Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

Volume 32 | Issue 6 Article 7

1942 Current Notes

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Recommended Citation Current Notes, 32 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 646 (1941-1942)

This Note is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. CURRENT NOTES

To Curb Crime During War-In order N. Pfeiffer, former President, National to meet the threat of increased crime under Probation Association; Morris Ploscowe, war conditions, the Society for the Pre- Chief Clerk, New York City Special Ses- vention of Crime, one of New York's oldest sions Court; Prof. Walter C. Reckless, Ohio agencies in this field, is establishing itself State University; Prof. Edwin H. Suther- as a national organization. land, Indiana University; Judge Joseph N. A National Advisory Council, composed Ulman, Supreme Bench of Baltimore; and of the nation's leaders in criminology and Miriam Van Waters, Superintendent, crime prevention, is being set up. All sec- Massachusetts Reformatory for Women. tions of the country will be represented. Also G. Howland Shaw, Assistant Secre- At the same time the Society announced tary of State and President, American that, in addition to its new policy of con- Prison Association; Prof. Norman S. Hay- tinuous surveys and investigations of the ner, of the State University of Washington; crime situation, a program has been Kenyon J. Scudder, of the State Institu- adopted for disseminating information to tion for Men, Chino, Calif., and Leonard the American public on current crime W. Mayo, Dean, Western Reserve Uni- problems and how they can be checked. versity. The main instrument for distribution of The Crime News and Feature Service' information will be the new "Crime News will be edited by the nation's outstanding and Feature Service" which is to be pub- criminologists. The Society has appointed lished monthly from the Society's New the following men to the Editorial Board York headquarters, and distributed to 1,000 supervising the new publication: newspapers, as well as to magazine writers, Chairman, Austin H. MacCormick, Di- columnists, radio commentators, etc. rector, Osborne Association, and former Among those who have already accepted Commissioner of Correction, New York invitations to serve on the National Ad- City; Sanford Bates, Commissioner of Pa- visory Council are: role, New York State; Paul Blanshard, Miss Henrietta Additon, Superintendent, Director, Society for the Prevention of Westfield Farm for Women; Miss Carol Crime; James V. Bennett, Director, U. S. Bates, Executive Secretary, Missouri Wel- Bureau of Prisons; Sheldon Glueck, Pro- fare League; Prof. L. J. Carr, Director, fessor of Criminal Law and Criminology, Michigan Child Guidance Institute; Prof. Harvard University; Leonard V. Harrison, Ernest W. Burgess, University of Chicago; Director, Committee on Youth and Justice, Edward R. Cass, General Secretary, Amer- Community Service Society; Hal Hazel- ican Prison Association; Charles L. Chute, rigg, former Adviser on Professional Rela- Director, National Probation Association; tions Criminal-Justice, American Law Marshall Field, Publisher; Prof. Robert H. Institute; Edwin J. Lukas, Research Asso- Gault, Editor, "Journal of Criminal Law ciate, Society for the Prevention of Crime; and Criminology"; Edwin Gill, Commis- Justine Wise Polier, Judge, Domestic Rela- sioner of Parole, North Carolina; Bishop tions Court, New York City; Thorsten Charles L. Gilbert, Episcopal Church, New Sellin, Professor of Sociology, University York; Dr. Bernard Glueck, Psychiatrist; of Pennsylvania; Clifford R. Shaw, Super- Irving W. Halpern, Chief Probation Officer, intendent, Metropolitan Delinquent Divi- New York City Court of General Sessions; sion, Illinois Department of Public Wel- Judge Richara Hartshorne, Newark Court fare; Frederic M. Thrasher, Sociologist and of Common Pleas; Dr. William Healy, Professor of Education, New York Uni- Director, Judge Baker Guidance Center; versity. Fred K. Hoehler, Director, American Pub- Mr. Blanshard will act as Managing lic Welfare Association; Lewis E. Lawes, Editor of the new service, and Mr. Hazel- former Warden, Sing Sing Prison; Timothy rigg as Editorial Associate. The first [ 646] CURRENT NOTES issue was distributed to 1,000 newspapers prison an able-bodied youth who is capable in February. It contained an editorial on of war production the nation loses at least youthful offenders by Mrs. Roosevelt and $2500 a year. an article on crime in war time by Prof. We must protect ourselves from the dan- Sheldon Glueck of Harvard. The purpose gerous criminal, young or old, and the sta- of this monthly service is to popularize tistics of the Department of Justice show and disseminate scientific knowledge about that many of our worst criminals are young, crime prevention. It is strictly a non-profit 19 being the peak age for all crimes. But enterprise. many of the crimes of adolescence are The Society for the Prevention of Crime, crimes of exuberance and restlessness. founded in 1878, has had a long, and in Fifty years ago a boy on a farm could years past, dramatic career in the eradica- stretch hfs muscles by jumping on a horse tion of crime. In 1892, under the militant -and if the horse belonged to a neighbor Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst, it went all-out instead of himself he wasn't taken to jail against a corrupt city administration, mak- for the offense. If mischief called loudly ing sensational first-hand investigations of he stole an apple-and still went-to Sunday police corruption under Tammany Hall. school. This inquiry resulted in the official state Today in our great cities the grandson investigation of the Lexow Committee. The of that farm boy may take a "joy-ride" in city administration was overthrown and a stolen car, and come before a court the police department revamped. charged with a felony. In such cases the crime should not be measured in terms of In more recent years, the Society played the value of the car. Morally there are no a leading part in revealing the underworld $500 and $1000 crimes. The whole circum- connections of politicians and the break- stances and the character of the boy should down of law enforcement that finally led be considered. Usually common sense and to the appointment of Thomas E. Dewey as understanding in dealing with such a boy Special Prosecutor in New York City in pay good dividends. 1935. For five years New York City has been Last year the Society was reorganized, trying an experiment, an Adolescents' emerging with a new board and Director, Court for special handling of boys of 16, Paul Blanshard, former Commissioner of 17 and 18 charged with crimes. In that Accounts of New York City.-(From Crime court the better boys are sifted out and News and Feature Service.) placed on probation, eventually escaping with no criminal record on the court's complete the probation period Dollars and Youth-It saves money to books if they save youth. satisfactorily. A recent study of this court compared Recent studies show that it costs the com- the later criminal records of 500 New York munity $500 to $700 a year to keep a youth- boys, some of whom had been treated in the ful offender in prison, not counting this way and some by the ordinary criminal cost of building correctional insti- original processes of adult courts. The study, which but that good probation can be tutions, covered the five-year period after the provided for less than $75. original arrest, showed thaf boys who had Every time.a boy is sent to prison who committed the same types of crimes had a could be saved by good probation and better chance of rehabilitation if they were psychiatric care, it costs society an initial handled in this special court, apart from outlay of more than $500 a year, and in older criminals. addition the community loses what that Of the boys handled as adult criminals, boy would produce in the nation's war 29 per cent were convicted again in New effort. No one can tell how much war pro- York City within five years; of the boys duction a youthful offender could accom- given this special treatment without the plish but certainly $2000 a year is a modest stigma of a criminal record only 15 per cent estimate of the average. were later convicted.-(Crime News and That means that every time we send to Feature Service.) CURRENT NOTES

