Notes 237

26. Act of Apr. 11, 1911, 1911 Mo. Laws 178 § 1. See also Act of Mar. 23, 1903,1903 Mo. Laws 213 § 1. 27. See, e.g., State ex reI. Shartel v. Trimble, 333 Mo. 888, 892, 63 S.W.2d 37, 38 (1933) ("It is immaterial whether the conduct charged against the [delinquent] child, by the information, consists of violations of the criminal statutes or of conduct, though not violations of the law, which nevertheless renders the child incorrigible, vicious, or immoral."). 28. Act of Apr. 11, 1911,1911 Mo. Laws 178-79 § 1. 29. Act of Apr. 11,1911,1911 Mo. Laws 177 § 1; Act of Apr. 10, 1917, 1917 Mo. Laws 195 § 2; Act of Apr. 6,1927,1927 Mo. Laws 130; State ex reI. Boyd v. Rutledge, 321 Mo. 1090, 1102, 13 S.W.2d 1061, 1066 (1929). 30. Act of Apr. 5, 1923, 1923 Mo. Laws 153 § 1; State v. Gregori, 318 Mo. 998,2 S.W.2d 747 (1928); accord, State v. Damico, 319 Mo. 440, 4 S.W.2d 424 (1928). 31. State ex reI. Dewv. Trimble, 306 Mo. 657,661,269 S.w. 617 (1925). See also Act of Apr. 10, 1917,1917 Mo. Laws 197 § 2; Act of Mar. 23,1903,1903 Mo. Laws 213-14 § 3. 32.328 Mo. 195,40 S.W.2d 457 (1931). 33. Bernard Flexner and Reuben Oppenheimer, The Legal Aspects of the Juvenile Court 12 (U.S. Children's Bureau 1922). 34. See, e.~., Katherine F. Lenroot and Emma O. Lundberg, supra note 24, at 19; IntervIew with Judge Robert G.J. Hoester (Sept. 12,2002). 35. See Juvenile Court Standards 2 (U.S. Children's Bureau 1923). 36. See Harold U. Faulkner, The Quest For Social Justice 1898-1914, at 183 n.1 (1931) (Judge Foster); Walter L. Rutnam, supra note 7, at 106 (same; juvenile court committee); 1905-1906 Official Manual of the State of Missouri 112. 37. 1951-1952 Official Manual of the State of Missouri 270 (Judge Cowan); Interview with David W. Kierst, Jr. (Aug. 26,2002). 38. See Walter L. Rutnam, supra note 7, at 46. 39. Bernard Flexner and Roger N. Baldwin, Juvenile Courts and Probation 13 (1914). 40. Hastings H. Hart, Preventive Treatment of Neglected Children 254 (1910); Report of the Children's Code Commission to the Honorable Lloyd C. Stark 20 (1939). 41. Interview with Judge Thomas J. Frawley (Sept. 10,2002); Chief Justice Stephen N. Limbaugh, Jr., State of the Judiciary Address, January 15,2002, J. Mo. Bar 14, 15 (2002). 42. Lois G. Forer, Money and Justice: Who Owns the Courts? 132-33 (1984). 43. Douglas E. Abrams and Sarah H. Ramsey, Children and the Law-Doctrine, Policy and Practice 1040 (2000). 44. Julian W. Mack, The Juvenile Court, 23 Harv. L. Rev. 104, 107 (1909). 45. Ben B. Lindsey, The Juvenile Laws of Colorado, 18 Green Bag 126, 127 (1906). See also Ben B. Lindsey and Wainwright Evans, The Revolt of Modern Youth (1925). 46. Act of Apr. 10, 1917, 1917 Mo. Laws 195,198 § 5; 1909 Mo. Laws 431 § 23; Act of Mar. 23,1903,1903 Mo. Laws 215 § 9. 238 A Very Special Place in Life

