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MAR 1 9 ENT'D

IC^agu? for tty? prot^rtton of Jmmtgranta

ANNUAL REPORT 1909-1910

Headquarters, Room 435, 158 Adams Street Chicago, Illinois InarJn of Sntstofi

Ellected for the Year 1909

Cyrus L. Bentley Dr. Ludwig Hektoen Dr. David Blaustein Chas. L. Hutchinson

William J. Calhoun Miss Juua C. Lathrop Ivan Doseff Prof. Ernst Freund Samuel N. Harper Mrs. Raymond Robins

Elected for the Years 1909-1910

Judge Julian W. Mack Miss Mary E. McDowell Prof. George H. Mead Miss E. V. Rumsey Mrs. Tiffany Blake Guido Sabetta Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen Mrs. Henry Solomon Charles F. Harding Miss Edith Wyatt

Elected for the Years 1909-1910-1911

Miss Jane Addams J. J. Sonsteby Mrs. Samuel Dauchy Prof. A. E. Steiner

Dr. Emil G. Hirsch • Mrs. Wm. I. Thomas Philip N. Ksycki Dr. C. Volini

Julius Rosenw^ald C. J. Vopicka

Elected for the Years 1910-1911-1912

Cyrus L. Bentley Dr. Ludwig Hektoen Dr. David Blaustein Chas. L. Hutchinson E. P. Bailey Miss Julia C. Lathrop Mrs. Joseph Fish Prof. Ernst Freund E. M. Skinner A. A. McCormick mtxms

Judge Julian W. Mack President Prof. George H. Mead First Vice President Miss. Jane Addams Second Vice President Chas L. Hutchinson Treasurer Miss S. P. Breckinridge Secretary

Miss E. V. Rumsey Mrs. Samuel Dauchy Charles F. Harding Prof. Ernst Freund

Director Miss Grace Abbott

B42918 Those of us who have lived for many years in the Chicago settlements have keenly realized the need of some systematic and centralized effort on behalf of the immigrants living in Chi- cago. Every year we have heard of girls who did not arrive when their families expected them, and although their parents frantically met one train after another, the ultimate fate of the girls could never be discovered ; we have constantly seen the exploitation of the newly arrived immigrant by his shrewd countrymen in league with the unscrupulous American; from time to time we have known children detained in New York and even deported, whose parents had no clear understanding of the difficulty.

The first year's work of the League for the Protection of

Immigrants has shown that a central office is able not only to take care of the exceptional cases much more effectively than a settlement could do without its co-operation, but that new needs and possibilities are constantly discovered through this opportunity to treat as a whole the Chicago immigrant situa- tion. The League for the Protection of Immigrants is fast proving to be one of the most effective instruments for social amelioration in Chicago. Jane Addams.

Hull House, March 3, ipio. H^pnrt nf tlj^ pr^Btb^nl*

The report of the director is so full and complete that it is necessary for me to add but little to it.

The work that the League is attempting to do is primarily that of first help to the immigrant. He arrives here bewildered, unacquainted with our language, habits and customs, and a ready prey for the scoundrel. His entire future loyalty and patriotism to the country that is going to be his home may be seriously aflfected by his first contact with its men and women. Not merely as a matter of humanity toward the brother and sister in need, but as a matter of duty to ourselves and to our own children is it important that the newcomers receive the best possible impression of those who are to be their fellow-citizens. It has been often charged, and sometimes with truth, that the foreigner is a pliant tool in the hands of certain political workers and subservient to their ofttimes selfish ends. But the average citizen, forgetful of his own obligations, fails to consider the underlying causes of this situation when it does arise. He fails to appreciate that while he has been attending to his own per- sonal interests someone else has given a welcoming hand to the newcomer, has been his adviser in time of need and trouble, and that in after years, when the newcomer has become an American citizen, his gratitude for favors rendered in time of greatest need makes this first friend the supreme authority for the new-made citizen who acts upon his advice and suggestion in full confidence that they are for his own good.

It therefore behooves those whose interest in the develop- ment of their own country is pure and unselfish and whose humanity is broad enough to overlook the differences of race and creed and habits, themselves to extend this welcoming hand, to take measures to guard the foreigners against the perils to which they, more than the average man, are subject, and finally to open up to them opportunities for education and patriotic citizen- ship.

This has been the work of the League—^welcoming the new- comers, seeing that they reach the homes to which they are destined, guarding them against wrongs at the railroad stations, labor employment agencies, and work camps, assisting them to secure work, advising and encouraging them to take ad- S vantage of the many co-operating educational opportunities that are furnished by our night schools, settlements, churches, Y. M. C. A. and other organizations, supplementing these when neces- sary, and as to the girls and women, protecting them from the perils of the white slave trade and prostitution. Personal visits to stations and homes, conferences with the local, state and national authorities, co-operation with other organizations and especially with the police, have been some of the methods em- ployed as the basis for the work. Studies of national groups which are new elements in Chicago's population, such as the

Bulgarians and Greeks ; and of such problems as "Chicago's Employment Agencies and the Immigrant Worker" and "Im- migration and Municipal Policies," have been made by Miss Abbott. These have been published in the American Journal of Sociology, the Survey, and the Proceedings of the National Municipal League in the Cincinnati Conference for Good City Government.

As a result of the work done by Miss Abbott and our Legis- lative Committee, the laws governing Employment Agencies were amended and greatly improved at the last session of the Legislature.

Much of this work must always be done by private philan- thropic agencies, such as this League. A large measure of assistance can, however, and in our judgment should be rendered by the municipal, state and federal authorities. For over a year we have had negotiations with the federal authorities in the endeavor to obtain, first, the names of all immigrants destined for Chicago, and, second, for the establishment of a federal bureau in this city to which such immigrants will come on ar- rival, supplemented by federal inspectors on the immigrant trains and matrons in the railroad stations. At such a bureau oppor- tunity can be given to all philanthropic organizations under proper supervision to confer with the immigrant. There can be no question but that if the protecting hand of the federal govern- ment is on the man and woman after leaving Ellis Island and until he or she reaches the final destination, our report two years from now will not show, as does our present report, twenty per cent of the women destined to Chicago unaccounted for.

The Commercial Club of Chicago is about to take up this matter and its members when their interest is aroused to the importance of the subject, will undoubtedly be able to secure the establishment of such a bureau. 6 C«M

P Q o•-t c

\\

The North American Civic League for Immigrants is seek- ing some measure of co-operation, federation, or consolidation with this League. The importance of a national organization is fully recognized by us, and while there are difficulties involved in determining the best method of working together, the matter can beyond question be wisely worked out if left to the next Executive Board. I therefore recommend that this be done.

As the report of the Budget Committee will show, we shall require for the work of the next year at least $8,000.00. The membership must be extended. Every organization interested in the immigrant should become a member of this central league and thousands of citizens, both native and foreign born, who are alive to the importance of the question will, on proper rep- resentations, gladly contribute to the work.

Our heartiest thanks are due to our director, our secretary, the members of standing committees and the visitors, through whose zealous and faithful work so much has been accomplished during the past year. Julian W. Mack, President. ;

U^p0rt nf tlf^ B>^rrrtarg.

During the years 1907-1908 the) Woman's Trade Union League of Chicago organized a committee to visit newly ar- rived immigrant women and girls for the double purpose of helping them escape those dangers which threaten their moral well being in a great city, and of giving them such information with regard to opportunities for employment as would induce them to enter the better organized rather than the congested trades. It was, however, soon discovered that the undertaking was beyond the abilities of the League and an attempt was made to secure the co-operation of the railroads in order that they might supply matrons in the immigrant waiting rooms and dis- tribute to the immigrants on their arrival such information printed in various languages as would enable them to avoid exploitation. It has not yet been possible, as the report of the Director explains in detail, to secure this action on the part of the railroads, doubtless because the immigrant trains come at uncertain intervals and enter the various stations irregularly and as tliere is no effective control exercised by the railroads or the city over the transfer agents, and as no reputable transfer company is responsible for the transportation to their destination of those immigrants who are expecting to stop in Chicago, the

latter are frequently victimized by ' expressmen, runners for cheap lodging houses, corrupt labor agents and others seeking their pecuniary and moral exploitation.

As more information was secured, those interested in this endeavor became convinced of the need of a protective agency for immigrant women and men, and in the spring of 1908, the League for the Protection of Immigrants was organized and incorporated under the laws of Illinois and established its head- quarters in the business portion of the city. In the hope that through the agency of the League unprotected girls at least might be met on their arrival, an appeal was made for the help of the immigration authorities and through the sympathetic co- operation of Secretary Straus the League was furnished from the various ports of entry, from October i, 1908, until March I, 1909, with the names and addresses of such girls as were destined for Chicago. The use to which this information has been put is explained by the Director in her report. In many instances these girls have not needed any form of aid, but in :

some cases their situation has been found precarious in the ex- treme, and the offices of the League have been of the greatest assistance in rescuing them from perils from which there would probably have been no other avenue of escape.

A law has been provided in the Department of Commerce and Labor for the Division of Information and Employment looking to the "beneficial distribution" of foreign population, but "beneficial distribution" cannot, of course, be accomplished until the individuals have been able to arrive in safety. It was, therefore, proposed to Secretary Straus, that until the Division of Information and Employment was able to take over the en- tire work, a bureau should be established in Chicago, separate from the deportation service, protective, rather than detective, in aim, under the direction of a man of tried honesty, executive ability and intelligence with reference to local needs, and to the problems of foreign residents of Chicago. The desire for such protection was greatly strengthened by the decision of the Su- preme Court, handed down on April 5, 1909, in accordance with which the legislation providing for the punishment, by the fed- eral authorities, of those who harbor immigrant women for im- moral purposes is held invalid. Sinre little can be done by federal punitive agencies, protective devices will have to be per- fected. Women need the information and protection such a bureau could give in order to safeguard their virtue. Both men and women need it to avoid exploitation. The country is disadvantaged by the number of those who become sources of peril or burdens on its philanthropic resources.

The volume of immigration is now on the increase, the number of foreign girls and women now coming in is large, the dangers by which they are surrounded are easily met by intelligent and sympathetic help in the form of accurate in- formation given immediately upon their arrival. The members of the League feel that the furnishing of this information given immediately upon their arrival is not beyond the proper func- tion of the federal government, is not beyond the power already vested in the Department by Congress, and would not require resources greater than those already at the disposal of the De- partment. They have, therefore, during the year continued to urge their desire upon the attention of the Secretary of Com- merce and Labor and upon the Commissioner General of Im- migration. The following statement presents certain facts of interest with regard to the work of the past year 9 ;

1. Meetings.—During the past year there have been four meetings of the trustees of the League. One of these, a special meeting, was called on May 8, 1909, at which Miss Addams pre- sided, to take up the subject of the proposed change in the head tax of immigrants from four to ten dollars. The second was the regular quarterly meeting, held May 22, 1909. The third was the quarterly meeting, held November 16, 1909, and the fourth a meet- ing held for the approval of reports on March 3, 1910.

There have been six meetings of the Executive Committee, besides several informal conferences.

2. Members.—The membership of the League consists of 236 regular members and 36 organization members.

J. The Workers of the League.—The regular workers have consisted of the Director, Miss Grace Abbott, three visitors paid by the League, one visitor among the mem- bers of the Greek colony, on half time for three months, paid by Hull House, one visitor paid partly by the Coun- cil of Jewish Women and partly by the League for special work among the Jewish girls, and such temporary helpers as have been required from time to time to gather small special groups of facts necessary to determine the immediate policy of the League. Of the efficiency and devotion and intelligence of these workers it is hardly my place to speak. It is, however, a privilege to testify to the enthusiasm with which they have per- formed their duties and the gracious and generous kindness which has characterized all of their relationships. Tf the work of the League among immigrant women can be said to have been peculiarly successful, one explanation is to be found in the very rare gifts for such work possessed by the workers by whom the Director has been aided.

4. Committees.—There have been five standing committees,

each of which has rendered effective service : The Committee on Membership, of which Mrs. Tiffany Blake has been the Chairman on Publicity, with Mr. Samuel N. Harper as the first Chainnan,

succeeded by Professor George H. Mead ; on Legislation, with

Professor Ernst Freund as Chairman ; on Conferences, with Miss E. V. Rumsey as Chairman, and on Finance, with Mrs. Samuel Dauchy as Chairman. Of the details of their work, their own reports will speak,

5. Co-Operation. —Besides the many national organizations and the various clubs which have associated themselves with the 10 :

League under the constitutional provision for membership, there has been special co-operation with the Council of Jewish Women and with the Eleanor x\ssociation and Juvenile Protective League, in the conduct of an employment agency for the service of women and girls seeking other forms of employment than do- mestic service. This experiment which ended with the month of February was not a success. Its failure does not, however, prove the lack of need for such an undertaking, but rather the necessity of a more mature plan before attempting to execute it, and a more thorough collection of information with regard to opportunities of employment other than domestic service, before starting upon the work of placing women. The results of this experiment will be of great service when it becomes possible to inaugurate another attempt.

6. Program of Work.—At the last annual meeting the fol- lowing program of work was laid down

1. To push vigorously the efforts of the League towards securing the re-establishment in Chicago of the protective bu- reau for which plans were outlined, in conference with Federal officials, in the spring.

2. To contiriue the work of visiting and rendering assist- ance to newly arrived, unprotected women and girls, and as soon as practicable to undertake the same service for foreign boys who are suspected of being under the control of padrones.

3. To use every eflfort to secure better control of the private employment agencies in the city, and a more efficient organization of the free employment agencies; and in order to accomplish this, to secure such additional evidence as seems necessary and prosecute a campaign for the amendment of the existing law.

4. To collect information as rapidly as practicable with reference to other agencies aflfording opportunity for the ex- ploitation of immigrants, such as steamship agents and com- panies, cabmen and expressmen surrounding the railroad sta- tions, and the proprietors of alleged banking institutions.

5. To co-operate with the organizations and^ officials engaged in the prevention and suppression of the white slave traffic, and of other wrongs, particularly affecting immigrants.

6. To undertake, whenever opportunity presents itself, to interpret to the community those problems which have special significance for any foreign group, so that practical aid may be 11 more intelligently rendered and a more sympathetic understand- ing developed.

Attention should be called to the fact that items 2, 3, 5 and 6 have been fulfilled to perhaps an unexpected degree. Item I is still with us as an object of endeavor with reference to which, in spite of the delay, the League is not yet discouraged. In connection with item 4 there are still opportunities for in- vestigation, and still the necessity of further endeavor in order to make all the railroad stations as safe as the safest, and to in- troduce greater order and honesty into the treatment of immi- grants by steamship agents, cabmen and expressmen and al- leged banking institutions.

7. The Director.—The Secretary cannot refrain from express- ing her enthusiasm for the work of the Director. She hopes that the

League will make it possible for the Director's time in the future to be set free as far as possible from the routine duties of the office, many of which could be adequately performed by an- other worker, and that she will be given the opportunity of making known the work and the needs of the League to as many groups and in as many communities as possible.

8. The Needs of the League.—These are apparent as outlined by the President and by the Director. They comprise a staff of workers increased by the addition of at least two women and one

man ; enlarged office facilities provision for greater publicity and ; the undertaking of an educational program as outlined by the Director in the autumn, which will form the contribution of the League to the educational experiments being tried by the public schools and the social agencies of the city. Respectfully submitted,

SoPHONiSBA P. Breckinridge, Secretary.

12 To the President and Board of Trustees of the League for the Pro- tection of Immigrants.

The work of the League for the Protection of Immigrants has followed the lines laid down in the statement of purposes in its constitution. In general we have sought to discover and then to counteract those agencies and conditions which make for the moral or financial ruin of the immigrant. In doing this we have been extremely careful not to enter any field covered by an exist- ing organization and we have tried to select from all the things that might be done, those which seemed, after some investigation, to be most needed. The work with the women had been begun by another association which asked us to take over and carry on the work. This has been continued and expanded. In addi- tion to systematic and organized provision for women and girls work in behalf of the men and boys, especially in connection with the casual labor problem has been undertaken. Some in- vestigation has also been done and a few special studies of cer- tain of our foreign groups have been published.

To give an adequate idea of the actual work being done it will be necessary to present a detailed review of each depart- ment of work together with some discussion of the problems involved and the plans for the future which have been formu- lated.

/. THE WORK WITH IMMIGRANT GIRLS.

During the past year and a half the League has received from the various ports of arrival the names and addresses of the girls and women destined for Chicago. All of these newly arrived girls and women have been visited by representatives of the League able to speak the language of the immigrant. Four, and part of the time, five women speaking the Slavic languages, Ger- man, French, Italian and Greek have been employed for this work. In these visits information has been accumulated in regard to the journey to Chicago, the depot situation, the past industrial experience of the girls, their occupation in Chicago, wages, hours of work, their living conditions, the price they pay for board, and whether they are contributing to the support of some one at home. On this basis the League's work for girls 13 has been planned. Some statement or analysis of the facts ascer- tained with regard to these points may be of interest and value.

The Journey to Chicago.

Yiuch improvement in the methods of the inspection, de- tention, and release of immigrants at the various ports of arrival has been made in recent years. Because of more efficient organi- zation of the service immigrants are now treated with humane consideration by government officials ; moreover, runners from cheap hotels, expressmen, employmcHt agents, and all those who might profit by their ignorance and dependence are denied access to them. The moral exploitation of the girl is guarded against by a careful examination of the person to whom she is released.

But in contrast to these improvements made at the ports, there is, for the girl destined to Chicago, no corresponding pro- tective machinery. She is carefully guarded by the federal authorities until she is placed on the train, but the government then considers that its responsibility is at an end. She may be approached by anyone en route. Through her own mistake or intention or the carelessness of railroad officials she may never reach Chicago,

At present it is practically impossible to trace the girls who leave New York, but who never reach their friends in this city. Sometimes we are able to reach some conclusion as to what be- came of them, but these conclusions only point to the necessity for some safeguarding of the journey. For example, two Polish girls, seventeen and twenty-two years of age, whose experience before they started for America had been bounded by the limits of a small farm in Galicia, were coming to their cousin, who lived back of the Yards in Chicago. Her name and address had been sent to us on one of our regular lists and when one of the visitors of the League called at the house she found the cousin and the entire household much alarmed because the girls had not arrived. Inquiring of others who came on the same boat we found that the girls had become acquainted with a man from Rochester on the way over and he was "looking out for them." The only information the Commissioner at Ellis Island could give was that the girls had left there and that one ticket on that date had been sold to Rochester and two Chicago tickets had been used as far as Rochester. The girls had com- pletely disappeared and no one was responsible for their failure to arrive in Chicago. 14

Usually the girls we find are the ones to whom nothing did happen, although they may have been for a time in an extremely dangerous position. One seventeen year old girl was put off the train at South Chicago by mistake and wandered about for sev- eral hours at night. Finally a man offered to take her to her friends. He proved worthy of the confidence she had in his kindly intent and she was conducted safely to the northwest side. Another girl nineteen years old who came in by way of Quebec became separated from her sister and friends at Detroit. She was taken to the Police Station for the night and in the morning continued her journey. She arrived at South Chicago without money or the address of her relatives. She spent a night in the South Chicago police station and another at the Annex of the Harrison Street Police Station. The police regarded it as impos- sible to find the girl's friends so the matron of the Annex found her work in a down town hotel. A visitor for the League return- ing from South Chicago reported great excitement in one neigh- borhood over the fact that an immigrant girl had been lost at Detroit.

This report was connected with the story of the matron at the Harrison Street Annex and a visit to the hotel proved the identity of the girl. Except for this she would have been alone in Chicago, ignorant of our language and the dangers of the city with no one to turn to in case of sickness or unemploy- ment.

Several girls have told of being approached on the trains and invited by strange men to get off at "some big city and see the town," but they wisely concluded to continue their journey without these gay excursions into the unknown.

National and even international attention has l^een drawn to the work of the United States District Attorney in prosecuting so-called "white slavers'" in Chicago. Important as this work is it should not be the only remedy attempted. For in prosecutions, we must, of necessity, vv-ait until the girl has been ruined and no fine or penitentiary sentence inflicted upon the man or woman responsible for her downfall can undo for her or for society the damage that has been wrought. Some constructive preventive measures should be undertaken as well. First among these per- haps should be the guarantee to every immigrant girl of a safe arrival at her destination, even if it can be done only by making inland cities like Chicago ports of arrival for immigrants just as they are ports of entry for imported merchandise.

IS Chicago's Railroad Stations.

Any woman can understand the nervous apprehension which the immigrant girl must feel as she comes into one of Chicago's bewildering railroad stations, but very few realize how well grounded her fears are. Friends and relatives of those who come find it impossible to meet them because immigrant trains are sidetracked for all other kinds of traffic so that no one can determine just when they will reach Chicago. Most of the immi- grants arrive either at the Polk street or Grand Central Stations and numerous visits have been made to these depots by repre- sentatives of the League. When on one occasion I attempted to meet an immigrant train that was to come on the Erie Rail- road at the Polk Street Station I understood better the stories the girls tell us. This train was due at 7:30 in the morning, but arrived shortly after four in the afternoon and I had to make three trips to the station, although I telephoned each time before starting.

Several hundred immigrants got ofif the train. Many of them were very young and one felt their disappointment as they peered eagerly and anxiously about for the father or sister or friend they expected to see. Those who were going north or west came out the main gate already ticketed by a representa- tive of the Parmelee Company and were transferred without any confusion just as other travelers are. But those who were to remain in Chicago were directed into a small immigrant waiting room, which opens on Federal street. Here they were hastily sorted into groups and then pushed out the door into the midst of ten or twelve expressm.en, who were crowding and pushing and quarreling over the division of spoils. In a short time the struggle was over and they had all been loaded into the waiting wagons. By this time it was almost dark and I watched them drive away wnth many misgivings. For I remembered our little Irish girl who started on a wagon with a group of other immi- grants for the south side. After going some distance the ex- pressman discovered she had a north side address, so charging her four dollars, he put her off the wagon and left her without any suggestion as to what she should do. And then too I re- membered the Polish girl of seventeen who was taken at three o'clock in the morning to the place where her sister was sup- posed to live. But the address was incorrect and the woman who lived there angrily refused to let her sta}'- until morning. The girl had no money and wept disconsolately, when the express- man told her "nobody could find her sister if nobody knew her 16 address and that he wasn't going to take her back for nothing." The saloon keeper next door finally offered her a refuge and she lived with his family behind the saloon three days before her sister, who was making daily trips to the depot, was found.

