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SOCIAL WELFARE HISTORY GROUP Hull House and the Emergence BOOK REVIEW of Professional Social Work “The Poorhouse: by JERRY D

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SOCIAL WELFARE HISTORY GROUP Hull House and the Emergence BOOK REVIEW of Professional Social Work “The Poorhouse: by JERRY D ISSUE 99, WINTER 2006 SOCIAL WELFARE HISTORY GROUP Hull House and the Emergence BOOK REVIEW of Professional Social Work “The Poorhouse: BY JERRY D. MARX America’s Forgotten Institution”–DAVID WAGNER HE TURN OF THE TWENTIETH CEN- TURY, a period in American his- BOOK REVIEW BY GIANNOULA KEFALA Ttory known as the “Progres- sive Era,” was a time of major reforms David Wagner gives us the real picture of in the economic, political, and social nineteenth century institutions for the care institutions of the nation. The Adam of poor Americans in his most recent book, The Poorhouse: America’s Forgotten Institu- Smith model of a capitalist economy tion. The author focuses on the poorhouses based on small business competition in New England during the period from the was increasingly overshadowed by the 1890s until the demise of the poor farms. influence of large-scale industry. The Poorhouses were tax-supported residential enormous industrial growth that fol- institutions to which people were required to lowed the Civil War featured unregu- go if they could not support themselves. They lated competition among individual were started as a method of providing a less entrepreneurs based on the ideology of expensive alternative to what we would to- “Social Darwinism”—survival of the day call “welfare”—what was called “outdoor fittest.1 Yet, as the nineteenth century relief” in those days. The poorhouse became came to an end, many liberal reform- known as “indoor relief”, care in an institution, as opposed to “outside relief”, care within a ers believed that American institutions community. If the need was great or likely to needed better coordination, collabora- be long-term, the destitute were sent to the tion—even regulation. These reformers, poorhouse instead of being given relief while firsthand witnesses to the “Industrial they continued to live independently. Revolution,” came to understand both Migrant Mother, photo by Dorothea Lange The poorhouses in the USA followed the the positive and negative social welfare English example regarding rules and regula- aspects of an industrial economy.2 To better settlements, eventually comprising 70 percent tions of the houses. These poorhouses were promote social welfare, new, more civic- of settlement residents.4 Jane Addams, Edith built with great optimism. They promised to minded organizations needed to be created. Abbott, and Grace Abbott were all settlement be a much more efficient and cheaper way to Social cooperation needed to supplement house residents who became identified as so- provide relief to paupers. And there was a fer- individual initiative and competition. Hull cial workers. While often inspired by religious vent popular belief that housing such people in institutions would provide the opportunity House and other American settlement houses conviction, settlement leaders moved beyond to reform them and cure them of the bad hab- played a major part in achieving these ends. their city mission predecessors to further its and character defects that were assumed The first settlement house, Toynbee Hall emphasize scientific methods. to be the cause of their poverty. in London, England, was a residence for During the Progressive Era, the settle- However, the poorhouse was an inad- Oxford University men in a poor section of ment houses became prominent leaders in equate solution concerning the long-term the city. Run by an Anglican priest, the Rev. social research and advocacy. Although the problems of unemployment and financial Samuel Barnett, this “settlement in the slums” first American settlement house was estab- need. The poorhouse, according to Wagner, was an “outpost” from which to teach stu- lished in 1886 in New York, the most famous was a violation of individual rights such as re- dents social responsibility in accordance with early settlements were Chicago’s Hull House, spect for human dignity and self-determina- Christian social ideals.3 founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Starr tion. Poorhouses have been known by various Using Toynbee Hall as a model, Ameri- in 1889, and New York City’s Henry Street names throughout American history. These institutions were known as almshouses, work- can settlement houses were private nonprofit Settlement, established by Lillian Wald in houses, poor farms, county homes or infir- organizations, established in poor, inner-city 1895.5 (Because Lillian Wald was a nurse, the maries. The importance of the poorhouse is neighborhoods to promote the social welfare Henry Street Settlement was initially called based on the fact that many other institutions of community residents. In cities such as New the Nurse’s Settlement.) By 1900, there were patterned themselves after the poorhouses, York and Chicago, the vast majority of these 100 settlement houses in existence.6 Ten years including mental asylums, prisons, orphan- residents were poor immigrants. Women— in- later, about 400 settlements were operating in ages, and homes for