47. Douglas E. Abrams and Sarah H. Ramsey, supra note 43, at 1041. 48. See, e.g., State ex reI. Shartel v. Trimble, 333 Mo. 888, 892, 63 S.W.2d 37,38 (1933) ("A child may be of good character, and yet, through no fault of its own, be declared a neglected child."); State v. Evans, 270 S.W. 684 (Mo. 1925) (criminal prosecution). 49. Frederic Almy, Juvenile Courts in Buffalo, 20 Annals of the Am. Acad. of Political and Social Sci. 279, 283 (1902) (neglected childhood); Ernest K. Coulter, The Children In the Shadow xiii (1913) (real culprit; delinquent parent); Henry S. Hulbert, Where Does the Responsibility of the Juvenile Court Begin?, in Proceedings of the Conference on Juvenile-Court Standards 44,45-46 (1922) (very enlarged parent). 50. Act of Apr. 11, 1911, 1911 Mo. Laws 177, 180 § 3 (any reputable per­ son), § 4 (summons), § 22 (liberal construction); Act of Apr. 10, 1917, 1917 Mo. Laws 197 § 4; State v. Krueger, 134 Mo. 262, 271, 35 S.W. 604, 606 (1896) (civil canon). 51. , My Friend, Julia Lathrop 137 (1935); Miriam Van Waters, The Socialization of Juvenile Court Procedure, in Proceedings of the Conference on Juvenile-Court Standards 64, 66 (1922). 52. Evelina Belden, Courts in the Hearing Children's Cases 8 (U.S. Children's Bureau 1920). 53.300 Mo. 359, 364, 254 S.W. 179, 180 (1923). 54.300 Mo. at 365,254 S.W. at 180-81. 55. State ex reI. Dew v. Trimble, supra note 31, 306 Mo. at 667, 269 S.W. at 620. See also Ex parte Naccarat, 328 Mo. 722,41 S.W.2d 176 (1931). 56. Act of Mar. 25, 1921, 1921 Mo. Laws 188, 192. 57. Hastings H. Hart, ed., Juvenile Court Laws in the United States 129 (1910); Herbert H. Lou, supra note 3, at 129 (discarding technicalities). 58. Commonwealth v. FIsher, 62 A. 198,200 (Pa.l905). See also Edward Lindsey, The Juvenile Court Movement From a Lawyer's Standpoint, Annals of the Am. Acad. of Political and Social Science 147 (1914). 59. Roscoe Pound, The Administration of Justice In the Modern City, 26 Harv. L. Rev. 302, 322 (1913); Edward Lindsey, su~ra note 58, at 147. 60. Juvenile Court Standards 5 (US. Childrens Bureau 1923); David J. Rothman, supra note 4, at 216. 61. See 1909 Mo. Laws, § 4, at 426 (summary manner); Act of Mar. 23, 1903, 1903 Mo. Laws. 214 § 5 (same); Act of Apr. 10, 1917, 1917 Mo. Laws 195, 198 § 5 (same); State v. Campbell, 325 Mo. 561, 566, 32 S.W.2d 69, 70 (1930); M. Ruth Vance, supra note 24, at 58 (Jackson County). 62. Charles W. Hoffman, The Fundamental Principles of the Juvenile Court and Its Part In Future Community Programs For Child Welfare, in Proceedings of the Conference on Juvenile-Court Standards 13, 23 (1922) (shadowing the lives); James Hoge Ricks, Standards of Organization in Children's Courts, in Standards of Child Welfare 368, 371 (1919) (morally sick); Edward Schoen, The Field of the Juvenile Court, in Proceedings of the Conference on Juvenile-Court Standards 32, 35 (1922) (objective symp­ toms). 63. Miriam Van Waters, supra note 51, at 64, 66 (emphasis in the original). Notes 239

64. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, Task Force Report: Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime 3 (1967). 65. See Act of Apr. 10, 1917, 1917 Mo. Laws 197, 199 §§ 2, 8. See also Act of Mar. 23,1903,1903 Mo. Laws 217 § 17. 66. See, e.g., Herbert H. Lou, supra note 3, at 10-11 (citing decisions); Hastings H. Hart, ed., supra note 57, at 129-30 (parental right to earnings). 67. See Katherine F. Lenroot and Emma O. Lundberg, supra note 24, at 133-34. 68.334 Mo. 237, 249, 65 S.W.2d 951, 956 (1933). 69. Mack, supra note 44, at 120. 70. See Walter L. Rutnam, supra note 7, at 43; Katherine F. Lenroot and Emma O. Lundberg, supra note 24, at 17, 133. 71. See Walter L. Rutnam, supra note 7, at 80-81. 72. See M. Ruth Vance, supra note 24, at 53. 73. See, e.g., Carl Kelsey, The Juvenile Court of Chicago and Its Work, Annals of the Am. Acad. of Political and Soc. Science 298, 303 (1901). 74. See M. Ruth Vance, supra note 24, at 57 (little difference); Edward F. Waite, How Far Can Court Procedure Be Socialized Without Impairing Individual Rights?, in Proceedings of the Conference on Juvenile-Court Standards 55, 58 (1922) (counsel did not matter). 75. See Juvenile Court Standards 5 (U.S. Children's Bureau 1923) (hear­ ings within forty-eight hours); President's Commission, supra note 64, at 3 .. 76. § 211.171 RSMo 1994 (Supp. 1996), amended by 1999 H.B. 136 ("The procedure to be followed at the hearing shall be determined by the juvenile court judge and may be as formal or informal as he or she considers desir­ able, consistent with constitutional and statutory requirements."). 77. John H. Wigmore, Juvenile Court vs. Criminal Court, 21 Ill. L. Rev. 375,377 (1927). 78. See Jesse P. Smith, Comments, in Proceedings of the Conference on Juvenile-Court Standards 98 (1922) (right to attend); Act of Apr. 10, 1917, 1917 Mo. Laws § 195 § 1, Act of Apr. 11,1911,1911 Mo. Laws 177 § 1. 79. See Walter L. Rutnam, supra note 7, at 103. 80. See Act of Apr. 11,1911, 1911 Mo. Laws 182 §§ 12-13. See also Act of Mar. 23, 1903, 1903 Mo. Laws 215 § 10; State v. Trimble, 333 Mo. 888, 63 S.W.2d 37, 38 (1933). 81. See State Commissions For the Study and Revision of Child Welfare Laws 11 (1924). 82. Report of the Missouri Children's Code Commission: A Complete Revision of the Laws For the Welfare of Missouri Children 12 (1918). 83. See Peter Romanofsky, "The Public Is Aroused": The Missouri Children's Code Commission 1915-1919,68 Mo. Hist. Rev. 204, 209 (1974); Jack David Muraskin, supra note 18, at 269. 84. See Peter Romanofsky, supra note 83, at 204, 213-15. 85. See State Commissions, supra note 81, at 14-15; Report of the Missouri Children's Code Commission, supra note 82, at 3. 86. See Richard S. Kirkendall, A History of Missouri 1919-1953, at 66 (1986). 240 A Very Special Place in life

87. Ralph Lewell Smith, supra note 18 (nationwide attention); Peter Romanofsky, supra note 83, at 204, 222 (best child welfare laws in the nation).