The station master and police officers at the Grand Central Station feel a certain responsibility for the immigrants who come in at that station and have been eager to help us in our work. They require the expressman to bring back to the depot all those whose friends or relatives are not found and from there they are referred to the League. Not long ago a twelve year old German boy was brought to the office in this way. The police- man assured him that we would take good care of him, but he found it very hard to be brave when he faced the fact that he was hungry and without money and that his big brother who had sent him his ticket and was going to look out for him could not be found. While the boy was being cared for a visitor for the League started out on the trail of the brother. He was found before night, although he had moved three times since he left the address in Oak Park which his little brother had brought. The steamship agent had promised to notify him when the boy would arrive and he had carefully kept the agent in- formed of the changes in his address.

Sometimes the grocery stores, saloons, steamship agents and other neighborhood sources of information fail us. Not long ago a girl was brought to the office who had arrived in the city on Sunday afternoon and because her friends could not be found had been taken to the Annex of the Harrison Street Police Station and so had received her first initiation into Chi- cago life. She had the name and address of the girl friend who lived in Chicago and had promised to get her work, written in the front of her prayer-book and could not understand its incor- rectness. She tearfully insisted on accompan3ang the visitor on the search for her friend and grew more discouraged as one clue after another was tried and failed. Finally the girl said that her friend worked in a bed spring factory. Starting out on this the visitor found her in the third bed spring factory they visited. The friend explained that her address was not as the praver- book showed, no Canal Street, but iito Canal Street. If the United States Immigration Department would estab- lish a protective bureau under the Department of Information and Distribution this situation might be greatly improved. It is true that the railroad companies could by agreement put the business of delivering immigrants on the same responsible and 17 efficient basis that the transfer business now is. But more than this is needed. There should be a central place in Chicago to which those who are expecting friends or relatives from Europe might go and learn whether they had come and to whom they had been released.

Girls We Ha-vc Been Unable to Locate.

During the year and a half since the League began its work, we have received from the various ports the names of 734 wom- en and girls who gave as their Chicago addresses, streets and numbers so incorrect that it was useless even to attempt to find the girls, while 1,203 other girls whose addresses were appar- ently possible we were unable to locate. Two hundred and thirty-one of these 1,203 we found some trace of—the neighbors knew the people, they were expecting a sister or a cousin, but they had "moved away to i8th street or the town of Lake." Of the 972 others nothing so definite as this could be learned. In 66 cases we found that the person named on the manifest as the one to whom the girl was destined lived at the address given, but knew nothing at all about the girl and said no immi- grant had come to that address. In each of the cases the people seemed quite baffled by the use of their names and inquiry among the neighbors showed that the people were well known and that no one had heard of any Polish, Bohemian or Irish girl, as the case might be, coming to that neighborhood. The conclusion reached in all these cases was that there had been a fraudulent use of the names of these people.

Sometimes these facts are almost reversed. One girl of 19 years old was coming, she said, to a brother-in-law on North avenue. When a visitor for the League called at the number given, the woman who lived there told how an expressman had brought an immigrant girl to the house a few days previous, but as no one was expecting her, she suggested to the express- man that the "7" in the address the girl had looked like a "i" and he had better try that. So he had gone ofif with her saying he would try the suggestion made. But at this number there was a blacksmith shop and no one there could help with any information about the girl. An Irish girl 22 years old was com- ing to a sister on 51st street. Llere we learned that a girl had come looking for her sister, but the people who lived at the address the girl had knew nothing about the person she de- scribed. The girl was accompanied by a young man whom she said was a stranger to her, but was going to help her find her 18 sister, and they went off together. Three German girls, 15, 16 and 17 years old, gave an address on South Clark street. Here the visitor found a business house and learned that the man whose name had been given had formerly been a member of the firm, but had been dead ten years and that no one knew any- thing about the girls. A Polish girl gave an address on Ashland avenue. This proved to be a saloon and although we often find that the foreigner whose place of residence is uncertain uses the saloon as his permanent address and is well known to the pro- prietor, no one here knew anything about the girl or the man to whom she was coming. In this case the saloon keeper could not remember anything about this particular girl as he said that the expressman often left a load of them at his saloon and some- one always finally called for them. A good many give the ad- dresses of neighborhood steamship agents. This is especially true of the Italians for whom the agent often serves as a banker, notary public, and official letter writer. Very often these agents assist us in locating the girl, but in forty-two cases they did not know anything about the person whose name was given and said the girl's ticket had not been purchased from them. A Polish girl sixteen years old was coming to relatives on Ada street. When a visit was made at the address given we found that the girl had not arrived. From the Commissioner at Ellis Island we learned that she had started on one of two im- migrant trains that had reached Chicago on the B. & O. on De- cember I2th. The station master had addresses at which three of the girls whose relatives had not called for them on that day had been left, but no one of them proved to be the girl for whom we were looking. Notices were inserted in the two Polish dailies, but we have not yet found the girl and her anxious rela- tives are wanting to know what we are going to do about it. And that is what we are still asking the federal authorities. Out of 1,935 girls or to include our February figures, which would bring this report down to date, out of more than 2,000 girls that the League has been unable to locate, a very large number are undoubtedly safely living with their friends, but from many cases that have come to our attention, we are convinced that Chicago may well be alarmed at the number of these immigrant girls who are lost every year.

The girls ivhnui ive succeeded in locating zverc as follozvs: (Classification is based on language.)

Poles (from Germany. Austria and Russia) 2,013 Russian, Roumanian, Austrian and German Jews 682 English speaking immigrants : Irish—343. English—37. Scotch—7 387 19 German: German Empire— 119. Austria—223. Russia—28 370 Lithuanian 295 Slovak 294 Bohemian 279 Italian 191 Hunsiarians 69 Croatian 48 Austrians, not classified elsewhere 75 Russians 27 Greek 14 Other Nationalities 18

Total 4,762

Of the immigrant girls in Chicago, the English speaking ones meet fewer difficulties and embarrassments than those to whom the language is a serious barrier. The German and Scan- dinavian girls are also well situated. This is probably due to the fact that immigration from northern Europe is older than immigration from eastern Europe. The girls, as a result, usu- ally come to friends who are already well established and able to help them in finding work and becoming adjusted to their new surroundings. Very few of them are in debt when they arrive and they do not have to send money back home for the support of the other members of the family or to enable a younger brother or sister to come to America. The Irish, Swedish and German girl is well known to all of us, so I shall not undertake any discussion of the facts we have accumulated in regard to these girls, but I do want to say before passing to those who belong to the newer immigration from eastern and southern Europe that because these girls come to better material condi- tions we have no reason to believe they do not find any tempta- tions and pitfalls in Chicago.

By far the largest number of girls and women who have come since the League began its work have been Poles from Russia, Austria or Germany. Most of them were very young girls. Out of 2,013 located, 1,107 were between the ages of 16 and 20, and 751 between 20 and 30. Only 81 had parents in this country and 626 came to cousins or friends. Sometimes these friends have never known the girls at all. When they were discussing coming to America someone in the village suggested that they could stay when they first arrived with a brother, cousin or friend of the speaker who was living in Chi- cago. In such cases, and often too when the girls have come to an imcle or aunt, after they get their first job and find a place to board, all feeling of responsibility on the part of the rela- tives or friends is ended. As a result we have had young girls 20 of 17 or 18 who were in most serious trouble and had absolutely no friend or relative in Chicago to go to for help.

A large number of the Polish girls come to relatives and friends who are intelligent, kind, fairly prosperous and eager to make the girl's Americanization take the best possible course. Others come to conditions that are extremely dangerous. For example, a girl of 17 or 18 comes to some man who is her brother or her cousin. He lives in a three or four room flat with a group of ten or twelve men, and because he is ignorant or careless of the danger to the girl he brings her to live with this group of men. The girl anticipates no danger, but knowing that her whole mode of life is to undergo a great change in America we are fearful that some of the safeguards on which she relies will fail her. For this reason we have usually tried to induce a girl so situated to change from scrubbing in a restaurant on State street to scrubbing in the Presbyterian hospital where she would also live. This is, however, a very lonesome performance for the girl. She hates to leave the Polish district, where she has many friends, to do work where she sees and hears strange things and eats stranger food. As a result we have not been able to persuade many to move, because we had no alternative to offer. What we need are boarding clubs for Polish girls similar to those which are maintained for other working girls. They should be near the Polish districts and should be so con- ducted as not to require the girl to abandon all at once her old habits of life.

The Polish girls make a very sudden change in their mode of life when they come to America. More than one-half of those visited did farm work at home, one-eighth were servants, while some had followed one of the sewing trades, and a few were clerks, factory workers and teachers. In Chicago about one- fifth of them work in hotels, restaurants or hospitals, scrubbing or washing dishes from 10 to 15 hours a day and receive from four to six dollars a week and two meals a day in payment. One hundred and eleven were at work in the Stock Yards when they were visited by the League's representative and practically all of the others who came to that neighborhood expected to get work there in a short time. One hundred and ten found employ- ment as servants, eighty-one were at work in laundries, sixty- seven in tobacco factories, while the remainder were in almost every kind of heavy factory work done in Chicago. From these figures it is evident that the Polish girls Avho come to America are doing the hard, ugly work at which the hours are long and 21 the pay poor. That they suffer more in their first experience as wage earners than the average American girl, there can be little doubt. Because they are large, strong girls there is a popular belief that they can do work under which others would give way. But the belief is based on ignorance of what it costs the Polish girl to do this work. The outdoor life which she has led at home has been no preparation for the dull monotony of 12 hours at dishwashing in a sub-basement kitchen in the loop dis- trict. Often indebted to some friend or relative who paid for her passage to America, the girl feels she has staked everything on the success of her w^ork in Chicago. So she begins under a nervous pressure which is intensified by the general bewilder- ment any girl feels who is experiencing life in a city and as part of a great industry for the first time.

During the past month our visitors have been going to see the girls who have been here a year or more. These are common experiences. One girl 18 years old, says she has worked in the Stock Yards since she came, earning from $6 to $10 a week. She is living with a brother and has saved enough money to send for a younger sister. She has learned very little English, but her living conditions have improved. She is well and happy and promises once more that she will go to the night school at the University of Chicago Settlement. Another 19 year old girl found her first job in a restaurant washing dishes. Here she worked 14 hours a day for S4 a week. This job she kept for five months when she secured a place where she works eleven hours a day and is paid $5 a week. Her living conditions have not improved. She has had no time to attend night school and does not think she will ever be able to learn English. Hers is a very common case. The girls of all nationalities, when first visited, expect to learn English as a matter of course and are glad to be told of night schools in the neighborhood. But a year of work for 12 or 14 hours a day has often killed their ambi- tion. "I can't do it—I'm too tired when I get home," or "I get home too late, classes begin at 7 or 7:30," and "No one talks English at the factory. T don't believe I'll ever learn," are the usual explanations.

More important than giving no time for night school, the long hours of work leave no leisure for recreation of any sort. At home the girls have been accustomed to out of door dances and sports. In Chicago, when Saturday night comes, the de- mand for some sort of excitement after a hard and uneventful week has become too strong to be ignored. But the danger is 22 that because of her physical and nervous exhaustion and her demand for acute sense stimulation the girl will become an easy- victim for the unscrupulous. The neighboring saloon keeper, alert to the business side of her needs and demands, is con- stantly seeking to attract her to the dance hall, which he con- ducts in the rear of his saloon. At its best such a dance adds to the nervous demoralization which began with the girl's over fatigue. At its worst it leaves her disgraced and ruined. An extension of Chicago's admirable system of public parks and playgrounds is not enough to meet this situation. The girls must first be given sufficient leisure to enable them to enjoy the wholesome recreation and opportunities for self advancement which the city is offering them. In other words, when the pres- ent ten hour law is sustained the next step must be taken and the girlhood of those who work in restaurants and in the Stock yards, as well as those who work "in factories, laundries and mechanical establishments" must be protected by the state.

Of the Jewish women and girls who came during the past year and a half, 613 were Russian. Most of them were unmar- ried and under 25 years of age. Four hundred and twelve had followed one of the sewing trades at home and in Chicago the great majority are also employed at tailoring or dressmaking. Whatever their industrial experience in Russia may have been, the Jewish girls have never known the large, crowded work- shop and the pace which piece work always demands. Their wages range from $1 to $10 a week, but the usual pay is $4 or $4.50. Probably 90 per cent of them come on prepaid tick- ets and they all expect to repay this loan and be able soon to send for some relative or friend.

The Jewish girl comes expecting to make America her per- manent home and she is therefore eager to learn English and become Americanized. More than any others they attend night school and in a year they have made great progress. With them the danger is that they will suffer from a too rapid Americani- zation. Under the guidance of Miss Paradise, whose employment has been made possible by the generous co-operation of the Council of Jewish Women, a club for the immigrant girls, named by themselves the American Welcome Club, has been meeting ever)^ week at the Chicago Hebrew Institute. The club has furnished its girls social diversion, has brought them into touch with night schools, and through an exchange of experiences some have secured better work. 23 There are no boarding houses among these people, but ahuost every family, no matter how small their little flat may be, has at least two or three boarders. This leads to serious over- crowding, which is dangerous to the immigrant girl. Some of them know this and are anxious to move, but do not want to leave the west side, where they have entered classes at Hull House, the Hebrew Institute or the Maxwell Street Settlement.

I am very glad to say, however, that a number of Jewish women have undertaken to meet this need and a boarding club for Jew- ish girls will soon be opened on the west side.

The Lithuanian girl confronts much the same problem in Chicago as the Polish. The League has visited 295 girls from that part of Russia, 107 of whom were from 16 to 20- years old, and 156 from 20 to 30. Like the Polish girls, more than one- half of the Lithuanians have done farm work at home and in Chicago they too find employment principalh^ in the Stock Yards, restaurants, and hotels of the city. In the homes to which the}^ come serious congestion is often found and a single young girl occasionally lives alone with a group of men. It is well perhaps to remember that conditions which apparently seem dangerous do not prove to be so and occasionally we have thought a girl would be well taken care of only to find later that the reverse was true.

One fifteen year old Lithuanian girl was brought to this country by her aunt. She was full of hope and ambition because her aunt had promised her that she should go to school in America. She found, however, that this aunt lived in the back of a saloon in one of the city's ugliest neighborhoods, and after one night of special terror she ran away. A Lithuanian woman, touched by the simple virtue of the child and appreciating her danger, took her in and refused to surrender her to her aunt. The League found the girl work in a nice family where she seemed quite contented. But her disappointments had not made her forget her purpose in leaving home. With thirty dollars saved she left her place and entered the first grade of a neigh- boring public school, determined to have thirty dollars worth of education at least. Her money was soon exhausted, but the Consumers' League gave her a ten v.'eeks' scholarship and we found her a place to work for her board. So she is now attend- ing school and fulfilling her girlish ambition in coming to America. In addition to the Poles, there are Bohemians, Slovaks, Croatians, Hungarians, Ruthenians, and a half a dozen other 24 groups whose language and customs differ somewhat, coming from Austria-Hungary to Chicago every year. During the time that we have been visiting the girls, the largest number of these have been Slovaks. Most of them join the great Slavic colony which has its center at Blue Island Avenue and i8th street, and is dominated by the Bohemians. Of the 294 Slovak girls located last year over one-half had done housework at home and only one- sixth farm work. In Chicago about one-half still do housework and the others find employment at tailoring, in the stockyards, restaurants, laundries, and factories. Of the 294 girls, 23 must contribute regularly to the support of their parents at home and 45 had to pay the person who advanced the money for their passage.

Two hundred and seventy-nine of the Bohemian girls who came to Chicago last year were located by our Bohemian visitor. Of these 173 were under twenty. With them, as with the other nationalities, most of the women who came are young ambitious girls, who expect to make their way for themselves in what is still to them the New World. One-half of them, as of the Slo- vaks, said they had been servants in the old country, 26 had fol- lowed one of the sewing trades, while only 19 had done farm work. In the United States more of the Bohemians do house- work than any other one occupation, but the number is smaller than at home. Most of the others follow some one of the sewing trades, a very few work in hotels, restaurants and in the stock- yards. Twenty-five of them must contribute to the support of someone in Bohemia and 26 had to pay for their passage from their savings after they secured work in America. The Bohemian or Slovak girls who have worked in English-speaking families are, of course, more Americanized than those who have lived among their own people and worked in a factory. Still the im- migrant girl in the latter situation is usually safer than in the former. A too rapid Americanization is dangerous, and the girl who leaves her own people and eats strange American food, learns a nev/ language, and modifies her old country clothes and man- ners, often wrongly concludes that all her old world ideals are to be abandoned and that in America she is to live under a very different moral code from the one her mother taught her.

Another group of girls who have been visited during the past year is the Italian. They are, of course, quite different from the Slavic women. One of the things one notices first is the greater diversity in age ; more of them are married women with children, or daughters who are coming to join their fathers 25 instead of girls who expect, with the temporary assistance of some relative or friend, to become independent and self-sup- porting. Only 86 of the 191 Italian women and girls were found to be at work. The work they prefer is tailoring—home finishing—because their husbands or fathers object to their go- ing away from home to work. A few were found picking and cracking nuts at home, while some were permitted to work in factories. In Italy more than one-half of the Italian women had not been, what the census would call "gainfully employed," but 24 of them had done farm work, a few had been servants, dressmakers, and stone or wood-carriers. The Italian woman is always accompanied by some male relative and she usually has more money than the other women who come. ?\Iost of them are from Southern Italy and are illiterate. In Chicago they are not allowed to attend night school because the Italian does not want his daughter to go out unchaperoned. The League's vis- itors are usually cordially received by the Italian women, but they seldom come to the office for any sort of help. The men come on various missions, but the women practically not at all.

All the girls visited were advised about the neighborhood night schools and settlements, and many of them were taken by the visitors to these places. For eighty-five of them work was secured. For many their relatives and friends were located. Baggage containing the precious feather-beds and clothes w^hich the girls mourned as lost has been traced and found by the League. Sometimes a visit to a depot here has done this, some- times several letters to New York have been necessary and in two instances where the baggage had really never started it was only through the help of the secretaries at Hamburg and Rotter- dam of the International Society for the Protection of Young Women that we were successful. For the past year an employment agency for women and girls has been maintained by the Eleanor Association, the Ju- venile Protective Association, and the League for the Protec- tion of Immigrants. So far as the League was concerned this was done in the hope that the agency would make a special effort to find work for the girls in places where there is a chance for advancement and where English is the language of the shop, and the conditions generally such that at the end of her first year's industrial experience the girl would be better off in every way than when she began. In addition to this it was hoped that the agency would make some study of the field of employment for immigrant women and the trade training neces- 26 :

sary for the more desirable openings. As equipped the agency found it impossible to do all of this and it has been abandoned with the feeling on the part of those of us who are in contact with the girls that there is a very valuable work to be done in this connection.

//. THE WORK WITH MEN.

The Employment Agency Situation.

In its investigation of the relation of the Chicago Employ- ment Agency and the Immigrant Worker the conclusion was reached that, forced to obtain work through the private employ- ment agent, the immigrant usually suffers in one of three ways (i) he is over-charged for the services rendered; (2) the work obtained is not as represented by the agent in character, per- fails to get the work or the manency or remuneration ; (3) he work lasts only a few days leaving him at an enormous distance from the city market. To remedy the first, the strengthening and consolidating of the three competing State Free Employment Agencies was advocated in the hope that they will be able to handle the "gang work'' which has been solely in the hands of the labor agents. As a result of its investigation and the pub- licity given its report the League was invited to meet with the Secretary of the State Bureau of Labor, the inspector of private agencies in Chicago and the Legislative Committee of the Em- ployment Agents Association of the city. At these conferences a bill was agreed upon which provided that contracts on which the immigrants are shipped out of Chicago to work on the rail- roads, in the lumber and ice camps and the harvest fields shall be in the language understood by the immigrant and shall con- tain a full statement of the rate of wages, kind and permanency of the work and the full name and address of the person author- izing his employment. This bill was passed at the last regular session of the Legislature and this spring for the first time the immigrant men will go out with a written agreement of a sort which will make the remedies for misrepresentation and fraud more available upon his return to Chicago. The League's bill providing for consolidating under one management the State Employment Agencies of Chicago was introduced into the House of Representatives by Mr. Hull, but failed to pass, perhaps because as some one remarked: "It is so obviously the sensible and business-like thing to do that no argument can be made in its behalf." It is certainly to be hoped that this will not per- manently prevent its passage.

27 Chicago is a great center for casual labor and the immigrant has in the past been able to secure these jobs in Chicago only through a private agent who was in the habit of over-charging him and dividing fees with contractors. No one thing is more bitterly complained of by Pole, Greek, Bulgarian and Italian than the treatment he receives at the hands of these agents in Chicago. The immigrants themselves are powerless to correct these evils. Last April when the agents were demanding $12 and $15 for jobs, we assisted the Bulgarians in arranging a pro- test meeting and trying to effect an organization which could deal directly with the railroad. About 1200 men crowded into Bowen Hall at Hull House. The organization was formed and almost the entire colony joined. They were able however to do little beyond making somewhat better terms with the agents than the other nationalities because of their refusal to ship out for a few weeks at a time when men were in demand. Most of these Bulgarians worked in Montana and Wyoming last sum- mer, and great numbers of them did not return to Chicago for the winter, but went to Portland and Seattle in the belief that the emplojmient agents are under better control in those cities.

