the client. Sketches such as an
A 4 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 5 architect would make under these circumstances are illustrated facilitate discussion and assist the client in formulating his ideas. in Figs. 2, 3, and 4. For instance, Fig. 2 shows a rough sketch They do not necessarily bind the architect to any final scheme, of a First- and a Second-Floor Plan which, for the purpose of as he is still at liberty to make any improvements and further discussion, is clear enough. A suggestion for a treatment of studies that may seem desirable. the fireplace side of the living room is shown in Fig. 3.
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7. Since the question of cost is always an important one, j'lMf flODX ]>L-AN the architect should be prepared to give a rough approximation Fig. 2 of the cost. From his own experience or from that of architects who have erected buildings similar to the proposed building, the 6. A view that gives a clear idea of an exterior treatment architect should have some knowledge of the cost per cubic is shown in Fig. 4. Sketches such as these, which can be made foot of the building under consideration. He can then roughly in a few moments by a skilful draftsman or architect, greatly estimate the cubic contents of the proposed building and multi-
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ply this by the price per cubic foot and obtain an approximate cost. This will probably vary from the actual cost by from 5 to 25 per cent, but the figure is as near the actual price as possible until the working drawings and specifications are completed. This approximate estimate will determine whether the client can pay for a stone house or a brick house, or whether he will have to build a frame house in order to obtain the accommoda tions that he requires. In this case the client decided that he can afford to pay for a good frame house, but he does not want the house covered with clapboards or shingles. 8. The architect suggests a simple and dignified treatment in stucco on a wooden frame such as the one shown in Fig. 4, and the client asks the architect to submit sketches of such a building that will meet the conditions and will not cost more than a specified amount. The architect is then prepared to make the preliminary studies and sketches.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES VO i 9. Making Preliminary Studies.—The next * peration the architect must perform, after obtaining the client’s ideas regard ing requirements and the survey of the lot, is that of making a thorough study of the problem of designing a house that will meet the client’s requirements. This is generally done by mak ing several small studies, called preliminary studies, in which different arrangements of plan and elevation are shown approxi mately. 10. Symmetrical Plans.—Examples of preliminary studies are shown in Figs. 5, 6, and 7. Thus, in Fig. 5, a symmetrical arrangement of plan is shown in the lower left-hand corner. This sketch is made on quadrille-ruled paper, each square of which is considered as representing a space 5 feet X 5 feet. It is easy to lay out on this paper sketches such as those in Figs. 5, 6, and 7 without the aid of drawing instruments. The plan shows a first floor arranged to meet the requirements of the owner. The rooms are arranged symmetrically with reference to a central line, or axis x-y which arrangement permits the use of a 8 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2
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9 10 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 symmetrical composition of the parts of the front elevation with regard to this axis. The axis extends through the middle of the hall. The i living room balances the dining room and the porch balances the garage. This arrangement permits of using any of the symmetrical elevations shown in Figs. 5 and 6. The feature of symmetry is carried out more particularly on the front eleva tions as shown in the illustrations. Windows and doors should be arranged as symmetrically as possible on the other eleva tions of the building. 11. Unsymmetrical Plans.—In unsymmetrical, or pictur esque, plans, the various parts of the building are arranged with out regard for axis lines. An example of an unsymmetrical plan is shown in Fig. 7. Five elevations in different styles that will fit this plan are also shown. There is no attempt to balance the parts except in the design in the lower right-hand corner, where a symmetrical front is shown that will fit the plan by making a small modification in the plan. 12. Use of Styles in Architecture.—Although many clients will accept the taste and judgment of the architect, some will require that a specific historic style be used in the design. The architect, therefore, must be familiar with the historic styles of design as well as with the styles that are in vogue in different ! parts of the country. 13. The architect sometimes specializes in the use of one or two styles of design, or he may choose more or less freely among the varied styles that have been used in the past. He may, as is the case with certain architects of the day, be disposed to cast aside the results of centuries of development and try to : invent a new form or style of architecture. Other architects i do not attempt to restrict their designs by copying historic or : prevalent examples, but endeavor to use available building mate rials in a tasteful manner so as to produce buildings that are well adapted to their purposes and pleasing in appearance. Many of these last-mentioned architects are producing work that will be considered as the best work of the time in which they are built. By lourtesy of Pencil Points Press, Inc., 56.17 New York City, N. Y. RESTORATIONS AND ALTERATIONS TO A RESIDENCE IN MAINE DESIGNED AND RENDERED IN WATER COLOR BY ARTHUR L. GUPTILL, ARCHITECT Fie. 8
A ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 11
14. It may be said for the symmetrical plan in Fig. 5 that any of the elevations shown in Figs. 5 and 6 will express, in a pleasant way, the nature and purpose of the plan and that each elevation when properly studied, drawn, and constructed would a have an individual charm and would be perfectly satisfactory. The same comments may be made regarding the plan and eleva I: i tions in Fig. 7. The preliminary studies serve to demonstrate to the architect the various solutions that are possible under the conditions and enable him to select the best solution of the problem. The pre liminary studies are not always shown to the client or owner.
PRELIMINARY SKETCHES AND ESTIMATES 15. Making Preliminary Sketches.—When a satisfactory scheme has been determined upon by the architect, the next step is to make a set of preliminary sketches for the owner. These will show the plans and elevations to the best advantage and are made for the purpose of showing the client the architect’s conception of a building that will meet the client’s requirements. The preliminary sketches generally include a perspective sketch of the front and one side of the building, which represents the building to the client in its most attractive form. An example of such a perspective view is shown in Fig. 8, which shows a finely rendered water-color perspective sketch of a proposed house. i The preliminary sketches also include plans that are drawn in a sketchy but attractive way. In some cases the arrangement of the gardens, walks, and other accessories is shown as illustrated I in Fig. 9. A set of preliminary sketches nicely prepared is of the greatest help in bringing the client to a decision. It some i times requires two or three sets of sketches to determine just what the client requires, and it will save the architect consider able labor and expense if he can bring the client to a decision with the first sketches. These sketches are also helpful to the architect, who can see how his design is going to look. In mak ing these preliminary sketches the architect has an opportunity ' to incorporate refinements and improvements on the original ideas and to present modifications of his client’s ideas that may appear desirable. !
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16. The process of making the preliminary sketches will space required for the stairs must be carefully calculated. next be described. Having determined upon what seems to The supports of the second-story partitions must be provided be the best of the preliminary studies, the First-Floor Plan is and chimneys of sufficient size to contain the flues must be drawn. laid out on a piece of tracing paper, using the £- or ^-inch After these points have been considered, the bedrooms and scale. Various parts of the building, such as walls, stairs, bathrooms are laid out, together with closets, halls, stairs, etc. It will probably be discovered that the bedrooms and other rooms do not work out properly and that a change is necessary in I the First-Floor Plan to allow for a good Second-Floor Plan. 1 The Second-Floor Plan is modified so as to produce a good 4 DRYING arrangement and the first floor is then changed to correspond. « A/
cannot be obtained, they are spliced. It is customary to use in other lessons. A good knowledge of these materials and the stock lengths of studding in the erection of a balloon-frame methods in which they are used is indispensable to the architect building. Studs 20 feet in length are commonly used to provide in making the drawings. a building having two stories, the first being 9 ft. 6 in. and the second 9 ft. in height. If studs 18 feet long can be used, 8' 9" IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS and 8' 3" stories may be used. Story heights such as these are 32. Architectural Design.—While an acquaintance with the quite satisfactory. materials used in buildings and the processes necessary to put The studs are nailed into position and the ledger boards, or them together is essential to the architectural draftsman, a ribbons, e, which are about } inch in thickness, support the knowledge of the principles of architectural design is of even second-story beams /, and are let into the faces of the studs and more importance. It is necessary to know where to put the nailed to the studs. The sheathing g is securely nailed to each stone, brick, wood, etc., and this is determined by various con side of the structure in a diagonal position, and serves to brace siderations, such as beauty, utility, appropriateness, proportion, it thoroughly. In putting on the sheathing, no attempt is made and scale. to fit it to the window openings, but these openings are sawed out, as shown at h, after the sheathing is placed. Temporary 33. In the planning of any dwelling the most important braces, as shown at i, are usually employed to hold up the considerations are the comfort and convenience of the occupants. structure until the sheathing is placed and the building made The matter of cost is also important in most operations. secure. The lower ends of the roof joists, or rafters, j rest on 34. Comfort and Convenience.—A man’s dwelling should the plate d, while at the head they rest on the ridge board k. fit the requirements of himself and of every member of his The attic-floor beams over the second story are nailed to the household. To accomplish this end, the architect must, as one rafters wherever practical. In this way they tie the two ends of the first considerations, find out his client’s mode of life with of the rafters together and overcome any tendency they may ; regard to his domestic habits and necessities. He must also be have to spread out and slide off. In buildings where the ceiling informed in these matters with regard to the other members of : beams are so placed as not to give convenient nailing space for the household, the information extending also to the servants, the rafters, a tie is generally carried across the building and if there are any. In possession of this information, the architect nailed to each pair of rafters so as to prevent them from sepa must proceed to design, so far as he can with the amount of rating. Shingle laths consisting of small strips of wood, as money that the client has to spend, a dwelling that will meet shown at l, are sometimes laid over the rafters at intervals equal every requirement of comfort and convenience. It must also be to the exposure of the shingles. In some cases roofs are covered satisfying and pleasant to look upon, thereby combining to the with wide boards laid close together. This is not as good for maximum degree the elements of utility and beauty. a shingle roof as using shingle laths, as it prevents the proper ! ventilation of the under side of the shingles with which the roof 35. Proper Arrangement of Parts.—Having determined is finally covered. In cold climates, however, it is found neces from a discussion of the requirements of the client and his sary to board the roof over so as to conserve warmth, even when family the approximate number, kind, and size of the rooms shingles are used. required, the next important step is the consideration of the proper arrangement of the different parts with relation to each 31. Sizes of Building Materials.—The sizes of building other. This ordinarily requires a great deal of careful study, materials, such as lumber, glass, brick, etc., have been described arranging and rearranging, tracing and retracing, before a 24 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 25 satisfactory arrangement is finally worked out. The architect 37. Choice of Materials.—The matter of choosing mate generally makes his first studies freehand as described, then he rials to be used in the structure may be affected by any or all proceeds to the preliminary sketches and lays them out to scale. of a number of considerations. Some of these are cost, prox He then studies the different arrangements of rooms by the imity to the site, availability at the particular time at which they simple process of laying pieces of tracing paper over completed will be needed, sentiment, etc. Here, again it will be necessary layouts and trying different arrangements of different portions that the architect have a knowledge of the prices of the different until a satisfactory one is secured. In studying the interior materials to guide him in making his decision. The style in •arrangement of rooms, the effect on the exterior appearance ! which he is designing, the color scheme, etc. will also affect the must also be considered, and, before getting too far in the interior decision. arrangement, the designer must commence his sketches of the 38. Site, Grade, Etc.