Chapter 3

1. Foster-Home Care For Dependent Children, App. C, at 205 (U.S. Children's Bureau 1924); Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt, A Life 31 -32 (1992). 2. Miller, supra note 1, at 32 (best man); Mary Kimbrough, He Who Helps A Child . ...: The Children's Home Society of Missouri, Its First 100 Years 49 (1991); http:/www.theodoreroosevelt.orgilife/familytree/TRsr.htm (Oct. 27, 2002). 3. Hastings H. Hart, The Development of Child Placing in the United States, in Foster-Home Care For Dependent Children, supra note 1, at 12, 13- 14; Hastings H. Hart, Preventive Treatment of Neglected Children 385-86 (1910). 4. See Special Message By the President of the United States (to Congress), Feb. 15, 1909, in Foster-Home Care For Deeendent Children, supra note 1, App. A, at 196 (placement should be as family-like as possible); Hastings H. Hart, supra note 3, at 392 (care which individual needs require). 5. Resolutions on Standards Relating To Children In Need of Care Adopted By the Washington and Regional Conferences on Child Welfare, 1919, in White House Conference on Child Health and Protection Called by President , IV: Dependent and Neglected Children 66-69 (1933) (emphasis added). 6. Report of the Municipal Commission on Delinquent, Dependent and Defective Children 56 (1911). 7. See Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time: Franklin and : The Home Front in World War II, at 416 (1994). 8. Act of Apr. 11, 1911, 1911 Mo. Laws 177, 185-86. 9. Eugene Smith, Criminal Law in the United States, in Charles Richmond Henderson (ed.), Correction and Prevention 86 (1910). 10. See Act of Apr. 1, 1897, 1897 Mo. Laws 71; U.N. Dept. of Social Affairs, Probation and Related Measures 33-34 (1951) (Massachusetts); N.S. Timasheff, One Hundred Years of Probation 1841 -1941, at 20-21 & n.15 (1941) (circuit judges). 11. Alfred J. Kahn, A Court For Children 137 (1953) (juvenile probation officers); Walter 1. Rutnam, History of the Juvenile Court in St. Louis, Missouri 16 (unpublished M.S. dissertation 1931, on flle in the Washington U.library) (Humanity Club); Deborah Shirley Portnoy, The History of the State Board of Charities and Corrections in Missouri 165 (M.A. thesis 1934 on flle with Washington U. Library) (State Board of Charities and Corrections); T. Earl Sullenger, Social Determinants in Juvenile Delinquency 248 (1936) (other states). 12. See Walter 1. Rutnam, supra note 11, at 18. Notes 241

13. See Act of June 12, 1909, 1909 Mo. Laws 423, 428; Hastings H. Hart, ed., Juvenile Court Laws in the United States 135-36 (1910); Walter L. Rutnam, supra note 11, at 52. 14. See Thomas D. Eliot, The Juvenile Court and the Community 10 & n.1, 29 (1914) (italics omitted) (1914 study); Walter L. Rutnam, supra note 11 , at 52. 15. See Velma Elizabeth Huseman, History of the State Industrial Home For Girls, Chillicothe, Missouri, 1887-1940, at SO-58 (unpublished M.S.W. dissertation 1941, on flle in the Washington U.library) (patronage from top to bottom); Jack Reichenstein, A History of the Missouri Training School For Boys, Boonville, 1917-1944, at 28-29, 33-40 (unpublished M.S.W. thesis 1950, on flle in the Washington U. library) (same); I Osborne Ass'n, Handbook of American Institutions For Delinquent Juveniles 106,237,264, 290 (1938) (same; national survey); Huseman, supra, at 112 (quoting Dr. George B. Mangold) (exasperation). 16. Report of the Municipal Commission, supra note 6, at 15 (population of delinquents); Ben B. Lindsey, Introduction in Thomas Travis, The Young Malefactor ix (1908) (discussing "the probation system which has greatly developed through the juvenile court"); Missouri Children's Code Comm'n, A Complete Revision of the Laws For the Welfare of Missouri Children 5 (1916); Walter L. Rutnam, supra note 11, at 81 -83. 17. Act of June 12, 1909, 1909 Mo. Laws 423, 427; Deborah Shirley Portnoy, supra note 11, at 151. 