I am very glad to sa^/ that Mr. Cruden, Chief Inspector of Agencies, has interested himself in this problem during the past winter, and has secured from certain railroads assurances that they would make it a condition in the contracts they make with the labor agents that the fees charged the men shall not be more than $2, and that all division of fees by the labor agents with their employees will be prohibited. It will not be easy, how- ever, for the railroads to see that these agreements are adhered to. The immigrant, because of his ignorance of English, and his necessity for immediate employment, is at no time more help- less than when he offers himself in the labor market and the honest employment agent finds him a great temptation and the unscrupulous one a great opportunity. For this reason the en- tire class of seasonal laborers should, as far as possible, be put out of all danger of such exploitation. This could be done if the state free employment agencies were so efficiently managed and so supported by public interest that the railroads and other large employers of casual labor would be willing to place their contracts with the state agencies exclusively. Labor Camps. With the employment of the men put on a sounder basis, the problem of the protection of the immigrant casual laborer would be no means solved. A little over a year ago we sent out 28 an investigator to verify the complaints which had come to the office of a certain commissary company which is given the priv- ilege of running the boarding camps by many of the railroads and construction companies. We found the men were very much over-charged for board, that they were paying $4 a week for food equal in quality and amount to what can be secured at the Pittsburg Joe restaurants in Chicago for ten cents a meal, and that there was the same over-charging for gloves, shirts, tobacco and other supplies. In June, 1909, we also investigated complaints which came to the office of unsanitary housing and brutal treatment on the part of the boss in one of the camps near Chicago. We found the camp situated in a swamp, the freight cars which were fitted up with bunks were ver)' much overcrowded, the cars filthy, and the entire camp without any provisions for the men to keep themselves clean or decent. Com- plaint was made of this condition, and this particular camp was abandoned.

Generally speaking these camps are most demoralizing to the men. The work is hard and the life lonely. The man is away from his family, and all normal, wholesome contact with society. At its best the effects upon the immigrant of this iso- lation and the seasonal character of the work might well be feared, but when to this is added dangerously unsanitary hous- ing conditions, petty graft and mistreatment, the friend of the immigrant may well become alarmed. The improvement of this situation is a matter of concern to the entire community, because these men make Chicago their headquarters in the winter and bring back with them, through no fault of their own, those diseases and vices which come with such living con- ditions. T\Toreover, after such experiences as man}- of these men suffer, they return to warn their friends that whatever the hard- ships of the city may be the country is infinitely worse, and it becomes increasingly difficult to reduce congestion by a wise distribution throughout the agricultural regions. Some study has been made of these camps as far west as Montana by a student in the Research Department of the School of Civics and Philanthropy, but the field has been by no means covered. To accomplish any real improvement in this situation a wider knowledge of the facts is necessary, and more than that, the League should be constantly in the field investigating com- plaints and calling the attention of railroad officials and the pub- lic generally to the need of a thorough reform of these camps.

29 Other IVork for hmuigrant Men and Boys.

The immigrant man who works in Chicago is also very often in need of the help of the League. Until they are able to speak some English, skilled and unskilled alike usually find work onlv with a rather dishonest class of employers, who resort to various devices to defraud their men out of their wage claims. Once in trouble the immigrant usually suffers at the hands of shvster lawyers who promise him the accomplishment of the impossible. For example, a young Italian was accused of mur- der. His mother, a widow, sold her little property and paid the lawyer who was to defend him $t,ooo. This attorney al- though he appeared at court, made, according to the judge and the prosecuting attorney, no attempt at defense. The woman's brother, who had lived for some years in the United States, but was at the time on a visit in Italy, came hurrying back to Chi- cago when he heard the boy had been convicted. He was eager to do anything to help his sister in her trouble, and proved an easy victim of a certain class of lawyers. He has paid re- tainers' fees to several men who had promised big things, and done nothing at all. The League secured a return of most of the money he advanced, but in the experiences of this Italian man, who is by no means stupid, we learned how helpless the immigrant is in the hands of these lawyers.

Men and boys as well as women and girls are also unable to find their relatives or friends in Chicago, and so are in need of assistance.

Men also come to the office for translation of papers they have been asked to sign, for assistance in tracing lost baggage and for help in determining wh}^ their families have been de- tained at Ellis Island and in securing the refund on prepaid tickets which were not used between Ellis Island and Chicago, because those who were to use them were denied admission at the ports. Last summer we were able to help a skilled Hun- garian mechanic who had escaped from what was virtually peonage in East Tennessee in bringing to Chicago his family and household goods which were held by the company. A good many men come asking for work. For some of these the League have been able to secure positions and the others have been directed to the state agencies and those maintained bv the various national or religious societies.

30 <; (t

///. CO-OPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS INTERESTED IN IMMIGRANT WORK.

Appreciating the value of an organization in which the re- cently naturalized and the American whose ancestors were im- migrants three hundred years ago, in which all nationalities and all religions could unite in the common purpose of preventing the exploitation of the last arrival and in helping him to become ad- justed to his new environment with the least possible loss to himself and the community, the various organizations who are doing any kind of work for immigrants in Chicago have been cordial in their co-operation with the League. No efifort has been made to do anything more than to explain the purposes of the League and seek to work in harmony with these organi- zations. Twenty-eight foreign societies have, however, formally affiliated themselves with the League and contribute financially to its support. The Council of Jewish Women has contributed one-half of the salary of a visitor and has been of great help in the work among the Jewish girls. The Polish National Alliance and the Women's Auxiliary to that organization are members of the League and have printed cards and leaflets in Polish, and looked after a number of families in need of special care and attention. Through the very efficient work of our Bohemian visitor, Mrs. Pavlik, twenty-one Bohemian lodges are members of our or- ganization and the Bohemian people generally have been friend- ly and helpful. The Auxiliary to the Chicago Hebrew Institute is also a member and contributor to this work. The Swedish National Association, the Norwegian National League, the Ger- man Society of Chicago, the Bnai Brith, Austro-Hungarian Benevolent Association and the Foreign Consuls have all helped during the past year in some part of the League's work. The editors of the Yiddish, Polish, Bohemian, Croation and Lithuanian papers in Chicago have also been interested in the work, and have helped in the location of relatives and friends of those v/e found stranded at the police or railway stations. With organizations at work on the immigrant problem outside of Chicago the League has also co-operated. There has been an exchange of services with the following societies in New York: The Council of Jewish Women, the Slavonic Im- migrant vSociety, the Labor Information Office for Italians, the Inter-Municipal Research League, and the Bohemian visitor at Ellis Island. In Baltimore with the Council of Jewish Women 31 and the Austrian Benevolent Society, while in Europe the Ezra Society, the International Society for the Protection of Young Women, and the Catholic International Association for the Pro- tection of Young Girls liave been of assistance to us.

IV. RELATION TO OTHER CIVIC AND SOCIAL OR- GANIZATIONS.

Among its other objects, the League has declared in its constitution that it aims "to apply the civic, social ana philan- thropic resources of the city to the needs of foreigners in Chi- cago." In pursuance of this policy, cases which were found in the thousands of visits to newly arrived foreigners by the rep- resentatives of the League were reported to the Department of Health, the Compulsory Education Department, the Factory Inspector, the Inspector of Employment Agencies, the United States Immigration Department, the State Employment Agen- cies, the Legal Aid Society, the Juvenile Protective Association, the Visiting Nurses Association, the LInited Charities, the Ba- bies Friend!}' Society, the Settlements of Chicago and to other philanthropic and civic organizations. To all of these and to the Consumer's League, the Women's Trade Union League, the station master and police officers at the Grend Central Railroad station, the matrons and officers at the various police stations of the city, the Traveller's Aid and to the Passavant and the St. Mary of Nazareth hospitals, and especially to the Home of the Friendless, the League is under special obligation for reporting cases to us and assisting us in caring for those under our pro- tection. V. PUBLICATIONS.

It is the policy of the League to undertake whenever oppor- tunity presents itself to make investigations of those problems which have special significance for any foreign group, so that practical aid may be more intelligently rendered and a more sympathetic understanding developed. Three studies have been published with this end in view. The first, already referred to, was on the "Chicago Employment Agency and the Immigrant Worker," and appeared in the Journal of Sociology. In co- operation with the School of Civics and Philanthropy a study of the "Bulgarians—A New Element in Chicago's Immigration Problem," appeared in the Survey, and another of the Greeks made on the basis of material supplied by Hull House was pub- lished in the Journal of Sociology. The results of the first have 32 already been spoken of. The last two have been of great value to the League because they brought us into direct and friendly connections with the people, studied and furnished intelligent means of approach to them and their problems.

VI. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE COMING YEAR.

1. Visiting Immigrant Girls.

To put this part of the work on a proper basis two more visitors are needed, a Polish woman to devote her entire time to the girls of the Polish district on the Northwest Side, and an- other to South Chicago. At the present time the four visitors employed are covering so much territory that it is impossible to visit the girls as soon after their arrival as is desirable, or to do the sort of intensive work that is needed in any district.

2. Work Among the Boys and Groups of Men.

Chicago has large groups of foreigners in which there are few or no women at all. This is especially true of the Bul- garians and the Greeks. A large number of very young Greek boys often live together or with a group of men. There is good reason to believe that these boys often suffer at the hands of the older men of the community. To form clubs and classes among these men and boys, to bring them into touch with the social and civic resources of the city, as well as to protect the younger and weaker members of the group, the employment of an able man and such interpreters as he needs from time to tim.e, is necessary.

5. The Casual Labor Problem.

This is perhaps the most important to Chicago. To se- cure a better system of employing seasonal laborers for gang work and better conditions in the labor camps, a wider knowledge of present conditions is needed, but after such an investigation as would give this knowledge, some one person is needed to follow up and investigate complaints. Mr. Mullen- bach, whose long experience in the Municipal Lodging House, has acquainted him with this problem, believes that no better work could be done by this League than to keep one man constantly in the field on this work.

4. Lectures for Immigrants. Many of the older immigrants will never learn English and with others it will be many years before they will understand 33 it easily. Most of them have Hved in the country, and here in Chicago they are having their first contact with the problems of city life. They need at once a knowledge of Chicago's water and milk; of its sanitary regulations, of the agencies that are organized for their exploitation, of naturalization and, those problems of municipal government in whose solution perhaps they as much as any one else are concerned. The consent of Mrs. Young to give such lectures in the schools situated in our foreign neighborhoods was asked last November and she ex- pressed her willingness to arrange for us to have the use of the buildings to give these lectures. The use of the settlements and parks could also be secured. But some expense for adver- tising, slides, and in some cases for the payment of the man who would give the lecture, would be necessary. Last November increased expenditure seemed unwise, so the plan was dropped, but I very much hope that this experiment can be tried during this coming year.

5. Special Investigations. Special investigations of some of the particular problems which confront the League in its work should be made every year. The relation of private bankers, steam ship agents and notaries public to our foreign colonies need special study. The possibility of maintaining night schools near some of the labor camps in Illinois is also something on which we have no in- formation. Studies of particular groups such as those made of the Bulgarian and Greek colonies are most valuable in our work. The men or women regularly employed by the League cannot make such investigations as these, and so to carry out its purpose of making these studies from time to time, some pro- vision should be made for the employment of additional work- ers for short periods of time.

6. Co-operation With Other Orgamisations.

The League has only just begun its work and is as yet not as widely known as it should be. It has seemed best to us in the past to let its connections with other organizations grow na- turally out of the work it has been doing, by following up every opportunity that came of co-operating with those who are doing any sort of social or civic work that touches the immigrant and his needs. Now that the work of the League is more definitely formulated it would seem wise to make some special effort to establish permanent relations with all these organizations. 34 /. Change in the Location of the Office. Ever since the work of the League has been really under way we have felt that an office building in the loop district was not the place for its headquarters. Last spring we tried to find a place near the Polk street or Grand Central stations where we could be housed on the first floor. Such a place though involved the payment of more rent and so the plan was given up tem- porarily. We still think this the best location, but owing to the fact that we still hope a Federal Protective Bureau will be opened in Chicago, and we would like if possible to be near this, we have no definite recommendation to make in this regard.

In closing this report, I am very glad to acknowledge that whatever of real value has been accomplished during the past year has been the result of the intelligent interest of the officers and executive committee of the League and the more than faith- ful service of its visitors. Respectfully submitted, Grace Abbott, Director.

35 iEvmBnvnB Export.

Statement from January i, 1909, to January i, 1910:

Receipts. Disbursements.

Balance, Jan. i, 1909..$ 185.27 Salaries $4,915.70 Contributions 6,335.25 Rent 390.00 Office expenses 251.59 $6,520.52 Printing 131-65 Eleanor Employment Agency 225.00

$5,913-94

Balance, Jan. i, 1910..$ 606.58

$6,520.52 Respectfully submitted, Charles L. Hutchinson, Treasurer.

36 :

iAtpcvt 0f tl}0 fogtalattu^ Qlnmmttt^^.

To the President and the Board of Trustees of the League for the Protection of Immigrants: The Committee on Leg-islation begs to report as follows The League took an active interest in the movement for strength- ening the law relating to the supervision of employment agencies in Illinois. It co-operated with the representatives of the Em- ployment Agents' Association, and with the State Officials in drawing up a bill to supersede the Act of 1903. This bill passed the legislature and received the Governor's signature on June 15, 1909. Under the old law the unscrupulous agent was comparative- ly safe. Inspection was inadequate, the definitions of "employ- ment agent" and "fees" were ambiguous, and the provisions in regard to receipts and contracts and the return of fees were in- sufficient to afford protection for the unsuspecting applicant for work. These defects have now been corrected. There is now a Chief Inspector of Employment Agencies, appointed by the Governor, who receives a salary of $3,600, and gives his entire time to the work, and may appoint one deputy inspector for every fifty licensed agents under his charge. Every man sent to work as a contract laborer outside of the city must be furnished a written statement in a language he can understand, of the name and address of the employer, nature of the work to be performed, wages offered, destination, terms of transportation and probable duration of the work. The registration fees for looking up references is $2.00; the other fees charged for work actually given are to be agreed upon in writing by the agent and the applicant for work. All fees and travelling expenses must be refunded if work of the character promised does not exist at the place to which the applicant is sent, and three-fifths of such fees if the work lasts less than a week. All claims against the agents are made assignable and may be enforced on the bond given by the agent. There are also better provisions for the hear- ing of complaints against the agents by the State Board of Labor Commissioners, giving the agents the right to appeal to the courts on a writ of certiorari when their licenses are denied or revoked.

37 Amendments and compromises were made by the different interests before the bill was introduced, so that it became a law without encountering any opposition.

An effort was made to consolidate the three free employ- ment offices established in Chicago under the Act of 1903. Three offices operating independently of each other, to a certain extent competing with each other, none of them controlling the entire situation in the city, cannot perform the function of public relief for unemployment to the best advantage.

A bill prepared under the auspices of the League provided for the establishment of one office in each city of 150,000 in- habitants or more, with power to establish branch offices con- ducted under the full control and responsibility of the main of- fice. The bill was introduced in the legislature by Representa- tive Hull, but was not reported out of the committee.

The fact that it proposed to displace existing officers was unfavorable to its progress. The correctness of the principle which it sought to carry out was conceded on all sides. Respectfully submitted, Ernst Freund, Chairman.

38 miikM S^port nf tlj^ (UttnUxmtt fflnmmttt^^.

To the President and the Board of Trustees:

Conferences between the visitors and members of the League are held each Thursday at two o'clock, at the office of the League. At these conferences the visitors report on the work of the preceeding week, and present the cases that need special attention. As a result employment has been found for some girls not quite fitted for the ordinary job open to the newly ar- rived immigrant. Many have been given special medical advice and a number who have been ill placed in hospitals to fit them to go back to their work. One young girl was removed from dangerous surroundings and a scholarship secured for her, as an education was her ambition. Slight Christmas cheer was pro- vided for several newly arrived immigrant girls who were in specially destitute surroundings. One friend of the League has supplied baby clothing for several young mothers unable to pro- vide for their babies. As a result of these conferences many other individual cases have been given special care.

The members of the League who have attended the con- ferences feel that they are a necessary part of the work as giving a most active interest in the work of the visitors and a keen realization of the necessity of this department of the work that the League is doing. Respectfully submitted,

Eliza V. Rumsey, Chairman.

39 MtmbtvB mtJi Olfltttrtbutorfi to tl|? ^m^m luring % f?ar 1909.*

Mrs. C. H. Adame $ 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Adams 6.00 Miss Edith Abbott 2.00 Miss Jane Addams (For Hull House) 100.00 Miss Elizabeth C. Ailing 2.00 Miss Katherine D. Arnold 2.00 Mr. Edward E. Ayer 25.00 Mrs. C. T. Atkinson 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Bailey 14.00 Mrs. Alfred L. Baker 200.00 Mrs. Henry Bartholomay 27.00 Mrs. S. E. Barrett 25.00 Miss Barrett 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. Frederic C. Bartlett 4.00 Mr. Cyrus Bentley 180.00 Mrs. William H. Benton 5.00 Miss Kate S. Benton 2.00 Mrs. Emmons Blaine 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. Tiffany Blake 75-00 Mr. and Mrs. John M. Blakeley ig.oo Miss Frances M. Blatchford 2.00 Dr. David Blaustein 7.00 Miss Rose L. Block 2.00 Miss Slavka Bohac 2.00 Mrs. William Borden 50.00 Mr. John Borden 25.00 Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen 500.00 Mrs. Hannah D. Boyles 10.00 Mrs. M. S. Bradley 2.00 Mr. Albert Brazda 2.00 Miss S. P. Breckinridge 102.00 Mr. and Mrs. Mason Bross 9.00 Mr. and Mrs. John Buckingham 400 Miss Ethel Buckingham 2.00 Miss Ruth M. Burley 5.00 Mr. Edward B. Burling 2.00 Mrs. Hermon B. Butler to.oo Mrs. W. E. Casseberry 10.00 Miss Louisa Chapin 2.00 Mr. S. B. Chapin 50.00 Mrs. John A. Chapman 7.00 Mr. and Mrs. George O. Clinch 400 Mrs. Anna J. Comstock 700 Mrs. Ambrose Cramer 4.00 Mr. Charles R. Crane 100.00 *Mrs. John Crearar 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Dauchy 1,100.00

tThis list of members and contributors forms the report of the_ Finance Committee (Mrs. Samuel Dauchy, Chairman), and the Membership Com- mittee (Mrs. Tiffany Blake, Chairman). 40 Miss Beatrix Dauchy 2.00 Mrs. Ella M. Daughady 2.00 Miss Alice Denise 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. Francis R. Dickinson 400 Mrs. William R. Dickinson 2.00 Mrs. L. B. Doud 12.00 Mr. J. E. Downs 2.00 Mrs. Tracy C. Drake 2.00 Mrs. Arthur DuBois 100.00 Mrs. W. F. Dummer 100.00 Miss Marie Faith i.oo Mr. Joe Falvo 2.00 Mrs. Arthur Farwell 1500 Mrs. Francis C. Farwell 1300 Miss Farwell 2.00 Mrs. John V. Farwell, Jr 10.00 Mrs. C. Fiala 2.00 Mr. Ernst Freund 20.00 *Dr. and Mrs. E. J. Gardiner 500 Mr. E. T. Gindlach 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Greeley 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. R. B. Gregory 400 Mrs. Thomas Grover 2.00 *Mr. and Mrs. Ernest A. Hamill 100.00 Mr. Charles H. Hamill 10.00 General and Mrs. Hardin 500 Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. Harding 390.00 Mr. Samuel N. Harper 2.00 Mr. Joseph Harris 250.00 Mr. and Mrs. Max Hart 50.00 Mr. and Mrs. Harry Hart 50.00 Miss Ethel C. Hately 2.00 Miss Margaret M. Hately 2.00 Miss Hazeh 100 Miss Elizabeth Head 500 Dr. L. Hektoen 2.00 Miss M. E. Hemple 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. William Gold Hibbard 400 Miss M. R. Hlina 2.00 Miss Ethel Hooper 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Houghteling 25.00 Mrs. F. J. Howe 2.00 Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson 2.00 Mrs. H 10.00 Mr. and Mrs. G. H. Ingalls 4-00 Mrs. R. N. Isham 10.00 Mrs. Ralph Isham 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. John A. Jameson 400 Dr. and Mrs. F. S. Johnson 4-00 Miss Julia L. Keith 500 Mrs. William R. Kelley 700 Mr. William Kent 25.00 Mrs. H. H. Kohlsaat 500 Rev. V. Kralicek 2.00 Mrs. Walter Cranston Lamed 500 Miss Julia C. Lathrop 10.00 Mrs. Rhoda A. Leach 2.00 Mr. T. J. Lefens 500 Mr. Frank E. Lord 2.00

41 Miss Mary W. Lord a.oo Mrs. George C. Lytton 35oo Judge Julian W. Mack 20.00 Mr. George H. Mead S400 Mr. E. F. Meyer 50.00 Mr. H. L. Miller 7.00 Miss Nan Moshek 2.00 Mrs. Rudolph Matz 2.00 Mrs. Harold F. McCormick 20.00 Miss Mary E. McDowell 2.00 Mrs. Murry Nelson, Jr 2.00 Mr. Horace S. Oakley 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin E. Page 4.00 Miss Elizabeth C. Parsons 2.00 Mrs. Hugh T. Patrick 10.00 Mrs. Bozena Pavlik 2.00 Mrs. G. S. Payson 10.00 Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Peasley 29.00 Mr. and Mrs. H. F. Perkins 4.00 Mrs. Howard E. Perry 50.00 Mr. R. D. Pope 2.00 Mrs. H. H. Porter 250.00 Mrs. Raymond Robins 50.00 Mr. and Mrs. Julius Rosenwald 500.00 Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. Rumsey 4.00 Miss E. S. Rumsey .50 Miss E. V. Rumsey lO.oo Mr. Henry H. Rumsey, Jr 2.00 Miss E. D. Rumsey 2.00 Mrs. Martin A. Ryerson 25.00 Mr. Guido Sabetta 2.00 Mrs. W. M. Salisbury 25.00 Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Scott 20.00 Mr. Ferdinand Schvill 2.00 Mr. A. W. Sears 250.00 Mr. W. F. Severa 500 Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Sellers 4-00 Mr. A. A. Stagg 2.00 Mrs. Mason B. Starring 2.00 Mrs. Richmond Stephens 10.00 Mr. and Mrs. Frank Sturges 5.00 Mr. W. G. Sturges 2.00 Miss Kate B. Sturges 500 Mrs. N. H. Skinner 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. Byron L. Smith 25.00 Mrs. Hannah G. Solomon 5.00 Mr. Edward A. Steiner 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. William R. Sterling 10.00 Mr. Horace K. Tenney 4-00 Mrs. Anna Wilmarth Thompson lo.oo Mr. and Mrs. W. I. Thomas 400 Mr. and Mrs. Russell Tyson 500 Mr. A. G. Van Schaick 2.00 Miss Van Schaick 2.00 Mrs. Harrington Van Schaick 2.00 Mr. Charles J. Vopicka 2.00 Mrs. C. M. Walker 2.00 2.00 Mrs. J. M. Walker Mr. and Mrs. James R. Walker 7-00

42 Mrs. Coonley Ward 12.00 Mr. George H. Weaver 3.00 Dr. and Mrs. J. Clarence Webster 30.00 Mrs. Frederick T. West 50.00 Mrs. Arthur D. Wheeler 2.00 Miss Cornelia B. Williams 5.00 Mrs. H. M. Wilmarth 100.00 Miss Martha Wilson 4.00 Miss Grace Witherspoon 2.00 Mr. John H. Wrenn 25.00 Miss Edith Wyatt 5.00 Mr. Sigmund Zeisler 2.00 Miss Emily Zezula 2.00 Mr. Jaroslav Zmrhal 2.00

$5,854-50 ASSOCIATIONS.