Prisons and Parole in War Time-The the government, are unable as yet to make following is an abstract of an address by their contribution. A strong committee Austin H. MacCormick, Executive Director, sponsored by the American Prison Asso- The Osborne Associations, Inc., in New ciation and backed by other organizations York City, at the Chicago Temple, Sunday is now working with government officials evening, March 1, 1942. The program was to try to develop a plar under which this given under the auspices of the Central reservoir of man power and machine power Howard Association of Chicago. can be tapped. War, as the experience of England has Under the law, federal prisons are able already shown, is almost certain to increase to produce goods for other government de- the amount of juvenile delinquency in partments, and even before we entered the America and therefore eventually to in- war the large federal penitentiaries had crease the amount of adult crime. But war increased their production of valuable de- has already brought some results, and will fense materials enormously. At Atlanta, probably bring still more, on the credit the prisoners themselves prepared huge side of the crime ledger to balance the posters to hang in all the shops with the debits. Today our prison and parole sys- caption "Let Us Help Defeat Him," over tems are gearing into the war effort in a scowling cartoon of Hitler. The German such a way as to make a definite contri- press raged, but industrial operations in- bution toward the winning of the war, and creased by leaps and bounds, production a more remote but just as definite contri- was multiplied six to ten times, and finally bution toward winning the peace by in- the prisoners responded with an enthusi- creasing the number of salvaged offenders. astic yell to the suggestion that they start Thus we are using what has often been a night shift in the industries. Attorney counted useless driftwood to strengthen the General Francis Biddle recently went to bulwarks of democracy. Atlanta to give the prisoners in the war In prisons and adult reformatories industries there his personal congratula- throughout the country, convicted men and tions and to award a medal of honor to the women are displaying a patriotic fervor institution. that would be a credit to any group in free In both state and federal prisons and life. Able-bodied men have been, asking adult reformatories, men of better than for an opportunity to enlist, no matter how average mechanical ability are being se- hazardous the duty, and some have defi- lected and trained to take their place in nitely volunteered to form suicide squad- war industries when they come out. At the rons. These are the more spectacular dem- Federal Industrial Reformatory at Chilli- onstrations. They have tended to draw cothe, Ohio, a stiff one-year course for air- attention from the dozens of institutions plane mechanics has already placed its first where the prisoners, from the limited graduates in civilian jobs at important air amounts allowed them for tobacco and fields. Other men and women are being toilet articles or from earnings as low as trained for work in war industries ranging five or ten cents a day, have bought all the way from garment factories to ma- defense bonds and made substantial con- chine shops. tributions to the Red Cross. In other insti- Our parole systems are also playing their tutions, prisoners have offered to act as part in the war effort. It has become in- blood bank donors and have, qualified and creasingly easy to find jobs for released been accepted. prisoners, especially if they come from an Even if they cannot enlist, prisoners in institution where they have been trained, our larger industrial prisons have shown and a large percentage of all parolees are a willingness td work in the production of now employed, many of them in war in- war goods for as many hours a day as may dustries. In New York State, 93 per cent be asked of them. Present laws restrict the of all the parolees are now employed. While production and transportation of prison- some restrictions are placed on the employ- made goods very stringently, and many of ment of ex-prisoners, parole officials and our prisons, with great resources of indus- such experienced and respected prisoners' trial machinery and man power capable of aid associations as the Central Howard turning out a variety of goods needed by Association of Chicago are able to place CURRENT NOTES