18. Thomas D. Eliot, supra note 14, at 81 (St. Louis Council of Social Agencies); Bernard Flexner and Roger N. Baldwin, Juvenile Courts and Probation 62-63 (1914). 19. Samuel Walker, In Defense of American Liberties 32 (1990). 20. Thomas D. Eliot, supra note 14, at 12-13. 21. Id. at 38 (excellent working relationship with police); Katherine F. Lenroot and Emma O. Lundberg, Juvenile Courts At Work: A Study of the Organization and Methods of Ten Courts 113-14 (U.S. Children's Bureau 1925). 22. See Walter L. Rutnam, supra note 11, at 60-61. 23. See Act of Mar. 23, 1903, 1913 Mo. Laws at 214 § 6; In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1,36 (1967); Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707 (1979). 24. See Jesse P. Smith, Comments, in Proceedings of the Conference on Juvenile-Court Standards 96, 97 (1922). 25. Id. at 97-98 (St. Louis); M. Ruth Vance, The Juvenile Court ofJackson County 78-80 (unpublished M.A. thesis 1938 on flle with the University of Missouri-Columbia Library) (Kansas City). 26. Report of the Municipal Commission, supra note 6, at 40 (St. Louis in 1911); Katherine F. Lenroot and Emma O. Lundberg, supra note 21, at 171 (same); Bernard Flexner et al., The Child, The Family and the Court: A Study of the Administration of Justice in the Field of Domestic Relations 39-40 (U.S. Children's Bureau 1933) (same); Benjamin Clay Weakley, The St. Louis Juvenile Court 19 (unpublished M.A. thesis 1913, on me with the Washington U.library) (1913 average). 27. See Katherine F. Lenroot and Emma O. Lundberg, supra note 21, at 171 242 A Very Special Place in life

(1919); Child Welfare League of America, The Juvenile Court of St. Louis 50 (1927). 28. See, e.g., Herbert H. Lou, Juvenile Courts in the United States 89 (1927) (assignment of cases); interview with Marian Barnholtz (Sept. 5, 2002) (same); Bernard Flexner and Roger N. Baldwin, supra note 18, at 147. 29. Katherine F. Lenroot and Emma O. Lundberg, supra note 21, at 163- 64; National Probation Ass'n, Probation and Social Service in the St. Louis Courts 2-5 (1924) (sole African American officer). 30. See M. Ruth Vance, supra note 25, at 26-29. 31. Act ofJune 8, 1929, 1929 Mo. Laws 150; Act of Apr.!, 1921, 1921 Mo. Laws 255; Act of May 26,1919,1919 Mo. Laws 275. 32. See Katherine F. Lenroot and Emma O. Lundberg, supra note 21, at 27 tbl. 4, 28 (after the 1919 increment); Act of Apr.!, 1921, 1921 Mo. Laws 255 § 1 (deputy probation officers' salaries); Alfred J. Kahn, supra note 11, at 197 (New York City). 33. Katherine F. Lenroot and Emma O. Lundberg, supra note 21, at 30; Herbert H. Lou, supra note 27, at 84 (discussing nationwide inadequacy of probation officers' salaries); M. Ruth Vance, supra note 25, at 23-24. 34. Amos G. Warner, Social Charities 249 tbl. 34 (rev. ed. 1908) (1880 to 1908); Evelyn Roberta Koenig, The History of the Episcopal Home For Children In St. Louis, 1843-1936, at 11,20 tbl.l (unpublished M.S. disserta­ tion 1935, on file in the Washington University library) (1930; thirty private orphanages) . 35. Harold U. Faulkner, The Quest For Social Justice 1898-1914, at 153 (1931) (entering the nation's workforce); Missouri Children's Code Comm'n (1916), supra note 16, at 35-36. 36. Report of the Senate Wage Commission For Women and Children In the State of Missouri 5, 6,13 (1915). 37. See Jack David Muraskin, Missouri Politics During the , 1896-1916, at 264 (Ph.D dissertation 1969) (voices); 9 Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri 312-13 (1926) (first biennial message, Jan. 2, 1907). 38. Emma O. Lundberg, Public Aid to Mothers With Dependent Children 1 (U.S. Children's Bureau 1928). 39. Act of Apr. 12, 1917, 1917 Mo. Laws 151; Act of Apr. 7, 1911, 1911 Mo. Laws 121. 