Auxiliary to the Chicago Hebrew Institute $ 25.00 Council of Jewish Women 300.00 Chicago Woman's Club 5-00 Philanthrophy Department, Chicago Woman's Club 500 Reform Department, Chicago Woman's Club 500 Irving Park Woman's Club 10.00 The Society for Ethical Culture 25.00 Woman's Auxiliary of the Polish National Alliance 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 26 i.oo Bohemian Women's Union, No. 102..., 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 8 5-00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 122 i.oo Bohemian Women's Union, No. 188 i.oo Bohemian Women's Union, No. 105 5-00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 74 500 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 17 5-00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 7 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 19 5-00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. loi S-OO Bohemian Women's Union, No. 79 5-00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 71 S-OO Bohemian Women's Union 5-00 Sisters' Benevolent Union, No. 13 300 Sisters' Benevolent Union, No. 54 i-OO Sisters' Benevolent Union, No. 33 5-00 Sisters' Benevolent Union, No. 53 2.00 Sisters' Benevolent Union No. 9 2.00 Bohemian Slavonic Benevolent Society 5-00 Bohemian Slavonic Benevolent Society, No. 48 2.00 Bohemian Slavonic Society 5-00 Ladies Auxiliary Pilsen Gymnasium Association 500

$ 462.00 *Contributors but not members.

43 gHiVMli^U& tf^,»H'^'^^'*' Immigrant Mother with Children in the League's Waiting Room. 7 ttwmvH

(J^orm^rlg E^ajju^ for tlj? Prot^rtton of SImmtgranta)

ANNUAL REPORT 1910-1911

743 PLYMOUTH COURT CHICAGO, ILL. 1

Soarb of mnBttta

ELECTED FOR THE YEARS 1909-1910

Judge Julian W. Mack Miss Mary E. McDowell Prof. George H. Mead Miss E. V. Rumsey Mrs. Tiffany Blake Guido Sabetta Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen Mrs. Henry Solomon Charles F. Harding Miss Edith Wyatt

ELECTED FOR THE YEARS 10- 1 909- 1 9 1 91

Miss Jane Addams J. J. Sonsteby Mrs. Samuel Dauchy Prof. A. E. Steiner Dr. Emil G. Hirsch Mrs. Wm. L Thomas Philip N. Ksycki Dr. C. Volini

Julius Rosenwald C. J. Vopicka

ELECTED FOR THE YEARS 1910-1911-1912

Cyrus L. Bentley Dr. Ludwig Hektoen Dr. David Blaustein Chas. L. Hutchinson E. P. Bailey Miss Julia C. Lathrop Mrs. Joseph Fish Prof. Ernst Freund E. M. Skinner A. A. McCormick

ELECTED FOR THE YEARS 1911-1912-1913

Judge Julian W. Mack Miss Mary E. McDowell Prof. George H. Mead Miss E. V. Rumsey Mrs. Tiffany Blake Alfred L. Baker Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen Mrs. Henry Solomon Charles F. Harding Miss Edith Wyatt OFFICERS igio-igii

Judge Julian W. Mack President Prof. George H. Mead First Vice President Miss Jane Addams Second Vice President Chas. L. Hutchinson Treasurer

Miss S. P. Breckinridge • Secretary

OFFICERS igii-1912

Alexander A. McCormick President Prof. George H. Mead First Vice President Miss Jane Addams Second Vice President Chas. L. Hutchinson Treasurer

Miss S. P. Breckinridge Secretary

MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

]\Iiss E. V. RuMSEY Mrs. Samuel Dauchy Charles F. Harding Prof. Ernst Freund Mrs. Tiffany Blake Julius Rosenwald

Director Miss Grace Abbott Jpr^at&rat'a Kihv^BB

There is very little to be added by me after the comprehensive report by Miss Abbott, yet I can not sever my active connection with this organization without attempting to express, at least in a few words, the very deep interest that I have always felt and always shall feel for this work. It is only natural, in my case, that there should be this interest, because on my father's side I am the son of an immigrant, and on my mother's side the grandson of an immigrant. And, moreover, I_ believe in a religion, many of whose followers have come here as immigrants to escape the terrible and outrageous oppression that they have been compelled, and are still compelled to undergo in the countries of Europe, because of their religious beliefs. And perhaps it is for this reason that the thing which has touched me most in this work, and that in part has caused my interest in it to be deeper, heartier, than in any other public work in which I have engaged, is the fact that most of the people who are in this work and the people who inaugurated it, Mrs. Blake, Mrs. Raymond Robins, Miss Breckinridge and Miss Addams, Miss McDowell, Mrs. Dauchy, Miss Abbott, Mr. Mead, are unlike me not the children nor the grandchildren, but the descendents after many generations, of immigrants ; those who at first blush one would think would not have that same deep sympathy and feeling for the newcomer that one with my inheritance and training might be ex- pected to have. The fact that their interest has been and is so gen- uine, that it is unsurpassed by that of any one in the community, makes one feel proud of this American nation and the men and women that form a part of it because they really represent the true and genuine American spirit that is not represented by the "Know-nothing" element so prevalent in New England today. To work with fellow Americans of that stamp is a privilege and a joy, and I am grateful to them, grateful to you, for the opportunity that you have given me to help with them in the solution of some of the problems that confront our people. The specific work before us was outlined, in fact, more than outlined by Miss Abbott last year and this year, and we are going ahead now with the co-operation of more forces than we have ever had before. The Y. M. C. A. national body is active. There is no jealousy, no rivalry between us, we are all going to work together. The Commercial Club Committee is in constant consultation, in fact, in a large measure guided by Miss Abbott's advice, and the

^Delivered at the Annual Meeting and Dinner of the League, February 23, 1911. 4 very fact that we can get such men as the business leaders of the communit}' really interested in this work that primarily is for the benefit of the lowly, although in a broad sense is, of course, for our own benefit and the betterment of our children, wall mean much in the successful carrying out of our plans. And then the Union League Club program emphasizing rightly what the Union League

Club has always stood for, patriotism ; emphasizing rightly, in that great meeting of yesterday, and in the many other meetings that are going to be held, what American citizenship means, and the obligations that go with the privileges of the American voter, but not forgetting to give them the knowledge of those things which the immigrant needs for his own protection from the very start, and which, if he gets, wnll make him, without formal lessons, a patriotic American, and which, if denied him, will, with a good deal of justice, make him, perhaps, into an anarchist, at any rate, a man bitter, and justly bitter, toward his fellow men. I confess I have some lurking doubts of the possibility of teaching patriotism in any other way than in the commonsense way that Miss Abbott proposes. Of course, in connection with those things the example of our great leaders, Washington and Lincoln, must be held up to the immigrant, and the meaning of the privilege of the American franchise must be explained to him. "But he must be told what he can do to protect himself, and what we are doing in the nation, in the state, in the city, through our laws and through our institutions to enable him to get ahead.

We have not had much success, as yet, in the plan for the na- tional organization of these forces that are working in the different cities for the protection of the immigrant. I can not find the rea- son for the lack of success. It would seem to be a matter of course that working as we all are, unselfishly for the same end, that we should be able to get together, and I believe that during the next year we will be able to form a national federation of the organiza- tions in Boston, New York, Baltimore, Pittsburg, St. Louis and Chicago, and other cities, so that we can be a force, a much greater force, than we are today in the councils of the nation in Washing- ton. There is national need for the protection of the immigrants. The inmiigrants that are admitted in accordance with the laws of the country we are ready to receive. We recognize that when the United States admits them it must not admit them and let them find their own groping wa)-, but that, as Mr. Roosevelt said yester- day— (Mr. Roosevelt, I prefer to call him, because it takes away that military sting that Miss Addams does not like, nor I either) — every man neerls a helping hand. He does not want to be carried, 5 Init he wants to be helped some, and surely no one needs it more than these people, ignorant of our language and of our institutions, so many of them entirely without help and without friends in their first days in this country. And it would seem that there could be no difference of opinion on the obligation that each one of us has of extending this helping hand.

But in connection with immigration there is another problem, a problem as to which, perhaps, we here in this room are more or less divided, and that is the problem of how many of them and which of them shall we let in. That is going to be one of the serious problems before Congress next year. I think, and I speak only for myself, and not for any one else, that the Immigration Commission has come to some very unwise conclusions on this sub- ject. I think that in setting up an educational test they have set up a totally false test for the future inhabitants of this country. Education is desirable, highly desirable as a prerequisite to citizen- ship. A certain standard of education is needed and I would not object to it as a prerequisite to the voting privilege, for the native born as w^ell as for the immigrant, but as a test for admission to this country it would seem to be a totally false one because it is no indication of character. The statistics show that those people who have been denied the opportunity for education in their old homes, denied that public school privilege which is ours and our children's, yea, more than a privilege, a compulsory duty, that those people are most eager to comply with the compulsory education laws of this country, and to give to their children that which they were denied and the need of which they feel so much. We need the brawn of these people, as well as the brains. Then again, they talk of resorting to some physical test—the ability to pass such an examination as would admit a man into the American army, for- getting all the time the great thinkers, the poets, the artists and the musicians who can not stand that test, either the foreigner or the native born. The very idea of shutting out the man of high char- acter and high ideals because his ideals were so high that he is still poverty stricken and because, in addition to being poverty stricken he can not pass a test that would admit him into the Amer- ican army. But the cry is going to go out, it has gone out, and there is something more back of it. It is the fear on the part of many that competition is too great and that the workman may suf- fer, an honest fear and an honest purpose, and yet, to my mind, an extremely shortsighted one. And then, in addition to that fear there is the old spirit of Know-nothingism, the spirit that condemned the Irish and the German in the revolutionary times of 1848 ; that 6 same spirit is condemning the Italian and the Slav and the Russian Jew today, and those of us who work with these people and have studied them, know that there is no difference between them and the other nations ; know that they are equal. When I say no differ- ence, I do not mean that they are alike in every respect, but that one is just as good as the other, and that each brings elements neces- sary for the development of the civilization of this country. Per- haps I feel more deeply on this subject than some of you because I am a Jew. I do not want to see a people who are ready to cling to their religion rather than to save their lives and their property, barred out of this country, because I believe a people of that kind, whether they be the Russian Jews or Armenian Christians, bring to this country that which we need more than all material elements in prosperity, high ideals. This American nation has high ideals, but no nation can get too many men and women of principle, of character, willing to be martyrs, made of the stuff that martyrs are made of. And while I may be influenced b}- my own beliefs in this matter, I believe that I feel as I do because I am a thorough going American.

I am not going to sever my connection with this organization completely ; I hope in a few minutes to be re-elected as a trustee, and while Washington is to be my home, at least for the next year and possibly for six years, I belong to a court which, like all courts that sit in Washington, takes rather a long vacation in the summer time because Washington is not a good place to live in in the sum- mer, and it is my firm expectation that many, if not most of these summers are going to be spent in Chicago, and when I am in Chi- cago and when I am away from Chicago, m}' interest in the work that is being done here, and which under my successor is going to

grow greater and bigger than it ever has been, my interest in that

work will be exactly the same that it always has been and that it is now.

I want to congratulate all of you on the wonderfully efficient band of workers that we have here, the paid workers, and our splendid corps of trustees, and more than all else, on the intelligent and sympathetic work of our Director. I thank you.

Julian W. Mack, Presidenf. S^pnrt nf tlj^ ^^rrtarg

During the year 1910, tlie work of the League has continued to develop along the lines of the earlier activities, and has at the same time assumed new forms both promising and interesting. The most important event in the year's history was the transfer of headquar- ters from an office building within the loop to a separate building in the immediate neighborhood of the station by which the great ma- jority of immigrants enter Chicago. A detailed account of the means by which this change was made and of the extension of work made possible by this transfer will be found in the report of the Director. Incident to tlie altered service resulting from this change in location has come the realization of the need of a simpler name. The name of the organization has therefore been formally changed from the League for tJic Protection of Imuiigrants to Immigrants' Protective League.

At the last annual meeting it was recommended that the staff of workers be increased by the addition of at least two women visitors and one man. In accordance with this recommendation, Miss Amelia Fabriszewski, Mrs. Wightman, Mr. Cimbalo, and Mr. Hunt have been added to the group of visitors, which otherwise remains unchanged.

The committees have continued their work with devotion. As the Legislature was not in session, the committee on legislation, Professor Ernst Freund, Chairman, had no special opportunity, but promises aid in connection with the Free Employment Office meas- ure now before the public and with the possible enactment of a better ordinance' for the regulation of cab and expressmen. The Committee on Publicity, Professor George H. ^Nlead, Chairman, has co-operated in securing the use of the columns of the daily papers and attention is called in particular to a series of articles written by the Director and published by the Chicago Evening Post under the title "Within the City Gates." The Committee on Finance, Mrs. Samuel Dauchy, Chairman, has raised the sum necessary for the en- larged work of the League, and the Committee on Membership, Mrs. Tiffany Blake, Chairman, has endeavored to secure a fairly wide interest on the basis of a general membership. To the Committee on Conference, Miss E. V. Rumsey, Chairman, especial acknowl- edgement should be made for much of the success in meeting the difficult and delicate problems often presented by the conditions

:

into which these new arrivals come. This committee has met weekly to confer with the Director and the visitors and to devise the best ways of offering special service or special protection.

Acknowledgement should be made to the federal authorities and in particular to the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, Mr. Nagle, to the Assistant Secretary, Mr. Cable, and to the Commis- sioner General of Immigration, Mr. Keefe, for co-operation in the work of the League. The names of the newly arrived girls and women have been reported, data relating to various aspects of the distribution of immigrants have beer, furnished and conferences with reference to the possible establishment of a federal protective bureau in Chicago have been held.

To the Chief of Police, Leroy T. Steward, and the Immigration Inspector in Charge in Chicago, Dr. Prentiss, acknowledgements are likewise due.

In addition to the aid rendered by these public authorities, the League is grateful for the intelligent and sympathetic interest shown by the following organizations

The Commercial Club. The Council of Jewish Women. The L^nion League Club. The Young ]\len's Christian Association.

For a more detailed report of the work of the League refer- ence is again made to the Report of the Director, to whose bril- liant services as well as to the devoted and intelligent work of the visitors, the Secretary wishes again to testify. Of the loss sus- tained by the League in the transfer of Judge Mack from the Il- linois to the federal bench no adequate expression can be formu- lated. • Respectfully submitted,

SoPHONisBA P. Breckinridge, Secretary. li^pnrt 0f ttj^ iirKtnr

To the Officers and Trustees of the Iiinnigrants Protective League.

To those of ns who are employed in the work of the League the annual report means not alone giving an account to you as its officers of the work actually done but an opportunity to go care- fully through the material collected during the year, and so to study the causes of failures as well as successes ; to formulate conclusions which can be drawn from hundreds of similar cases, but not from

the individual ones, as they are disposed of from day to day ; to con- sider plans which might be tried and agencies which might be en- listed in the work of giving adequate protection to Chicago's immi- grant population. Much that is learned in this way does not find

its way into the report, but as each part of the work is considered, an attempt has been made to give some of the individual cases, some of the general plans that we hope to see tried, as well as the figures showing the number of people who have been assisted by the League during the year.

/. CHANGE or HEADQUARTERS.

At the last annual meeting the hope was expressed that the League might remove from an office building in the loop district to some place more accessible and less bewildering to the immigrant. This was accomplished in July, 1910. Through Mr. Slurry Nelson,

Jr., President Hetzler of the Chicago and Western Indiana was mterested in the work of the League and the use of the present building was secured. The location is a most desirable one. The Erie, the Wabash and the Grand Trunk railroads bring more than three times as many immigrants into this station as arrive at any

other in Chicago. Friends and relatives find it almost impossible to meet the immigrants and so, unless a special effort is made to protect them, these new arrivals are usually overcharged by express and cabmen and, \vhat is still more serious, are sometimes not taken to their Chicago destination. According to the present arrangement with the Chicago and Western Indiana all those who come in at this station are sent across to the League's waiting room. Inter- preters there arrange to send them to their friends, sometimes with cab or expressmen, sometimes in charge of a messenger boy, or when the\- are able to speak English or have some knowledge of

how to get about in a city they are directed to street cars : the rela- 10 tives of many others are communicated with by telephone and call for them at the office ; and, finally, those who are peculiarly help- less or who have doubtful or suspicious addresses are sent out with a visitor of the League. Before they leave the League's waiting room, cards, which are printed in twelve different languages are given to all the immigrants telling them what they are to do in case of an overcharge or neglect on the part of the driver or messenger boy. The names and addresses of the immigrants, the number of the expressman, cab driver or messenger boy to whom they are en- trusted and the charge which is to be made in each case are care- fully recorded. As was anticipated, the express and cabmen have opposed this supervision and have tried in every way possible to prevent the immigrants from coming across to the League's build- ing. In spite of this opposition 1,903 immigrants who arrived at the Dearborn Street Station between July 28 and February i, who re- mained in Chicago and were not met by their friends or relatives, were sent to their destination under the supervision of the League. But complaints of overcharge and misdelivery at this as well as the other stations in the city are still made. With their official look- ing badges and caps and their stock of foreign phrases, the drivers secure the attention of the immigrants and then by a combination of persuasion and force load them into their vehicles. An agree- ment entered into by the police, the League, the Railroad officials and the vehicle drivers at the suggestion of the Superintendent of Police prohibited the soliciting of immigrants by the drivers, pro- vided the League patronized the various drivers in turn. For two or three days after the agreement was made it was respected by the men. Then when a few^ violations occurred and as no one was pun- ished, the drivers grew bolder.

Some illustrations of the complaints which are now received may be interesting. Recently, for example when a Swedish immi- grant arrived at this station his suit case was immediately seized by an eager cabman. He was driven around a few blocks, put on a State street car and charged five dollars for the service. A Greek who arrived at the Twelfth Street Station was driven to Halsted and Polk and charged five dollars. An Italian girl who was com- ing to her sister who lived at 322 Michigan street arrived at night.

She was told it was too far to drive before morning, so she was taken to a wretched hotel and paid in all four dollars before she reached her sister. She had an unfortunate trip in every way, for she was one of the large number who are constantly sent from New York by way of the Old Dominion Line to Norfolk, Virginia, and then north to Chicago. But more serious than these complaints 11 of overcharge are the ones received from those who have been dropped ahnost any where and finally reached their friends only be- cause the person to whom they appealed for help was kind and sympathetic. If one could trust every passing stranger to respond with the same honesty and kindness that these people did, no anxiety would be felt for the moral safety of the girls the League has been unable to locate. Two young Polish women, for example, were left at the corner of Forty-sixth avenue and Huron street instead of 4332 Honore street. A Slovak man found them and took them to his boarding house, but the landlady refused to receive them so they were taken to a saloon a few blocks away and this saloonkeeper very kindly took a good deal of trouble to locate their friends who lived in a totally different part of the city. Two other girls who had the address of their sister on Ada street were left at the first stop the expressman made on Fay street. The people in the neighbor- hood felt sorry for the girls, who were naturally much distressed, and took them to their sister the next day. An Austrian-Polish girl of 20 who arrived at the Grand Central Station had the address 1002 Wood street. She was taken to South Wood, and not finding her brother there, the driver left her at Twentieth and Halsted streets and she stayed in the neighborhood two weeks before she was taken to 1002 North Wood street where her brother lived. A Russian Pole who arrived at the Twelfth Street Station was driven about the city by a cabman to whom he gave the address of his brother. He was finally abandoned and the address was not returned to him. Flis money gone, he was found wandering about the city, sick from anxiety and exposure and was taken by an officer to the County Hospital. From there he w-as brought to the League Work was found for him and the brother eventually located, but the cabman was never identified.

This inability to fix the responsibility for illtreatment in any

particular case is only too common. The immigi»ant is quite na-

turally so confused when he arrives in the city that he finds it im- possible to identify those who have taken advantage of his ignor- ance. Several violations have been proven and the drivers suspended for a short time, but this punishment has been so infrequent and so

mild that it has not even served to convince the offenders that there is an ordinance covering cases of this sort. The officials in charge at two of the railroad stations at which large numbers of immi- grants arrive have agreed to distribute our cards, but unless a com- plete record like the one kept by the League is made of the person into whose charge each immigrant is given, complaints can rarely be followed up with any degree of success. 12

A Proposed Remedy.