practically all of their clients on a selective New York had only eight-tenths of one basis. A sound cooperative relationship such case. has been worked out with state employ.: Each of New York's 299 square miles has ment services and with industries. coverage by 64 policemen. Chicago's aver- Many of the prisoners and- released pris- age for its 206 square miles is just half oners want more than anything else to that, 32. enter the armed services and have volun- On the basis of the uniform crime re- teered for any type of duty. The laws ports for the third quarter of last year, governing enlistment in the Arkny and the published by the F. B. I., Chicago had the operation of the Selective Service Act have fourth highest murder rate in the first 12 been relaxed somewhat, so that first of- cities of the nation. fenders, with the exception of those con- Ranked above Chicago were: victed of a few particularly heinous of- New Orleans, with 3.2 murders per fenses, can be enlisted or drafted. When 100,000 population.. they are accepted, the parole authorities Washington, D. C., with 2.4. - have to suspend supervision during the St. Louis, with 2.1. time the man is in the service, as the armed Boston, with a murder rate of one- forces obviously cannot divide their re- eighth of a case for each 100,000 popula- sponsibility and authority with any other- tion, was lowest of the 12 leading cities. agency. Compared with Chicago's crime record Experienced prison and parole officials for the period covered, Boston had one- and those who work with prisoners' aid fifth as many robberies; one-third as many associations have always known that con- assaults; one-third as many burglaries, victed offenders have a much stronger and slightly more than one-half as many feeling of patriotism and responsibility to larcenies. society than they are generally credited Boston has 31 policemen for each 10,000 with. It is no surprise to them that pris- of her inhabitants. Chicago has 19.5 po- oners and parolees everywhere are re- licemen for each similar population unit. sponding to the call of a duty which they The police ratio in the three cities hav- could very easily shirk and are seeking to ing more murders, per capita, than Chi- do their share in winning the war. It is cago is: not only good sense to utilize their services, New Orleans, nine police per square but it is also common humanity to give mile. them an opportunity in this real way to Washington, 23. expedite the offenses they committed. St. Louis, 39. Philadelphia, third city of the nation, has 24 policemen for each 10,000 population, as F. B. I. Figures on Crime Frequencies- compared to Chicago's 19.5. It has, how- Chicago, which has an undermanned police ever, a murder rate one-third that of force, has twice as many murders as New Chicago. Also, Chicago has almost five York per unit of population. times as many robberies; three times as Chicago has seven times as many rob- many burglaries, and three times as many beries per 100,000 population as New York. larcenies as Philadelphia. Almost three times as many burglaries Buffalo has 22 policemen for each 10,000 of population and 39 per 8quare mile of were committed in Chicago during June, the city's area, but its murder July and August as in New York. rate is about Chicago one-fourth that of Chicago for the period has more than two and one-half times as reported by the F. B. I. many larcenies. During the same months Chicago had The Federal Bureau of Investigation re- 15 times as many robberies as Buffalo, al- ported Chicago had 1.9 murder and non- most double the number of assault cases, negligent manslaughter cases for each five times the number of burglaries aiid 100,000 inhabitants during the June to half again as many larcenies. August comparative peridd, the most re- And Buffalo's auto thefts, per 100,000 cent made. population, were only 15 cornpared with In the same time and on the same basis, Chicago's 24. CURRENT NOTES

What of the cities which have less police Department of Police Science coverage than Chicago's 32 per square and Administration mile? The Department of Police Science and Los Angeles with six policemen per Administration offers to qualified students square mile has a slightly higher rate of who seek a career in the law enforcement robberies than Chicago, but has twice as field four years of professional training many burglaries and twice as many lar- leading to the degree of Bachelor of cenies. Science in Police Administration. The ob- rate five Los Angeles had an auto theft jectives of the work in this department times as high as Chicago for the period are: a)To give students a broad liberal covered by the F. B. I. survey. education in conjunction with intensive Detroit, with 28 policemen for each professional training for the police service; square mile, has one-third more robberies, b) to prepare them for a career in the double the number of aggravated assaults, police profession; c) to develop the quali- one-third more burglaries and nearly ties of leadership; d) to foster ideals of three times as .many larcenies. professional 'achievement in the public Even the national capital, with its service. By four years in a collegiate sparser police coverage than Chicago, has school of police training the young man a 25 per cent higher murder rate and its acquires a knowledge of police science and auto theft ratio is three times that of administration which could otherwise be Chicago. obtained only through decades of experi- F. B. I. Meanwhile, J. Edgar Hoover, ence. In addition, he enjoys the benefit of director, announced in Washington that a broad cultural education necessary for crime in 1941 increased nine-tenths of 1 ultimate advancement to positions of re- per cent over 1940 with 1,531,272 major sponsibility in the service. crimes reported.-From the Chicago Sun, Feb. 22, 1942. Admission In addition to the general requirements Police Science and Administration in the for admission to the college, the student State College of Washingfon-At a formal must possess certain basic qualifications meeting of the College Senate on Feb- for police service, including a commend- ruary 16 the police training curriculum able scholastic record in high school, ro- below was adopted without a dissenting bust health and mental balance, plus the vote. It places the Washington State Col- intelligence and aptitude required for suc- lege on a high level in the area of profes- cess as a police officer. A rigid character sional police training. Mr. V. A. Leonard, investigation is made of each applicant. Professor and Head of the Department of Due to the entrance requirements of most Police Science and Administration in the police departments, the applicant should State College, wi-ites that it would be diffi- be over five feet nine inches in height and cult for any university to surround a project for police training with higher at least one hundred and fifty pounds in weight. All applicants must present to standards than the Washington College the Head of the department a letter of has set up. As a matter of fact from the recommendation from the Chief of Police viewpoint of resources and objectives the in their home town. State College ranks with most universities. Mr. Leonard anticipates that in the autumn Curricula applications for admission may exceed one hundred. He is ambitious to make his Law enforcement embraces a number school the West Point in the police field. of highly specialized activities and func- Those who are interested in complete tions,- each offering opportunities for a details should address Professor V. A. career of achievement and distinction. The Leonard, State College, Pullman, Wash- department prepares one for intelligent ington. practical work in these fields. Courses Following is an abbreviated draft re- are offered in seven groups: General lating to the school such as will appear in Police Administration, Police Record Sys- the College catalogue: tems, Police Personnel Administration, CURRENT NOTES