unmarried women. The cluding several famous social workers—be- the United States. poorhouse was not only an institution came the dominant force in American Continued on page 2 Continued on page 8 2 SOCIAL WELFARE HISTORY GROUP SWHG MEMBERSHIP Hull House continued from page 1 These settlement houses (along with social saloon.13 Due to the limited amount of activity SWHG OFFICERS work educators such as Eduard Lindeman)7 space in the crowded urban neighborhoods, YOLANDA BURWELL, PRESIDENT were significant influences on the community settlements such as Hull House were particu- PEGGY PITTMAN-MUNKE, SECRETARY organization and group work methods in larly valued by immigrants as a space to hold GARY LOWE, TREASURER the emerging profession of social work. Like club meetings, public discussions, lectures, JERRY D. MARX, EDITOR, charity organization societies of the time, dances, and other social activities. As a result, SWHG NEWSLETTER settlement houses were founded on the prin- Hull House became the social center of the ciple of scientific philanthropy. Observation, neighborhood, constantly filled with activity. MEMBERSHIP LIST information gathering (or in today’s terms, Eventually, other services were added includ- “data collection”), and documentation were ing a “boarding club” for young women, a 1. JANICE ANDREWS believed to be prerequisites to social advocacy nursery, and a post office branch.14 In fact, 2. ANN ROSEGRANT ALVAREZ and change. In fact, Residence, Research, services commonly found at the settlement 3. ERNEST BARBEAU and Reform were the three “Rs” of settlement houses around the United States included 4. AARON BECKERMAN house work.8 While acknowledging the worth employment referral, visiting nurses, arts and 5. TANYA SMITH BRICE of the individual, for the most part, settlement crafts courses, libraries, penny savings banks, 6. RUTH BRITTON leaders targeted their reform efforts on the art galleries, and music halls.15 7. MARY LYNN BRYAN social environment of immigrant neighbor- In providing space for various clubs, lec- 8. ICE BURSON hoods in the large industrial cities. In so do- tures, and public discussions, the settlement 9. YOLANDA BURWELL ing, their goal was the prevention of poverty house workers were able to see and hear the 10. SUSAN CHANDLER and class conflict while promoting the health needs of the various neighborhood immigrant 11. LAURA CURRAN and welfare of industrial communities. groups. Settlement workers at Hull House, 12. ELIZABETH DANTO Leaders of the settlement houses criticized for instance, spent much time advocating for 13. ROBERT H. DAUGHERTY the casework approach of charity organization needy individuals.16 This made the settle- 14. MICHAEL DOVER societies for not being more social reform- ments attractive sites for young professionals 15. JOHN HERRICK minded. Yet, radicals in the labor movement interested in social research and advocacy, 16. RANDY HOELZEN considered the settlement houses to be too especially young, well-educated women want- 17. NANCY A. HUMPHREYS conservative in terms of social reform.9 Settle- ing a socially significant career. The medical 18. JEAN JACKSON HYCHE ment leaders such as Jane Addams accepted research of physician and Hull House resident, 19. MITCH KAHN the capitalist base of the American industrial Dr. Alice Hamilton, examined the spread of 20. CRIS CARLTON LANEY system. After all, life in the United States typhoid in the tenement buildings.17 Hamilton 21. LELIE LEIGHNINGER was better for most immigrants than the life and Florence Kelley, a lawyer and fellow Hull 22. TARYN LINDHORST they left in Europe.10 The settlement houses, House resident, were also active in indus- 23. GARY LOWE therefore, aimed to promote social integra- trial research, and consequently, the fight for 24. ALICIA MARTIN tion, facilitating the functioning of immigrant occupational disease laws, 8-hour workday 25. KARLA MILEY groups as they adapted to industrial life. maximums for women, and labor restrictions 26. MEGAN MORRISSEY Where radicals in the Socialist and Commu- for children. Consistent with the settlement 27. MERYL NADEL nist Parties emphasized the struggle among philosophy, careful research typically pre- 28. NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE classes, settlement leaders, for the most part, ceded the call for reform. 29. PAULA PFEFFER encouraged cooperation among classes in Thus, settlement leaders became active in 30. PEGGY PITTMAN-MUNKE promoting social welfare.11 Addams, for one, the various social reforms of the Progressive 31. SUE PLATTSMIER believed that the most effective anecdote to Era. Given the significant amount of social 32. PHIL POPPLE rapid and disorganized industrial growth was legislation passed during the Progressive Era, 33. SUSANNE ROLLAND better coordination among key community the community organization and social advo- 34. MARGARET K. ROSENHEIM stakeholders. In short, the mission of the cacy efforts of settlement house leaders must 35. MARLENE ANITA SAUNDERS settlements was to make the existing system be considered a success.18 Yet, settlement lead- 36. LAINE SCALES better, not to replace it. ers were aware of their limitations as volun- 37. PATRICK SELMI Although there was variation among set- tary charitable organizations.19 Leaders such 38.
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