—The design of a building may be exterior so that the study of the exterior may be carried right greatly influenced by the site and the grade, or contour, of the along at the same time with that of the interior, since the placing ground at the site of the proposed building. In the problem of of window and door openings, dormers, bay windows, etc. affects designing a dwelling on an ordinary city lot, the architect should not only the convenience of the interior arrangement, but the obtain from the client the exact size and location of the lot. He exterior appearance as well. should also have the grade or contour of the ground. This will not be needed for the preliminary studies unless the contour is 36. Cost Consideration.—The consideration of cost is of so uneven or diversified as to affect materially the design of the primary importance. It would obviously be a waste of time, for i intended structure. It will be necessary to establish on the instance, for an architect to design a dwelling for a client that working drawings the height of the first floor above the ground, would meet perfectly his requirements as to comfort and con the depth of cellar, etc. Elevations should be taken at the side venience, but that would cost $40,000 to build, if the client had walk in front of the dwelling, at the four corners of the dwelling only $25,000 to spend. It is, therefore, essential that the archi at least; and at as many more points as required by any irregu tect consider from the very beginning the matter of economy in larities of the ground. connection with the design. He should ascertain as nearly as possible just how much money his client will spend for his 39. The architect should obtain from the city engineer or dwelling and he should keep this in mind in making his design. other officials having the matter in charge the location of the He should make approximate estimates of the cost of his studies sewer and water mains in the street and their depth below the or designs. In order to accomplish this, it is necessary that he f surface of the ground at the points where the house lines will should familiarize himself with the cost of the dffierent materials enter these mains. With this knowledge he will be able to allow and classes of labor entering into the construction. In addition, for the proper fall in the sewer from the house to the mains. he may call upon one of two responsible contracting builders for their approximate estimates of the cost. It is one thing to solve 40. Simplicity in Form.—Simplicity in form, both with successfully for a client the problem of comfort and convenience regard to the arrangement of the floor plans and the exterior in a dwelling without regard to the cost, but it is quite another design, should be the goal of the architect. Simple plans are thing to solve the problem while keeping within a certain stipu- invariably the most workable, the most convenient, and the best. lated amount., and the architect must not lose sight of this fact. Complicated arrangements should be avoided; a convenient The cases where an architect is permitted to go ahead without arrangement of rooms with a minimum of comers, angles, turns, regard to expense are extremely rare. and twists, can generally be obtained by sufficient study of the 26 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 27 problem, and, in addition to giving a better opportunity for treat value in laying out the proper sizes and construction on these ment of the exterior, the simple plan constitutes much more drawings. economical construction than the one having a multiplicity of 44. Symmetry.—At this point it is advisable to discuss corners and angles. the subject of symmetry as it is used in several instances in 41. Beauty.—Every man desires that his dwelling shall drawing the plans and elevations of the building that is being possess at least some of the elements of beauty, although very studied. Symmetry is often a very important and desirable few persons could give an intelligent definition of the term feature in good design. In the Front Elevation the arrangement beauty, and no two definitions would be the same. In solving of the various features is symmetrical. If a line is drawn verti any architectural problem, the elements of both utility and cally through the center of the doorway, it will divide this beauty must be considered and so coordinated and combined as elevation into two equal and similar parts, the one to the left to present a harmonious whole. The dwelling under considera of the line being the reverse of the one to the right. The line tion should, when completed, meet every requirement of comfort is called the axis of the elevation. and convenience of the occupants and present a well-proportioned For each feature on one side of the axis there is a similar exterior, and a pleasing example of the particular style of archi one on the other side, equally distant from the axis. These tecture in which it is designed. features are said to be symmetrical with reference to this axis. The doorway and the windows above are divided into two equal MAKING OF WORKING DRAWINGS parts by this axis. The windows of the dining room and the living room which appear in this elevation are symmetrical with PLATE I, TITLE: FIRST-FLOOR PLAN reference to this axis. The same is true of the bedroom windows 42. Introduction.—A set of six working drawings of the above and the basement windows below. residence, shown at the scale of ■& inch = l foot, is furnished with A slight difference occurs in the details of the porches and the this text. These drawings are marked as being at the scale of garage on the ends of this elevation, but a symmetrical effect is i inch = 1 foot, as they represent actual working drawings that secured by making the outlines the same, and by keeping the would be made at the |-inch scale. The student should not details similar. merely copy the plans, but should endeavor, as far as his knowl The chimneys do not count as part of this elevation, as they edge and experience will permit, to study and understand every are located at different distances back of the building. The item shown on the prints. He should assume that he is preparing Front Elevation may be considered as a symmetrical design. accurate, dependable working drawings from which estimates A faqade treated symmetrically generally has a restful, digni will be taken and from which a building is to be erected. fied, and elegant effect. The requirements of a dwelling do not generally allow a 43. The successful completion of the drawings previously symmetrical treatment on all sides, and such a treatment is required should be sufficient qualification for the execution of rarely attempted. Nevertheless, symmetry can be used in the the technical part of the drawings called for in this text. Since principal parts where a quiet, dignified effect is desired. the actual drawing of the lines and indications should be com 45. Symmetry in Plan.—The rooms on the first floor are paratively easy, greater attention should be given to the ideas most important and should be designed with reference to pro that are to be shown by the drawings than to the process of portion, symmetry, and beauty. In simple homes, well-propor making the lines and indications. The study of the building tioned and symmetrical plans can be obtained by skilful arrange- trades and the processes used in building should be of great 28 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 29
ment of the parts, Good proportions and symmetry are largely paper 15 inches X 20 inches should be tacked to the board with conducive to beauty in a room. the edges of the board and the paper parallel. The longest dimension of the board and of the paper should 46. In the drawing of the First-Floor Plan a general syim extend from left to right; lines in that direction will be referred metry has been maintained. The walls of the living room and to as horizontal lines. Lines perpendicular to those lines will be the dining room are symmetrical with regard to the principal considered as vertical lines. axis AB; that is, the walls of the hall are equidistant from the axis; and the walls of these rooms opposite the hall are also I 3i— ■ JOIST-"'’ equidistant from the axis, The main-entrance doors and the f vestibule are symmetrical with the same axis, which may be 11 said to cut them into two equal parts. r*_] !_i! 47. The living room is designed with reference to two axes EF and //. The fireplace is exactly symmetrical with m --5ILL respect to the axis IJ, whereas the bay window and the windows m ••'o.'O.o'. «• i o • }ill in the rear are symmetrical with respect to the axis EF. w ■ . c h u 48. The reason for emphasizing the matter of symmetry at • j % Z^chl^WAii-; & this point is that symmetry can best be introduced into the •Section • T/iiuj - Wall* drawings when starting to lay out the plans of a building. It is I [-MEASUREMENTS Of CELLAR. WALL also brought out so as to impress the student with the value of - -Ufl'-H-MEASUREMENTS OE 1ST fL. WALL drawing axis in certain parts of the plan and working from them fcc in laying out the windows, doors, and other features, especially in the more important rooms of the house. 1 Axes are used in the elevations in laying out the windows. X Thus, in the Front Elevation, the windows of the living room and the dining room are located on this elevation with reference to the axes of these rooms. Axis lines of the four windows should be drawn in faint lines on the elevation and the basement IE 3". 3g— c" and second-floor windows laid out on the same axes as the 6§- first-story windows. • Plan • oe • Wall • In the other Elevations the axes of the living-room windows Fig. 13 should be drawn faintly and the second-story windows laid out The drawings are to be made like the drawings accompanying on these axes. The same method should be used wherever one this text. These drawings should not be copied, but the stu window should be directly over the one below. dent’s drawing should be built up according to the following directions. 49. Methods of Procedure.—The drawing board should be covered with a sheet of detail paper or heavy wrapping paper 50. In drawing the First-Floor Plan draw a faint vertical free from wrinkles or creases. A sheet of transparent bond line AB through the middle of the sheet. This line will extend 30 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 31
through the center of the hall in the plan. Draw a horizontal Thus, the total length of the frame of the building should be line CD, If inches from the top edge of the paper. This will be 2 inches less than the outside length of the cellar walls. The the outer face of the rear wall. Draw the vertical line EF paral total thickness of the outside first-story wall will be 6$ inches, lel with and at a distance of 10 ft. 5 in., on the scale, from AB. and the stucco finish will project about 2\ inches beyond the Draw GH parallel with and at a distance of 10 ft. 5 in. from AB. face of the frame. The scale used in laying out this drawing will be J"=1'0", which is the scale commonly used in laying out working draw 54. Draw a horizontal line 6$ inches below the line CD. ings of a residence. This will show the rear wall at the proper thickness. At the ends of the wall, as shown in Fig. 14, draw lines ab 51. Thickness of Outside Wall.—The thickness of the out and cd 2\ inches in from the outer faces of the wall. These lines side wall in this building will now be computed. For this pur will be the lines of the wood frame and the lines from which the pose, a section through the wall showing the sill of the building dimensions will be measured. The dimensions to the centers of and the top of the cellar wall is shown in Fig. 13. The face of windows may be laid out on the plan the sill is set back 1 inch from the face of the cellar wall. The of the first floor as shown in the j_ studs a are set with the outer faces flush with the face of the drawings. Lay off the widths of the ___l sill. At b is shown sheathing which may be of wood or insu windows from the Window Schedule 'S It#o lating boards. Vertical furring strips c are nailed at 16 inches on the First-Floor Plan and indicate ID on centers to the sheathing, which may be covered with paper the windows as shown. if desired. Metal lath is fastened to the furring strips and From CD lay off the distances, 25 •o stucco d is applied to the lath. Lathing and plastering e are ft. 10 in. -f-2i + 2$ in. =26 ft. 2\ in., shown on the plan of the wall. perpendicular to CD, at the right and left ends. These points locate the out 52. The dimensions of the parts shown in the illustration 1 Fig. 14 side face of the front wall. Make the are the minimum dimensions. Variations in thicknesses may, front walls 6$ inches thick. Project the bay windows 1 ft. 6 in. however, be expected, but they will not affect the detail seriously. beyond the face of the wall. On the axes EF and GH lay off As a rule, the face of the sill is kept 1 inch back of the face of the bay windows as shown. On the axis AB lay off the front the basement wall. I door as shown in the drawing of the plan. A strip / is nailed horizontally along the bottom of the sheath ing to provide nailing for the metal lath. A metal termite 55. Partitions.—On each side of the axis AB lay off 3 ft.. shield g may be applied if it is considered necessary. I 9 in., which points will locate the centers of the hall partitions. The cellar wall is shown furred with 2 in. x4 in. furring h, The minimum size of these partitions is 3# inches for the studs the tops of which are nailed to the joists. Lath and plaster i or plus J inch for the plaster on each side of the partition, which is wallboard may be applied to the furring. 5£ inches. The partitions may be shown as 6 inches for this 53. The dimensions on the First-Floor Plan are to the out drawing, but should be figured to the centers. These partitions side of the sill, and the frame will be built to these sizes. The have been made thinner in the coat and toilet rooms so as to stucco face of the wall will be 2\ inches outside the frame. gain a few inches of additional inside space. This is done by setting the studs flatwise, thus saving 2 inches in the thickness The dimensions shown on the Basement Plan are to the out side of the cellar wall. of each partition. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 .32 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 a3