Police Communication Systems, Scientific possesses dne of the most complete and Crime Detection, Delinquency and Crime extensive police libraries in the United Prevention and Traffic Regulation and States. Combined with the resources of Control. the College library, the student is pro- The General Administrative Course is vided with unsurpassed opportunities in intended for students who desire a com- his preparation for a police career. prehensive understanding of the police In-Service Training field as a whole and who are interested primarily in the administrative aspects of The department serves the State of police service. It serves also as a founda- Washington also through an in-service tion for the more specialized courses. police training program. Police officers ambitious for advancement in their chosen Degrees Offered profession are invited to communicate Upon completion of four years of college with the department, or with the Division work and satisfaction of the general re- of General College Extension, regarding quirements for graduation, the student will the facilities for study and training that have earned the Bachelor of Science de- can be placed at their disposal. gree in Police Administration, and will have fitted himself for a professional Description of Courses career in the police field. Students dem- General Administration of Justice: Sur- onstrating a high order of performance vey of the administration of justice; origin during undergraduate years and who and evolution of the police power; features possess exceptional ability and aptitude of American police systems; judicial or- may be admitted to study and research at ganization; penal institutions; public the graduate level. Such admission must opinion. Principles of Police Organization be approved by the Head of the Depart- and Administration: Application of the ment and the Dean of the Graduate School. principles of organization and administra- The department is equipped for a com- tion to the police enterprise; structure of prehensive police training program. The police organization; staff and line services; offices and laboratories constitute a mod- supervision and inspection; analysis of the em police headquarters unit. Included in functional divisions of the modern police the department's inventory of equipment department. Police Personnel Administra- is the Scientific Crime Detection Lab- tion: Principles and methods; qualifica- oratory equipped with: police chemistry tions and standards; selection; recruiting; units; comparison microscope for the training; probationary period; rating; pro- identification of firearms; microscopes and motion; discipline; morale; merit system; other precision apparatus for the exami- conditions of service; personnel records. nation and identification of questioned Police Record Systems: Structure and documents, hair, fiber, textiles, stains, function; administration; complaint rec- fragments and other technical evidence; ord; cross indexes; modus operandi; col- ultra-violet equipment for fluorescence lateral records; statistical methods; reports analysis of questioned materials; the and analyses; laboratory practice. Patrol psychograph or lie detector; moulage and Communications: Administration; equipment and fingerprinting apparatus. methods; principles; distribution of force; Associated with the Crime Detection unit organization of beat; strategy; tactics; are the Police Records and Identification communication. Jurisprudence: Criminal sections, and the Police Photographic Lab- law and procedure; classification of crimes; oratory, which includes a modem dark specific offenses; elements of a crime; law room for developing and printing, profes- of arrest; law of evidence; court procedure. sional printer and enlarger, police cameras Criminal Investigation and Identiflcation: and other photographic equiprpent. Theory Principles; duties at the crime scene; de- is effectively combined with practical ex- tection methods; photography; identifica- perience and instruction in a well balanced tion systems; laboratory practice. Traffic police training program. Through recent Regulation and Control: Organization and acquisition of additional standard works function of a traffic division; application of in the police field, the department now Educational, Engineering and Enforcement CURRENT NOTES methods; techniques and methods of a The Emergency survey; analysis of traffic flow, parking and 1. Conditions arising largely from de- congestion; accident investigation; ele- fense activities are responsible for a 16 ments of a sound program. Social Aspects per cent increase in traffic deaths for the of Police Administrdtion-Crime Preven- first ten months of 1941 (Statistical Bureau, tion: Police Crime Prevention Division; National Safety Council). Enlisted men, techniques; case-work; police women; army officers, and industrial workers are organization of community resources. being killed and injured in alarming num- Detection of Deception: Lie detector; psy- bers on the streets and highways. This chology and physiology of deception; seriously affects the efficiency of military analysis of techniques; applications. and industrial activity. Opportunities are offered for advanced 2. Drinking by drivers and pedestrians individual work in several of the above has contributed to the rising toll of injuries courses. and deaths. With higher wages and in- Open electives in Police Science and creased employment in the industrial Administration are offered to students in areas, it may- be expected that more per- other divisions of the College, and certain sons will be drinking in taverns and other constellations of courses are suggested for places along the highways. students who are ambitious to enter such 3. Gasoline consumption figures show a special fields of police service as: Police 12 per cent increase in travel for the first Records Administration; Scientific Crime nine months of 1941 (Statistical Bureau, Detection; Deception Detection; Delin- National Safety Council). A proportion- quency and Crime Prevention; Police Per- ately greater share of this increased traffic sonnel Administration; Police Communi- is at night, when there is more drinking cation Systems; Traffic Regulation and by drivers and pedestrians. Control; Probation, Parole and Penology. 4. The expansion of industrial activities has brought many new drivers into haz- ardous and congested traffic. It is espe- Infoxicafion and fhe Traffic Accidenf cially imperative that we do our best to Emergency-The rapid expansion of de- fense production and military activity has eliminate the traffic dangers caused by drivers and pedestrians under the influ- been accompaniea by an alarming increase in deaths on our streets and highways. ence of intoxicating liquor. 5. Policetraffic forces have been cut to The increase has been much greater than reinforce sabotage and criminal details, the increase in travel throughout the country. adding to the difficulty of providing ade- quate traffic supervision and enforcement. The President of the United States on August18, 1941, issued a proclamation in Emergency Measures which he called upon the National Safety Research and experience have developed Council to lead a nation-wide campaign effective measures for dealing with drivers against accidents. and pedestrians under the influence of in- Now that we are at war, the traffic acci- toxicating liquor. The present emergency dent emergency becomes even more acute requires special application of these, and because of still greater production, trans- the Committee on Tests for Intoxication portation and military activity. This is earnestly recommends that the civilian especially true of the drinking driver and police and military authorities carry out pedestrian problem, which has already the following program: been intensified and made more critical 1. Conditions in the vicinity of defense by the abnormal conditions that have plants and military posts should be in- sprung from the National Emergency. vestigated, to determine the extent of driv- To aid officials and citizens in giving ing and walking while "under the influ- emergency attention to drinking drivers ence" by workers and by service men, and and pedestrians, the National Safety the frequency and severity of accidents Council's Committee on Tests for Intoxi- involving drinking drivers and pedestrians. cation .has prepared a special report of 2. Meetings of tavern owners and others which the following is an abbreviation. selling intoxicating liquor should be held, CURRENT NOTES to develop a cooperative program designed b. Preliminary publicity concerning to stop driving or walking on public roads the blockade stations. while under the influence of intoxicating c. Care in planning the locations of liquor. Activities possible through cooper- the stations and in selecting and ative effort include: training the personnel to work in a. Refusal by bartenders to sell liquor them. to any intoxicated person, or to any d. Planning the blockade system so as one who is about to reach an in- to avoid unnecessary delays of toxicated condition. motorists. b. Voluntary action by tavern em- e. Limiting the number of violations ployees in encouraging drivers and to be checked. pedestrians with impaired ability, f. Selecting hours and days for block- to get someone to take them home. ades so as to avoid rush hour traffic c. When transportation home is a and ordinary theatre traffic. problem, encourage the establish- be instructed to ment of needed additional bus and 5. Police patrols should of every person driv- street car schedules and facilities. check the condition Taxi "blotto" services should be ing in a questionable manner. This should particularly to night patrols and to made available for persons who are apply not in a condition to drive, includ- those assigned to high accident sections of road. Military police stationed at en- ing a service to drive the custom- trances to camps and stations should be er's car home. instructed to check the condition of drivers d. With each package of liquor sold, entering and leaving. enclose a circular or leaflet con- taining a message on driving and 6. All police officers should be in-- walking after drinking. structed to pick up intoxicated pedestrians who are on streets and highways, for dis- 3. Liquor control laws should be en- ciplinary action. forced strictly, including those on selling liquor to intoxicated persons. 7. Persons suspected of being under the a. Taverns and similar places should influence of intoxicating liquor should be be checked continuously during the questioned and examined immediately. evening and late night hours so as Answers to questions and results of the to discourage intoxicated persons examination should be recorded on a form from trying to operate automobiles. similar to the "Alcoholic Influence Report Stationing military police at tav- Form" which has been prepared by the erns frequented by officers or serv- Committee on Tests for Intoxication. ice men will assist materially in this 8. Whenever facilities are available, activity. chemical tests of blood, urine, or breath b. When a tavern continues to sell should be used to determine whether each liquor to intoxicated persons, nec- suspected driver or pedestrian is under the essary steps should be taken to influence. secure revocation of the tavern li- 9. Whenever there is good evidence that cense. Taverns failing to obey a driver is under the influence- of intoxi- liquor control laws can be placed cating liquor, he should be arrested on the on military "black lists" and serv- charge, regardless of his position or in- ice men prohibited from entering fluence. The case should be handled such places. promptly in court. Enforcement for this 4. A system of road blockade stations type of case must be impartial and posi- should be established and necessary plans tive to impress motorists with the need made for periodic operation of blockade for staying away from the wheel after squads at these locations. Essentials nec- drinking. essary for success of such an operation 10. Prosecutors should give special at- include: tention to proper preparation of evidence a. Careful marking and lighting of in cases involving charges of driving while such stations when in operation. under the influence of intoxicating liquor. CURRENT NOTES

