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Report on Unemployment/Employment

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Report on Unemployment/Employment Council of Europe Conseil de l'Europe * * * • • • * • • • * * CONGR ESS020579 Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe Congrès des pouvoirs locaux et régionaux de l'Europe Strasbourg, 14 June 1996 CG (3) 5 S Melai.cmNsessionNdini.eng Part H THIRD SESSION (Strasbourg, 2-4 July 1996) REPORT on Unemployment/employment, new activities and occupations issues and prospects for the local dimension (Florence, 9-10 May 1996) Rapporteur: Ms Patrizia DINI (Italy) In 1994 our Congress set up a working group on "Unemployment/employment: New Activities and Professions". This Group was asked to study the existing situation and, if possible, to explore new means of avoiding the traditional unemployment/employment dilemma and to propose forms of action. The Group's members were MM Bauer (later replaced by Ms Scholle), Edlinger, Kyne and Morgan, Ms Tolonen and Mr Adamczyk for the Chamber of Local Authorities, and MM Grimm, Mihaesi and Suaud and myself for the Chamber of Regions. At its first meeting (Florence, 19 December 1994) the Group appointed me as Chair and asked me to be its rapporteur. It then concentrated on defining a suitable approach to the unemployment problem. It considered the links between the different aspects of the economic transformation which all European countries are currently undergoing: innovation, new technologies and training for the future, especially of young people. In particular, the Group placed special emphasis on the concept of "innovation" and how the public authorities and society at large react to it. It took the view that an international conference should be organised to enable a number of European regions and cities to share their experience and compare the policies they had adopted. At its second meeting (Paris, 27 October 1995) the Group accepted an offer from the Region of Tuscany, and the Regional Council in particular, to host an international conference in Florence, for which it adopted a preliminary draft programme. After several changes of date, the conference was finally held in Florence on 9 and 10 May 1996. I wish to take this opportunity to thank all my fellow members of the Working Group and the Congress who gave me their support and assistance throughout the preparatory work and, above all, took an active part in the conference as rapporteurs. My thanks of course also go to all the other rapporteurs and speakers, who helped make the conference a very interesting, lively event. After the Mayor of Florence, Mr Mario Primicerio, had welcomed the participants and Mr Paolo Fontanelli, who is in charge of employment for the Tuscany region, had addressed the conference, the CLRAE's Vice-President, Ms Olga Bennett, made an opening speech giving a good definition of the framework for the conference's proceedings, which drew an attentive audience of about 120 participants. Ms Bennett pointed out the depth of the current Europe-wide crisis affecting the status of work and workers throughout the range of human occupations; this had led to high unemployment in most of the countries of Greater Europe. Work on offer in the form of traditional jobs seemed to be becoming increasingly scarce, and there was a danger that ever- larger population groups - young people, women, unskilled workers, etc. - would be doomed to inactivity. 2 Politicians and the population at large were beginning to show serious concern about this trend, as were international institutions1. Although technical explanations for the phenomenon were constantly being improved upon, the various solutions envisaged were not always consistent. Nevertheless, in most countries wealth was growing slowly but steadily. We were thus faced with a fundamental contradiction, which some thought could be solved through a redistribution of jobs and/or income. However, the rapid, far-reaching technological changes taking place, which had caused some people to say that we were perhaps about to enter a genuine new era characterised by new forms of production and globalisation of trade and capital markets, necessitated a more energetic response. A number of people had proposed tackling the employment/unemployment issue by creating a "citizen's wage", which would have the merit of unshackling all forms of activity. Others drew attention to community service jobs, the creation of firms with job market integration, public service or stable employment as their objectives and the existence of a "fourth sector" of socially useful occupations, which were not yet recognised because so far they had not been financially viable. Not all these questions, nor a number of others raised by Ms Bennett, were debated directly by the participants, but these issues unquestionably constituted the backdrop to all of the contributions and discussions throughout the conference. Some key points raised in Ms Bennett's speech should be underlined here: The future of employment and work, or indeed of human occupations, will rapidly become a central issue cutting across traditional political differences. It is