The city might require the officers at the raih-oad stations to keep such a record, but as a result of the experience with the nine- teen hundred that we have sent out ourselves and the investigation of numerous complaints, we are convinced that the situation can be permanently and satisfactorily improved only by federal supervision of the release of arriving immigrants and special arrangements for their delivery by a responsible company. Immigrants who are passing through Chicago are transferred on their tickets from one depot to another just as other passengers are. If they were turned out to make their own bargains with express and cabmen there would be the same stories of exploitation and abuse. By paying when they purchase their tickets, all the dangers connected with their transfer are avoided and we are convinced that immigrants who are to remain in Chicago will never be adequately protected until the same system of delivery is adopted for them. If a responsible com- pany were given the immigrant business of the city the problem of supervision and control would be easily accomplished. Records of deliveries would then be kept as a matter of course, and overcharg- ing, misdelivery, and other abuses could be so easily traced that occurrences of this sort would be prevented. Cases would still be found of course where the relatives or friends could not be easily located, but all of these could be turned over to the League to be cared for. This delivery by a single company is not only most desirable from the standpoint of safety but the immigrants go in such large numbers to certain districts in the city that it could be cheaply and profitably done. It is to be hoped that this plan which

is being presented to the railroads may be favorably considered by them, and one of the meanest abuses connected with tlie petty ex- ploitation of the immigrant be entirely abolished.

//. ACCOMMODATIONS FOR THOSE WHO ARE TEM- PORARILY STRANDED.

For the accommodation of those whose relatives or friends can not be located at once, for those who arrive on night trains with doubtful addresses, or who are going farther west or north, but are compelled to remain in Chicago until they hear from relatives or friends, the League has a few beds in the rooms on the second floor

which make it possible for us to care temporarily for these stranded people without sending them to the Police Station or the Municipal Lodging House. These beds were used 317 times in six months and this number does not include the times that a tired mother and 13 her family of little children, who arrived in the morning and were compelled to wait for an evening train, had the first good rest they had known since leaving home. Sometimes the difficulties of these people are easily solved. A Croatian woman who had no relatives in Chicago, had lost the address of her friends. She was brought to the office by one of the Traveler's Aids. Through the Secretary of the National Croatian Society her friends and a job were found for her before night. Other times it is more difficult. For example, one girl was brought to us who had the address of a sister in Rochester and another, whose address was 17 E. Jefferson street, North America, was supposed to live in Chicago. This sister could not be found, but the one in Rochester was eventually located and sent the money for her sister's transportation to that city. In such cases as these the bedrooms have met a really pressing need since the Annex to the Harrison Street Police Station would have been the only alternative for most of the women the League has cared for at Plymouth House.

The Municipal Lodging House for women with its complicated conditions for admission, can be little used in the day time and is quite out of the question at night. The Home of the Friendless very kindly oft'ered to receive these girls and women at any hour of the day or night, but it is too far from the loop district. The office of the League is now open from seven in the morning until the Wabash and Grand Trunk trains, which are due between nine and ten at night, arrive and Mrs. Wightman. the matron, who is on duty at night, is often called to receive some one who is in trouble long after she has locked up. Police officers, railroad officials and others are coming to know of the League and stranded immigrants are sent to it from all parts of the city. Occasionally the lists we re- ceive from the ports of entry are of great assistance in these cases. For example, a very nice Slovak girl who was doing housework at- tempted to visit her sister one Sunday afternoon. vShe lost her way and finally was picked up in South Chicago by an officer and taken to the Harrison Street Police Station. When the matron telephoned us, we found her sister's name and address from our list and she was taken home at once. This has been done in a number of cases.

///. J^ISIT/XG IMMIGRANT GIRLS.

The League has continued to receive from the ports of entry the names and addresses of the girls and women destined to Chicago and visits have been made as ranidly as possible after the receipt of 14 :

the names. During tlie past twelve months the number of girls lo- cated was as follows

Polish, from Russia, Austria and Germany 984 Jewish, from Russia, Austria, Roumania and Germany 564 Scandinavian 324 Italian 191

English speaking (Irish 14,3, English 12, Scotch 3) 158 Germans, from Germany, Austria and Russia log Slovak 78 Lithuanian "/"] Bohemian 75 Ruthenian 29 Croatian 17 Hungarian 17 Greek 9 Uncla ssified 32

2,664

In these visits many girls needing assistance are found. The most difficult ones to help are those for whom the visitor sees a

danger which the girl is unable to anticipate. Often a girl is a pioneer, who comes in advance of her family, and the friend or acquaintance whom she knows in Chicago undertakes to help her in finding her first job and a place to live and then leaves her to solve the future for herself. If she should be out of work or in trouble she has no one whom she can ask for advice or help. In cases of this sort all that the visitor can do is to establish a connection which will make the girl feel that she has some one she can turn to in case of trouble or unemployment.

Many of the Russian Jewish girls who come to relatives are in debt for their passage so that we frequently find a girl of 16 or 17 beginning life in Chicago with a debt of $70 or $80. The pressure under which she works in cases of this sort affects her industrial efficiency as well as her health.

The visitor often finds that the conditions under which the girl

is living are dangerous both to her health and morals. About one- half of the Polish, Lithuanian, vSlovak, and Russian Jewish girls who come to live with relatives find themselves one more in a group of boarders. Sometimes all the other boarders are men and the girl innocently does not see that because of the congestion and the con- sequent lack of privacy and the restraints which privacy exercises, she is quite unprotected against herself and the people with whom she lives. Such typical Polish cases as the following may help to explain the difficulties which are met. A nineteen year IS old girl without relatives in Chicago, is living with a man and his wife (a family of two), who have in a three room flat four men and three other women boarders. This girl pays two dollars a month for her part of a room, which is among the Polish, the ordinary price. Each boarder selects and pays for

his own food, which is usually cooked by the landlady. She is not

paid for her work, but whatever is left belongs to her and this is usually all that the family need. Another i8 year old girl and a friend live with a family of four in a four room flat where there are six men and four women boarders. Occasionally a group of women rent rooms and live together. Five Polish girls, all under 20, were found living in two rooms. They all work in factories and each one does some part of their simple housekeeping.

The Lithuanians often live in the same way. One girl was found living with a married cousin who had a four room flat in which she accommodated six men and two women boarders. The girl and the other boarders all v/orked at the stock yards. Another Lithuanian girl of 20 who cleans street cars at night boards in a four room flat which houses, in addition to the four members of the family, five men and one other woman boarder. These are not isolated cases. During the past year the League has found 173 Polish, 13 Lithuanian, and 17 Slovak girls living in families in which the only other boarders were men, while 162 Polish, 20 Lithuanian, and 9 Slovak girls were found in families in which there were both men and women boarders.

When the visitor finds a girl living in this way she tries to secure Avork for her wdiich will necessitate her moving, or failing in this tries to persuade her to board elsewhere. But really suitable board-

ing places are extremely difficult to find even if the girl is willing to move. A group of Jewish women have started a boarding club, called the Josephine Club, on the West Side near the Russian Jew- ish colony, which answers this need admirably. The Hungarians are preparing to provide a similar place for Hungarian girls. Such clubs are very much needed in the neighborhood of the stock yards and on the Northwest Side of the city for Polish and Lithuanian girls.

The Polish, Slovak and Croatian girls quite generally secure work through the employment agents in their neighborhood. The

sort most commonly ofl:ered them is dishwashing" or scrubbing in the restaurants or hotels of the city. For the protection of the large group of young women who do this work an extension of the present ten hour law for working women is very much needed. It is quite 16 evident that immigrant girls cannot attend night schools and have any chance for necessary recreation if they must work twelve or fourteen hours a day. In addition to long hours, the working en- vironment is often dangerous. Last year the Superintendent of Police requested the League to look into the conditions under which Polish girls worked in the Chinese restaurants of the city. Mrs. Sakowski, a prominent member of the Woman's Auxiliary to the Polish National Alliance was employed by the League for this work. With an officer she visited all of these restaurants in the down town district. The girls themselves were interviewed, their friends or relatives visited and the cases of abuse given wide publicity in the Polish papers.

The assumption that the girl who has relatives in- this country will need no assistance is unv/arranted. Sometimes the relative to whom the girl comes assunies no responsibility for her beyond helping her in finding her first job. Occasionally this is the case

with one who is only a child. This fall, for example, a young girl of 14 who had been very much abused, had never heard from her father since he had put her to work in the family which ill-treated

her. Our Chicago child-caring agencies find it especially difficult, because of the language barrier, either to discover these cases or to handle them satisfactorily after they have been discovered.

It is quite impossible for the visitor always to determine what are the needs of a girl in a first visit. The best that can be done

in a very large number of cases, is to establish a connection which makes the girl feel that she has some one to whom she may go in the perplexing difficulties which are likely to come because of her ignorance of American customs. The American Welcome Club, which was formed two years ago for the Russian Jewish girls, has been most helpful in establishing such a connection. The membership theoretically includes all the immigrant Jewish girls who have come to live on the West Side during the past two years. The club meets on Friday nights at the Maxwell Street Settlement. Some of the giris come regularly every week, others come only a few times, but they all turn up when the}- are

in trouble. Lender the direction of ]>iliss Paradise. ]\Iiss Richard- son and Miss Brin the club has studied the government of Chi-

cago, it has made visitvS to art galleries, concerts and parks, but its main value has not been in this sort of work, but in the fact that the girls know where to come, and do come, for advice on all sorts of subjects. A similar club has been organized this

winter for Polish girls at Hull House, and it is hoped that several Italian ones will soon be formed. 17 Girls Who Could Not be Located.

In regard to the girls classified as "not located," the report is almost the same as last year, although a very serious effort to reduce the number in this group has been made. The addresses of 481 women and girls, which were so impossible that any at- tempt to locate them without additional information would be useless, were received from the various ports of entry during the past year. Four hundred and eighty-five others—and this number does not include those on which considerable time was spent, but all clues were not exhausted—which were apparently possible could not be located, although inquiry was made of neighbors, grocers, and steamship ticket agents. In 274 cases some trace was found of the girl—she was known to have come to that address but had gone, or the family who were expecting her had removed, but no one knew where.

During a year a number of girls whom we at first class as not located, the visitors subsequently find quite by accident. Some- times after many mishaps they reached their relatives or friends, other times the incorrect address which they brought with them caused no inconvenience, because they were met at the station. Occasionally we find that girls have given incorrect addresses de- liberately because they had no friends in Chicago, and thought they would not be admitted if this fact were know-n to the in- spector. Sometimes the reasons for such misrepresentation are much more serious. But such explanations do not account for all of the nine hundred and sixty-six girls of whom no trace could be found during the past year. Some gave correct addresses and ap- parently had every intention of going directly to those who were expecting them, but they have never arrived.

A night watchman for the Chicago Cit}- Railway Company recently came to the office and offered to give his services for a few hours every day. Not because he was cheated when he came to Chicago, he was willing to forget that, but he sent for his younger sister, in 1005, and had never heard from her after she left Ellis Island, and as he put it, he would "like to get it back at these fellows." Last December, a Bohemian girl was coming to an aunt who lives on Center avenue. She never arrived and no trace of her has been found, although the authorities at Ellis Is- land, the local police, and various Bohemian organizations have co-operated with the League in an extensive search for the girl. This case is typical of many others which convince us that greater protection is imperatively needed and we have finally concluded 18 :

that to insure the safety and comfort of the immigrant, the fol- lowing changes must be made

7. Reform in the method of routing so that immigrants zcill be sent by the most direct routes from the ports to their des- tination.

At present, by an arrangement between the steamship and railroad companies, the traffic is pooled and each road is given its share. According to the figures furnished by the Commissioner General of Immigration, those sent from Chicago to New York, in 1909, came by the following routes:

Schedule Time. No. of Lines Lcaz'iiig New York. Hours. Minutes. Passengers. Old Dominion and Chesapeake & Ohio.... 50 25 2,204 Ontario & Western 25 35 8.183 Baltimore & Ohio and Central Railroad of New Jersey 32 00 24.501 Deleware, Lackawanna & Western 28 00 7.849 Erie 30 00 Lehigh Valley 36 00 7.849 Pennsylvania 29 55 3-474

West Shore 29 00 8.736 •

During that year, then, more than 2,000 men, women and children were compelled to spend two additional days on an al- ready unnecessarily hard journey. \'ery often these passengers, expecting to reach Chicago in a much shorter time, do not provide themselves with sufficient lunch. No arrangement is made for them to purchase food during the journey, so they often arrive desperately hungry. One tired Bohemian mother who came with four little children had tried to keep them quiet and happy, although they had had nothing to eat for thirty-six hours.

2. Inspectors—some of them zcomen,—icho u

The journey from New York to Chicago, offers opportunities for both moral and financial exploitation. The general public is not allowed to travel on immigrant trains, but the enforcement of this rule does not afford any protection against the unscrupulous in their own midst. A few Immoral men and women who get into the country by false declarations at the ports, welcome the op- portunities which the journey to Chicago offers them and evidence that girls have been persuaded to get ofif the trains by alluring tales, is not lacking. Inspectors, who appreciate this situation, could 19 make it easy for the girl who wants to reach her relatives and friends to do so, and difficult for those who have entered the countrv through fraud and misrepresentation to accomplish their purpose.

5. The Establishiiuvif of a TcdcraJ Protective Bureau.

The advantages of a Federal Protective P)Ureau which would have authority to control the release of immigrants, have been referred to.

Then runners from cheap and disreputable saloons would be denied access to them ; overcharging and misdelivery, by express or cabmen, could be easily determined and punished ; those going to suspicious addresses could be held pending an investigation ; and Chicago people could meet their friends and relatives more easily and could receive official information in regard to their release if they failed to arrive at their destination.

4. Filially, jvoiision for the dcHvery of all immigrants, by a responsible compa)iy, superiised by the Federal Bureau, u'ould prevent the abuses ivhich nozv occur.

The Commercial Club of Chicago has undertaken to secure all these much needed reforms. The increased interest in the im- migrant makes the prospect of success miost encouraging. The Secretary of Commerce and Labor, in his last annual report, recom- mended the establishment of federal bureaus that would do protec- tive work in the "large inland cities." Apparently those who are in the immigration service and the general public are becoming convinced that the government can do much to increase the future usefulness of these yotuig men and w'omen by protecting them against fraud and exploitation.

IV. IMMIGRAXT BAXKS.

During the past four months a special study of immigrant banks has been made by ^Ir. Hunt. As there is no regulation of private banking in Illinois, any man can receive deposits of im- migrant savings for transmission abroad or safe keeping, and the imscrupulous find crooked practices in connection with these banks safe as well as profitable. A single case will illustrate the way in which many immigrant men and women are victimized. A Croatian, twenty-two years old. after two years' residence in this country, opened a bank near the Croatian and Bohemian settle- ments. It was very easy to have it made a sub-postal station and 20

thus give the immigraiit the impression that the United States Government stood behind all the receipts that were issued. On October 26th, 1910, the sub-postal station was withdrawn because a check given by the banker to the government was not honored. This precipitated a run on the bank. People began to hear that money thev had sent home had never been received. One Croatian supposed he had sent $1,600, the savings of a life of hard work, by a post office money order. He was given an order on a bank in Croatia, which was not honored Ijecause no money was ever re- ceived by the bank. A criminal prosecution was. begun in this and several other similar cases, but they were dismissed because letters, cablegrams, or affidavits declaring that money entrusted to the "banker" to send, had not been received, could not be ac- cepted as evidence in a criminal prosecution. In most cases the amount sent is comparatively small, word that it has not been re- ceived is slow in coming, and when protest is made to the banker, he says it was delayed, but has been sent, and the man waits to hear again, perhaps leaves the city and does not know what to do. If sufficiently pressed, the "banker" usually sends the money after having had the use of it for a considerable period of time. The League now has several cases in which it believes sufficient evi- dence for conviction has been secured, but a careful study of the extent and kind of frauds practised, shows most convincingly that state regulation of these banks is very much needed. The League hopes, by combining with other organizations interested in the improvement of this situation, to secure the necessary regulation.

V. EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES AND LABOR CAMPS.

The new Employment Agency Law. which went into effect in July, 1909, requires that men who are shipped out of the city must be given contracts in their own language, showing the name and address of the employer, the kind of employment and wages promised, the terms of transportation and the probable duration of the work. Most of the shipments are made before July, so the law was not really tested until the spring of 1910. Complaints of abuse have been received from time to time since then, but these provisions, together with a somewhat better system of inspection, have improved the situation. We still have complaints, however, and have found misleading advertisements by agents in the Italian and Polish papers. All of these have been reported to the Chief Inspector of Employment Agents.

There seemed little chance of the League's securing, at the present session of the Legislature, the reorganization of the State 21 Free Employment Offices, along the lines advocated two years ago. A recent meeting with a committee of the City Clnb, which has the matter under consideration, has convinced us that the Chicago pub- lic will eventually insist that these offices be so organized as to make efficient work possible.

During the past summer the labor camps in the vicinity of Chicago were visited by Mr. Hunt and ]\lr. Cimbalo. Most of them were found to be in fairl\- good condition. Those that were especiallv unsanitary were reported to' the Health Department.

VI. OTHER KINDS OF SERVICES THAT ARE RENDERED.

The immigrant is glad to find that he can have disinterested ad- vice and assistance in the difficulties which he meets because of his

ignorance c'f the English language and of American customs. As the work of the League becomes better known, more and more people come to. the office for help. During the past year ^ve Iiave traced lost baggage for 22. We have secured money due immi- grants from railroads and steamship companies, from employment agents, bankers and employers. Some come for help in the transla- tion of pai)ers the}- have been urged to sign and cannot read, to inquiro where they can go for assistance in securing work, or how they may get their naturalization papers. Others come to ask what they may do if their sisters or fathers or children are detained at Eliis Island.

Often the immigrant suffers because people assume that no one cares to bother with him and his difficulties. For example, a German girl came from Flungary with her foster parents, but the man died after they reached Chicago, so his wife returned. A place to do housework was found for the girl by the neighbors, but the house was so dirty and conditions so bad that she left. Tn trying to get back to her newly formed acquaintances she was lost, picked up by an officer and then sent to the bridewell for sixty,

days, because the judge and the inspector supposed that it was the only place in the city where a homeless and friendless girl

could, as they called it, be "cleaned up." From the bridewell her

case was reported to the Immigration Inspector, who knew it was a case for us rather than for deportation. We learned from the matron at the bridewell that the girl was healthy and clean in her personal habits, and, that she was absolutely bewildered when she found herself in jail. We secured her release, found her a place to work, and although, probably because of her bewilderment, she

seemed a very stupid girl, she has proved a valuable servant and is 22 learning' English rapidly. In another case we found that a Polish woman had gone to the station to complain of her husband's treat- ment of her children. She was very much excited because of what she had recently witnessed, and the officers assumed she was crazv and locked her up. Fortunately the case was reported to us so the children were not left long- at the mercy of their father.

During the last few months we have had to assist a number of men and women who were deported from Canada. The Canadian law requires that an immigrant to that country must have come on a continuous passage from the country of which he is a citizen. Not understanding this provision, foreigners who come intending" to go to Canada, get into serious difficulties by stopping in the United States to see whether jobs are as plentiful and as good as they have been led to believe. Sometimes the carelessness of an inspector causes them much trouble and expense. In one such case we had almost our first experience with the Canadian Exclusion Laws. A Polish man who was living in Ontario, sent his son a ticket, which was to bring the boy all the way to Canada. But the agent sold him a ticket by way of Balitmore and around by Norfolk and through Chicago. When he reached the border, he was sent back because—as his deportation paper read—of "insufficient funds and indirect passage." The poor boy cried as he sat in our waiting room, because until the arrival of one of the Polish visitors he did not understand where he had been or wh.}' he was detained. After a delay of two weeks we heard from the Chief Inspector that "the boy was unable to speak English" and consequently the in- spector not knowing of the father in Canada, had excluded him.

VII. LECTURES FOR IMMIGRANTS.

At the last annual meeting, the recommendation was made that the League undertake to give a course of lectures to immigrants, which should give, in an interesting way, the information they most needed in their new home.

The great majority of those who come are young people be- tween fifteen and thirty years of age. All of them know something of industrial condition? in America—that is one of the reasons for their coming. But of labor laws designed for their protection, of the employment agent and his practices, of possible markets for their energy and skill, of what is a fair wage in America, they know nothing at all. All of them know we have a Republican form

of government ; that, too, is a reason for their coming. Most of them know something also of the history of the country and of 23 the principles which it has championed before the world. But of the American political machinery by which we attempt to put into practice those republican principles they are wholly i5T;norant. As a first step, then, in his adjustment to American conditions, the immigrant needs to know, almost immediately on his arrival, the methods of employment agents and the remedies that are open to him in cases of abuse ; the requirements for licenses in certain trades ; something of our labor laws ; something of our sanitary regulations; how he may protect himself against violations by his neighbors of the health code ; and how he may safely send money home to his wife or mother. By waiting until the immigrant learns these things in the school of bitter experience, he is not only made to suiter an unnecessary financial loss but his future usefulness is much impaired if he is robbed and exploited from the moment of his arrival. Short courses in the practical working of the American government are also needed as a preparation for naturalization. All of this should be given in his native language, because the immigrant is, for years after his arrival, no matter how carefully he may have studied English, quite dependent upon his own lan- guage in any difficult discussion. Such a course of lectures the League hoped to begin in a small way this year. It postponed the inauguration of this plan because it learned that the Political Ac- tion Committee of the Union League Club had been interested, by Mr. McCormick, in a similar plan. As you all know, that or- ganization has undertaken to perform this service for the cit}'. I say the city, because not the immigrants alone, but the entire com- munity suffers if no one but the ward boss is interested in his in- struction in the problems of municipal government. It is to be hoped that the need of such instruction will eventually be so generally recognized that such lectures will be given by the com- munity through its public schools.