Judges should give due recognition to Traffic Emergency Programs and Ref- modern scientific methods for determining erence Maferial-Reports and programs intoxication, and in jury trials should in- of Committees of the National Safety struct the jury on the meaning of the Council and of other organizations which phrase, "under the influence of intoxicat- are cooperating in carrying out President ing liquor." The definition in Steffani v. Roosevelt's Proclamation of August 18, as State of Arizona, 42 Pac. (second) 615, is applied to the Traffic Accident Emergency, recommended by the committee for this are as follows: purpose. 11. Posters, films, newspaper stories, AVAILABLE FROM THE NATIONAL leaflets, payroll enclosures, and other edu- SAFETY COUNCIL cational media should be used to stress the 20 N. WACKER DR., CHICAGO, ILL. dangers of driving or walking while in an 1. Enlist for Safety, the handbook of the intoxicated condition. Emergency Campaign. a. Workers in industrial plants should 2. Reports of the following Committees be urged .to avoid drinking prior to of the Emergency Safety Conference driving or walking on highways. held at New York, September 9, 1941: b. Officers in military and naval estab- a. Committee on Public Information; lishments should stress the need for b. Committee on Traffic and Transpor- service men to refrain from drink- tation; c. Committee on Child Safety ing when they are going to drive. Education. (There also are reports Service men also should be urged by Committees on Industrial Safety to limit their drinking so that they and Home and Farm Safety.) will not be a traffic hazard when 3. Emergency Campaign Bulletins, issued walking on streets and highways. periodically. 4. A State Pedestrian Safety Program. 12. Military and naval establishments 5. Protecting the Pedestrian in the Traffic should be urged to set up a chemical test- Accident Emergency. ing system for use in giving tests to drivers 6. Engineering in the Traffic Accident the influence of suspected of being under Emergency. intoxicating liquor. 7. Intoxication and the Traffic Accident 13. Industrial plants, working in coop- Emergency. eration with the Federal Labor authorities, 8. Public Safety Education for the Traffic should consider the use of chemical tests Accident Emergency. to discourage drinking by drivers and 9. A State Public Education Program for workers in their employ. the Traffic Accident Emergency. 14. Military and naval personnel found 10. Winter Driving in the Traffic Accident driving while under the influence of in- Emergency. toxicating liquor in areas under govern- (The eight reports above were pre- ment control, should be prohibited from pared by the Committees of the Na- driving and should have their cars im- tional Safety Council's Street and pounded for various periods, depending Highway Traffic Section.) upon the individual case. 11. Commercial Vehicle Safety in the 15. Those with administrative authority Traffic Accident Emergency, prepared for suspending drivers' licenses should by Commercial Vehicle Section, Na- give special attention to cases involving tional Safety Council. driving while under the influence of in- 12. Transit Safety in the Traffic Accident toxicating liquor. If the state law does not Emergency, prepared by the Transit require mandatory revocation in such in- Section, National Safety Council. stances, licenses should be suspended through administrative authority. OTHER MATERIAL The address of the Committee on Intoxi- 13. Recommendations of the Highway cation is: Care of Safety Council, 20 N. Traffic Advisory Committee to the War Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois. Department. CURRENT NOTES

