THE ARCHITECTURE HANDBOOK: A Student Guide to Understanding Buildings TEACHER EDITION Jennifer Masengarb with Krisann Rehbein Produced in Architectural illustrations partnership with by Benjamin Norris THE ARCHITECTURE HANDBOOK: A Student Guide to Understanding Buildings Jennifer Masengarb with Krisann Rehbein Design and Production O’Connor Design Architectural Illustrator Benjamin Norris Copy Editor Sandra Lancaster Typefaces AGaramond and Trade Gothic Systems InDesign® CS, Adobe® Illustrator® CS, and Adobe® Photoshop® CS Printer Berland Printing, Chicago, Illinois © 2007 Chicago Architecture Foundation, Chicago, Illinois All rights reserved. The Chicago Architecture Foundation has created The Architecture Handbook: A Student Guide to Understanding Buildings for classroom use. United States Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.) protects the text, drawings, and photographs in this book, including those produced by the Chicago Architecture Foundation and those produced by others. Written permission from the original copyright owners (either the Chicago Architecture Foundation, other individuals, or other institutions) must be obtained for the transmission or reproduction of protected items beyond that allowed by “fair use” for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research. Every effort has been made by the Chicago Architecture Foundation to secure permission from copyright owners and pay additional fees for the publication of materials not in the public domain. In addition, every effort has been made to properly credit the owners and creators of copyrighted and public domain materials. The lessons, materials, and drawings contained within this book are for educational purposes only. Rights to the architectural drawings of the F10 House belong to the City of Chicago. The drawings do not pertain to a specific property and are not intended for any type of construction purposes. The Chicago Architecture Foundation, EHDD Architecture, and the City of Chicago are not responsible for any liability as a result of any use of these drawings. The users of the lessons are solely responsible for the educational implementation thereof. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 0-9620562-8-6 First Printing, July 2007 Second Printing, July 2011 chapter 10 F10 House Chicago bungalow Your Home COMPARISON BUILDINGS Planning Spaces How are the rooms How do you read THE BIG of the F10 House 1 a fl oor plan? 2 QUESTIONS arranged? Floor plans are drawings of buildings lines. A fl oor plan drawing uses with the roof removed as seen from orthographic projection, which means above. They are extremely useful the 3-dimensional object (the building) drawings that help explain how the is “fl attened” and shown on paper. rooms are arranged, although no one will ever see a building through its fl oor plan. To imagine what the fl oor plan looks like, architects slice an imaginary horizontal line, called the cutting plane or cutting plane line, about 4 feet above the fl oor. Everything below the cutting plane is seen in the fl oor plan, and some important objects above the cutting plane (such as a ‘roof plan’ closet shelf) are shown with dashed section ‘fl oor plan’ side elevation F10 House – fl oor front elevation levels split apart student page168 168THE CHICAGO ARCHITECTURE FOUNDATION The Architecture Handbook: A Student Guide to Understanding Buildings © 2007 230 THE CHICAGO ARCHITECTURE FOUNDatION The Architecture Handbook: A Student Guide to Understanding Buildings © 2007 P3 THE FLOOR PLAN Planning Spaces 10 Exterior elevation CHAPTER VOCABULARY symbol fl oor plan a drawing of a building with the roof removed as seen from above cutting plane / cutting plane line Interior elevation the imaginary line or slice on a symbol fl oor plan drawing showing where a building is “cut”, typically about 4 feet above the fl oor; Building section symbols everything below the cutting plane appears in the fl oor plan orthographic projection (also called Several symbols appear on fl oor plan Architects use different methods— orthogonal projection) a general drawings to help coordinate the fl oor both written and graphic—to put their term to refer to a method of plan with the other drawings within ideas on paper. To start the process drawing where a 3-dimensional object is “fl attened” and the set of building plans or prints. of designing a building, architects projected, or shown, on a An exterior or interior elevation work closely with the owner to develop 2-dimensional piece of paper symbol—indicated by a circle tucked a detailed program which lists all the inside a triangle—provides a reference requirements needed in the building. plans / prints pages of drawings of the building; (because architects to the page number and drawing Architects then sketch circles (or no longer reproduce drawings number of the exterior or interior “bubbles”) to represent various spaces by the method that creates blue elevation drawing. (See Project 4 for in a building that will meet the needs sheets, the term “blueprints” more