It will also be noted that the partition between the living room on each side of the opening. Consequently, in placing a door and den and the dining room and garage are inches minimum that is 3 feet wide, a space 3 ft. 8 in. or more will be required size, but they are shown on this drawing as 6 inches. to provide properly for the door and the trim. When locating 56. Windows.—The windows are laid out with their cen doors on a plan in the comers of rooms, a space of 4 inches or ters on the axis according to the Window Schedule given on the more should be allowed between the door opening and the drawing of the First-Floor Plan. The central windows in the adjacent wall. In important rooms it is always safer to allow ! bays are picture windows and do not open, The windows on 10 or 12 inches between the opening and the wall, to provide for i
each side of the picture windows are single casement windows more elaborate trim. ■ Most of the windows are double hung. that open sidewise. 61. Where a door is to be fitted with a glass panel, the The numbers, sizes, and characters of the various windows are I fact is noted on the plan and on the elevation by the letters GL. shown in the Window Schedule given on the First-Floor Plan. ; or the word glass marked at the door on the plan. The nature The sizes given in this schedule are the sizes of the sash open of the glass is stated in the specifications and the sizes and shape ings. The numbers on the plans correspond with the numbers are given on scale details and in a Door Schedule, as in the in the schedule. First-Floor Plan of a residence in this lesson. 57. Doors.—All the swinging doors are indicated by lines The doors should be carefully drawn, as shown on the draw drawn to show the edge on which the door is hung and the ing. They may be shown on the plans at an angle of 30 or 45 direction in which the door swings. In laying out doors it is degrees, as convenient. As a rule, it is best to have them all desirable to try the full swing of the doors by making faint half drawn at the same angle. circles in order to see if the door strikes any obstacles or inter 62. Pantry.—Although the pantry is a useful connecting feres with other doors. The sizes of the doors are shown in the link between the dining room and the kitchen in large residences Door Schedule given on the First-Floor Plan. The letters on where servants are employed, in the modern small house, where the plans correspond with the letters in the schedule. the housewife does most of the work connected with the manage 58. Swing of Doors.—In domestic buildings, all outside ment of the home, the pantry is generally omitted. For this doors should swing into the building. In schools, churches, and reason and because its omission reduces the cost of the house, other buildings where numbers of people gather, the outside a pantry is' not shown in this residence. When used, it is a doors should open outward so as to permit of easy exit in case convenient place to keep the china and to wash the china after of an emergency. it has been used. For this latter purpose a pantry sink made 59. Doors to the principal rooms of a house generally open of porcelain, galvanized iron, white metal, or copper is provided. into the room. They should, when possible, open against walls, The pantry sink is generally provided with a stopper or a stand where they will be out of the way. Doors to bathrooms gener ing waste so that glassware can be washed in the sink itself ally open into the bathrooms, and doors to closets open out of without using the dishpan. If the sinks are of very hard material the closets into the rooms. Doors to closets should open so that such as porcelain, china, or heavy cast iron, there is a great the closets will be as light as possible. Doors to bedrooms risk of breaking glassware and fine china. Pantry sinks are, should open so that the bed cannot be seen, if this is convenient. therefore, often made of thin sheet metal such as copper or white metal, which is more yielding and reduces the risk of breakage. 60. Trim of Doors. It should be remembered that the The pantry sink should have an ample drain-board. A pantry trim oi doors, as well as of windows, extends 4 inches or more should have counter shelves or cabinets with a suitable space fa
34 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 l ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 35 \ 1 convenient. All these features should be drawn in place as ; shown on the drawing of the First-Floor Plan. The kitchen in V V * 3 *> the modern home is one of the most important rooms in the house ' W and should be most carefully designed. fc 64. An illustration of a modern kitchen is shown in Fig. 15, ip ; in which a sink is shown directly below the window. To the V* right of the sink is a dishwasher. The counter shelf at the top * •. level of the sink is covered with stainless steel. Beneath the counter shelves are base cabinets with closets and drawers. . , Vi . ■fc.Tr-.*: On the wall above the counter shelves are wall cabinets, having ! \* •» *, »•« doors and shelves. The purpose of these cabinets is to hold > various kitchen utensils and packages of supplies. Between the !h:* • 2 * « - • r iTi wall cabinets and the counter shelves is a working space for 2 washing dishes, preparing food, etc. A kitchen such as this is
■ '------’ -7 clean, sunny, and a place in which it is a pleasure to work. - - f: 65. In the First-Floor Plan, a sink is indicated under the \'ste-'-n : ** window. A counter shelf, base cabinets, wall cabinets, a refrig ■m erator, and a range, are provided. These items should be indi i ■■■ cated as shown in the drawing. 1- yh 66. A breakfast nook with a double window is shown in the kitchen and should be drawn at the size shown. Although 0! this kitchen is small, it is fairly complete. Each plan presents different opportunities for the arrangement of the various vital parts of a complete kitchen. f -4. m 67. Service Porch.—-A service porch is a necessity in a well-planned house. It affords a place for the servants to sit in above. These are used in preparing and serving food, and later pleasant weather. It also gives protection from rain and snow on for receiving the soiled dishes from the dining room. to tradesmen and others who may come to the kitchen entrance. This porch can be enclosed with mosquito screens, including a screen door, if it is found desirable to do so. i: 63. Kitchen.—The purpose of a kitchen is for the prepa ration and cooking of food. It is necessary, therefore, that it 68. Dining Room.—The dining room, as shown in the I contain a stove for cookinng and a sink for washing dishes and First-Floor Plan, is a simple room and is easily drawn. There li cooking utensils. Cabinets or dressers should be provided to is a tendency in modern planning to omit the dining room and contain cooking utensils, kitchen crockery, and some of the less to place the dining-room furniture in the living room, The bulky food supplies. A refrigerator should be located so as to be furniture in this case should not include large sideboards or 239 c—* 36 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 37
china-closets, but should be reduced to the minimum quantity Dimensions, width of stairs, width and height of steps, and possible. A breakfast nook is a pleasant place in which a small headroom are factors that should never be forgotten in designing family may eat. stairs. 69. Hall.—The hall should be of ample size so that several 72. The manner in which headroom should be provided visitors can enter at once without being crowded. A coat closet for is illustrated in Fig. 16. In this illustration, the distance is provided to take care of wraps, umbrellas, overshoes, etc. It is illuminated by a light in the ceiling that is turned on auto matically by the opening of the door and extinguished by the closing of the door. To avoid the necessity of people going upstairs, a toilet is also provided. The student should have no difficulty in drawing the indications of the basin, water closet, FLOOR,— 13Qlt=10-1011 ■B and light outlet shown here. 2*P f-LOOR-N X =o The door from the kitchen to the rear hall permits anyone, in N 1— *------:— answering the door bell, to go from the kitchen to the front door without going through the dining room or the living room, where the family and guests may be assembled. 70. Stairs.—More mistakes are made in drawing and arranging stairs than in any other feature of a building. Too much care and study cannot be applied to the design of stairs in order to prevent a faulty arrangement that may spoil the plans. Because a designer is apt to be careless in indicating the stairs in the preliminary sketches, when the working drawings are laid out from the sketches it is often found that enough space has not been allowed for the stairs. It then becomes necessary to cut the sizes of rooms, to omit closets, and to make other sacrifices in order to make room for the stairs. 71. Conditions that cannot be ignored must be met in designing stairs. The width of the stairs should be at least sufficient to permit two persons to pass. The individual steps should be of a size to form a comfortable step. A standard step l | should have a rise of from 7 to 7\ inches and a tread of from 10 to 11 inches. Economical working sizes are 7\ and 10 inches. Winders or triangular steps should rarely be used, especially between the first and second floor is shown as 10 ft. 0 in. Since in poorly lighted places. the thickness of the second-floor construction is shown as 1 ft. I Sufficient space should always be provided between the steps 0 in., the clear story height of the first story is 9 ft. 0 in. The and any construction above to allow an adult to use the stairs steps are shown with risers 7\ inches high and treads 10 inches without knocking his head. This space is called headroom. wide. 38 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 39
A line AB is shown tangent to the tops of the nosings of the 76. Number of Treads and Risers.—The number of risers steps. A line CD is drawn parallel with AB and 7 ft. 0 in. above for any flight, as well as the height of the riser, is determined in it. The space between the lines AB and CD allows a tall man the following manner: Assume that the height of the story from to walk up or down the stairs without striking his head. The floor to floor is 10 ft. 5 in., and it is desired to have the risers headroom is the distance between the treads and the line CD, or approximately 7\ inches in height. The height of the story, 7 ft. 0 in. As seen at ab, the height of 7 ft. 0 in. will be that of 10 ft. 5 in., or 125 inches, is then divided by 7\ inches and the a man 6 feet tall with 12 inches above his head. result is found to be 16J. This would mean that 16J risers of this height would be required. As it is obviously impossible to 73. It is quite obvious that no construction should be made use two-thirds of a riser, either 16 or 17 risers of equal height above the stairs between the lines AB and CD. The floor con should be used. If the story height, or 125 inches, is divided struction be can be extended in this case over the first two steps by 16, the quotient is 7.81. In other words, if 16 risers are used, below, but should not be carried beyond the point b. If, for each riser will be 7.81 inches in height. If it is decided to example, the floor were extended to de, a man 6 feet tall descend use 17 risers, the risers must be 7.35 inches in height, since ing the stairs would knock his head against the floor construction. 125-5-17 = 7.35. Stairs could be constructed above the stairs shown provided Stairs are indicated on plans as shown in the drawings of the they do not extend below the line CD. floor plans. 77. Checking Headroom.-r-The draftsman should, by sim 74. The opening in the second floor as shown must be ple calculations, check the amount of headroom that occurs made equal to the width of thirteen steps of 10 inches each, or beneath a run of stairs at any point. The stairs are generally 130 inches, in order to have proper headroom. In laying out marked with numbers beginning with 1 at the bottom step. An the second-floor plan, therefore, an opening of that size must be arrow with the word Up or Down and the number of risers to i provided in the second-floor plan to accommodate the stairs the next floor placed at the tops and bottoms of the stairs. shown in Fig. 16. The arrangement and construction of all the staircases avail In designing a flight of stairs below the one shown in Fig. 16, able should be examined. By carefully examining and measuring draw the line EF parallel with AB. The line EF will show the the various parts of staircases that one uses frequently, a person lower limits of the stair construction. Draw the line GH 7 feet will soon become familiar with their characteristics, and this below EF. The stairs should be kept below this line. It will be practice will help immensely in working out the drawing exer seen that the top step may begin at g if desired. Allowance cises. must be made for the door opening gh, as indicated. 78. Living Room.—In the First-Floor Plan the living 75. Of course, there are differences in the heights of stories room is a simple room with a vertical axis EF. Except for a as well as in the sizes of the individual steps, but these variations fireplace shown on the horizontal axis, it is a plain rectangular ■ . are not large. It is safe to say that a floor should not extend room. It has three large windows that admit abundant light over stairs below for more than two treads, and that the opening and a view of the garden. A bay window is shown in the front in the floor above a flight of steps should always be equal to the wall, and a French window opens on a porch. A den or guest length of thirteen treads. The safest procedure is to lay out a room is connected with the living room. simple diagram such as Fig. 16 and make sure that proper head- 79. Porch.