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Diversion in Juvenile Justice
The Common Thread: Diversion in Juvenile Justice Franklin E. Zimringt TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Diversionary and Interventionist Justifications for Juvenile Courts ................................................................................. 2481 A. Diversion: The Forgotten Foundation ...................................... 2483 II. The Aims and Means of the Early Juvenile Courts ........................ 2485 III. The Juvenile Court and the Rule of Law ......................................... 2486 IV. Diversion in the Modem Court ........................................................ 2489 A. Modem Reform: The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 ........................................ 2489 B. Diversion and the Punitive Assault on Juvenile Justice ............ 2490 Figure I. Trends in Incarceration for Juveniles (14 to 17 year olds) and Young Adults (18 to 24 year olds) ........................................... 2492 C onclusion .............................................................................................. 2494 Copyright © 2000 Franklin E. Zimring. California Law Review, Incorporated (CLR) is a California nonprofit corporation. CLR and the authors are solely responsible for the content of their publications. t William G. Simon Professor of Law, School of Law, University of California, Berkeley (Boalt Hall), and Director, Earl Warren Legal Institute, University of California, Berkeley. A revised version of this Essay will appear in A Century of Juvenile Justice, edited by Margaret Rosenheim, Bernadine -
THE COMMON THREAD: DIVERSION in JUVENILE JUSTICE Franklin E
88 CALR 2477 FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY Page 1 88 Cal. L. Rev. 2477 (Cite as: 88 Cal. L. Rev. 2477) California Law Review December, 2000 Symposium of the Law in the Twentieth Century *2477 THE COMMON THREAD: DIVERSION IN JUVENILE JUSTICE Franklin E. Zimring [FNd1] Copyright © 2000 Franklin E. Zimring [FNa1] Table of Contents I. Diversionary and Interventionist Justifications for Juvenile Courts 2481 A. Diversion: The Forgotten Foundation ........................... 2483 II. The Aims and Means of the Early Juvenile Courts .................... 2485 III. The Juvenile Court and the Rule of Law ............................. 2486 IV. Diversion in the Modern Court ...................................... 2489 A. Modern Reform: The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 ...................................................... 2489 B. Diversion and the Punitive Assault on Juvenile Justice ........ 2490 Figure I. Trends in Incarceration for Juveniles (14 to 17 year olds) and Young Adults (18 to 24 year olds) ...................... 2492 Conclusion ......................................................... 2494 *2479 A central objective of those who created the juvenile court was to protect young delinquents from the destructive punishments of the criminal justice system. This promotion of juvenile court as a diversion from criminal justice is distinct from more ambitious programs of "child saving" intervention because avoiding harm can be achieved even if no effective crime prevention treatments are available. This essay shows diversion has been an important motive in juvenile justice from the beginning, and became the dominant purpose of a separate juvenile court after In Re Gault in 1967. The past thirty years have been the juvenile court's finest hour as a diversion project; the rate of juvenile incarceration has been stable, while incarceration of young adults has soared. -
University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
70-14-,016 FLACK, Bruce Clayton, 19 38- THE WORK OF THE AMERICAN YOUTH COMMISSION, 1935-1942. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1969 History, modern University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyright by Bruce Clayton Flack 1970 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE WORK OP THE AMERICAN YOUTH COMMISSION, 1935-19i;2 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Bruce Clayton Flack, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University Approved by ~ Adviser Department of History ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to Logan Wilson, president of the American Council on Education for permitting me to use the files of the American Youth Commission. I am grateful to Richard Young for allowing me to use the Owen D. Young Papers in Van Hornesville, New York and to Homer P. Rainey for opening to me his papers at the University of Missouri. The staffs of the National Archives and the Library of Congress were also very helpful. My adviser, Robert H. Bremner, has given patient and under standing assistance. A final word of gratitude goes to my wife, Carol, who has helped in innumerable ways. ii I VITA April 2, 1938 Born— Fremont, Ohio I960 ..... B.a ., Otterbein College, Westerville, Ohio 1962 ........ M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1963-1965 . High School Teacher, Berea City Schools, Berea, Ohio 1965-1969 . Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1969 . .... Appointment as Assistant Professor and Chairman of the Division of Social Sciences, Glenville State College, Glenville, West Virginia FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History Political and Social History of the United States Since 1900. -