VIII. CO-OPERATION WITH CIVIC, SOCIAL, AND RE- LIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS.

The Young Men's Christian Association of Chicago, in accord- ance with the plan recently adopted by the International Com- mittee for extending their work among foreign men and boys, is trying to make connections at the railway stations with the young men who come with Y, M. C. A. cards from European or American ports ; is organizing classes in English, and making a special study of the immigrant population in South Chicago. The Young

Women's Christian Association is preparing to undertake some work along similar lines for immigrant women. Both of these organiza- 24 '

-^i^'^ ffX*^ tions the League is very glad to see in the field and expects to co- operate with them. The League has from the beginning met a cordial reception and had the co-operation of all nationalities and all religious de- nominations, because such organizations recognize that the work of protecting the immigrant against fraud and exploitation is neither racial nor denominational. The Italian Chamber of Commerce, the Austro-Hungarian Benevolent Association, the Polish National Al- liance and the Woman's Auxiliary to that Alliance, the Russian Orthodox Church and twenty-four Bohemian societies, interested especially by the League's Bohemian visitor Mrs. Pavlik, the Council of Jewish Women and three other Jewish Clubs are, as organiza- tions, members and contributors to the work of the League. The Swedish National Alliance, the Norwegian National League, the German Society of Chicago, and the foreign consuls, especially the Austro-Hungarian and the Italian, have helped us in the suc- cessful disposition of many cases. The foreign press have been extremely kind in publishing notices and assisting whenever pos- sible in the work of the League.

In the thousands of visits made in the foreign colonies and through the complaints which come to the ofhce, cases found to be outside the province of the League were referred to the Compulsory Education Department, the Department of Health, the Factory Inspector, the Inspector of Employment Agencies, the L^nited States Immigration Department, the State Employment Agencies, the United Charities, the Juvenile Protective Association, the Visit- ing Nurses Association, the Babies Friendly Society, the Settlements of Chicago, the Woman's Trade Union League, and other phil- anthropic and civic organizations. To all of these and to Dr. Prentiss, U. S. Inspector of Immigration in Chicago, to the officials and police officers at the depots, especially those at the Dearborn Street Station, to the matrons at the police stations, especially those at the Harrison Street Police Station, to the Traveller's Aid, the Legal Aid Society and the Passavant Hospital, the League is under great obligation for reporting cases to us and assisting us in caring for those under our protection.

An exchange of services with the New York Branch of the North American Civic League for Immigrants has been of mutual benefit. It was hoped that before this a national federation, com- posed of the branches of this and other organizations like our own, would have been form.ed. The advantage of such a federation in securing national and state legislation is so apparent as to need no^ discussion,

25 .

Co-operation with other organizations in the United States and in Europe has been much extended (hiring the past year.

IX. CL UBS A T PL YMO UTH H USE

When the League moved to its present headquarters it found itself near a crowded ItaUan settlement. The children began to stop and look in the windows and ask if they could not come in to "Sunday School," thinking we w^ere another "mission" in the neighborhood. In response to many requests of this sort, a few clubs were started and carried through the winter by ^liss Dauchy,

Aliss Blatchford, J\Ir. Cohen. Miss Peiser and Miss Edith Paradise. Miss Blatchford gave the children a Christmas tree and party. A train happened to arrive just as wx were trimming the tree and the immigrant women who were obliged to wait for trains or friends, very eagerly assisted in the work.

In closing, I wish to say for myself and the other employees of the League, how much we regret the departure of Judge Mack from Chicago, and to thank all the officers of the League, especially Miss Rumsey, j\Iiss Breckinridge and Mrs. Dauchy, for they have made us feel that we may call upon them at any time for any sort of assistance or advice.

Respectfully submitted. Grace Abbott, Director.

26 For Year Ending, January 3rd, 191 1 :

Receipts. Disbursements.

Cash on hand Jan. 3rd, 1910..$ 606.58 Salaries $5,733-38 Contributions 7,790.00 Rent 508.17

Refunds, lodgings, etc 30.90 Ofifice expense .... 511.23 Printing 320.30 $8,427.48 Ellis Island 102.02 Eleanor Employ- ment Agency.... 50.00 7,225.10

Balance on hand Jan. 3rd, 191 1.. $1,202.38

$8,427.48 Respectfully submitted.

Charles L. Hutchinson, Treasurer.

27 MEMBERS AND CONTRIBUTORS TO THE LEAGUE DURING THE YEAR 1910.

Miss Edith Abbott $ 2.00 Mr. Edward E. Ayer 25.00 Mrs. C. T. Atkinson 2.00 Miss Katherine D. Arnold 2.00 Miss Elizabeth C. Ailing 2.00 Mrs. Samuel Adams 2.00 Miss Ruth M. Burling 7.00 Mr. N. Behar 2.00 Mr. Cyrus Bentley 180.00 Miss Frances M. Blatchford 2.00

Mrs. J. J. Borland 5.00 Mrs. M. Born 7.00 Mrs. Jos. Basch 2.00 Mrs. Wm. Blair 10.00 ]\Ir. G. W. Blossom 7.00

^Irs. J. T. Bowen 350.00 Miss Adela Barrett 2.00 Mrs. Paul Blatchford 2.00 Miss Dorothy Blatchford 2.00 Mrs. Clifford W. Barnes 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. John F. Bass 10.00 Mr. Charles E. Brown 10.00 Mrs. Wm. G. Beale 5.00 ]\Ir. Vojtech Brazda 2.00 ]\Ir. and Mrs. Tiffany Blake 50.00 Mrs. Wm. H. Benton 2.00 Miss Kate S. Benton 2.00 Mrs. Edward T. Blair 10.00 Dr. David Blaustein 7.00 Mrs. Alfred L. Baker 25.00 ]\Jrs. Wm. Borden 50.00 Miss S. P. Breckinridge 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. John M. Blakeley 20.00 Mr. and Mrs. Edward P. Bailey 14.00 Mrs. S. E. Barrett 25.00 Mr. and Mrs. Mason Bross 9.00 y]v. and ]Mrs. H. E. Bullack 4.00 ^Irs. Clara Bartliolomay 25.00

Mr. I. S. Blackwelder 2.00 Mrs. Emmons Blaine 102.00 Mrs. Frank R. Chandler 2.00 Mr. and ]\Irs. Avery Coonley 25.00 Mrs. Ambrose Cramer 2.00 Mrs. Clyde M. Carr 7.00

Miss Virginia Chandler . 10.00 Miss Louise Chapin 2.00-

^Contributors but not members.

28 Mrs. C. G. Comstock 2.00 Mr. and Mrs. George O. Clinch 5.00 Misses Jessie and Catherine Colvin 100.00 Mrs. Wm. E. Casselberry 10.00 Mr. John Chopik i.oo Mr. W. E. Clow 2.00 Mrs. R. T. Crane 100.00 Mr. T. Chapman 2.00 Mr. Simeon B. Chapin 50.00 Mr. Charles R. Crane 100.00 Mrs. James Dun 1500 Mrs. John B. Drake 10.00 Miss Helen Drake 10.00 Miss Edith Denise 2.00 Mrs. A. M. Day 12.00 Mrs. L. B. Doud 12.00 Mr. and Mrs. Francis R. Dickinson 4.00 Miss Beatrix Dauchy 2.00 Mrs. W. R. Dickinson 2.00 Mrs. John de Koven 25.00 Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Dauchy 600.00 Mrs. W. F. Dummer 100.00 I\Ir. Leo H. Elkan 2.00 Mr. B. A. Eckhart 2.00 Mrs. Lynden Evans 2.00 Mr. Ernst Freund 50.00 Mr. Gustav Freund 7.0c Mr. H. C. Friedman 2.00 Mr. I. K. Friedman 2.00 Mr. Jos. I. Friedman 2.00 Mrs. Joseph Fish 25.00 Mr. John V. Farwell. Jr 10.00 Mrs. Stanley Field 2.00 Mrs. F. C. Farwell 2.00 Mrs. C. G. Fellows 2.00 Mr. Charles E. Fox 10.00 'Mrs. George F. Fiske 2.00 Mrs. Carolina Fiala 3.00 Mrs. Arthur Farwell 25.00 A friend iq.oo A friend 15.00 A friend i.oo A friend 2.00 Mrs. A. Gatzert 2,00 Mr. G. T. Greeley 2.00 Mrs. E. T. Gundlach 5.00 Miss Barbara Garvis i.oo Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. Harding 390.00 Mrs. S. H. Harris 5.00 Miss E. Head 5.00 Mr. John J. Healy 2.00

* Contributors but not members. 29 Mrs. Clarence Wooley 2.00 Messrs. W. A. Weiboldt & Co. So.oo

$7,453-00 ASSOCIATIONS.

Austro-Hungarian Benevolent Association $ 5.00 Babies Friendly Society 5.00 Council of Jewish Women 100.00 Italian Chamber of Commerce 5.00 Philanthropy Department, Chicago Woman's Club 100.00 Polish National Alliance 25.00 Reform Department. Chicago Woman's Club 5.00 Russian Orthodox Church 2.00 Woman's Auxiliary to the Polish National Alliance 5.00 Woman's Auxiliary to the Polish National Alliance Group 987 5.00 Club "Svoboda," Town of Lake 5.00 Bohemian Woman's Ur on Number 17. 5.00 " 19- 5.00 5.00 " 66. 5.00 " 76. 5.00 " . 68. 5.00 " 71. 5.00 " 79. 5.00 " lOI. 5.00 " 70. 2.00 " 72. 2.00 " 119. 1. 00 " 118. 1. 00 Sisters' Benevolent Un on Number 33. 5.00 " IS- 500 " 9. 2.00 " 21. 2.00 " 70. 2.00 " SO. 2.00 " 53. 2.00 " 56. 2.00 " 37- 1. 00 " 54- i.oo

$337-00 FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE IMMIGRANTS' PROTECTIVE LEAGUE

FOR THE YEAR ENDING

JANUARY 1st, 1913

743 PLYMOUTH COURT CHICAGO

OFFICERS.

Alexander A. McCormick President Pkof. George H. Mead First Vice President

Miss Jane Addams. . • • . . .Second Vice President Charles L. Hutchinson Treasurer Miss S. P. Breckinridge Secretary

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Miss E. V. Rumsey Mrs. Samuel Dauchy Charles F. Harding Prof. Ernst Freund Mrs. George S. Isham Julius Rosenwald Judge Julian W. Mack

THE STAFF.

Miss Grace Abbott Director Miss Adena Miller Miss Isabel Ritman Mrs. Bozena Pavlik Joseph Holenia Miss Ray Brin Mrs. Marion Wightman Miss Amelia Farbiszewski Mrs. Victoria Licci Miss Irene Nelson Miss Jean Behrens

(The following foreign languages are spoken by this group: Polish, Italian.\ Bohemian, Russian, Yiddish, German, Croatian, Magyar, Slovak, Lithuanian I ( and Norwegian.) • BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

Elected for the years 1911, 1912 and 1913.

Judge Julian W. Mack Miss Mary E. McDowell Prof. George H. Mead Miss E. V. Rumsey Mrs. Tiffany Blake Alfred L. Baker Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen Mrs. Henry Solomon Charles F. Harding Miss Edith Wyatt

Elected for the years 1912, 1913 and 1914. Miss Jane Addams Harry A. Lipsky Mrs. Samuel Dauchy Prof. A. E. Steiner

Dr. Emil G. Hirsch Mrs. Wm. I, Thomas Philip N. Ksycki Joseph A. Nicolai

Julius Rosenwald Jaroslav J. Zmrhal

Elected for the years 1913, 1914 and 1915.

Miss S. P. Breckinridge A. A. McCormick Charles W. Folds Mrs. George S. Isham Mrs. Israel Cowen Prof. Ernst Freund Dr. Ludwig Hektoen Mrs. Joseph Fish Miss Julia C. Lathrop Charles L. Hutchinson 1. Meetings. Since the last annual meeting, the Trustees have held five meetings, the Executive Committee three. At the time of the first meeting, the Trustees enjoyed the hospitality of the Chi- cago Northwestern Railroad Company and were shown the careful provisions in the new station for the care of immigrants going to the northwest. There have been no especially radical departures from earlier methods and undertakings. The work has simply been marked by increased certainty and efficiency, as the Director's grasp of the problem has grown steadily stronger and surer. The volume of work has increased enormously and attention should be called to the fact that there has not been a corresponding increase in the staff.

2. Members. The membership has increased from 356 to 528 individuals and from 56 to 75 societies, 52 of which are foreign. This increased evidence of confidence and this possibility of in- creased co-operation with the members of the groups which the League wishes to serve is, of course, extremely gratifying.

3. Joint Action. The League has continued representation on the Funds to Parents Committee to which reference was made last year, and there has been similar participation in joint action with the Morals Committee growing out of the protest against the continued policy of segregating vice, and with the Illinois Committee on Social Legislation.

4. Some Gains of the Past Year. Two accomplishments of unique interest mark the year,

(1) The bestowal by the League on the Board of County Com- missioners of a President whose eye is single to the needs of the people of the county, and in particular to the needs of those who because of infancy, old age, poverty, sickness, distress or by virtue of their being strangers in a strange land, are peculiarly the wards of the county and the object of its care.

(2) The enactment of the bill giving us the Protective Bureau, which we thought we had secured as long ago as 1909.

(3) Reference may be made to the veto of the Immigration Bill by the President. Members of the League took an active part in attempting to secure its defeat in Congress and its rejection by Mr. Taft.

5. Standing Committees. The Committees have been active where opportunity offered. The Committee on Legislation has been of especial service. Mr. Freund has gone to Washington in the interests of the Bureau and has been always at the service of the 5 Director and the Secretary in connection with the effort to secure control of private banks and better organization of the Free Em- ployment Agencies.

6. Changes in the Staff. The League has been without the- services of two of the visitors who have been with us longest, Miss Paradise, on a year's leave of absence, is attending the New York School of Philanthropy and making a special study of immigrant agencies in that city ; and Miss Nettie Richardson has gone out to- learn for herself the farm opportunities that the West offers to the immigrant woman from eastern Europe. To fill these and other vacancies Miss Miller, Mr. Holenia, Aliss Nelson, Miss Rit- man and Mrs. Licci were added to the staff of visitors during the past year, and are proving themselves most efficient and sympa- thetic in the work.

7. Our Obligation to Mary Antin. The League wishes to- express its appreciation of the interest of Miss Antin in its work. Her appealing address at the Annual Meeting has made it possible to present the work of the League to a larger and more sympathetic public.

8. Outlook. The creation of the new Bureau, with the plac- ing of women inspectors on the trains, as the League has advocated will mean relief from much that now absorbs the time and strength of the workers. This means that the League will be free to perform even more thoroughly certain forms of service it undertakes and to co-operate more actively and efficiently with agencies likewise able to render the lot of newly arrived residents of Chicago such, aid as accords with our sense of hospitality and democracy.

Respectfully submitted,

S. P. Breckinridge, Secretary^ :

l&tpixvt of tiff fr^at&Ftit

In meeting for the annual stock-taking of the work of the Immi- grants' Protective League we are all regretting the unavoidable ab- sence of Judge Mack, Aliss Addams, and Mrs. Blake, who have had so much to do with the past success of the work of the League and have added greatly to the pleasure and profit of these meetings.

This year the League is able to report constructive results along several lines. In 1910 the Commercial Club of Chicago, agreed to co-operate in securing certain changes in the federal immigration policy. These were

(1) Reform in the method of sending immigrants from the ports of arrival to interior points so that they would travel by the most direct route instead of by the long circuitous routes involving the many changes and delays which the unregulated pooling of the traffic by the railroads has caused.

(2) Provision for inspectors—some of them women—who should travel on immigrant trains.

(3) The establishment of a federal protective bureau. The de- mand for these last two grew out of the evidence, accumulated by the visitors of the League, of the opportunities to deceive and ex- ploit young immigrant women, which their unprotected journey and arrival in Chicago offered.

The co-operation of the Commercial Club has resulted, I am most happy to report, in provision for this much needed protection. Congressman Sabath, who introduced the bill which was endorsed by the Immigrants' Protective League and the Commercial Club and who has been most active in its support, telegraphed us today that the "Immigration Station Bill, which was passed by both Houses and was signed by the President, besides authorizing an ap- propriation of seventy-five thousand dollars for the Chicago station empowers the Secretary of Commerce and Labor at his discretion to establish other stations at points in the interior. This will also aid materially in increasing the efficiency of the Bureau of Dis- tribution of Immigrants.-'

We hope still to be able to effect some reform in the method by •which immigrants are sent from the ports to points in the interior. At present by an imderstanding between the steamship and railroad companies in which the government acquiesces, this traffic is pooled and each road is given a share. This means that many who are coming from New York to Chicago are sent around by boat to Norfolk, Virginia, and from there to Chicago. It means that many who arrive in Chicago and are going on west are sent, not by through routes, but so that in going to California, for example, 7 changes must be made at St. Louis, Kansas City, Denver and Salt Lake City. Each of these changes means expense, delay and weariness for the tired woman who has come with a family of little children from Eastern Europe and who had reason to suppose that the ticket sold her at Ellis Island was by the most direct route.

We also feel that Chicago should unite in the effort to secure proper protection for the deported insane. Every year a consid- erable number of these unfortunates who are found to be in Illinois in violation of our immigration law are sent back home. Adequate care is given on the journey from the interior to the port, but inves- tigation by the New York State Board of Alienists shows there is no record of the safe arrival at their old homes of a very large per cent of those deported and that on the boats the most old-fash- ioned methods in the care of the insane are still followed, resulting, of course, in great humiliation and suffering for the deported immigrants.

As for the local situation. Miss Abbott's report will show that the appeals made to the League are usually for protection against preventable exploitation and discrimination or else for advice as to how these people, bewildered by their new surroundings, should meet the ordinary problems of everyday life.

The immigrant when he comes to us, expects to be a self-sup- porting and useful citizen. The records of public and private relief agencies bear ample testimony to the fact that he makes a great effort to realize his ambitions during what ought to be the most difficult period of his residence in America. The United States ^immigration law puts the immigrant on a sort of three year proba- tion period. If, during that time, he is an applicant for public re- lief and the reason for his dependency can be traced to some cause existing prior to his coming, he is liable to deportation. This rule does not apply to private aid, but the newly arrived immigrant makes an excellent showing on the records of private agencies. Out of 17,449 cases handled by the United Charities during the past year, only 177 were "immigrants within three years," and of 22,057, a year's work in the Jewish Aid Society, only 144 belonged to that category. These figures would seem to indicate that the increased number who later apply for public or private aid can be charged very largely to community neglect.

The loss of health because of inadequate protection against in- dustrial accident or disease, or because of a failure to enforce our housing ordinances or keep our city clean ; the immigrant's inability to care for his family during sickness or unemployment because his savings have not been properly safeguarded by a regulation of private banking; the loss of ambitions and ideals because of dis- couragement over exploitation or racial discrimination ; his own or his children's demoralization because of constant, daily contact with those evils which are now tolerated by public officials so long as 8 they remain near foreign neighborhoods, are some of the things which change the success of the first years into failure in later life.

The past year has seen a nation-wide increase in the appreciation of the importance of this situation. Many who are feeling a new responsibility for the care and protection of the immigrant, are moved especially by sympathy with his helplessness in his new sur- roundings ; others by concern for the reflex effect on the community —the increase in preventable crime and dependency and the loss of idealism—which, as I have pointed out the failure to provide a minimum of protection, inevitably means. Both of these are back of the actvities of the Immigrants' Protective League and we hope that those to whom either motive appeals will increase the scope and effectiveness of our work by joining the League and so add their efforts to ours in order that we may more quickly accomplish those things that we are agreed need to be done.

Alexander A. McCormick, President. :

iS^pnrt nf tlj^ itr^rtnr

In preparing the fourth annual report of the League an effort has been made as in former years to present the various kinds of work actually done, together with a brief discussion of the problems involved and some suggestions as to how those agencies which makie for the moral or financial ruin of the immigrant, may be counter- acted. THE CARE OF ARRIVING IMMIGRANTS.

The care of those who arrive at the Dearborn Street Station has been much more effective during the past year than formerly, because the police are at last doing what we have always insisted they could do—that is, they are getting practically all the immi- grants who arrive at this depot across to the League's waiting room. The suspension of sixteen cab and expressmen during the past year because of complaints from our office, has also helped to convince them that exploitation is not as profitable as formerly and removed another source of difficulty at the station.

During the first six months of the work at this station in 1910 we supervised the release of only 1,903 immigrants and the next year we performed this service for 5,204, During the past year the number increased to 15,537, representing 35 nationalities in the following numbers

Polish from Russia, Austria and Germany 4,651 - Italian 1,966

German from Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany. . 1,883 Russian 1,720 Jewish from Russia, Austria-Hungary, Roumania and Germany 1,020 Bohemian and Moravian 517 Greek 508 Slovak 492

Lithuanian • • . . 470 Scandinavian 454 Croatian 354 Magyar 303 Bulgarian 188 Irish 161 Roumanian 109 Not classified 741

15,537

This increase has made our receiving room quite inadequate in size and has required much of the time of our working force which we are eager to devote to other needs. Arranging for the delivery of those who bring correct addresses of relatives or friends con- sumes much time but every immigrant train brings some who have lost their addresses, or whose friends have died or moved. Others 10 cannot stay with their relatives or friends either because they re- fuse to receive the newcomers or the place is such that they cannot be allowed to remain, and so they stay with us until work and a boarding place is found. For these and for many others who arrive late at night and cannot go to their friends until morning the beds at Plymouth House were used 1,060 times during the year.

The establishment of a Federal Protective Bureau will relieve us of the care of all except those who are in some special difficulty or distress. This number will, however, be larger under supervised delivery, because although the other railroad stations send us those who are brought back by express or cabmen or those who arrive with impossible addresses still under the careless methods of de- livery at other stations many who are in need of help are not now discovered or are discovered only when it is too late to render the assistance needed.

Freed from the duty of caring for this very large group on their arrival, we will, in the future, have more time to devote to following them to their homes and assisting in their adjustment to their new surroundings. How important this is, few people realize. But the table given above indicates much more of Chicago's future than a casual glance reveals. A few years ago there were almost no Greek Catholic Russians in the city and last year at this one depot 1,720 arrived. Most of them were men who were going to live near Twelfth Street, east of Halsted, where a few years ago the largest colony of Russian Jews lived. Because the immigration of these Russians is so recent they have no friends who are familiar with the city and able to protect them and they are, therefore, the most exploited group in Chicago and bring to the League some of the crudest stories of injustice.