14. Programs and materials available to their country. They are willing to vol- from such sources as: untarily contribute blood gratis to an or- American Association of Motor Ve- ganization which will process the blood hicle Administrators, so that the blood, plasma or powdered American Association of State High- blood, can be made available for use by way Officials, the United States Army and Navy Med- Institute of Traffic Engineers, ical Corps, by the American Red Cross, International Association of Chiefs and others who because of the war will of Police, and other organizations. have greater need for blood in suitable form. Prisoners' Blood Bank for Defense--In The movement has met with immediate evaluating the man power of the country and cordial response on the part of health for national defense, it is not customary to authorities and state welfare departments, count the 165,000 inmates of federal and and hearty offers of co-operation on the state penal and correctional institutions part of prison officials. Needless to say as a potential resource. On the contrary the pleas from prisoners to contribute they are usually regarded as only a lia- their part have been earnest and enthu- bility and a burden. Strange as it may siastic. For example, the 160 men under seem, however, it is found that even law the parole sponsorship of the Association violators deeply sensitive to the loss of gladly signed the following pledge: "In liberty, are quite as patriotic as free citi- the interest of National Defense, and to zens. This fact has often been demon- establish a Blood Bank for Defense to be strated in the experience of The Central sponsored by The Central Howard Asso- Howard Association, in dealing with pris- ciation, I, the undersigned, am willing to oners both before and after their release. make a contribution of my blood, when- Their spirit of loyalty to democracy is ever called upon to do so, for the benefit especially manifest during the present of civilian sick or wounded, and for crisis, when civil liberty is threatened. wounded soldiers, sailors or marines." Because of this experience that Asso- To all these and to hundreds of inmates ciation has conceived a somewhat unique of various penal institutions in the central way by which prisoners may in some west the following certificate is offered measure fulfill their desire to be of service whenever contributions are made: "Blood to humanity. This is a proposal to encour- Donor's Honor Certificate is hereby pre- age a Prisoners' Blood Bank for Defense, sented to ...... for voluntarily to be furnished by inmates and former of- giving One Pint of Blood to the Prisoners' fenders. The practice and value of blood Blood Bank for Defense." The province transfusions in hospitals and at the bed of The Central Howard Association is to side is of course not new, but the more encourage the movement and to coordinate recent process of treating blood plasma in the activities of health and state welfare numerous laboratories to be preserved in officials and encourage leadership among powdered form for future use, is perhaps other Prisoners' Aid Agencies in other not generally known. Therefore, in the parts of the country and in Canada, from interest of the national defense, and be- which affirmative response has been re- cause of the increasing calls for blood ceived. transfusions for sick and wounded mem-" Many prisoners were appealing to their bers of the armed forces, Central Howard wardens and to Central Howard for oppor- is fostering the movement to tap this here- tunities to contribute to national defense. tofore unheralded resource for recovery. The Prisoners' Blood Bank for Defense In view of the patriotic impulse ex- was the result and the Association's part pressed by many prisoners and ex-prison- was to correlate these requests and to ers, and the fact that they are usually formulate a suitable plan of organization, denied the privilege of military service, through 'which the efforts of federal and such a movement" provides a channel state departments of welfare and health, through which they may render service state medical schools, The American Le- CURRENT NOTES gion, the American Red Cross, and the Association of College Police Training Office of Civilian Defense would include Officials-On December 30, 1941, under inmates of penal institutions, the direction and inspiration of August In sanctioning this action in federal in- Vollmer, the first meeting of the National stitutions in the area covered by the As- Association of College Police Training Of- sociation, namely the eight north central ficials was held in Berkeley, California, states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, which has been the geographical origin of Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio and Wisconsin, many of the most constructive American Mr. James V. Bennett, Director of the programs for the promotion of police Federal Bureau of Prisons, at the same science and police-public relations. It was time authorized the participation of all an organizational meeting. federal institutions in other states. The personnel of the Conference was as Through the activity of the press this idea follows: August Vollmer, Director of the has gained such momentum that we Conference, Associate Editor of this Jour- believe the public will be interested in nal; Robert L. Drexel, Chief Investigator, knowing more about it, and possibly in District Attorney's Office, San Jose, Cali- guiding its progress in your area of service. fornia, and Assistant Director of the Police We hope that plans to activate this un- Training School at the State College in dertaking will be expedited so that we the same city; V. A. Leonard, Professor may be able to feel that a pint of blood and Head of the Department of Police given by an inmate might be the life- Science and Administration, Washington giving stimulus in succoring a brave mem- State College; Benjamin W. Pavone, ber of our armed forces in his next en- Chairman of the Peace Officer's Training counter with the enemy. The responsi- Division in the San Francisco Junior Col- bility is ours to meet. May we not be found lege; Willard E. Schmidt, Director of Po- wanting! lice Training, Sacramento Junior College: F. E. L. 0. W. Wilson, Professor of Police Admin- istration and Director of the Bureau of Criminology, University of California at Bills in Congress re Fingerprinting-The Berkeley; William A. Wiltberger, Director following letter has been received from of the Police School in the State College, Mr. B. C. Bridges, Supt. of the Bureau of San Jose, California; Frank Yee, formerly Identification in the Alameda, Cal., Police Director of the Chinese National Police Department: Academy. "May I solicit your support for the two Membership is limited to persons who fingerprint bills now pending in Congress, are actively engaged as officials of college H.R. 6258, and H.R. 6256, introduced De- police training curricula. camber 17, 1941, by the H-on. Carter Man- A constitution and by-laws were adopted. asco, Representative from Alabama. As The following is from the Preamble: you know, they provide, severally, for the "This organization shall be known as fingerprinting of all aliens, and for the the National Association of College Police fingerprint registration of all citizens of The fficalsA the United States, who are sixteen years Training Officials. of age or over, and also those who become "1-To associate persons engaged by sixteen subsequent to the latter bill's en- universities and colleges to supervise pro- actment. fessional police training programs'leading "In addition to the large social and eco- to a university or college degree. nomic importance of fingerprinting, the "2-To promote the internal security of identification of subversive persons is a the United States by the professional prep- requirement vital to your safety and mine, aration of men for police service. and to our country's welfare. Fingerprint- "3-To foster the expansion of profes- ing is a national necessity at this time. In sional police training at the university view of your progressive policy regarding and college level. fingerprinting, I am confident that you will "4-To keep abreast of advances in expedite these bills." science and research. CURRENT NOTES