information.) A building section listed in the program. These bubble is no longer common) symbol is a similar circle inside a diagrams are intended for the architect exterior or interior elevation symbol triangle, but it has a line extending as they think through their design. a small round symbol, indicated from it which ends in an ‘L’ shape. The bubble diagramming process helps by a circle tucked inside a Building section symbols show to get all their creative ideas down on triangle on the fl oor plan. It has the cutting plane line of the section paper, without worrying yet about what a line extending from it which drawings. (See Project 5 for more the fi nal design might be. This process ends in an ‘L’ shape. It gives the page number and drawing information.) can be thought of as the architectural number for the exterior or interior equivalent of outlining an essay or a elevation drawing within the set story you might do in a writing class. of drawings. building section symbol the small symbol—indicated by a circle tucked inside a triangle—on the fl oor plan that gives the page number and drawing number for a particular section drawing within the set of drawings program a detailed list of needs that must be fulfi lled by the building’s fi nal design CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE A “fl oor plan” of a frozen dinner A bubble diagram of a frozen dinner The Architecture Handbook: A Student Guide to Understanding Buildings © 2007 THE CHICAGO ARCHITECTURE FOUNDATION169 169student page The Architecture Handbook: A Student Guide to Understanding Buildings © 2007 THE CHICAGO ARCHITECTURE FOUNDatION 231 10 Planning Spaces THE FLOOR PLAN P3 bubble diagram / bubble Each bubble can represent one use or Will the space be organized along a diagramming a simple diagram one room, or it may represent several circulation route? Or, will the space of rooms shaped like circles, not functions. Bubble diagrams help be self-contained and tucked into a necessarily drawn to a specifi c scale; used by architects for architects visualize how the spaces are corner? The bubble diagrams help an understanding the relationships organized and which spaces are architect sort through these ideas. between rooms adjacent to each other. At this point A bubble diagram can also include of the design process, architects aren’t function / use a description of arrows and labels. Each bubble is especially concerned about the exact how the building, space, or room labeled with the function that will take is used sizes of spaces. Instead, the architects place within that space. Handwritten are thinking about the overall building schematic design drawing notes on the bubble diagrams help and proportion of spaces within that a drawing produced later in the an architect remember features to building. To some extent, they are design process that more fully be included later. For instance, an explains the architectural design also thinking about the shape of the architect might note something such to show the general relationships spaces. Will the room be long and as “large windows to face east” or and space requirements of the narrow to connect two other spaces? project; this drawing may be shown to the client to illustrate the design ideas that the architect is thinking about; it does not typically include dimensions or other construction-related notes ‡ construction drawing a very accurate drawing that shows the F10 House – design, location, and dimensions bubble diagram of all the parts of the building; of the fi rst a construction drawing is fl oor plan produced by the architect; its purpose is to give the contractor all the information needed to construct the building 1 Chicago bungalow a 1- ⁄2 story, long and narrow, brick home with a porch, constructed in the F10 House – Chicago area between 1911 schematic design and 1939; today more than drawing of the 80,000 bungalows make up a fi rst fl oor plan third of the city’s single family detached homes; the word “bungalow” comes from the Hindi word bangla, describing a low one-story house with a porch; many different Chicago architects designed bungalows These vocabulary words defi ne the terms, features, and rooms F10 House – that appear in the F10 House construction drawing of the fl oor plan drawings—A.03, A.04, fi rst fl oor plan and A.05. interior door a door that connects two rooms or spaces CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE student page170 170THE CHICAGO ARCHITECTURE FOUNDATION The Architecture Handbook: A Student Guide to Understanding Buildings © 2007 232 THE CHICAGO ARCHITECTURE FOUNDatION The Architecture Handbook: A Student Guide to Understanding Buildings © 2007 P3 THE FLOOR PLAN Planning Spaces 10 “change from carpet to wood fl oors Finally, the last type of drawing – a exterior door a door that connects here.” Bubble diagrams are usually construction drawing – is created a room in a home to the outside drawn on tracing paper so they can be for the people who will construct the vestibule an entry hall used as overlays to rearrange the spaces building.