The five hundred and eight Greeks were almost all of them men who went to the West Side to increase the already large number of "non-family groups" for whose method of collective housekeeping there are no proper facilities, and who, because of the absence of normal family life, are open to many temptations.

A very large per cent of the 1,883 Germans came from Russia, families, most of them, who are living now in or near Jefferson Park where men and women both work in the market gardens. In this region there are practically no public or private night schools.

Of the difficulties and aspirations of all these people, of their existence even Chicago knows nothing and yet if the social, indus- trial, and political complications which a complex population always brings are to be solved instead of bungled it should know much.

11 :

VISITING IMMIGRANT GIRLS.

The increased work at the office which has just been explained and the larger number of cases of special need which have come to us have made it impossible for our present force to visit all the unaccompanied girls who came to Chicago during the past year. Of the girls and women whose names we have received from the vari- ous ports of entry we did locate and visit at least once 3,346 repre- senting 30 nationalities as follows

Polish, from Russia, Austria and Germany 1,363 Jewish, from Russia, Austria-Hungary, Roumania and Germany 548* Lithuanian 253 Scandinavian 247 Slovak 159 German from Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany 147 Bohemian and Moravian 139 Irish 136 Italian 115 Ruthenian 87 Croatian 36 Russian 28 Magyar 25 Greek 10 Slovenian 10 Unclassified 40

Total 3,338

Ninety-two of this number were visited by the Chicago Asso- ciation of Jewish Women.

Of the girls whose names we received but did not locate, 434 of the addresses given were impossible and no visit was attempted. Three hundred and sixty-four others we found some trace of but after several visits the attempt to locate them was abandoned, although the clues had not all been exhausted. In 34 cases the people to whom they said they were coming were found but they did not expect the girls and knew nothing of what had become of them. Five hundred and fifty-four others could not be located although every effort was made to find them. The conclusion reached in regard to those whom we have been unable to locate is the same as in former years. "Many of them undoubtedly reached their relatives and friends ; many others, although they did not suc- ceed in doing this have, by the merest chance, found people who were kind to them and helped them in securing work and making their connections in Chicago ; but from much evidence, we are sure there is a large number of others who cannot be accounted for in these ways." The long searches that were sometimes necessary be- fore the 95 who arrived at our station without proper addresses could be located, indicates that a corresponding number who ar- rived at the other stations, may be stranded in different parts of the city.

12 Types of the failures to find the girls which give cause for anxiety, are a Lithuanian girl of 18 who gave the address of a local steamship agency. Subsequently we learned that she had been called for by a notoriously disreputable man and taken to a rooming house on Washington near Halsted and to two other places in that vicinity. Everything pointed to the conclusion that the girl either voluntarily or by deception was leading an immoral life but neither we nor the agencies to which the case was reported could locate the girl. In another case investigation of an address which a twenty year old Polish girl gave revealed the fact that three years ago a telegram had been received from the port announcing the arrival of a girl who was unknown to anyone at the address and the girl had never been seen. Two years later this had happened again. This year neither the telegram nor the girl had arrived and although the names and addresses of the people were correctly given, they knew nothing about the girl.

There is no possible way of reducing the danger which this giving, either by intention or mistake, of incorrect addresses is to the girl and the community except through the federally supervised release of those who arrive.

Of the thousands of girls whom we do locate we find many kinds of injustices and many occasions for giving assistance. Wages have not been paid and our visitor reports this to the Legal Aid

Society for collection ; sometimes their precious feather beds and pillows have not arrived and these must be traced; advice about work, night school, and a boarding place are commonly asked.

With very few laws regulating industry and a large part of the population those whose ignorance of American standards makes exploitation easy, careful enforcement of the factory law is of especial importance. It is, therefore, a matter of special regret that in Illinois many immigrant girls in Illinois are deprived of the protection provided by law.

In the course of our regular visiting, girls are sometimes found who are required to work more than the Ten Hour Day prescribed by law. In the past these violations have been reported to the Factory Inspector with the request that we be informed of the result of the investigation. On February 27th, of last year, the Factory Inspector wrote us that the business of his office had grown to such proportions that he was unable to submit the results of the investigations of complaints received, but that if some one would call at the office either "personally or by phone" three or four days after forwarding complaints, he would be pleased to give such re- ports. Since the receipt of this letter, we have called at the office of the Factory Inspector to learn the result of the investigation of each complaint. The inspector was found to be inaccurate, however, in his statement that "three or four days after forwarding the com- plaint," a report could be secured. It was only by persistent inquiry 13 that we learned that of sixty employers reported, forty-six were found by the inspectors to be violating the law and 89 girls were ille- gally employed. Of these forty-six employers found not to be ob- serving the laws, three were "warned" of the error of their ways, 22 were allowed to "sign an agreement" to observe the law in the future, and 16 were prosecuted. Of these sixteen, eight were fined $25 and costs, one $50 and costs, and one $10 and costs, two were dismissed, and four nolle prossed.

How many visits were necessary to secure this information can be judged by the following: On the twenty-third of last March one of the down town hotels was reported because the Polish scrub girls worked 13 hours a day. On April 13th when a representative of the League called at the office of the Inspector the case had not yet been assigned for investigation. Three days later there was still no report but on April 24th we learned that the inspector found eleven violations. On May 20th nothing further as to the outcome of the case could be learned. On the twenty-third the record showed that the proprietor had been prosecuted and the case was pending. On August 31st we learned that the report was not yet written, but the clerk was sure the hotel had been fined. On Sep- tember 19th, we found the record completed, showing that the hotel had been fined $25 and costs.

Another case required a still longer time for its disposition. A restaurant was reported on the 27th of last February for violat- ing the Ten Hour law by requiring its Polish scrub girls to work 12 hours a day. A representative of the League called at the Fac- tory Inspector's office on March 13th and the report on the investigation of the complaint had not yet been made. On March 16th we found two violations recorded. On the twentieth of May the clerk was not in and nothing more could be learned. May 24th, the disposition of the case was described as pending in the Factory Inspector's office. August 31st, clerk could not find any record of the result of the case. September 19th the same. October 19th the same. November 13th the same. December 16th the same. But on December 19th we learned that papers were being made out to take the case to court. On December 30th, we learned that a rein- spection had been made and violations found. So after ten months' deliberation it was decided to prosecute the employer. On Jan- uary 30th we learned that the case had been continued by the judge. On February 14th, 1913, we learned that the restaurant had been reinspected on February 6th and was found to have changed hands and the new proprietor was believed to be obeying the law, though it is not clear why he should have been led to be- lieve that this was necessary from the experience of his predecessor.

Another restaurant was reported on March 27th of last year. The dates and results of our visits at the Factory Inspector's office to learn the disposition of the case were as follows: April 14 20th, clerk not in. April 23rd, two Ten Hour violations recorded, case pending in Factory Inspector's office. August 31, case has been taken to court. September 19th, case still pending in court. October 19th, case continued. November 14th, case still pending. Decem- ber 16th, 1912, case now described as pending in Facotry In- spector's office. December 30th, 1912, clerk reports "Case not yet investigated but will be taken care of." January 30th, 1913, clerk unable to find any record of the case. January 31, 1913, restaurant has gone out of business. Bailiff could not locate place when case came up in court on October 7th. Will be reinspected. February 14th, 1913, bailiff sent again. Could not locate. Case dismissed by Judge.

In going back over some of the cases which were closed on the records in the Factory Inspector's office with the words, "No viola- tions," it was found that in some cases the girls had never been questioned as to their hours because the Inspector was unable to speak Polish. Some of the Inspectors, had, as a matter of fact, recommended on their reports a reinvestigation because they knew the inadequacy of their report, but the recommendations had been entirely disregarded in the office. This failure to appreciate that one cannot ignore the language problem is commonly met and re- sults, of course, not only in a failure to protect the immigrant but means inadequate protection for the Americans with whom he works or competes.

Altogether a careful review of the violations of the Ten Hour law which the League has followed during the past year convinces one that the lack of any definite policy on the part of the Factory In- spector as to what action shall be taken against those who are be- lieved upon investigation to have violated the law, together with the delays in court are depriving the woman worker of the protection which the law intends and the woman so seriously needs.

IMMIVRANT CHILDREN AND THE SCHOOLS.

The League has continued to receive from the Commissioner at Ellis Island the names of Immigrant children of compulsory educa- tion age who are coming to Chicago. These have been sent out as before to the various superintendents and truant officers of the State in order to secure the immediate enrollment of the children in school. The records show that from January 1, 1912, to January 1, 1913, 3,082 came to Chicago and 4G0 went to 167 other cities and towns in Illinois. Mr. Bodine's report submitted to the Board of Education last June showed that of the 2,389 which had then been investigated by his department only 154 had to be placed in school by his officers.

In the cities and towns outside of Chicago 74 school officials were induced to co-operate with us in the work. These report 32 children 15 placed in school and the attendance of 9 others promised. All the others were placed in school immediately after their arrival by their parents. The failure of the authorities in 93 of the towns to show any interest in the attendance of immigrant children, although the plan was carefully explained to them, and three or four notices of their failure to reply were sent, as well as some of the replies received in- dicate that the compulsory education law is not satisfactorily en- forced in Illinois. One writes as follows of a Slovak child : "There are some foreigners living on Frederic Street, near Indiana Avenue, and among them some children. I found no one who could speak their language when I was taking the school census. It is very likely that the person inquired after may be there." Another superintend- ent who says he has "no money to enforce the compulsory law," and was much exasperated with three Scotch children whose attendance he had failed to secure, insists that we "Deport them unless they agree to attend school." Another says of an eleven year old Mag>'ar child: "Was at school two days, not attending now, claims to be fourteen years old."

But in most cases those who have responded to the request for co-operation are intelligently interested in the enforcement of the law. One school superintendent, writing of a 13 year old South Italian boy says, "the boy had given his age as 16 and was at work in the mills" when located, but "will report at school on Monday." Another, speaking of a 12 year old German boy, said his "parents, had intended to put him to work, but the law was explained to them." Another says of a seven year old Slovak boy that his at- tendance was secured after three visits, this number having been necessary because the child was found to be really "afraid to go to school." All of these school officers recognized that they would probably not have known of these children had they not received our notices. This experiment demonstrates that there should be some form of co-operation worked out between the federal government and the state so that the names of these immigrant children would be sent without the intervention of a private agency directly to the school authorities all over the country and the state should make it a part of the duty of the officers charged with the enforcement of the Compulsory Education Law, to visit these children and enroll them in school. The value of such visits goes far beyond the fact of se- curing the attendance of individual children for it not only impresses the entire foreign neighborhood with the thoroughness of our edu- cational system, but bad conditions which can be corrected are dis- covered and referred to the proper agencies. EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES.

Employment agencies thrive during periods of industrial de- pression, when work is so hard to find that even the English speak- 16 ing are easy victims of fraud and exploitation. Last summer, as a result of the excessive demand for railroad and other gang work- men, shipments were generally free. As a result, many of this group, which is usually most exploited by the agents, escaped. Other work was not difficult to find, and so there have been only fourteen complaints of employment agents during the past year. Most of these were from girls who were not given the restaurant or hotel work promised. All of them were reported to the State Inspector of Employment Agencies and, with the exception of one case in- volving about thirty men, were satisfactorily adjusted.

• The League has assisted in the preparation of the report of the sub-committee on Immigration and Unemployment of the Chicago Unemployment Commission. Both this and the other sub-commit- tees of the Commission have urged the importance of an efficient state employment agency, and it is believed that as a result of the Commission's report an intelligent reorganization of the State Free Employment Offices will be accomplished. This was recommended by the League in 1908 after its investigation of the employment agency situation in Chicago but its bill providing for such reor- ganization failed to pass the Legislature in 1909 largely because of a lack of appreciation on the part of the public of the need and economy of an efficient organization of the labor market.

This is, however, not only a state but a national problem. Only the other day a Russian came to the office who was taken when he landed at the Battery in New York to an employment agent who sent him to North Carolina. The work there lasted only a few days and so not knowing what else to do he walked to Chicago where he knew he would find some friends from his native village.

Not alone for the prosecution of offenders like this agency but to prevent the kind of hardship this man suffered we need, in addi- tion to a properly organized state labor exchange, such a develop- ment of our federal Bureau of Information as to enable it to care for the seasonal demands for workmen outside of a state, and to anticipate the placing of men who, when any large undertaking is completed, cannot know where their services will be needed. Here- tofore the activities of the Department have been confined to three cities on the Atlantic Coast. We are glad to report assurances that an office will probably be opened in Chicago during the coming year. It is to be hoped that the public will insist upon this work being made national in practice as well as in theory so that we may re- duce the evils of the unintelligent and therefore wasteful and ex- pensive employment system now used.

IMMIGRANT BANKS.

Attention has been called in former reports to the necessity for some control over persons who receive money from alien immigrants for purposes of safekeeping or for transmissfon abroad. 17 :

The Immigrants' Protective League has had occasion from time to time to investigate cases of irregularities practiced by these bank- ers and has also endeavored to ascertain the number of such banks and to make some study of their business methods and depositors. Last spring 127 such Chicago "banks" were visited by investigators of the League. Certain districts of the city were well covered in the inquiry—the Italian districts of the North, South and West Sides, the Polish districts of the Northwest side, the Bohemian Set- tlement near West 18th street and the Stock Yards neighborhood. As the great immigrant communities in South Chicago, Burnside, Pullman and other parts of Chicago were not covered in this enum- eration, it is estimated that there are probably about two hundred such bankers in Chicago. The nationality of the 127 Chicago bank- ers visited is given below

Italian 55 German 22 Polish 16 Bohemian 14 Slovak 6 Jewish (German and Russian) 6 Russian 3 American 3 Hungarian 2

Total 127

The patrons of these banks were found to be Italian, Bohemian, Polish, Slovak, Croatian, Russian, German, and Hungarian. A German banker on 18th Street, for example, does business with all of these nationalities except the Italians.

With all of these so-called "banks" the principal business is the transmission of money abroad ; deposits for safekeeping are usu- ally for this purpose or for the purchase of a steamship ticket for relatives who have been left behind. Of the Italian bankers visited, five do not receive money for safe- keeping, 35 of the 55 are steamship agents, 15 are labor agents; 11 "banks" were in grocery stores, 4 in drug stores, 2 in saloons, one in a barber shop and one in a real estate office. In Slavic neighbor- hoods the bank is usually also a real estate office and steamship ticket agency, but this is not always the case. Two Slovaks and one German banker on Chicago Avenue were found to be the presidents of Mutual Benefit Associations and the private accounts of the bankers, the depositors and the Mutual Benefit Association were not separated. An Hungarian banker is also a tailor, a Polish one was located in a drug store ; several of these bankers were law- yers, one was also a grocer and one Russian Jew finds it possible to be both banker and plumber. The danger to the immigrant as a result of this general condition has been twofold: (1) that his money has often been entrusted to irresponsible persons with the attendant risk of loss through dis- honesty or carelessness and (2) that the banker or depositary, al- 18 "though honest, considered himself at liberty to use the moneys en- trusted to him in his own private business and the result was that •even when honest he was unable to meet demands upon him promptly.

The second danger is chiefly incidental to the business of the safekeeping of moneys but the risk of dishonesty attaches partic- ularly to the business of transmitting moneys to foreign countries and the great bulk of this business would not be included in the Tegulation of banking alone. The immigrant bankers of Chicago usually send money abroad •through reputable banks, express companies, and foreign exchange bankers and have the blanks of the bank or company through whom they transmit in their office, but this affords no protection for the purchaser of the money order because only the name of the "banker" appears on the receipt given him and the bank or express company never assumes any responsibility until advice is received and the tnoney paid the company. For this reason companies place their blanks in the hands of "bankers" without requiring any bonds, although inquiry is usually made as to their honesty. If a "banker" absconds and it is discovered that he has failed to transmit money given him to send abroad and has taken with him the small savings of the newly arrived immigrant, there is no legal redress when there are, ^s often happens, no "resources" beyond a little office furniture. If the man can be found, a criminal prosecution fails and a civil one is made difficult because the principal witnesses are in Europe. The total as well as the individual amounts lost are relatively small but they are nevertheless very heavy to bear. After some of the dis- appearances, suit is not even instituted. The matter is reported to the police, some effort is made to locate the man, and then nothing more is done. The girl who sent the savings of two years' hard work to her mother and the man who deposited fifty dollars for a ticket which was to have brought him his wife have to begin over again. Once more he trusts his savings without any guarantee of "honesty or else, deciding that no bank is to be trusted in America, keeps it on his person or in his house. The post office has not as yet adjusted its savings departments or its money order department to the needs of the foreign population and it will probably be many years before it supplants the banker.

Last July a report was prepared, with the assistance of Mr. Freund, the chairman of the Legislative Committee, setting forth this situation, and submitted to the Illinois Bankers' Association. In August, after that Association's Committee had recommended the Tegulation of all private banks, the Executive Committee approved and submitted to the Association a report showing that in addition to the regulation and control of private banking, licensing and in- specting of all agents engaged in the foreign exchange business is necessary in order to properly protect the savings of Chicago's large immigrant communities. At the request of Mr. B. F. Harris, then 19 president of the Illinois Bankers' Association, this need was also ex- plained to the Executive Council of the Association during the Con- vention at Peoria last September. To the great disappointment of many people the Association voted against any regulation. Since •hat vote the wide publicity given to the sensational features con- nected with the failure of the Kirby Bank and the fact that its depositors were mostly Americans have brought home to the com- munity the dangers of unregulated banking and it is expected that some legislation along this line will be enacted during the present session. The League hopes that, with the assistance of Mr. Mullen- bach, the Secretary of the newly formed Committee on Social Legis- lation, its bill regulating foreign exchange agents will also have a favorable hearing.

Regulation, however, does not mean that the immigrant will na longer come with complaints against the banker. Last fall this was strikingly illustrated in the case of a Russian German who had cabled passage money to his wife in Libau and heard a month later that the money had not been received and his wife was frantic with anxiety. Investigation showed that through a clerical error the money had not been sent and the suggestion that it should bear the expense which its error had caused the man was as ungraciously received by this bank, one of the large national banks of the city, as any we have ever made. Settlement was arranged for, but had it been refused the man would have had no difficulty in collecting what was due him by a civil suit as he was not dealing with one of the irresponsible bankers whose assets are too often only a little office furniture and who find it convenient to move from city to city whenever any trouble arises. WORK FOR THE JEWISH IMMIGRANT MEN AND FAMILIES. In the summer of 1911 the Immigration Committee of the Con- ference of Jewish Women's Organizations arranged with the He- brew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society of New York to re- ceive the names of Jewish men and women with families who are- coming to Chicago by way of Ellis Island. Miss Julia Felsenthal was employed to visit these men and their families and to make a study of some special phases of the Jewish immigration problem. From the first. Miss Felsenthal was allowed to use the office of the League as her headquarters and in January 1913 arrangement was made to have this work placed under the general direction of the League—the Conference of Jewish Women's Organizations to con- tribute $1,200 a year for its support. The League has always worked with immigrant men as well as with immigrant women, but it has- not been able to visit regularly the men who arrive and this under- taking of the Jewish Women's Organizations was therefore an addi- tion to what was already being done. Because the preliminary survey which was planned has been com- 20 ;

pleted and the Conference has found the method of raising its money by assessment of the federated organizations unsatisfactory, this work has since been suspended.

SERVICES THE LEAGUE IS ASKED TO PERFORM.

The kinds of individual services the League is asked to perform for the newly arrived immigrant cannot be classified or enumerated in any adequate way. Requests for help begin frequently before his admission, when the distracted relative or friend comes asking what can be done to secure the admission of one who has been excluded. And sometimes, after every effort has been made, we have the hard task of telling a mother or father or brother that the one they have been expecting and whom they repeatedly tell us "can't be sent back" has been ordered deported.

Then there is the girl who was sent to this country because she was in trouble; and the one who went to board with a cousin or friend who lived with his family and five or six men boarders in a four-room flat and she innocently did not appreciate that because of this congestion and the consequent lack of privacy and the re- straints which privacy exercises, she was unprotected against herself and the people with whom she lived ; and still others who were de- ceived by promises of marriage—all of these could really be properly helped to secure legal redress and to face the burden of their new responsibility by a sympathetic visitor who spoke their language and understood their racial psychology.

The League has never conducted an employment agency but it has always attempted to find work for those who were peculiarly in need. During the past year, for example we sent forty-two Slavic men who came from the country and were very much discouraged with city life to farms in the Dakotas, Nebraska, Iowa, Wisconsin and Illinois. In the same way work was also found for 188 other men and women. Money refunds due from railroads, steamship agencies, or "banks" were collected for 51, baggage was traced for 89, and hospital treatment secured for 27,

CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER CIVIC AND SOCIAL AGENCIES.

The League has had occasion to ask the co-operation of 88 social and civic agencies for 454 cases. The cordial response which we have met, both from Chicago agencies and those in European and American port cities, has resulted in obligations too many to enum- erate. To Mr. Nagel, the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, who has assisted in promoting protective legislation in which we are interested and whose co-operation has made possible such of our local work in behalf of the girls and children; to Dr. Prentis, the Chief Immi- gration Inspector in Chicago, who is a true social worker in spirit 21 :

'to the Austro-Hungarian and the Italian Consulates ; and to Mr. Hetzler, the President of the Chicago and Western Indiana Rail- road, whose interest in a real solution of the problem of the proper care of arriving immigrants has made possible our work at the Dearborn Station, we are especially indebted. Since the establishment of the Registration Bureau by the United Charities, the League has registered, not its regular visits or its -work at the station for all those who arrive, but those special cases on which an exchange of information would be mutually valuable to the League and other interested agencies.