"5-To sponsor and encourage research maintenance of order, the preservation of and scientific enquiry and to disseminate peace, the protection of life and property, knowledge so acquired to all professions the enforcement of laws, scientific crime through the medium of professional con- detection resulting in the apprehension of ferences, publication of books, papers and criminals and the recovery of stolen prop- periodicals, and through other avenues of erty, the prevention of crime, the control publication. of traffic, the dissemination of information "6-To direct the full power of the or- and assistance to the general public. ganization toward the elevation of the "The Peace Officers' Training curric- ethical standards of the police service. ulum is designed to serve the needs of •7-To elevate the personnel standards three groups: of the profession and to inspire police "Group I-Those students who satisfy officers with a just pride in their work. the entrance requirements and who desire "8-To establish in the public mind the to make police service their profession; benefit and necessity of professional train- "Group II-Police Officers or qualified ing for police service as sound public applicants on eligible lists for patrolmen; policy. "Group III-Any student interested in "9-To reduce crime and aid society the study of Criminology who desires in- through promoting the application of the formation for his own cultural or intel- accepted scientific practices and techniques lectual advancement. to police organization and administration." "A two year curriculum is designed to qualify students who compose Group I. Peace Officers Training-Bulletin No. ... Special field trips through local, state 1, 1941-1942 of the "Peace Officers Train- and federal police agencies will be a part ing Division" of the San Francisco Junior of the curriculum. College is an interesting document. Not "Police officers, or applicants certified many years ago, as the history of the world to police eligibility lists may enroll in goes, an academic man would have been Group II for the completion of all police laughed to scorn and described as "unsafe" courses in one year. if he had dared to propose what we have "Any Junior College student may apply here. But there it is and on page two are for enrollment in certain Training courses the names of the Superintendent of Public but the number enrolled will be restricted Schools of the City of San Francisco and to those who are sincerely interested in of members of the Board of Education- the course content." no doubt with their knowledge and con- sent! On page six is an introduction to a Latin American Journals Relating to "Survey of the Curriculum" from which Criminology-The Pan-American Union in we quote: Washington, D. C., has recently issued the "During the past decade various gov- third in a series of Directories of Latin ernmental agencies have developed great American periodical publications. "In ac- needs for trained peace officers. The nega- cordance with the broad plan of selection tive philosophy of throwing people into that has been adopted for the present list, jail has been replaced by a positive phi- journals have been included that cover losophy of service which utilizes all of the all phases of Latin American scholarship natural and social sciences. in the social sciences and such auxiliary "Adequate police service can only be disciplines as bibliography, linguistics and performed by intelligent men of good statistics. It should be stated that most character and personality who are of above Latin American university periodicals average physique. The Peace Officers carry articles dealing with this field. They Training Division of San Francisco Junior have not been added to this list because College encourages the enrollment of of the fact that a directory of such publi- young men of exceptional ability. cations is now in preparation, and it was "An enumeration of police tasks makes thought advisable to limit this list to jour- apparent the magnitude of modern law nals devoted specifically to the social enforcement. These tasks include: the sciences." CURRENT NOTES

We append below such information as of Law with monographs on the doctrine the directory affords of five periodicals in of law, social problems in the history of the field of Criminology and of four others Bolivia, social dialectics and articles in- that, judging from the description, occa- terpretative of national history. Legisla- sionally publish material that may interest tion and Jurisprudence giving new laws Criminologists in the United States. and their enforcement by the Bolivian Other directories in the series are now in courts. Academic news and Bibliographical reparation by the Division of Intellectual section.