therefore an issue on which people are just as likely to be divided as they are to be united. Given our present life-styles and living conditions, access to work is perceived as a fundamental individual right. Employment provides an income, and without an income it is not possible to lead a decent existence. Without an income an individual's status as a citizen gradually wanes. On the other hand, those .with a reasonable income are able to envisage and encourage all kinds of activities and, if they so wish, to take an active role in the community. To understand the significance in both human and political terms of unemployment, employment, income and occupations, we should consider the living conditions of those deprived of work. The CLRAE has already paved the way by looking into the political 1 Cf. the EU Commission's White Paper on Growth, Competitiveness and Employment (the Delors report) of 1993, the Conclusions of the European Councils in Essen (December 1994), Madrid (December 1995) and Florence (June 1996), the OECD's jobs studies (from 1994), the ILO's annual World Employment reports, the Council of Europe's Conferences of European Ministers of Labour (the most recent took place in Malta at the end of 1993), the conclusions of the G7 conference on employment (Lille, 2 April 1996), etc. 3 consequences of the loss of jobs or sources of income which enabled their beneficiaries to live in dignity2. A change of vision and of policy is needed. To make good the disadvantages that the lack of employment, income, housing, education and training represent in life, leading to insecurity and poverty, we have to open up our institutions to those who are currently excluded from them because they are merely passive recipients of welfare, thereby countering exclusion through citizenship and combating the notion of handouts with that of solidarity. The principles of subsidiarity and community self-help enshrined in the European Charter of Local Self-Government make local and regional authorities duty-bound to take action, first and foremost with the backing of community organisations but also with that of the State and of European institutions, whenever the social processes that lead to unemployment, destitution, homelessness, exclusion and finally instability, place citizens' fundamental rights in jeopardy. * * After the opening speeches, Ms Olga Bennett remained in' the chair and three rapporteurs gave introductory addresses. Mr Xavier Godinot, an economist who manages the research and training institute of the International Movement ATD Fourth World (Brussels) opened the session with a very well-received report entitled "Mass unemployment or full activity for all: what choices for Europe?" He first pointed out that the expansion of unemployment and extreme poverty in Europe was a challenge to the ideals and the fundamental freedoms that the Council of Europe sought to promote. European development models were being called into question, but their results in terms of combating unemployment and poverty were disparate. Since it brought down labour costs the Anglo-Saxon capitalist model was more effective at reducing unemployment, but the price was a significant rise in extreme poverty. The Rhine basin's form of capitalism combined high levels of unemployment and social protection. The east European economies in transition were only just beginning to pull out of a recession which had caused widespread destitution. None of these models had put an end to extreme poverty. 2 Resolution 243 (1993) on "Citizenship and Extreme Poverty: the Charleroi Declaration", Resolution 244 (1993) on "The Right to Housing and its Implementation by Local and Regional Authorities" and the Nottingham Declaration, the conclusions of the Conference on "Health and Citizenship: Care for the Poorest in Europe" (Strasbourg, February 1996). The CLRAE had indeed already tackled the unemployment issue in the past (cf. in particular Resolutions 145 and 178). However, the present circumstances are completely different, and the approach to the problem must also change. In this connection, I draw attention to the results of the seminar held in Stockholm at the instigation of Ms Farrington and Ms Lund on "Combating unemployment through vocational training: the role of the city" (1993). 4 Lessons relevant to the present day could be drawn from the history of poverty through the ages in Europe. Neither economic growth nor full employment sufficed to eradicate poverty when certain people remained too weak to band together and defend their collective interests and continued to be regarded as unfit for anything because of their long history of poverty. Could the poorest members of society be given employment in the modern-day economy and under what conditions? Mr Godinot considered various experiences: vocational development workshops and firms with job market integration as their objective, schemes to enable the most underprivileged members of society to find work in traditional firms, the establishment of long-term vocational training courses leading to a qualification and employment, the creation of new community service jobs.
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