Current Notes
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 32 | Issue 6 Article 7 1942 Current Notes Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Current Notes, 32 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 646 (1941-1942) This Note is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. CURRENT NOTES To Curb Crime During War-In order N. Pfeiffer, former President, National to meet the threat of increased crime under Probation Association; Morris Ploscowe, war conditions, the Society for the Pre- Chief Clerk, New York City Special Ses- vention of Crime, one of New York's oldest sions Court; Prof. Walter C. Reckless, Ohio agencies in this field, is establishing itself State University; Prof. Edwin H. Suther- as a national organization. land, Indiana University; Judge Joseph N. A National Advisory Council, composed Ulman, Supreme Bench of Baltimore; and of the nation's leaders in criminology and Miriam Van Waters, Superintendent, crime prevention, is being set up. All sec- Massachusetts Reformatory for Women. tions of the country will be represented. Also G. Howland Shaw, Assistant Secre- At the same time the Society announced tary of State and President, American that, in addition to its new policy of con- Prison Association; Prof. Norman S. Hay- tinuous surveys and investigations of the ner, of the State University of Washington; crime situation, a program has been Kenyon J. -
European Journal of American Studies , Reviews 2019-2 John Sorensen, Ed
European journal of American studies Reviews 2019-2 John Sorensen, ed. A Sister’s Memories: The Life and Work of Grace Abbott from the Writings of her Sister, Edith Abbott Laura Visser-Maessen Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/14785 ISSN: 1991-9336 Publisher European Association for American Studies Electronic reference Laura Visser-Maessen, “John Sorensen, ed. A Sister’s Memories: The Life and Work of Grace Abbott from the Writings of her Sister, Edith Abbott”, European journal of American studies [Online], Reviews 2019-2, Online since 15 July 2019, connection on 12 July 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ ejas/14785 This text was automatically generated on 12 July 2021. Creative Commons License John Sorensen, ed. A Sister’s Memories: The Life and Work of Grace Abbott fro... 1 John Sorensen, ed. A Sister’s Memories: The Life and Work of Grace Abbott from the Writings of her Sister, Edith Abbott Laura Visser-Maessen 1 John Sorensen, ed. A Sister’s Memories: The Life and Work of Grace Abbott from the Writings of her Sister, Edith Abbott 2 Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015, Pp. 376. ISBN: 9780226209616. 3 Laura Visser-Maessen 4 Grace Abbott (1878-1939) and her sister Edith (1876-1957) belonged to the inner circle of a remarkable group of American middle-class women during the Progressive Era that included icons such as Jane Addams and Florence Kelley. In that capacity, the sisters “changed our nation more profoundly than have many presidents,” John Sorensen argues in his introduction to A Sister’s Memories (4), the unfinished memoires Edith wrote about Grace, and now edited by Sorenson into a cohesive story for publication. -
Th E Campaign Against Child Labor and the Rise of the Birth Certificate
“Age Ought to Be a Fact”: T e Campaign against Child Labor and the Rise of the Birth Certifi cate Susan J. Pearson In 1898, two decades after it had passed its f rst law restricting the employment of chil- Downloaded from dren, the state of Wisconsin still found it dif cult to enforce its child labor laws. Although these laws used age as the basis of legal employment, children’s ages were nearly impos- sible for of cials to determine. T e problem, the state’s commissioner of labor explained, was twofold. First, he alleged, parents lied about children’s ages. Second, this deception was made possible by Wisconsin’s “notable lack of reliable or complete birth records.” http://jah.oxfordjournals.org/ Unable to rely on any of cial documentation of children’s ages, state factory inspectors were forced to accept parental af davits of age. And this testimony-based system gave rise to widespread duplicity. “Cases have even been met with,” the commissioner complained, “where parents . have changed the records of their [children’s] ages in the family Bible and other places.” His complaints were typical: wherever states relied on parental af da- vits of age, child labor reformers and state factory inspectors complained that children’s ages were misrepresented, even when af davits were notarized.1 Child labor reformers were not alone in worrying about how to determine children’s by guest on March 11, 2015 ages. A host of Progressive Era reforms restricted access to rights and protections by chronological age: reforms ranging from compulsory schooling and the juvenile court to age of consent and eligibility for benef ts under workmen’s compensation and mother’s pension programs. -
Abbott Sisters'