40. LeRoy Ashby, Endangered Children: Dependency, Neglect, and Abuse in American History 98 (1997) (poverty should be removed); Ralph Lewell Smith, History of the Missouri Association For Social Welfare, 1901-1933, at 80-81 (unpublished M.S.W. dissertation 1941, on file with the Washington U.library) (scholarships). 41. Mildred Benedict Northrop, Mothers' Pensions in Missouri 48-49 (unpublished M.A. thesis 1923, on file with the University of Missouri­ Columbia library) (Kansas City); R v. R ,431 S.W.2d 152, 154 (Mo. 1968). 42. Act of Apr. 7, 1911, 1911 Mo. Laws 120, 121; Mildred Benedict Northrop, supra note 41, at 35, 44, 59; Sara Rivka Feder, Mothers' Allowance Notes 243 in Missouri -Its History and Administration 47, 76-77 (unpublished M.A. thesis 1931, on flle with the University of Missouri-Columbia library). 43. Mildred Benedict Northrop, supra note 41, at 79-80; White House Conference on Child Health and Protection Called by President Herbert Hoover, IV: Dependent and Neglected Children 257-58 (1933) (unwed mothers). 44. George A. Warfield, Outdoor Relief in Missouri: A Study of Its Administration By County Officials 27 (1915). 45. Mildred Benedict Northrop, supra note 41, at 141. 46. LeRoy Ashby, supra note 40, at 96 (40% of eligible families); 47. George A. Warfield, supra note 44, at iv, v. 48. Id. at 6. 49. Florence Nesbitt, Standards of Public Aid to Children In Their Own Homes 83 (1923); Report on the Child Welfare Work of St. Louis, Missouri and Recommendations Leading to the Development of a Community Plan in Children's Work 3, 9 (1928) . 50. Report on the Child Welfare Work of St. Louis, supra note 49, at 10, 13a, 20. 51. See Sara Rivka Feder, supra note 42, at 91 -92 (low appropriations); Glenn Steele, Care of Dependent and Neglected Children 3, 5 (U.S. Children's Bureau 1932) (per capita expenditures; private agencies). 52. Mothers' Aid, 1931, at 17, 30, 32 (U.S. Children's Bureau 1931); M. Ruth Vance, supra note 25, at 11. 53. Fern Boan, A History of Poor Relief Legislation and Administration In Missouri 56 (1941). 54. Mildred Benedict Northrop, supra note 41, at 108-09. 55. Act of Apr. 6, 1927, 1927 Mo. Laws 127; Sara Rivka Feder, supra note 42, at 46, 117; Fern Boan, supra note 53, at 56 (dead letter). 56. Mildred Benedict Northrop, supra note 41, at 116; Fern Boan, supra note 53, at 58 (1941) 57. Act of Apr. 30, 1925, 1925 Mo. Laws 375. See also Sara R. Feder, The Adjustment of the Injured Under the Missouri Workmen's Compensation Act 58-673 (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation 1941, on flle in the University of Missouri library) (history of struggle leading to enactment of the Missouri act). 58. See Sara R. Feder, supra note 57, at 59-60. 59. See Edward J. Kionka, Torts In a Nutshell 133, 120,278 (1999). 60. See White House Conference on Child Health and Protection Called by President Herbert Hoover, IV: Dependent and Neglected Children 154 tbl. 4 (1933). 61. Report of the Missouri Children's Code Comm'n: A Complete Revision of the Laws For the Welfare of Missouri Children 37-38 (1918); Missouri Children's Code Comm'n (1916), supra note 16, at 8,113. 62. George A. Warfield, supra note 44, at 100. 63. George Albert Gemmell, County Public Welfare Work in Missouri 94, 134 (unpublished Ph.D thesis 1930, on flle in the University of Missouri­ Columbia library). 244 A Very Special Place in Life

64. , The Juvenile Court Movement Throughout the World, in The Child, the Clinic and the Court 267, 269 (1925) (elsewhere); I Fourteenth Census of the United States 163 (1920); Report of the Missouri Children's Code Comm'n (1918), supra note 61, at 15-16. 65. Resolutions on Standards Relating To Children In Need of Care Adopted By the Washington and Regional Conferences on Child Welfare, 1919, in White House Conference on Child Health and Protection Called by President Herbert Hoover, IV: Dependent and Neglected Children 71 (1933) (truism); White House Conference on Child Health and Protection, The Children's Charter, point XVII (1931) (aspiration still unachieved); White House Conference on Child Health and Protection Called by President Herbert Hoover, IV: Dependent and Neglected Children 92, 95-96 (1933) (statement of Dr. C.E.A. Winslow) (pitiably inadequate). 