—The porch, which in the elevation balances room has been provided. the garage, is a simple one intended to be enclosed with screens 40 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 41 ' ! i or sash. The floor is built at a lower level than the floor of the A c I house so that rain water cannot enter the living room. l h I ! top 80. Fireplace—The fireplace indicated in the living room DU cMii|f?fi vym I ,a=F ■y should be made wide enough to receive logs 3 feet long. This a I % requirement necessitates a width of 4 feet. It should be about a £ 18 or 20 inches deep and should be lined with firebrick and faced I with face brick. The fireplace opening should be about 2 ft. \ a If im m ,b j; j r c r - m ^3 $ c c $ y H si ■c $ I a yj- s, d a I m. s 1i -PART- ELEVAJIOtl * i $ rm, (a) 3-0 I I m l i c i 0 i h o i 1 j (b) 1 I b X j (a) * p^iii mmmmmmmmi mzzm $ 13c $ EMM MS $ c a- * < T d d l BEIO)iF^illlZZIIO ■ 1 AJ[ - fiEqiort C- O (0) u w y (e) . a a a-- a a . b -4 -$EqiOti B-B - a a( fl j * 4-4*------7i‘ (C) (d) V, Fig. 17 | 10 in. high. The area of the opening will thus be 2fJ X4=11J m sq. ft. For burning wood, the fireplace will require a flue 12 in. h X 12 in. Flue linings should be shown in all flues. \ $ECflOrl A-A- 81. Since one flue rises from the laundry and one from the £ (b) heater room, two flues must be shown on the First-Floor Plan. The brickwork of the lower part of the chimney must be suffi ciently strong to support the upper part of the chimney, which must contain four flues. Hearths of tile, marble, or cement ■£ inch above the floor level and is surrounded, as shown, by hard should be shown extending in front of the fireplace for a distance wood strips. Four designs for fireplaces and mantels are shown equal to the depth of the fireplace. The hearth extends about in Fig. 17. In Fig. 18 is shown a detail of a fireplace and mantel 42 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 45 that would be suitable for use in a -(^)- Ceiling Outlet moderate-sized currents of electricity. A symbol for a floor out a room such as the living room let is shown at j and is sometimes used in dining rooms at meal Ceiling Outlet (Gas and Electric) or den. times for calling servants in the kitchen. At k is an indication 6 4- 82. Electric-Light Indica for a public telephone. Gas Outlet tions.—Certain symbols have 84. Switches for manipulating the lights are used in most been adopted by the Association Wall Outlet (Gas and Electric) rooms and are indicated by the letter 5* as illustrated in l, m, of Electragists, International, and n, Fig. 19. The symbol at l is for operating one outlet. The Wall Outlet the American Institute of Archi i symbol at m is for a three-way switch, one of which is shown •K> tects, the American Institute of beside the front door in the First-Floor Plan. This switch con / ® Radio Outlet Electrical Engineers, and the trols one light in the entrance hall and one light in the second- American Engineering Stand floor hall. These two outlets are also controlled through a switch a 0 Push Button ards Committee. These symbols in the second-floor hall. The owner coming home late in the indicate various devices that are evening can, upon entering the house, push the switch at the *fe Single Convenience Outlet used in wiring for electric front door and light the lower hall and the second-floor hall so service. that he can see his way to the door of the bedroom. By pushing i Double Convenience Outlet the second-floor three-way switch he can extinguish the lights 2 83. In Fig. 19 are shown in both halls. j -<•> Floor Outlet some of the more commonly used symbols. At a is an indi 85. A switch should be located in every bedroom* immedi * N Public Telephone cation of a ceiling outlet, at b a ately inside the door, as shown in the plans of the residence, so ceiling outlet for both gas and that a person entering the room in the dark can turn oh the light Switch to One Outlet l [
° □ about 5 or 6 feet above the floor The symbol for an annunciator is shown at p. The annunciator Annunciator to receive a wall bracket light. should be connected with the front- and the rear door,bells, with The symbol at f is for an outlet the floor outlet in the dining room, and with any other call bells
48 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 49
by a panel in the second-floor ceiling. When this panel is pulled slats may be placed on a tin roof. A railing such as the one ! down, the stairs come into position for use. These stairs are shown in the Front Elevation must be provided when the decks indicated by a rectangle drawn with dotted lines and should be are to be used. The decks must be treated as roofs, and water i described in. the specifications. falling on the roof should be carried to gutters and leaders. In the Front Elevation railings are shown that may be made 106. Bathrooms.—The arrangement of the fixtures in of galvanized iron piping. bathrooms depends upon the location of the soil pipes. Low When this plate is completed in pencil it should be sent to fixtures such as water closets should be placed as close to the the Schools for examination and correction. soil pipe as possible. The piping for these fixtures extends ! beneath the floor, and if it must be carried for any considerable PLATE in, TITLE: FRONT ELEVATION i distance in a longitudinal direction, it will stick out below the i ceiling. The bathtubs also have the pipes below the floor, and 109. Laying Out of Elevation.—The elevation is drawn on it is desirable that the wastes from them should be as close to a fresh sheet of transparent bond paper that is tacked over the ! the soil pipe as possible. The waste pipe from the wash basin First- or Second-Floor Plan. The limiting lines of the elevation i is higher and can be carried for some distance in a horizontal can be accurately traced through from the plan. The width of the windows will also be easily found. I direction without projecting below the ceiling beneath. In ' The vertical line of figures at the side of the drawing of the Bathroom 2 the water closet is close to the soil line and the elevation gives the heights of the floors. The dimensions on the bathtub waste can be carried across successfully to the soil line vertical line of figures through the dining-room windows locate beneath the floorbeams. These considerations are not apparent the sash openings in all floors. to the novice or layman, but these ideas should be incorporated Having drawn the plans, it should not be difficult to draw the ! in every drawing. . Front Elevation in a satisfactory manner. The large scale details 107. Chimney.—As there are no fireplaces on the second that are shown on the drawing need not be shown, but it will j floor, all that will be necessary is to see that flues of sufficient be excellent practice to draw them as shown on the drawing. size are provided to take care of everything below. Thus, a flue must be'provided for the laundry, one for the heater room, 110. Story Heights.—On at least one elevation the heights one for the living room, and one for the den. of the stories should be shown, as at the left side of the Front In drawing this chimney in the Second-Floor Plan, it should Elevation. The distance of the first-floor joists above the be placed so that it is properly supported on the chimney below, finished basement floor is shown. and is located in the center of the gable as shown on the Side Elevation. 111. Windows.—The windows in the Front Elevation must be laid out on the axes of the living room, the hall, and the I 108. Decks.—Flat roofs, or decks, which are featured in dining room. The sills of the second-floor windows should be some modem styles of architecture, are shown in the Second- 2 ft. 8 in. or 3 ft. above the floor level, while the tops of the Floor Plan at each end of the building. Where climatic con windows should be 8 or 10 inches below the ceiling level. ditions are favorable, they may be used as places to sit in fine The top of the sill in the first-floor windows may be 2 ft. 6 in. weather. They may be adorned with plants, gardens, awnings, or 2 ft. 8 in. above the floor, and the top of the window should and other accessories to be made as attractive as may be desired. i be within 12 inches of the ceiling. Exact distances for this If the decks shown in the Second-Floor Plan are to be used building are shown on the Front Elevation. for walking upon, they may be covered with canvas, or wooden I I i 50 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 51 i When laying out the sill heights, the method of heating the 116. Cornice and Gutter.—Over the tops of the second- building should be considered. Care should be taken that radia floor windows is a cornice shown by the horizontal lines. This tion selected does not extend above the stools of the various cornice is shown in the scale detail to the left of the Front Ele windows. vation at the scale of f inch=l foot, The cornice proper is In the bay windows in the living room and the dining room, formed of wood, as is the coping on top of the wall. The pitch ! the picture window is to be 4 ft. 4 in. in sash width and to have of the metal-lined gutter is shown by the dotted broken line 6-inch outside casings on each side. The width of the front of marked Pitch of Gutter on the elevation. Jig-sawed brackets the bay will then be 4 ft. 4 in. 4-6 in.+ 6 in. = 5 ft. 4 in. are used to decorate the cornice. The cornice should ultimately The width of the slanting side of the bay will be 2 ft. 1J in., be studied at full size before being installed. approximately. The casings will be 6 inches and 1J inches as 117. Rain Conductors.—Rain conductors, or leaders, shown, and the sash opening will be 1 ft. 6 in. in width. should be shown at each end of the building extending from the 112. Roof.—The roof is made of sheet metal with stand gutter to the ground. These conductors are fitted with conductor ing seams. The metal used may be copper, galvanized iron, or heads as shown in the drawings. The conductor is fastened to the ■I tin. The latter two will need painting, whereas the copper may house by means of metal straps. These gutters, leaders, etc. are be left to take on a natural green finish. The vertical strips shown on the drawings of the elevations. shown in the drawing represent standing seams, which add to 118. Chimney.—The top of a chimney is generally carried the attractiveness of the roof. a short distance above the highest point of the roof, so that the Flashing of metal or of tar and felt must be carried over all roof will not interfere with the draft. The flues in the chimney ! the gutters and up under the lower parts of the metal roof. are shown by dotted lines in the side elevation. Metal flashing must be used around the chimney. 113. Dormer Windows.—Dormer windows will be as shown 119. The footings are drawn as shown with the top about t on the drawings. The walls are stuccoed and the roof is sheet 6 inches below the finished cellar floor. The footings shown on this elevation are 12 inches thick. || metal with standing seams. 1
:■ 114. Completing Windows.—In drawing the windows 120. Flashings.—Flashings are used where chimneys meet shown at the scale of J inch to 1 foot where blinds are used, the roof. These flashings are stepped up into the brickwork, take one-half of the sash opening on the compasses and lay it that is, the metal is let into the brickwork where the joints occur. off twice on each side of the center line. The inside two parts 121. Stucco.—Stucco is indicated by the use of dots, which will be the window opening and the outer two parts will repre are made over parts of the stucco surface in the elevations. sent the blinds. This should be done with all the windows, When this elevation is completed in pencil on transparent after which the sash and the slats in the blinds can be indicated. bond paper, send it to the Schools for inspection. 115. Porch.—A porch is shown at the right in the Front Elevation. It is convenient to the living room and provides a 122. The remaining drawings of this set include the base pleasant place to sit in warm weather. The interior of the walls ment plan and two elevations, which are similar to the three and the ceiling of this porch will be covered with stucco, and required drawings. Although these drawings are not required, the floor will be formed of cement or tiles. The porch may be you will obtain valuable practice in making them. It is therefore enclosed by glass in winter to form a conservatory; in warm suggested that they be made, thereby completing the set of weather it may be enclosed with screening. drawings for the residence. r i j 52 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 53
form of construction. At a is the foundation wall, which is BRICK-VENEERED BUILDINGS commonly built of concrete. This wall should be of the thickness 123. General.—Methods of preparing working drawings required to support the structure above it, and should be indi for a wooden-frame residence covered with stucco have already cated by the symbols for concrete. Upon this foundation wall, been shown in this lesson. Many of the indications of materials the wooden frame of the building and the brick veneering rest. i and methods of construction shown in those drawings are The sheathing b is nailed to the studs c, and at d, is the wooden ! applicable to buildings of all kinds, especially where wood con sill upon which the ends of the wooden floor joists e and the struction is used. studs c rest. Buildings may also have walls of solid brick, concrete, or stone, or of concrete or terra cotta blocks. They may have I ! frames of steel or reinforced concrete with walls of stone, brick, or concrete. Small buildings are frequently built with walls of wood covered with a veneer of brick or stone. Each of the materials and types of construction used must be definitely indicated on the working drawings. In order to represent these materials properly on drawings it is necessary to have a good knowledge of the sizes and peculiarities of each material and how it can be used in con nection with other materials used in the construction. 124. Brick-veneered buildings are those which are built with a standard wood frame enclosed by a 4-inch thickness of brickwork. This coating or veneer must be supported on the foundation walls and anchored to the wooden construction by means of metal ties or anchors. The wooden frame will stand up firmly and support the brick facing in a satisfactory manner. 125. Advantages of Brick-Veneered Construction. The brick-veneered type of building has certain advantages
over a wood-frame building covered with siding, wood shingles, i or stucco. The veneer, and the air space between the The air space / between the wooden sheathing and the brick brickwork; and the wood sheathing, add to the insulating veneering g allows the bricklayer to handle the bricks properly value of the wall. Also, the brick surface of the wall tends to and helps to insulate the wall against heat, cold, and moisture. prevent the building from catching fire from the outside and i The brick veneering is tied to the wooden construction by the has the substantial appearance that is characteristic of a brick building. This type of construction is used principally for anchors h. At i is shown a brick soldier course, which is the first course of buildings that are not more than two stories in height. the brick veneering. The wall studs c support the framework of 126. Methods of Construction.—In Fig. 20 are i the building, as well as the lathing and plaster j on the interior illustrated the methods generally used in the brick-veneered of the wall. The under floor k is nailed to the joists e. At l in !