City of Grand Island Tuesday, February 12, 2002 Council Session Item C3 Proclamation, "Abbott Sisters' Day" March 20, 2002 Whereas, Grace and Edith Abbott were great American women who were born and raised in Grand Island, Nebraska and are recognized for their important achievements for the rights of children, immigrants and women. The Mayor has proclaimed March 20, 2002 as "Abbott Sisters' Day" and urges all citizens to recognize the remarkable contributions and selfless dedication of Grace and Edith Abbott to the citizens of Nebraska and the nation. See attached PROCLAMATION. Staff Contact: RaNae Edwards Council.Now - WindStone Inc. THE OFFICE OF THE MAYOR City of Grand Island State of Nebraska PROCLAMATION WHEREAS, Grace Abbott is known as “the great American champion of children’s rights” and is recognized as having led the early twentieth century fights to end child labor and to establish child health care; and WHEREAS, Grace Abbott was, as Chief of the United States Children’s Bureau, the most powerful woman in the federal government at the time when the Great Depression hit, and her work provided the first major effort to combat the economic crisis; and WHEREAS, Edith Abbott was the first female dean of a major American university graduate school, at the University of Chicago’s School of Social Service Administration; and WHEREAS, Edith Abbott helped to establish the first graduate program of social work in a major university, and has been recognized as “the chief architect of America’s social work educational system”; and WHEREAS, Grace and Edith Abbott were born and bred in the city of Grand Island in the state of Nebraska and were the children of O.A. -
The Educational Implications of Juvenile Delinquency
The educational implications of juvenile delinquency Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors North, Barbara, 1911- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 08:50:46 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551097 THE EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY b y .. Barbara North A Thesis - - submitted to the faculty of the Department of Education in partial fulfillment of‘ :1 the re quirements : fop t % / degr# rof : .- J-Vy'; 1 Master of !Arts V _ \ in the Graduate College University of Arizona 19 4 1 ^ 9 7 7 / / 9 ^ y ^/r TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. DELINQUENCY AS AN EHJCATIONAL RE- : SPONSIBILITY........................... 1 II. JUVENILE COURTS AND PROBATION ; .... ...... 7 Development i. ^ i 7 Personalities Conneoted with Develop- * m e n t ...... 10 Ben Llnlsey . i;,.....». >.i , 10 Harvey Humphrey Baker ............... 11 Franklin Chase Hoyt ; ..i.i*.... 11 0 "til]y027 ISf'' • #"# # # *# # "# % % # #' # #"#'#'# "# # # # # "# '# # "#### "# *1, ^ Tucson Juvenile Court .............. .#. IS Probation Methods ................... v. 15 Personality of a Probation Officer .... 17 Benefits ‘ of-" Probation /• • • i • • • • • • % i % • •• • 19 Procedure Followed in Tucson for the ' Treatment of Juvenile Itelinqueney- .,. SO Cooperation between'School Attendance - Officers and Probation Department ... 34 ✓ III. COMPOSITE CASE 8IUDY OF DELINQUENTS IN GENERAL' ........ V. ViViV .V ....... V.....; 26: .. ; .. ... ; ^ , „ , ; . i * r Sr V - "1 *■ > ♦ . -- , “ . Study Made by'Dr.Eleanor Glueok-....... 26 Results of Other Studies ..VV. -
American Women/American Womanhood: 1870S to the Present
American Women/American Womanhood: 1870s to the Present (HIUS157) Prof. Rebecca Jo Plant Winter 2010 T/TR 9:30-10:50 a.m. Center Hall, 212 Course description This course examines the history of women in the United States from roughly 1870 to the present. We will explore the status and experiences of American women from a range of perspectives _ social, cultural, political, economic and legal. A central concern will be the relationship between gender ideologies and divisions based on class and race within America society. Major areas of inquiry will include: strategies that women have employed to attain political influence and power; changing conceptions of women_s rights and duties as citizens; women_s roles as producers and consumers in an industrial and post-industrial economy; and attitudes and policies that have served to regulate female sexuality, reproduction and motherhood. Contacting Prof. Plant email: [email protected] Phone: 534-8920 Office hours: Tuesdays, noon to 2 p.m., HSS 6016 Course Requirements: The course requirements are as follows: two 3-4 page papers (25% each); the midterm (20%); and the final examination (30%). The midterm will consist of a series of short answer questions. The final will have identifications, short answer questions, and two essay questions. Answers to the identifications should be roughly two sentences and should identify the person, event, or term and briefly explain its significance. Short answer questions require a paragraph-long response. Essay responses should be roughly five-paragraphs. Policy regarding late papers: I will accept late papers without penalty only if an extension is requested by email at least seven days in advance of the due date. -
Principles of Adult Education at Work in an Early Women’S Prison: the Case of the Massachusetts Reformatory, 1930-1960