66. Walter Oliver Essman, Outdoor Relief in Boone County 192-203 (unpublished M.A. thesis 1923, on me in the University of Missouri­ Columbia library); Mary Kimbrough, supra note 2, at 35 (1991); Hastings H. Hart, supra note 3, at 165-66. 67. William Thomas Cross, Outdoor Relief By the Counties of Missouri 34-35 (1909) (much more available in the cities); Helen F. Osgood, A Study of Institutions and Societies Caring For Dependent Children in St. Louis 6 (1911) (sophisticated care system); Report on the Child Welfare Work of St. Louis, supra note 49, at Foreword and Scope of Study 32 (same; listing organizations). 68. See, e.g., Katharine P. Newins and L. Josephine Webster, The Work of Child-Placing Agencies 5 (U.S. Children's Bureau 1927). 69. Id. at 27-28, 170-71; Child Welfare League of America, Report of a Study of the St. Louis Board of Children's Guardians, Child Placing Department, St. Louis, Missouri 18-20 (1927). Winifred Carleen Todd, A History of the St. Louis Children's Aid Society, County Division 3-6 (unpub­ lished M.S.W. thesis 1941, on me in the Washington University library). 70. See, e.g., Katharine P. Newins and L. Josephine Webster, supra note 68, at 27-28, 42,171-75. 71. Act of Apr. 3, 1911, 1911 Mo. Laws 349; Hastings H. Hart, supra note 3, at 165. 72. Florence Nesbitt, supra note 49, at 75-76 (all dependent children); Mildred Benedict Northrop, supra note 41, at 79-80 (most recipients). 73. Id. at 79. 74. See M. Ruth Vance, supra note 25, at 74. 75. Act of Mar. 31, 1921, 1921 Mo. Laws 189; Act of Mar. 21, 1913, 1913 Mo. Laws 148, 151; Deborah Shirley Portnoy, supra note 11, at 218-19. 76. J. Prentice Murphy, Conserving the Child s Parental Home, in Foster­ Home Care For Dependent Children, supra note 1, at 17, 17-18 (by the early 1920s; outlay); White House Conference on Child Health and Protection, The Children's Charter, point III (1931). 77. See Virginia Louise Crull, Adoptive Practices Used in Cases of Missouri State Wards in 1934-1935 Compared With 1947-1948, at 2 (M.S.W. thesis 1949 on me with Washington U. Library) (relatively few foster placements); Notes 245

Child Welfare League of America, supra note 69, at 29; Glenn Steele, supra note 51, at 29 (Dec. of 1930). 78. See A Special Children's Project of the Missouri State Children's Bureau 9 (1934). 79. 11 Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri 357 (1928). 80. Act of Apr. 8, 1921, 1921 Mo. Laws 89, 90 § 1. 81. Act of Apr. 8, 1921, 1921 Mo. Laws 89, 91 § 7; Virginia Louise Crull, supra note 77, at 14 (no public facilities of their own). 82. Report of the Children's Code Commission to the Honorable Lloyd C. Stark 16 (1939). 83. Virginia Louise Crull, supra note 77, at 8 (local foster care); White House Conference Committee on Children and Youth, Missouri's Children and Youth At the Mid-Century 22 (1951) (changed attitudes); Deborah Shirley Portnoy, supra note 11, at 231; Virginia Louise Crull, supra note 77, at 95-98; Act ofJuly 30,1941,1941 Mo. Laws 320 (distinct improvements). 84. Act of Mar. 18, 1895, 1895 Mo. Laws 190 § 5. 85. Act of Mar. 18, 1895, 1895 Mo. Laws §§ 5-6, 19. 86. 8 Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri 44-45 (1926) (first biennial message, Jan. 1,1895). 87. See Jack David Muraskin, supra note 37, at 26 (between 1897 and 1910); Deborah Shirley Portnoy, supra note 11, at 75. 88. Deborah Shirley Portnoy, supra note 11, at 77; Missouri Children's Code Comm'n (1916), supra note 16, at 6, 33. 89. Deborah Shirley Portnoy, supra note 11, at 76. 