54 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING.. PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 55
is the window frame. Waterproof building paper m is shown 128. Details of Construction.—In Figs. 23 and 24 are over the sheathing, and deadening felt or heavy building paper n shown detail drawings of the construction employed in this type is laid between the under floor k and the finish floor o. of building, Fig. 23 being a portion of a plan. The stud wall consists of the studs a, sheathing b, sheathing paper c, and in 127. Drawings of Brick-Veneered Building.—In terior plaster d\ an air space e is seen between the sheathing Fig. 21 is shown a plan of a brick-veneered house. In it is indi cated a 4-inch wall of brickwork on the outside of the outer wooden walls of the building. The arrangement of the plan enclosed by the brick walls is the same as for a wood-frame building. In Fig. 22 is shown an elevation of the same house, which has i the appearance of a building with solid brick walls. In this elevation the sizes of the brick courses determine the vertical dimensions. The bricks have a fixed size, and the size of the d mortar joint is selected. Hence, the thickness of one brick plus the thickness of one mortar joint is taken as a unit of measure ment. Thus, if the brick selected is 2\ inches thick and the thickness of the mortar joint is \ inch, each course of brickwork will be 2^-}-i = 2J inches high. The vertical dimensions of the windows and other vertical distances will also be measured in terms of brick courses. If it is desired to have a window about 5 feet 8 inches high, this distance, 68 inches, is divided by 2j and its height in brick courses is determined. Thus 68-i-2J = 24.73 courses. Since full >c j courses must be used, the height must be taken as either 24 or Y Yum tan •DE.TA1L • m 25 courses.. If 24 courses are used, the height of the masonry •SHOWING • BRICK.' MPc 1— opening will be 24x2.75 = 66 inches, or 5 feet 6 inches. If 25 'VKN tE.R * ON • A • ffl k courses are used, the height will be 25 X 2.75 inches =68.75 inches, •FRAME. • WALL • or 5 feet 8£ inches. The latter height of 5 feet 8£ inches, or 25 3CALC ; l" » l'- O" m courses, has been marked on the drawing for the first-floor Fio. 23 window. The height of the window frame will be slightly and the 4-inch brick veneer /. Anchors g extending into the greater, depending on the design of the masonry sill. joints of the brickwork are nailed to the sheathing, and are For the second-story window, 20 courses has been selected embedded in the mortar, thus holding the veneer firmly to for the height, which makes the height of the masonry opening the wooden building. A chimney is shown that contains two 20 X 2f inches = 55 inches = 4 feet 7 inches. A similar allowance terra cotta flue linings h and i enclosed by brickwork. will need to be made for the design of the masonry sills. A double-hung wndow j is indicated and is fitted to the The vertical dimensions of the sills, lintels, and chimneys are wooden wall in the usual manner. The brickwork is laid up in given in brick courses. front of the window frame and anchored as shown. The space r
i i i 56 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 57 P INSULATION indicated between the studs, and consists of 2-inch insulation AR.CH- lO"xl4" SLATE.- bats with a vapor seal. The vapor seal should always be on the ■. mm interior surface of the insulation. Lr I z: jspsj In Fig. 24 is shown a vertical section through a brick-veneered ! wall, the lower part of the wall being shown in the left-hand of the illustration, and the upper part in the right-hand side. At a is a con TV i I ■ST 2x6 LOOKOUT crete footing, at b a 12-inch concrete r foundation wall, and at c the brick BLOCKING- i veneering. This veneering is sup ported over the basement window opening by means of a steel angle d. o :
Brick window sills are shown at e, and V> Oj anchors holding the brickwork to the j S w-~mwww i FLOOR. wooden frame are indicated at j. Concrete lintels reinforced by rods } 1 ! -1 g are formed over the basement win \ U-. . f. 1 fL dow openings. Iron bolts h are set ■ , _ r m. Q in the concrete wall and anchor the -2 •’dLv its w^d-A O wooden sill i to the foundation wall. ! a I 3“x 4"x Ff?| 6 - 3 m4 At j is the air space between the J? m o brick veneering and the sheathing, at k is waterproof building paper, at l is the sheathing, at m the studding, at 11 insulation, at o the inside plaster a~ 1 j ■ ing, and at p wooden lintels are 6 : rlLElfiFORCING shown. The angle-iron lintel q is a-W ■ SEAL o bolted to the wooden lintel over the i b • o o ■ * -GRAVEL • UPPER. • PART ' first-floor window and extends into the jambs to support the brickwork SOLID B LI CK.- FURRED • 5LCTION • THROUGH over the window opening. \ Fig. 25 BRICK. * VENEERED - WALL The construction of the first floor • LOWER.* PART • SCALE, : 4" = 1"O" consists of reinforced concrete beams t and concrete slabs s. Fig. 24 ■ Upon the slabs are laid sleepers t, between which cinder con- * k between the brickwork and the outside casing of the window Crete u is poured. The floor v is nailed to the sleepers after a layer of building paper w is first placed over them. The second frame is calked or stuffed with oakum, and the staff bead l ; it is nailed tightly in the corner formed by the frame and the and attic floors are constructed of wooden beams and flooiing in brick reveal. A brick sill is indicated at m. Insulation n is i the usual manner. ! : i r i
58 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 59 j The window and cornice details are similar to those already A shown and described. The joints between the window frames <13 $3 i and the brickwork should be thoroughly calked so as to prevent <13 rf <13 the entrance of water. j Drawings such as Figs. 23 and 24 illustrate details that are i typical of brick veneer construction. l5i J5S * I : 129. Building With Solid Brick Walls.—The method of Stretcher (3 Core) Corner Oouble Corner or Pier indicating a plan of building having solid brick walls is shown in Fig. 25. The wall in this case is 8 inches thick. Furring of 1" X 2" wood strips is attached to the interior of the brick ; ■ wall, and to this the lathing is nailed. In this plan, which is drawn to a J-inch scale, a single line a is drawn about 2 inches from the wall to indicate both furring and plastering. If no furring is used, this line is not shown. For the part of the building enclosed by the brick walls the plan may be shown in ! the same manner as that for any wooden-frame building.