Kansas State University Libraries New Prairie Press Adult Education Research Conference 2005 Conference Proceedings (Athens, GA) Principles of Adult Education at Work in an Early Women’s Prison: The Case of the Massachusetts Reformatory, 1930-1960 Dominique T. Chlup Texas A&M University, USA Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/aerc Part of the Adult and Continuing Education Administration Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License Recommended Citation Chlup, Dominique T. (2005). "Principles of Adult Education at Work in an Early Women’s Prison: The Case of the Massachusetts Reformatory, 1930-1960," Adult Education Research Conference. https://newprairiepress.org/aerc/2005/papers/48 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Adult Education Research Conference by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Principles of Adult Education at Work in an Early Women’s Prison: The Case of the Massachusetts Reformatory, 1930-1960 Dominique T. Chlup Texas A&M University, USA Abstract: This paper discusses the role and significance of adult education principles as espoused by an early corrections official Austin MacCormick and how his philosophy and aim of adult education for prisoners relates to the educational programs and practices implemented at the Massachusetts Reformatory for Women during the 1930s, 40s, and 50s. Introduction In the field of correctional education, it is often joked that if correctional education is the “neglected child” of corrections, it is the “illegitimate child” of education (Brown-Young, 1986). -
Jane Addams, a Member of Chicago AAUW
Chicago Branch AAUW Celebrates the Life of Our Illustrious Member Jane Addams From THE FIRST FIFTY YEARS (1889 – 1939) by Janet Miller Prepared for the AAUW Chicago Branch Centennial October, 1889 In 1892, the Branch had over 100 members, ranking in size behind only Boston and Philadelphia. At the December 1892 meeting, Bertha Honoré Palmer spoke on the Columbian Exposition and the Executive Committee agreed to aid in “scientific research work” and assist with guides for the Exposition, for which it received a diploma and a medal of appreciation. Along with other women’s organizations, the Branch exhibited materials at the Exposition. At the same meeting the question of supporting a Hull House resident was raised. In January 1893, the Branch voted to support a Hull House fellow, with the selection to be made by Jane Addams, who was a Branch member and a Branch Committee [Chair]. Illinois born Julia Lathrop, a close associate of Addams, was selected. Julia Lathrop is best known for her local, state and national reform of hospitals, schools and mental institutions and her work with juveniles and immigrants in Chicago. The Branch did much to aid her early work and the work of other members of the Hull House group. In December 1893, Florence Kelley, also a Hull House resident and chief inspector of factories in Illinois, spoke on The Formation of a Purchaser’s League to Protect Women and Children. An “earnest discussion” followed Kelley’s presentation and “the formation of such a league was urged by all.” The minutes continue: It was suggested by members that a committee should be appointed from the A.C.A and that this committee with other committees appointed should correspond with the large stores and ascertain where their goods are made. -
Women's History Month
The Office of Senate President Karen E. Spilka Women’s History Month There are so many women who have shaped Massachusetts, here are 88 from past and present whose work, advocacy, and legacy live on. Zipporah Potter Atkins 1645-1705 An accurate Atkins was the first African-American landowner in Boston. illustration of Zipporah Potter Atkins does not exist. Weetamoo 1676 As Sachem of Wampanoags in Plymouth, she led forces to drive out European settlers, and was eventually killed by English colonists. Victims of the Salem Witch Trials and Sarah Clayes 1638-1703 Fourteen women were tried, sentenced, and executed in the Salem Witch Trials in 1692. They are: Bridget Bishop, Martha Carrier, Martha Corey, Mary Eastey, Sarah Good, Elizabeth Howe, Susannah Martin, Rebecca Nurse, Mary & Alice Parker, Ann Pudeator, Wilmot Redd, Margaret Scott, and Sarah Wildes. Sarah Clayes fled the Salem Witch Trials to establish a safe haven in Framingham for other accused women. Elizabeth Freeman 1742-1829 Also known as Mum Bett, she was the first enslaved woman to file and win a freedom suit in Massachusetts. The Massachsuetts Supreme Judicial Court ruling in Freeman’s favor found slavery to be unconstitu- tional, according to the 1780 Massachusetts State Constitution. Abigail Adams 1744-1818 Along with being the second First Lady of the United States, Adams was an abolitionist and advocate for women’s rights. She is from Weymouth and moved to Quincy, MA. Phillis Wheatley 1753-1784 Wheatley was an enslaved poet from Senegal or Gambia working in Boston who corresponded with George Washington. Deborah Sampson 1760-1827 Injured in battle in the Revolutionary War, and disguised as a man, she suffered injuries that she managed to heal herself so that doctors would not discover her gender.