90. See, e.g., Herbert H. Lou, supra note 27, at 105 (investigations in the 1920s); Evelina Belden, Courts In the United States Hearing Children's Cases 49 (U.S. Children's Bureau 1920) (same); Albert R. Roberts, Juvenile Justice: Policies, Programs and Services 29-30 (1989) (Federal Bureau of Prisons inspector). 91. Prison Indus. Reorg. Adm., The Prison Problem in Missouri 2 (1938). 92. Charles A. Ellwood, Conditions of the County Almshouses of Missouri 8 (1904); Deborah Shirley Portnoy, supra note 11, at 182. 93. Fern Boan, supra note 53, at 80 (conceived in the almshouses); Charles A. Ellwood, supra note 92, at 13 (call for legislation); Act of Mar. 25, 1913, 1913 Mo. Laws 130, 131; Missouri Children's Code Comm'n (1916), supra note 16, at 5. 94. Amos G. Warner, supra note 34, at 189 (dire conditions); Deborah Shirley Portnoy, supra note 11, at 63-64, 71, 79. 95. 10 Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri 81 (1928); 11 Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri 23 (1928) (inaugural address, Jan. 13, 1913);12 Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri 38 (1930) (first biennial message, Jan. 4,1923). 96. C.T. Pihlblad et al., The Rural Almshouse Population In Missouri 18- 19 (1938). 97. Report of the Municipal Commission, supra note 6, at 69. 246 A Very Special Place in life

98. Id. at 10,25,38. 99. Id. at 10, 25 (housed together); 10 Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri 62 (1928). 100. 11 Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri 56 (1928) ( first biennial messa~e, Jan. 6, 1915); Act of Mar 15, 1915, 1915 Mo. Laws 209; I Osborne Ass n, supra note 15, at 206 (freely assigning); Act of May 8,1933,1933 Mo. Laws 330; Act of Apr. 6,1927,1927 Mo. Laws 381. 101. See Walter C. Reckless and Mapheus Smith, Juvenile Delinquency 259 (1932) (1926 federal survey); Hastings H. Hart and Carol Bates, The Missouri Reformatory, Boonville 2-3 (1929); Jack Reichenstein, supra note 15, at 28-29, 49-50 (outlived its usefulness). 102. Deborah Shirley Portnoy, supra note 11, at 127 (overcrowding). 103. Report of the Municipal Commission, supra note 6, at 13; Act of Mar. 13,1905,1905 Mo. Laws 302. 104. Directory of State, County, and Municipal Training Schools Caring For Delinquent Children in The United States 21-22 (U.S. Children's Bureau 1940). 105. See 1 Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri Year By Year 297 (1942). 106. Thomas Travis, The Young Malefactor 120 (1908). 107. See Walter L. Rutnam, supra note 11, at 96. 108. Report of the Child Welfare League of America, Inc. To the Board of Children's Guardians 15 (1952). 109. See Jacob H. Wolf, Boys' School's Violent History, St. Louis Post­ Dispatch, Aug. 27, 1971. llO. Jack Reichenstein, supra note 15, at 51 (Booneville's new superin­ tendent); Harry Roberds Studer, Two State Institutions For the Treatment of Delinquent Boys 3-4, 12 (unpublished M.A. thesis 1937, on me in the University of Missouri-Columbia library). 111. Id. at 49. 112. I Osborne Ass'n, supra note 15, at 236. 113. Id. at 221. ll4. Harry Roberds Studer, supra note 110, at 61 (by the late 1930s); Prison Indus. Reorg. Adm., The Prison Problem in Missouri 9 (1938). 115. I Osborne Ass'n, supra note 15, at 236. ll6. See Katherine F. Lenroot and Emma O. Lundberg, supra note 21, at 150 (juvenile court's control); National Probation Association, Probation and Social Service in the St. Louis Courts 10, 11,20 (1924); Harry Roberds Studer, supra note 110, at 91 (aftercare). 117. Jonan Haskell, Institutional Treatment of Delinquent Girls in Missouri: A Study of the Institutional Homes For Girls at Chillicothe and Tipton 76-78, 124-25, 210-ll (unpublished M.A. thesis 1943, on me in the University of Missouri-Columbia library). ll8. Id at 218. 119. Report of the Children's Code Commission to the Honorable Lloyd C. Stark 24 (1939). 120. See Directory of State, County, and Municipal Training Schools