130. Building With Stone-Veneered Walls.—Walls of Steel-Window Jamb buildings not exceeding two stories in height may be veneered (S) with 4 inches of cut stone in the same manner as in brick- veneered houses. The plans and the sections through the walls are drawn in exactly the same manner as for • brick-veneered . walls, except that the stone work is indicated by dots instead : of by hatching. The stone is secured to the wooden-frame construction by means of anchors. Stone sills and lintels may be used, the i lintels being supported on steel angles that are bolted to the wooden frame and extend into the brick jambs. The methods Solid Top are exactly the same as those used in the brick-veneered con ! Full Cut Header Half Cut Header (i) struction. (6) (h) Fio. 26 BLOCK CONSTRUCTION is sometimes of a porous character, which adds still more to the 131. Kinds of Blocks.—Blocks used for buiding may be I lightness of the blocks and to their insulating value. Blocks are made of terra cotta, concrete, or other materials. They are frequently used for backing a brick-faced wall and should be generally made with holes or voids in them for the sake of of heights that will permit of brick headers extending into the lightness and to provide an air space in the block that will backing to form a bond with the face brick. i contribute to the insulating quality of the wall. The material i In drawing for walls made of blocks, the full widths of the I 60 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 61 ! walls are indicated and the surfaces are marked with the symbol ?:Pa If? i or indication of the material of which the blocks are made. LPLASTE.fi. ON V)00D OR. METAL LATH Concrete blocks are indicated in the same way as is concrete, JLEINFOR.C ED and terra cotta blocks as shown for terra cotta on Plate I, Exer GONCHTl LINTEL------I^P^TruiL,UNq cise I, Architectural Drawing, Part 1. The walls at a small scale, such as £ inch = 1 foot, are shown exactly like the solid 1 1 brick wall in Fig. 25, with the proper indication instead of the t. i hatching. I ! I 1 ! 132. Block Sizes.—Figure 26 shows the common types of ! units. These blocks are all 7£ inches thick and are used to build 8-inch walls. The units are 7% inches high and 15f inches long; each unit with a §-inch mortar joint, fills an 8" X 16" space. The units are described as 8" X 8" X 16" blocks. Similar COUCRETt 1 SILL X units are made for 10-inch and 12-inch walls. 3 -LruUlKQ
133. Forms of Concrete Blocks.—In Fig. 26 are shown :! nine forms of concrete blocks. A typical stretcher is shown at ; (a) ; a corner block with a closed end at (b) ; at (c) is shown a m •jo.-j ii:f—twood
ASH DUMP 5 ■ «81 o | tPn ; qWlf Ol v •’ o ij *1 3 • *•••>:• v. \ :-v : Q ! . * TILE i .f ^IN3ULATI0N 6"x 6" :
..-A;. ; :4;.V. h'i r; i o 6. 215 - \,M Wood bor.d e kh': a Fig. 29 i i l^heif______; •~;-y: '•••',yl; ceiling joists. This type of cornice, as used with the flat roof, is O^Eft. ifsTlJCCO-7 § much more economical than the parapet wall. : O: I In Fig. 30 a plan of a fireplace in connection with a block wall is shown. The ovals a show the cells in the blocks, which are t 1 set in a vertical position. A terra cotta flue lining is shown at b. a I In the fireplace, the walls c and the floor e are formed of firebrick MX I •PLAN- •or • and the facing d is of face brick. The flue lining shown here is to io r.: Q I fireplace ail accommodate the boiler in the basement. • , ■ £ ■ W - : A horizontal section through a wood mantel is shown at /, ■ ip 3 6 9 L2 INCHES and a tile hearth at g. A concrete jamb block is shown at h with i .SCALE the window frame i set against it. ! ; 137. Facing of Walls.—Walls are generally built of combi Fig. 30 nations of materials. They are faced with a more costly material, : which is bonded into or secured to a less expensive material and described in the specifications. The different materials that forms the supporting body of the wall. Thus, face brick, should be indicated definitely in the plans, elevations, and sec stone, and architectural terra cotta may be backed or bonded tions. It is always desirable to draw small rectangles on the to substantial walls of brickwork or blocks. drawing with samples of these indications properly labeled so » These combinations should be indicated on the drawings- that there will be no misunderstandings regarding the matter. ! 66 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 67
Walls made of plain substantial materials that do not present STEEL-SKELETON BUILDING ) a pleasing color or texture are frequently covered with stucco. 140. General.—The next subject to be discussed is the preparation of drawings for an apartment house built with a 138. Furring.—It is generally necessary to fur the interiors steel-skeleton frame that. supports the weight of the structure. of masonry and concrete walls. This may be done with terra ! The ideas involved in the preparation of the plans will be cotta furring, with ribbed lathing, or with wood strips. The fur 1 discussed and the drawings illustrated by means of a set of ring should be clearly indicated on the drawings, as in Figs. I five blueprints of actual working drawings. The student will 25 and 29, and described in the specifications. ' not he expected to send in any drawings jor this building. PLATE IV, TITLE: i CHIMNEY AND FIREPLACE DETAILS 141. Laying Out Drawings.—The floor plans are first i drawn approximately by the architect or designer. In fact, 139. Scale Drawings of Details.—The architectural drafts several trial plans may be drawn in a sketchy manner in order man is required to make scale and full-size details of various to note the advantages of several different schemes, and to I parts of the building. In Architectural Drawing, Part 1, examples help in determining the best arrangement of the parts of the of such details as windows and window frames, doors and frames, building. Trial sketches of elevations are made to fit the I cornices, entrance doorways, porches, stairs, dressers, door and sketch plans. The sketches that show the most satisfactory ! window trim, and base are shown. It is to you advantage to lay results in both plan and elevation are adopted and are sub out some of these details at full size. mitted to a structural engineer who will examine them to find In Architectural Drawing, Part 1, some space was devoted whether they are adapted to an economical arrangement of to the explanation of chimney and fireplace details. Plate IV supporting columns, beams, and girders. The engineer may i of this text consists in drawing in pencil on a sheet of trans make suggestions in the interests of better construction and parent bond paper the chimney and fireplace details shown in economy, but the architect may adopt the suggested changes. Fig. 31 at the scale of f" = l'-0". This is twice the scale shown In any case the architect and the engineer finally agree as to in Fig. 31. It is suggested that you proceed by first drawing what will be the most feasible plan, and the architect proceeds the plans, then the section. Leave enough space between the to lay out, accurately, the final drawings. The columns, which : plan and section to draw the elevation which is not shown in will be designed by the engineer, are indicated by spaces that : Fig. 31, but which is to be shown on your drawing. Your eleva I will be large enough to accommodate the columns, and the l tion should be taken from the side that will show the basement spaces are numbered as shown on the accompanying blueprints. i fireplace. Show the various flues by dotted lines. The doors to The services of the structural engineer are generally obtained the right of the fireplace may be shown as 2'-8" x 6'-8". : for the owner by the architect, and the engineer draws the steel framing plans and steel details to fit the architect s plans.
142. Building and Lot Lines.—The building and lot lines are obtained from a survey of the lot on which the building is to be erected. The survey consists of a plan of the lot, on which are shown the outlines of the lot, the building lines, curb lines, location of the sewer, its depth below the street, and the I 68 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 69 I direction in which it pitches, and the position of any structures 5. Two Elevations of Fronts, and Details of Exterior Walls that may exist on the property. It should also give the levels of the curb, especially at the middle of the lot. A student who understands and can make drawings of these The building lines are the boundary lines of the building lot plans will have no difficulty with the other plans of the building. : on the streets, beyond which the City laws restrict the construc The most important drawings in the case of the Apartment tion of any part of the building. Under certain restrictions, the i House are those of the First-Floor and of the Second- or Typical ; 1 space under the sidewalk may be used by the owner of the Floor. The First-Floor Plan shows the arrangement of the stores, building. But the owner, when using it, must provide suitable which should be designed so as to earn a considerable rental. i support for the part of the sidewalk over it. Parts of this space The Second- or Typical Floor Plan will show the arrangement are used, as shown, in the cellar plan of the apartment house of the apartments on most of the floors, which should be de i under consideration. signed to earn the best rental possible. The lot lines are the inner boundaries of the building lot 1 1 that separate different properties. The architect should be par FIRST FLOOR PLAN ! ticularly careful to avoid having his building extend over into 145. Laying Out Lot.—The first step to take in laying an adjacent lot, or he will make the owner subject to suits for out a plan of the first floor is to draw the building lines, curb j ' damages. lines, and lot lines. The necessary information is obtained from The curb line is the line between the sidewalk and the road- the survey of the lot. As shown on the blueprint, there is a ; way for vehicles. building line on Madison Avenue and one on 73rd Street. ; ‘ Curb lines are shown on both streets. They are 13 feet H inches 143. Characteristics of Plans of Tall Buildings.—In the in front of the building line on Madison Avenue, and 15 feet 2 usual type of office building many of the floors are similar in inches in front of the 73rd Street building line. These widths ; plan, and it is therefore unnecessary to show all the plans. The establish the widths of the two sidewalks. same thing is true of some apartment-house plans; hence the : The lot lines are shown on the inner corners of the plot. plans of several floors can be shown in one drawing. The only The main lot is about 58 feet by 100 feet with a rectangular variations in these plans are the slight differences in the sizes projection 19 feet by 20 feet 3 inches in size. As a matter of of the steel columns, which naturally diminish in size toward fact, the Madison Avenue length of the plot is 99 feet 11 inches, the top of the building. Details of the steel frame are shown or 1 inch less than the 100-foot lot line opposite it. On the on the engineer’s drawings. first floor, the building must be kept within the building and i lot lines. 144. Blueprints of an Apartment House.—The blueprints given with this text are part of a set of drawings of an apart 146. Light.—In designing a building on a lot such as ment house erected in New York City, in accordance with the the one just considered, it is not advisable to place windows in a Multiple Dwelling Law and the Building Code of that City. wall that is built with its face against the lot line. The owner of The blueprints are of the following drawings: the adjacent lot may build a wall that would block out all light 1. Cellar Plan to such windows. If windows are needed in interior walls, as 2. First-Floor Plan in the janitor’s apartment, a court or yard should be provided 3. Second- or Typical Floor Plan on the owner’s property so as to secure light. This has been 4. Roof Plan done in the apartment house under consideration.
: i , : 1 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 71 UT There are some cases where an owner may safely place win 18-7" 1 dows in a lot-line wall. When there is no likelihood of an V *DH / \ adjacent building covering his windows, he may enjoy the use II of the windows for many years. -P LAN- Light courts and yards are demanded by the city laws. They FOURTH FLOOR. must be provided by the owner on his own property and must a be of the prescribed sizes. : In the apartment house now being considered the Multiple : ; ”o> I Dwelling Law demands a yard 10 feet in width across the : ! back of the lot. This yard must start at the second-floor level TH1R-D FLOOR. and be open for the full height of the building. It will serve I as a light shaft and will afford light to rooms opening on it. 1 1- It may be carried down below the second-floor level if desired, u- I 'o> < and in this case it is carried down through part of the first : E story to provide light for the janitor’s apartment. ’ «0 : SECOND FLOOR. 147. Laying Out Columns.—The location and sizes of the I columns have been decided upon and are next indicated on the cL O plans. The actual sizes and details of the columns are not shown, H "o < but a sufficient space, about 12 inches square, is allowed for 2 each column. The columns are numbered and each column ! : U location bears the same number as the corresponding column U4 in the framing plans. Thus, between Stores #5 and #6, column (t0-0") j —- - r | FIR-5T FLOOR. r— #62 is shown. 11-8" 4 13-6" 8" Around each column 2 or more inches of fireproofing must be constructed and is indicated in the blueprints. This fire »