Cooperation in the Pan American Union COLOMBIA as follows: Latin American Scientific Journals; Latin American Legal Journals Revista Colombiana de Biologia Criminal and Latin American University Periodi- -Bimonthly. Founded in 1935. Fran- ca Is. cisco Bruno, editor. Apartado 2543, Bogot6. 191/2x 27 cm. 59 pp. 4 pesos ARGENTINA per year, foreign subscription. Revista De Identificacion y Ciencias Pen- A publication of the Institute of An- ales-Irregular. Museo Vucetich, Fa- thropology and Penology and the Colom- cultad de Ciencias Juridicas y Sociales, bian Society of Criminal Biology. Dedi- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La cated to studies on criminology, penology. Plata. 18x27 cm. illus. Price not given. anthropometry, socio-economic history of Review of the Vucetich Museum of population, methods of delinquency pre- Criminology; devoted to scholarly mono- vention, schools and reformatories. News graphs on criminology, penology, new section. methods of finger-printing, history of CUBA criminology, abnormal psychology, and social pathology. Articles are printed in Revista Penal de la Habana-Monthly. Spanish, Portguese, French or English. Founded in 1939. Jesuis Montero, edi- tor. O'Reilly 251, Habana. 16Y x24. Revista Penal y Penitenciaria-Quarterly. cm. 114 pp. 5.00 pesos per year. Founded in 1936. Jos6 Maria Paz Anchorena, editor. Paraguay 1178, This monthly journal publishes essays on many aspects of penology and crimin- Buenos Aires. 18x261/ cm. 135 pp. ology. Field investigations, work with de- $4.00 (U. S. currency) per year, foreign linquents, social legislation, crime and subscription. punishment. A supplement contains lec- The field of criminology and penology tures delivered, principally at the Colegio are broadly covered in this journal. Case de Abogados, by visiting scholars; some studies of prisoners, the psychometric per- of these papers are printed in the original formance of criminals, schizophrenic cases French or Italian. Book reviews and re- seen in the light of the concept of person- view of reviews. ality stratification and the general appli- cation of psychiatric methods of penology MEXICO and criminology. Criminalia-Monthly. Founded in 1934. Jos6 Angel Ceniceros, editor. Ave. BOLIVIA Ju~rez 56, M6xico, D. F. 171/2x231/2 Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Politicas cm. 63 pp. $1.50. (U. S. currency) y Sociales- Quarterly. Founded in per year, foreign subscription. 1940. Carlos Alberto Salinas, Carlos Publication designed to note all devel- Gerske, and others, editors. Facultad opments in the field of criminology and its de Derecho y Ciencias Politicas y So- allied subjects-social prophylaxis and ciales, Universidad de San Francisco welfare, philanthropy, the education of Xavier, Sucre. 18x25 cm. 90 pp. Price the mentally unfit, and legal questions af- not given. fecting delinquents. Criminalia often re- The first number, the only one that has prints articles of particular significance appeared so far has four sections: Theory issued in other journals. CURRENT NOTES

Revista Mexicana de Sociologia--Quarter- Meeting of the Judicial Conference ly. Founded in 1938. Lucio Mendieta Committee on Punshment-The Commit- Nfiez, editor. Repiblica de Cuba 92. tee appointed by the Chief Justice of the Mexico, D. F. 15x25 cm. 162 pp. illus. United States to consider the subjects of 1 peso per issue. punishment, Federal indeterminate sen- tence, the objections of the district judges Journal of the Instituto de Investiga- thereto and the treatment of youthful ciones Sociales (Institute of Social Re- Federal offenders, met on February 23, search) of the National University: al- 24 and 25, in Chicago. though its main concern is sociology, it The committee consists of: Judge John psychological prob- covers historical and J. Parker (Chairman), Honorable Learned lems as well as anthropology. Bibliogra- Hand, Honorable Orie L. Phillips, all of phy of sociological material published in the U. S. Court of Appeals; Honorable recent periodicals. Short book reviews. John C. Collet, Honorable Carroll C. Hincks, Honorable Bolitha J. Laws, and PARAGUAY Honorable Paul J. McCormick, all of the Courts. Sociales- U. S. District Revista de Derecho y Ciencias The following gave their views to the Founded in 1927. Adolfo Quarterly. King, Superin- editor. Facultad de Derecho committee: Dr. M. R. Aponte, of the U. S. Medical Center at del tendent y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Missouri; Professor Ernest Asunci6n. 18x27 cm. 134 Springfield, Paraguay. Puttkammer of the University of Chicago; pp. Price not given. Mr. Milton H. Summers, Superintendent Deals with the most prominent current of Supervision of Parolees in Illinois; legal, political, and social problems of Honorable Harry M. Fisher, of the Cir- Paraguay. Each issue contains a number cuit Court of Cook County; Mr. Benjamin of papers on the same general subject. C. Bachrach, Public Defender of Cook University news and book review sections. County; Honorable Van Buren Perry, Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit of URUGUAY South Dakota; and Mr. Floyd E. Thomp- son, Chicago attorney, formerly justice Boletirn Del Instituto InternacionalAmneri- of the Supreme Court of Illinois. cano de Proteccion a ia Infancia- The committee considered the inde- Quarterly. Founded in 1927. Roberto terminate sentence and the American Law Berro, editor. Ave. 18 de Julio 1648, Institute Youth Correction Authority Act Montevideo. 16x24 cm. 192 pp. illus. with regard to the Federal system. It $2.00 (U. S. currency) per year, foreign reached no conclusions, but arranged for subscription. a later meeting sometime this spring. Organ of the International American The committee was assisted by Director Institute for Child Welfare established in James V. Bennett, Federal Bureau of 1927 by the fourth American Congress on Prisons; Mr. Alexander Holtzoff and Mr. Child Welfare of Santiago. The Boletin Win. M. Barron, Attorney General's emphasizes questions affecting child wel- Office; Mr. John R. Ellingston of the fare in the Americas. Original contribu- American Law Institute, and Messrs. tions by social scientists on such matters Henry P. Chandler, Richard Chappell, as community health problems affecting Leland L. Tolman, and Ronald L the life of children, social movements and Beattie, of the Administrative Office of agencies, juvenile delinquency from a so- the U. S. Courts.-From Henry P. cial point of view, and group work. Laws, Chandler, Director of the Administrative regulations and statistics. Book reviews, Office of the U. S. Courts, Washington, bibliographical notes. News section. D C.