o I proofing may be of brickwork or terra cotta as shown on the o drawing. Practically all of the columns run perpendicularly S throughout the height of the building. The indications of columns : f-io-o") CELLAR. LEV^EL i ■6 n will be seen in all the floor plans. ! I i I i eleV. pit 148. Stairs.—The law requires that a fireproof stairway il i ; I iI be installed that will extend through the entire height of the i 1 (-16-6") I I i building. These stairs must not only be fireproof in construc “SECTION" tion but must be enclosed with fireproof walls and doors as is DETAIL of STAIRCASE !» ELEVaTOL. SHAFT indicated on the plan. This staircase encloses a double stair SCALE i-o" as is indicated in Fig. 32. The floor and other levels are shown 70 Fio. 32 by datum numbers. The first-floor level is marked (i’O'-O ). I 72 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 73 | The second floor is (+13'-0") and the third floor is (+22'-4"). must be made of the upper floors before deciding as to the The cellar floor is marked (—lO'-O"), and the floor of the exact locations of these shafts. elevator pit is marked (—16'-6"). 151. Smoke Stacks.—Another important feature that ex This drawing is a partial section through the stair and elevator 1 shaft taken parallel with Madison Avenue. The full width of tends up through the entire building is the stack containing the the stair shaft is shown from the first floor up, the shaft being boiler flue and the shaft to the incinerator, both of which are built of brick. The stack is 3 feet 4 inches by 6 feet in size. 8 feet 5 inches by 18 feet 7 inches, with a slight extension. The I shaft must be finished 4 inches away from column #44. The The boiler flue is lined with terra cotta. It is carried down final location of the stair shaft cannot be determined until all to the boiler-room floor, where a cleanout door is installed at the floor level. The flue of the incinerator shaft is lined the other parts of the building have been studied. with a 4-inch thickness of firebrick for a distance of 30 feet above the combustion chamber, as noted on the first-floor plan. 149. Stairs to Street.—A separate stairway must be pro vided from the cellar to the street according to the law, and is 152. Vertical Features.—The principal vertical features, j shown at columns #1 and #2. It must be fireproof in construc such as the columns, stairs, elevator shafts, and flues have been tion and enclosed in fireproof walls as indicated in the plan. shown and discussed. The positions of these features as shown I The cellar plan includes the lower part of this stairway, which is on the blueprints have been fixed with relation to the remainder cut off from the open cellar by means of fireproof self-closing of the building after considerable study. doors. A red light above the doors shows that this is an exit door. 153. Datum and Grades.—The datum, or datum point, is i a point from which vertical distances up and down in the build 150. Elevator Shafts.—In a building of this type a service ing and at the sidewalks are measured. The top of the curb I elevator and a passenger elevator must be provided. In this case at the center of the Madison Avenue front of the building is ! both are approached from the main entrance through the Vesti taken as the datum point and is marked (±0'-0"). Distances bule and Lobby. From the lobby, the passenger elevator is below that point or level are marked with a minus sign, as reached through the Elevator Vestibule. The service elevator (—lO'-O"). Distances above are marked with the plus sign, as ; i is reached through a door in the back of the lobby, as shown ! (+13'-0"). The floor of the lobby and vestibule are marked : on the plan. ! (±0'-0") which indicates that they are neither above nor be The elevator shaft, which contains two elevators, extends low datum. from below the cellar floor up to the roof and serves all floors. The levels of the curbs are fixed by the city and cannot be
It is 5 feet 10 inches by 13 feet 8 inches in size. Spaces must changed. They are marked at various points on the blueprint, ■ 1 i be provided in the shaft for counterweights that balance the i showing their relation to the datum point on the Madison ! Avenue curb. On 73rd Street the top of the curb is (—3$ ) i weights of the elevators. The shaft is enclosed in fireproof 1 walls as indicated in Fig. 32, and the sides of the shaft must or 3$" below the datum point, (—81") at the middle of the be perfectly plumb. The doors are fireproof and are marked building, and (—l'-l") at the Madison Avenue building line. F. P. on the plans. The curb line thus drops from (—3f") to (—l'-l"), or 9J The positions of the elevator shaft and the stair shaft can inches, along the 73rd Street front of the building. On Madison Avenue at the left end the level is (+l'-0"). At not be determined from the first-floor plan alone, but studies
L 74 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 75 the middle of the building the level is (±0'-0") and at the The rear walls of the store are formed of terra cotta blocks, 73rd Street building line is (-10"). The drop is therefore l'-lO", as are also the walls around the water-closet compartments. and the point (—l'-l") is the low point of the curb. The walls between the stores are made of gypsum blocks and are The sidewalks must have a pitch from the curb up to the plastered on both sides. building line of about -} inch per foot of width. The elevations The variations shown in the levels of the floors of the dif of the sidewalks with relation to datum are marked in front ferent stores are due to the pitch of the sidewalk. of the door of each store, and the levels of the store floors are marked accordingly. Thus, the sidewalk at the building line 155. Entrance to Apartments.—The entrance to the apart in front of Store #1 is (4-1 If") and the floor level of the ments is through the vestibule and Lobby, which are designed store is made (4T'-0") or $ inch above the sidewalk level. to be attractive to the tenants and to visitors. The vestibule The level of the floor of the janitor’s apartment is (+0'-0") may be finished with marble wainscotings and floors, and the doors with metal or hard woods. as marked in the floor of the foyer. The platforms of the I stairs are marked (+3'-3") in both cases. At other points The plan of the lobby indicates an elaborate treatment. The [ in the plans similar figures in parentheses show the levels at end walls are shown as being curved and the walls are lined those points. with a plaster finish. The floors may be finished in marble or terrazzo. A note on the blueprint refers to a special detail 154. Stores.—The principal features on the First-Floor that the architect has made for the finish of the lobby and the Plan are the stores. The owner builds a building such as this elevator vestibule. one as a source of profit, and the architect should endeavor to make the rentable units as attractive and remunerative as 156. Janitor’s Apartment.—A door at the back of the lobby ; possible. opens into a small entry from which the service elevator, the In the First-Floor Plan, six good-sized stores, the comer main stairs, and the entrance to the janitor’s apartment are store being the largest, have been designed, and face on the reached. The janitor’s apartment consists of a living room L R, most desirable street. The columns have been designed to a chamber C H, a foyer, and a bathroom B, also four closets divide the store fronts without sacrificing show-window space. and an entry. In the foyer is a cooking recess. The living room It is probable that stores are not permitted on 73rd Street, and chamber have large windows on the yard. There are no hence the store wall on that street has been made a blank wall. outside windows in the other room. The apartment is surrounded £ Each store is provided with an entrance door and two show with terra cotta walls and the rooms, closets, etc., are separated windows with bulkheads beneath, a water-closet compartment, by solid plaster partitions. The drawing required to show the electric light outlets, and a panel board. Each store has a various parts of this apartment is similar to that previously room in the cellar. Although provision is made in the framing shown on other drawings. The swing of doors is shown in the plans for future stairs from each store to its corresponding customary manner, and the sizes of the doors are given. The cellar compartment, these stairways are not indicated in the door at the entrance to the apartment is marked F. P. S. C., blueprint. which signifies a fireproof self-closing door. The sill is marked There is no means of communication shown between the M. S., which means marble or metal saddle. A saddle of these stores and the cellars except by leaving the stores and going materials is used when the floors on opposite sides of the sill into the main entrance to reach the elevators or stairs, or by are of different materials. Here the floor in the entry is of wood using the cellar entrance at column #1. and on the other side is marble or terrazzo. The saddle under 1 : 76 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 77
•the bathroom door is used because the floor of the hall is of building accurately, but additional dimensions are necessary to wood and the floor of the bathroom is of terrazoo or mosaic. locate the windows in the walls around the yard. These dimen In the living room, chamber, and foyer, the ceilings are furred sions are given in the First-Floor Plan. down, as the height between the first and second floors is 13 The interior dimensions are laid out from the building and feet, and the desired height of ceiling in these rooms is about lot lines, and in this set of prints, these dimensions extend to 9 feet. Plaster arches, marked P. A., are indicated by dotted the rough walls and block partitions. Lines of dimensions are lines in the partitions. shown running parallel with Madison Avenue and 73rd Street, The bathroom contains four fixtures: a bath, shower bath, and it will be found, upon adding up these dimensions, that water closet, and lavatory. ! the totals equal the length and the width of the lot. The cooking recess C. R. is of the size prescribed by law. It For example, the line showing the widths of the stores will is surrounded on three sides by fireproof walls and is enclosed include the figures 12", 4'-0", 8", 13'-5", 3", 14'-0", 3", 14'-2", on the front by metal Venetian blinds. In it are a refrigerator, 3", 14'-0", 3", 14'-2", 3", 22'-3", and 12". The sum of these a sink, a range, and a high closet H. C. A vent register into the figures is 99'-ll", which is the length of the lot on Madison ceiling of the recess ventilates it. I Avenue. A check of the lines of figures through the elevator shaft and through the lobby should show the same totals. It 157. Heating.—The building is heated by steam supplied will be good practice for the student to add up the lines of by the boiler that is indicated in the Cellar Plan. The various dimensions across the plan parallel with 73rd Street. These | risers are run up through the building, generally in the outside lines of dimensions should add up to 58'-0" in each case. walls, and the radiators are located at the windows. The small At the columns are shown dimensions to the center lines pipes that are enclosed in the fireproofing surrounding the of the columns from the rear 58'-0" lot line and from the columns are all that is shown. The radiators are not indicated Madison Avenue building line. Thus, the center lines of column in the plans. In fact, the arrangement of the boiler pipes, valves, #64 are 81 feet 6 inches from the rear lot line and 42 feet and radiators is designed by an engineer or by the heating I 6 inches from the Madison Avenue building line. 1 contractor of the building. The pipes are generally concealed Similar dimensions are shown to the rough faces of the i ■ as indicated by the letters s and r at the columns. interior walls. These dimensions are taken from the rear 58'-0" 1 lot line and the Madison Avenue building line as in the cases 158. Dimensions.—All the necessary dimensions must be of the columns. The wall or partition between stores #5 and #6 given on the plans, as is illustrated in the blueprints. The main is marked as 76'-5" from the rear lot line and the face of the dimensions of the lot and of the building are generally shown wall back of store #6 is marked 42'-10" from the Madison outside the boundaries of the lot. Thus, the main dimensions Avenue building line. The faces of these walls can be located ! of the lot are shown as 99'-ll", 58'-0", lOO'-O" Next are and checked with the positions of the columns which are already shown dimensions of the building itself and its main divisions. in place. The dimension on Madison Avenue is divided into lCK-O" for It will be excellent practice to lay out a drawing of the First- the yard and two dimensions 44'-llJ" that locate the center Floor Plan by using the dimensions as shown on the plans. of the lot. The dimension lOO'-O" on the lot line is divided into Dimensions of individual doors and windows are shown. For 89'-11" for the building and KM" for the yard. The 58'-0" individual windows, two dimensions are given, the first showing .' dimension of the rear lot line is divided into 34'-4" for the the width and the other giving the height. Giving both dimen '■ building and 23'-8" for the yard. These dimensions locate the sions facilitates the calculation of the lighting area of the window,
! 78 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 79 which must be in proportion to the area of the room lighted. In general, the glass area of the window must be at least 10 161. Stairways.—A fireproof concrete stairway is directly per cent of the floor area of the room. Thus, in the chamber above the one in the first-floor plan. It should be enclosed by in the janitor’s apartment the window is shown 6 ft. 2\ in. by fireproof walls and should have fireproof self-closing doors.' 5 ft. 6£ in. The area of the room is 11 feet by 17 feet, or 187 The proper number of treads and risers should be shown. Electric outlets should be provided over the outside of the doors square feet. This shows that the window area is well above to the stair enclosure and an outlet should be shown in each 10 per cent of the area of the room, and complies with the legal story for each flight of stairs. The standpipe is shown in the requirements. elevator shaft in all the plans. The stairway must open into the public hall so that it can be reached from all apartments on 159. Fire Lines.—Fire lines that deliver water to hose con each floor. nections at various points in the building are very important and are required by law. In this apartment house a line of 162. Pubic Hall.—The pubic hall may be entered from all; 4-inch pipe is carried up through the stair shaft and at each apartments and a push button for a bell is indicated at the story has a 75-foot length of hose attached. At the corner of entrance to each apartment. The floor of the public hall is the streets on the face of the building a Siamese connection is formed of concrete, mosaic, or tile, and metal or marble saddles indicated. This connection is provided so that fire engines may are indicated under the doors to the apartments. The entrance pump water into it and thus supply water to all the hose con doors to all apartments are fireproof and self-closing. nections. The standpipe is also connected with a tank on the roof so that water can be furnished to the hose connections 163. Apartments A and F.—There are six living rooms from the tank. The tank is kept full at all times by means of (L.R.) in the second floor, one for each apartment. Apartment a pump. A consists of an entry, a living room, a foyer, a bathroom, a cooking recess, and three closets. The living room is entered SECOND —OR TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN from the foyer through a plaster arch (P.A.). In the foyer 160. General.—The First-Floor Plan shows the indications is located the cooking recess or closet, containing a set of of the stores. The Second- or Typical Floor Plan shows the fixtures consisting of a range, a sink, a refrigerator, and a wall methods of indicating the arrangements of the apartments and cabinet. The floor of this closet is of concrete and the walls may be considered as a typical floor representing the arrange are of terra cotta, brick, or plaster. The recess is closed by i ments of all the apartment floors up to the roof. shutting the doors, thus concealing the fixtures. The building lines and the lot lines are similar to those on The bathroom is of good size and contains a bathtub, a the other plans. The columns are shown above the ones below shower, a toilet, a lavatory, and a medicine closet. In the entry and with the same numbers. The grade of the floor is obtained between the public hall and the foyer is a closet and a bookcase. from dimensions given on the elevation and proves to be 13 The above description applies also to Apartment F. feet above the grade of the first floor, or (d-^'-O"). In the drawing the Second- or Typical Floor Plan, a sheet of 164. Apartments C and D.—Apartment C is similar to tracing paper would be placed over the First-Floor Plan and Apartment A except that it has no chamber and has a cooking all the vertical features such as columns, stairs, elevator shafts, space (C.S.) instead of a cooking recess. The cooking space flues, ducts, windows, etc. would be traced directly through is a small room limited in size by law and has an outside window. from the lower plan. This space must be enclosed by fireproof ceilings, walls, and 80 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 81 floors. The cooking space is fitted with a refrigerator, a dresser, The oil-storage compartment contains an oil-storage tank a high closet, and a set of three fixtures including a base for fuel for the boilers. The tank is entirely enclosed in fire cabinet, a sink, a laundry tray, and a range. Apartment D is proof construction. very similar to Apartment C. 167. Columns.—The columns extend through the cellar 165. Apartments B and E.—Apartments B and E have with the same numbers as in the first-floor plan. much the same arrangement as the other apartments. In fact, the same elements are used in all these apartments. 168. Walls and Partitions.—-There were on the lot existing ; walls of older buildings that were in good condition and were BASEMENT PLAN consequently incorporated into the new building. They are 166. General.—The cellar or basement plan contains no marked Existing Brick Walls and do not show the indications apartments or living quarters, but shows the cellars for the stores, of the materials of which they are composed. They extend along the boiler room, the elevator pits, etc. A cellar or storage space is the lot lines as shown. Existing vault walls are indicated under shown for each of the stores on the first-floor plan. Each of the sidewalks and are pieced out where necessary on the Madison these six cellars contains a water-closet compartment, also a Avenue front as shown by the indication for brick. New brick wash basin, and is vented through bulkheads beneath the store walls are at the inner comer of the lot. windows. The approach to the store cellars is from the open New brick walls are shown on the interior of the building cellar, which is reached from the elevator, from the stairway by the hatching. They enclose the boiler room, part of the from the street to the open cellar, or from the main stairway. elevator shaft, the incinerator room, and the stairs. Brick parti A storage room and workshop for the service of the building tions 4 inches thick are shown by hatching. Gypsum-block is provided, and is ventilated by the ducts shown on each side partitions are indicated between the store cellars and around the of the workroom, which open into the street wall of the building. toilets. Two meter rooms are included, which are ventilated as shown. These two rooms are designed to contain the meters for all apart 169. Grades.—-The first-floor level has been taken as datum ments, so that the company’s representatives can inspect them and marked (±0'-0"). All the grades in the cellar will therefore without going through the building. be marked by a minus sign and will show their depths below The boiler room contains the boilers, pumps, and other appa the first floor. The open cellar is marked (—lO'-O"), which ratus for serving the building. It is ventilated through a duct shows that the floor is lO'-O" below the first-floor level. The on the ceiling that leads out into the open cellar as shown. locker room, store cellars, storage, workshop and meter rooms all at the level (-10'-0"). The boiler room is marked An incinerator room is provided to burn the garbage that is are (—17'-0") and is reached from the 10-foot level by a flight dropped into the shaft from all the floors. of steps. The elevators are used from this floor up, but can be dropped into the pit when necessary. The concrete stairs also reach The floor of the tank space is (—18'-8") and has another the cellar as indicated in the cellar plan in Fig. 48. floor over the tank at (—lO'-O"). The bottom of the elevator pit is at the grade (-16'-6"). In the open cellar are shown standpipes and hose; this cellar is ventilated through a duct on the ceiling. 170. Building, Curb, and Lot Lines.—The building lines Doors marked F.P.S.C. are fireproof and self-closing. 82 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 83 and lot lines are plainly marked; also, the curb lines are shown. 175. Fire Line. A 4-inch fire line enters the building These lines have been explained in the description of the first- near column #81 and runs to the standpipe near the stairway. floor plan. 176. Miscellaneous.—Access doors are provided for enter 171. Plumbing Indications.—The plumbing stacks, marked ing the space containing the oil-storage tank as indicated, and by circles, empty into the house drains beneath the floor, and an iron ladder from the boiler-room floor to the top of the there are two drains emptying into the house traps. These floor over the tank is indicated. Iron stairs are supplied to reach drains run underground between the bases of the stack to the the open cellar from the boiler room, and also from the cellar house traps as shown. One drain takes care of the water-closet to the first-floor level. Concrete stairs are shown leading from compartments of Stores #4 and #5, and of plumbing stacks the open cellar to Madison Avenue. #5, #6, and #8. The other takes care of the water closets to Stores #1, #2, and #3, and also to the locker-room toilet, Light outlets are shown at the floor of the elevator pit, also and the pipe stacks #1, #2, #9, #10, and #4. This drain exit lights at the door from the open cellar to Madison Avenue. Vent ducts are shown on the ceiling of the open cellar, providing also receives the discharge from the sump pit in the boiler room, which is pumped up into the drain as indicated. ventilation for toilets, hall, boiler room, etc. The store cellars are vented through galvanized iron ducts leading to bulkheads The water from leader #2(4" L #2) is taken care of by under the store windows. the drain leading to the 73rd Street sewer. The sidewalk covers the distance between the curb lines and Each store cellar is provided with an enclosed water closet the building lines. The portions over the vaults must be sup as well as a wash basin. ported by means of iron beams and concrete resting on the existing vault walls and the framework of the building. 172. Sump.—A pit extending 4 feet below the boiler-room floor receives the drainage from this floor. It is formed of ELEVATION OF MADISON AVENUE FRONT 8-inch brick walls and covered by a cast-iron cover in a cast- 177. General Description.—The elevation on Madison Ave iron frame. In this pit is located a sump pump that raises the waste material and discharges it into a 3-inch pipe that leads nue shows the fronts of the stores indicated on the first-floor to the house drain near column #51. plan. Each store has an entrance door with a show window on each side. Beneath the show windows are the bulkheads, each ii i containing a ventilating window for the store cellar. A fresh- 173. House Traps.—The house traps are located near col air inlet for the house trap is shown in the bulkhead of Store umns #51 and #83, and are enclosed by 8-inch brick walls #4. The door to the cellar is shown at the extreme left. Care and covered by cast-iron covers. Fresh-air inlets rise to the !i ful study of the first-floor plan will show how the plan is face of the building above the sidewalk levels. The house traps ii expressed in the elevation. are connected with the street sewers by means of 6-inch house sewers as indicated. A frieze or fascia of black glass is shown over the doors to the stores, and above this is a band of limestone consisting of a flat frieze with an ornamental band above and below it. 174. Toilet Floors.—The floors of all toilet or water-closet Details of this frieze are shown at a large scale at the left in compartments are covered with tiles, and are to have 6-inch the detail of the Main Entrance. This method of supporting tile bases, as noted on the store cellars. the stone band and string courses is illustrated in the section ! k 84 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 2 85 at the left of the drawing, where angle irons and plates are KEY TO CRITICISM shown under the lower band course. Above the band courses The following symbols are used to indicate criticisms and sug are two stories of plain brick walls pierced by groups of three 1 windows that indicate the living rooms of the apartments, and gestions on the student’s drawings in Elementary Architectural single windows that indicate cooking spaces. The Second- or Drawing, Freehand and Ornamental Drawing and Architectural ! Typical Floor Plan should be studied in connection with the Drawing. When a letter is placed on the corrected plate the meaning of this letter can be found in the following list. elevation of these floors. Between the fourth and fifth floors the surface of the wall is a. Inclination of letters not uni (4) Erase blots. form. (5) Practice use of French curve. ! ornamented by a fret ornament and a stone band or belt course b. Letters not well formed. Study (6) Use black drawing ink. above and below. A detail of this ornament is given above the i Arts. 2 to 10, 5893B. (7) Not enough contrast in c. Letters not uniformly spaced. weight of line. detail of the Main Entrance. The ornament consists of strips d. Practice lettering frequently. (8) This is good work but you of limestone about three brick courses wide and let into the e. Sizes of spaces unequal. Read can do better if you take Arts. 21 and 22, 5893B. more time. brick wall. A slab of limestone 4 inches thick forms the central f. Compare your work with model (9) Excellent work. feature of the ornament and is carved with a leaf ornament. in text. (10) Facility in freehand drawing g. Height of letters irregular. comes with practice. Above this story are eight stories treated uniformly with Use guide lines. h. Letters too large. face brickwork. Over the twelfth-story windows is a simple i. Letters too small. A. Dimension lines omitted. cornice consisting of two flat bands of limestone with brick j. Use vertical guide lines for B. Dimensions incorrect. your letters. Guide lines should C. Dimension arrows incorrectly : courses between. A wrought-iron railing is let into the top be drawn at random. placed. stone course, which is the coping of the walls. k. Numerals should be printed not D. Lines not parallel. ; written. E. Intersections poor. The fourteenth floor is shown in the Roof Plan, and is l. Numerals not well formed. F. Compass work poor. ; treated simply in face brickwork. m. Foot and inch marks not well G. Line should be dotted, as it formed. represents a part not seen. n. Line too heavy. H. Line should be dotted, as it o. Line too light. represents a part cut off. p. Line uneven. I. Wrong symbol used. ELEVATION OF EAST 73RD STREET FRONT q. Line not black enough. J. Carelessly drawn. r. Line should be drawn with in K. Size too large. 178. General Description.—The elevation on East 73rd struments. L. Size too small. Street is similar to the Madison Avenue elevation. The side s. Line should be dotted. M. Not projected properly. t. Line should be broken. N. Section lines omitted. wall of Store #6 is shown finished solid with limestone, and u. Broken or dotted lines uneven. O. Section lines not evenly spaced. the entrance doorway to the apartments is shown at the right- v. Should be full line not broken. P. Lines omitted. w. Freehand curved lines not well Q. Dimensions omitted. hand end. The limestone extends from the sidewalk to the tops drawn. R. Incomplete S. Drawing not to scale. of the window sills of the second story. The stone panel above x. Arrow heads not well formed. Use closed type arrow heads. T. Similar lines should have the the main entrance is ornamented with a fret-and-leaf ornament. y. Lines are to be drawn free same thickness. hand, without the use of in U. Symbol omitted. struments. V. Lettering omitted. 179. Detail of Entrance Doorway.—A detail of the entrance z. Compare your work with at W. Use single line. tached drawing. X. Avoid flat spots when draw doorway at a large scale is shown at the left of the elevations. ing curves. The entrance is formed of metal and glass and consists of two (1) You can do better work. Y. Avoid angles when drawing curves. doors with sidelights and transoms. Metal grilles cover the (2) All sides of figure should be equal. Z. Quality of line should be clean, ends of the vent ducts that ventilate the cellar rooms. (3) Not required. crisp and uniform. r. 110 (07) 157 v.S pt.2 '
International Correspondence Schools, Scranton, Pa. Architecture home study course, v.8 pt.2. DATE ISSUED TO
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