In all the work that they have done the League's visitors have worked very hard to make their investigations thorough and their treatment resourceful and sympathetic and, though we represent almost as many nationalities and creeds as our numbers, there is never any question of creed or nationality in the eagerness of every visitor to serve any immigrant who comes.

PLANS FOR THE COMING YEAR.

During the coming year it is hoped that the present w^orkof the League may be strengthened and enlarged along the following lines (1), The employment of two additional visitors, one for South Chicago and South Deering, a field which, except on special occa-

sions, we have been unable to cover ; and an additional one for the Northwest Side, where the number of arrivals makes prompt vis- iting of the girls and proper care of the special cases irnpossible. (2). The opening of evening classes in those parts of the city where there are not the one hundred pupils required for a public night school and where the settlements are a great distance away. (3). Visiting some of the smaller cities of the State in which we have evidence of serious neglect of the foreign born for the purpose of arousing some interest in their needs. (4). The publication and distribution of a Chicago Edition of Carr's excellent Guide for Immigrants. (5). The carrying out of our original program of interpreting to Chicago its foreign born population by publishing from time to time studies of some of our large and as yet little-known groups.

In closing, I desire again to express my appreciation of the more than faithful service of the visitors and in behalf of them our gratitude for the kindness and consideration the officers and direc- tors of the League have shown us. Respectfully submitted, Grace Abbott, Director. 22 —

Cash receipts and disbursements for the year ended December 31st, 1912:

Balance on hand January 1, 1912 $706.33-:

Expenses.

Contributions and membership dues $11,210.00 Contributions Conference of Jewish Women's Organizations 946.00 Administration of Funds to Parents' Act 156.25 Scholarship funds 80.00 Annual Dinner (tickets sold) 77.00 Loan 350.00 $13,128.79'

Total receipts $13,835.12:

Disbursements.

Salaries $8,567.50 Salary of secretary and assistant Conference of Jewish Women's Organizations 891.50 Expenses: House and Office Lodging $77.35 Laundry 79.81 Cleaning 29.15 Telephone 246.35 Lights 147.69 Printing and stationery 347.75 Annual Dinner 81.50 Meals to immigrants 107.45 Miscellaneous expenses 99.48 Rent 600.00 $1,816.53 Cleaning fund 254.50 Office cash fund 435.76 Loan 350.00 Furniture and fixtures 146.85 Scholarship funds 60.00

Administration of Funds to Parents' Act. . . . 156.25 23^ Ten Hour Committee 10.00 Money advanced to immigrants 162.50 Auditors' fees 50.00

Total disbursements $12,901.39

Balance in bank $933.73

Respectfully submitted,

Charles L. Hutchinson, Treasurer. Per Chas. B. Foote.

Chicago, February 23, 1913 : We have examined the accounts of the Immigrants' Protective League, Chicago, for the year ended December 31, 1912. We satisfied ourselves that the receipts from contributions and memberships were duly accounted for and that the disbursements were properly approved and vouched.

JMarwick, Mitchell, Peat & Co., Chartered Accountants.

24 MtmbiVB ani ai0ntrtbttt0ra for 19U

2.00 Aaltio, Mr. Eetu $ 2.00 Abbott, Mr. A. H 2.0U Abbott, Miss Edith 2.00 Abbott, Mrs. W. T. Adams, Mrs. Cyrus H 2.00 Adams, Mrs. E. S 2.00 Adams, Miss Margaret i"-"" Adams, Mr. Spencer L ^-"^ 12.00 Adler, Mrs. Max ' Ahem, Miss Mary E ^-"^ Allen, Mr. Benjamin ^-"^ 2.00 Allen, Miss Dora 2.00 Allen, Mr. J. M. 2.00 Allen, Mr. William D 2.00 Ailing, Miss Elizabeth C 2.00 Amsbary, Mrs. F. C • Frank T Andrews, Mrs. o=nnn Anonymous 250.UU Armour, Mrs. Philip D 12-00 Arnold, Miss Katherine D

Burton, Mr. Ernest D • 2.00 Burton, Miss Margaret E 2.00 Butler, Mrs. Hermon B 25.00 Carpenter, Mr. Augustine A 25.00^ Carpenter, Mrs. E. F 2.00 Carpenter, Mrs. Hubbard 25.00 Carr, Mrs. Clyde M 5.00^ Caruthers, Mrs. Malcolm 5.00 Casselberry, Mrs. W. E 10.00 Chandler, Mrs. Frank R 2.00 Chandler, Miss Virginia G 5.00 Chapin, Mrs. Charles A 10.00 Chapin, Mr. Simeon B 50.00 Chapin, Miss Louisa 2.00 Chapman, Mrs. John A 10.00 Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad 600.00 Clancy, Mr. William 2.0O Clark, Mrs. George M 5.00 Claussenius, Mr. George W 2.00 Clinch, Mr. and Mrs. George 5.00 Clow, Mr. W. E 2.0a Colvin, Miss Catherine 50.00 Colvin, Miss Jessie 50.00 Comstock, Mr. C. G 5.00 Conger, Mrs. William P 2.00 Conley, Mrs. John W 2.00 Conover, Mr. Charles H 2.00 Coonley, Mrs. Avery 25.00 Coonley, Mrs. John Stuart 7.00 Cooper, Miss Isabel A 2.00 Cooper, Mr. Paul D 1.00 Corwith, Mrs. Henry 7.00 Cramer, Mrs. Ambrose 2.0O 26 Cramer, Mr. Frank JO.OO Crane, Mr. Charles R 250.00 Crane, Mrs. R. T 100.00 Crane, Mr. R. T. Jr 100.00 Culver, Miss Helen 2.00 Cummings, Mrs. D. Mark 100.00 Cunningham, Mrs. Secor 2.00 Danielson, Mrs. Richard E 10.00 Dauchy, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel 850.00 Dauchy, Miss Beatrix 5.00 Daughaday, Miss Ella 2.00 Davis, Mr. Abel 5.00 Davis, Mrs. Nathan S 2.00 Day, Mrs. Albert Morgan 20.00 DeKoven, Mrs. John 25.00 Dean, Mrs. George R 2.00 Defrees, Mr. Jos. H 10.00 Deknatel. Mr. F. H 2.00 Delano, Mrs. Frederic A 2.00 Dick, Mrs. Albert 2.00 Dickinson, Mr. and Mrs. Francis R 4.00 Dickinson, Mrs. William R 2.00 Di Cosola, Mr. Michele 2.00 Donation -50 Donnelley, Mrs. Thomas E 2.00 Doud, Mrs. L. B 10.00 2.00 Douglass, Mr. William • Drake, Miss Marion H 4.00 Drake, Mrs. Tracy C 2.00 DuBois, Mrs. Arthur 100.00 Dummer, Mrs. W. F 100.00 Dun, Mrs. James 15.00 Dunham, Mr. W. H 2.00 Dunn, Mrs. Morrill 10.00 Eckhart, Mr. B. A 2.00 Eisinger, Mrs. Emanuel 2.00 ^lenbogen, Mr. H 2.00 Elkan, Mr. Leo H 5.00 Ely, Mrs. Carolyn M 5.00 Ennis, Mrs. Robert B • 2.00 Ettinger, Mr. Charles D 2.00 Evans, Mr. and Mrs. Lynden 4.00 Ewing, Mr. Charles Hull 2.00 Fanning, Mrs. Arthur Lane 2.00 Farwell, Mrs. Arthur 25.00 Farwell, Mrs. Francis C 5.00 Farwell, Mrs. John V. Jr 10.00 Faulkner, Miss Georgene 2.00 Fiala, Mrs. Cyril 2.00 Field, Mr. Arthur C 2.00 Field. Mr. James A 2.00 Field, Mrs. Stanley 2.00 Fish, Mrs. Joseph 2.00 Fisk, Miss Beulah Murray 2.00 Fiske, Mrs. George F 5.00 FitzHugh, Mrs. Carter H 10.00 Flint, Mrs. Edith F 2.00 Folds, Mr. Charles W 2.00 Follansbee, Mrs. Mitchell D 2.00 Foote, Mr. Erastus 10.00 Forgan, Mr. James B 10.00 27 Foreman, Mr. Edwin G 25.00 Foreman, Mr. Oscar G 25.00 Foucek, Mr. Charles G 2.00 Frank, Mrs. Henry L 2.00 French, Miss Martha E 3.00 Freund, Mr. Ernst 40.00 Freund, Mr. Gustav 7.00 Friedman, Mr. I. K 5.00 Friedman, Mr. J. L 2.00 A 'Friend 50.00 Gane, Mrs. Thomas F 2.00 Gatzert, Mrs. August 2.0O Giles, Miss A. H 2.00 Gladwin, Miss Gertrude E 2.0O Goodman, Mrs. William A 2.00 Goodrich, Miss Juliet F 20.00 Goodspeed, Mr. H. H 25.00 Grassick, Mr. Forbes C 5.0O Greeley, Mrs. Frederick 2.00 Greenebaum, Mr. Henry N 2.00 Greenhoot, Miss Inez 2.00 Gregory, Mr. and Mrs. R. B 5.00 Gundlach, Mr. E. T 5.0O Haas, Mrs. Charles 2.0O Hagar, Mrs. Edward McKim 2.0O Hambleton, Mr. C. J 2.00- HamiU, Mr. Charles H lO.OO Hamifl, Mrs. Ernest A 10.00 Hardin, General and Airs 5.00 Harding, Mr. Charles F 390.00 Harlan, Mr. John Maynard 2.00 Harris, Mr. N. W 50.00 Hart, Mr. Max 50.00 Hart, Mr. Harry 50.00 Hasler, Mrs. Edward 17.00- Hass, Mr. Bernhard 5.0O' Head, Miss Elizabeth 5.0O Healy, Mr. and Mrs. John J 4.00' Hektoen, Dr. Ludwig 2.00 Hemple, Miss Mary Ellis 2.00- Hermann, Mr. Frank 2.00 Herrick, Mrs. J. B 2.0O Hibbard, Mrs. William G 2.0O Hill, Mrs. Lysander 2.00 Hill, Mr. Edward E 2.0O Hlina, Miss M. R 2.00 Holt, Miss Ellen 2.00 Holt, Mr. George H 2.0O Houghteling, Miss Harriet P 2.00'

Houghteling, Mrs. James L . 25.00 Howe, Mrs. F. J 2.00 Humpolik, Mr. J 2.0O Hutchinson, Mr. Charles L 50.00' Ickes, Mrs. Harold L 10. OO Illingsworth, Mrs. George A 10. OO Ingalls, Mrs. George H 2.00 Isham, Mrs. George S 110. OO Isham, Mrs. Ralph N 10.00 Jackson, Mr. George S 2.0O Jackson, Mr. William H 2.00 Jameson, Mr. and Mrs. John A 4.00* 28 Janovsky, Mrs F 2.00 Jenkins, Mrs. John E 10.00 Jensen, Mr. Elmer C 2.00 Johnson, Mrs. Frank S 2.00 Johnson, Miss Jennie F. W 2.00 Johnson, Mrs. William Templeton 50.00 Jones, Mr. George 1 2.00 Jordan, Mrs. Cady M 2.00 Jordan, Mrs. Edwin 2.00 Keep, Mrs. Albert 50.00 Kellner, Miss Tobine R 2.00 Kern, Miss Mary R ". 2.00 Kimball, Mr. Charles P 50.00 Kimball, Mrs. E. M 2.00 Kirchberger, Mrs. S. H 12.00 Klaus, Mr. John 2.00 Knight, Mrs. Newell C 2.00 Kohlsaat, Mrs. H. H 5.00 Kohn, Mrs. Esther L 10.00 Kohout, Miss Rose 2.00 Lamson, Mrs. S. W 2.00 Landauer, Mrs. Herman 2.00 Lane, Miss Abby E 7.00 Lane, Mrs. Eben 2.00 Lane, Miss Ida M 2.00 Earned, Mrs. Walter G 10.00

Lathrop, Mr. Bryan , 25.00 Lathrop, Miss Julia C 10.00 Laughlin, Mrs. J. Lawrence 2.00 Lawson, Mr. Victor F lOO.OO Leatherbee, Mr. and Mrs. Robert 4.00 Leonard, Mr. G. Russell 5.00 Levine, Mrs. A 2.00 Lewis, Miss Marion M 2.00 Lillie, Mr. Frank R 2.00 Lipsky, Mr. Harry A 2.00 Lipson, Mr. L B 2.0O Locke, Mrs. Clinton 2.00 Loesch, Scofield and Loesch 2.00 Logan, Mr. Frank G 50.00 Lord, Mrs. D. M 2.0O Lowenthal, Mrs. J. W 3.00 Lunde, Theodore H 2.0O Lyford, Mrs. W. H 5.00 Lyman, Mrs. David B., Jr 2.00 Lyman, Mrs. James 2.0O Lytton, Mrs. George 25.00 Machem, Mr. John C 2.0O Mack, Judge Julian W 10.00 Mack, Mr. Robert T 2.00 Mack, Mr. William J 2.0O Mac Rae, Mr. Thaddeus B 2.00 Madlener, Mrs. A. F 2.00 Mandel, Miss Blanche 2.00 Alandel, Mrs. Emanuel 2.0O Marston, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas B 4.00 Martin, Mrs. Franklin H 2.00 Mathews, Mrs. Shailer 2.00 Matz, Mrs. Rudolph 2.00 Mayer, Mr. E. F 50.00 Mayer, Mr. Levy 2.0O 29 Jllaynard, Mr. A. K 2.00 McCormick, Mr. Alexander A 100.00 McCormick, Mr. Cyrus H 200.00 McCormick, Miss Elizabeth D 4.00 McCormick, Mrs. Harold F 2.00 McCormick, Mr. Harold F 100.00 McCulloch, Mrs. Catherine Waugh 2.00 McDowell, Miss Mary E 2.00 McKenzie, Miss Louise 2.00 McKinlock, Mrs. George A 2.00 Mead, Mr. George H 100.00 Mead, Mr. Henry C. A 3.00 -Merrick, Miss Elizabeth 2.00 Meyer, Mrs. A. C 2.00 Miller, Mrs. Charles P 2.00 Mitchell, Mrs. Leeds 2.00 Monroe, Mrs. William S 2.00 Montgomery, Mrs. Frank Hugh 2.00 Moos, Mrs. J. B 5.00 Moore, Mrs. A. W 2.00 Moore, Mrs. J. Hobart 27.00 Morgenthau, Mrs. S. L 5.00 Moore, Mrs. Julia T 2.00 Morris, Mr. Edward 200.00 Morris, Mr. Seymour 25.00 Morrison, Mrs. James 2.00 Moss, Mrs. G. W 2.00 Nash, Mrs. Richard 2.00 Nelson, Mrs. Murry, Jr 2.00 l»Jicolai, Mr. Joseph H 6.00 Nicholes, Miss Anna E 2.00 I^itze, Mr. William A 2.00 Noel, Mr. Joseph R 2.00 Nolan, Mr. John H 2.00 Norcross, Mrs. Frederick A 12.00 North, Miss Dorothy 10.00 North, Mrs. H. L 2.00 North, Mrs. William L 2.00 Norton, Mrs. L. M 2.00 Nye, Mrs. James W 7.00 Oakley, Mr. Horace 2.00 Ochsner, Mrs. Albert J 5.00 Oliphant, Miss Lizzie Walser 2.00 Otis, Mrs. Joseph E 10.00 Page, Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin E 4.00 Palandech, Mr. John R 2.00 Palmer, Mrs. Robert F 2.00 Palmer, Mrs. Potter, Jr 5.00 Paradise, Mrs. Maurice 2.00 Parsons, Miss Elizabeth C 3.00 Patten, Mr. James A 600.00 Pauling, Mrs. E. G 5.00 Payson, Mrs. George S 10.00 Peasley, Mr. and Mrs. J. C 29.00 Peck, Mrs. Bronson 5.00 Peirce, Mr. James H 12.00 Perkins, Mrs. Herbert F 2.00 Perry, Mrs. Howard E 2.00 Phelps, Mrs. Erskine M 25.00 Phillips, Miss Harriet G 2.00 Pierce, Mrs. C. B 5.00 Pilsen Lumber Co 12.00 30 Pomeroy, Mrs. C. K 7.00^ Poole, Mr. Ralph H 5.00 Pope, Mrs. George Jackson 5.00 Porter, Mrs. Edward C 2.00^

Porter, Mr. George F ; 75.00 Porter, Mrs. H. H 100.00 Porter, Mr. H. H., Jr 20.00 Porter, Mrs. James F 5.00 Pouska, Mr. Frank J 2.00 Preston, Miss Mary C 2.00 Price, Mr. Ira Maurice 2.00 Pusey, Mrs. W. A 2.00 Quan, Mrs. James 2.00' Requa, Mrs. W. B 5.00 Raike, Mr. Louis 2.00 Raike, Friedman & Co 6.00 Ripley, Mrs. Edward P 20.00 Ritchie, Mr. W. E 10.00 Robertson, Miss Ina Law 2.00 Robins, Mrs. Raymond 50.00 Rosenwald, Mr. Juluis 1000.00 Rosenwald, Mr. M. S 2.00 Rothschild, Miss Amy 2.00 Rubens, Mrs. Charles 2.00 Rumsey, Miss E. V 15.00 Rumsey, Miss Emily S 2.00 Rumsey, Mr. and Mrs. Henry A 4.00 Rumsey, Mr. Henry A., Jr 2.00 Rumsey, Miss Jean 2.00 Ryerson, Mr. Martin A 100.00- Sarver, Miss Martha M 5.00 Schevill, Mr. Ferdinand 2.00 Schmidt, Mr. Otto L 2.0O Schultze, Miss Eve W 2.00 Scott, Mr. and Mrs. Frank H 20.00 Schwartz, Mr. Charles P 2.00 Scudder, Mrs. J. Arnold 2.00 Scudder, Mrs. William M 2.00 Scudder, Miss Mary 2.00 Sears, Mrs. N. C 5.00 Sears, Mr. Richard W 250.00 Seeberger, Mrs. Dora A 2.00 Seipp, Mrs. Conrad 2.00 Sellers, Mrs. Frank H 2.00 Sercomb, Mrs. A. L 2.00 Sewell-Clapp Mfg. Co 5.00- Shaffer, Mr. J. C 2.00 Shears, Mrs. Jessie E 5.00 Shepard, Mr. Stuart G 3.00 Sherwood, Mrs. John B 2.00 Shortall, Mrs. John L 4.00 Silberman, Mrs. Mary L 5.00 Silvestri, Consul and Mrs. Hugo 10.00 Simon, Mrs. Henry 2.00 Sippy, Mrs. Bertram 2.00 Skinner, Mr. Edward M 2.00 Skinner, Miss Elizabeth 2.00 Skinner, Miss Frederika 2.00 Skinner, Mrs. N. H 5.00 Smith, Dr. Julia Holmes 2.00 Smith, Mrs. Byron L 25.00 Smith, Miss Mary Rozet 52.00 31 Solomon, Mrs. Henry 2.00 Sprague, Mrs. Albert A., Jr 5.00 Stagg, Mr. A. Alonzo 2.00 Starr, Miss Ellen Gates 7.50 Steiner, Mr. Edward A 2.00 Stephens, Mrs. Redmond D 10.00 Stepina, Mr. James F 2.00 Stern, Mrs. A 2.00 Stirling. Mr. William R 25.00 Stone, Rev. James S 2.00 Strawson, Mrs. Arthur J 2.00 Strobel, Mr. C. L 2.00 Stumer, Mr. Abraham R 2.00 Sturges, Miss Mary D 10.00 Sturges, Mr. W. G 5.00 Sunny, Mr. B. E 12.00 Taber, Mr. S. R 3.00 Talafons, Mr. George 2.00 Taylor, Mrs. Homer S 2.00 Taylor, Mrs. Louis S 2.00 Teich, Mrs. J 2.00 Tenney, Mrs. H. K 2.00 The Hub 5.00 Thomas, Mrs. William 1 4.00 Thompson, Mrs. C. H 2.00 Thompson, Mrs. Slason 2.00 Thorsch, Mr. Victor 2.00 Tilt, Mrs. J. E 5.00 Tuthill, Mr. T. H 2.00 Tuttle, Mrs. H.N 5.00 Tyson, Mrs. Russell 7.00 Underwood, Mr. A. W 2.00 Underwood, Miss Florence M 2.00 Underwood, Miss Helen M 2.00 Uihlein, Mr. Edward G 2.00 Urie, Mrs. J. F 5.00 VanSchaick, Mrs. A. G 2.00 VanSchaick, Miss Ellen 2.00 Von Hoffmann, Vice-Consul and Mrs.G 5.00 Vopicka, Mr. Charles J 5.00 Wacker, Mr. Charles H 2.00 Walker, Mrs. Charles M 2.00 Walker, Mrs. Henry H 15.00 Walker, Mrs. James M 5.00 Walker, Mrs. James R 5.00 Walker, Mr. William B 5.00 Waller, Mrs. Robert A 2.00 Waller, Mrs. William 2.00 Ward, Mrs. L. A. Coonley 20.00 Ware, Mr. Charles W 2.00 Warner, Mr. George L 2.00 Warren, Mrs. Maude Radford 2.00 Warner, Mr. Harold R 300.00 Wassail, Miss Ellen 3.50 Weaver, Mr. George H 2.00 Webster, Mr. George H 25.00 Weide, Miss Lillian B 3.00 Weil, Mrs. J. E 2.00 West, Mrs. Frederick T 50.00 Wheeler, Mrs. Arthur D 2.00 White, Miss Emma Gertrude 2.00 Whitman, Mrs. Russell 2.00 32 AViebolat, Mr. W. A 50.00 Wilder, Mr. John E 25.00 Wilder, Mrs. T. E 2.00 Williams, Miss Alice 10.00 Williams, Miss Cornelia B 5.00 Wilmarth, Mrs. H. M 100.00 Wilson, Miss Martha 5.00 Winslow, Mrs. W. H 2.00 Wisner, Mrs. G. W 5.00 Woltersdorf, Mr. Arthur 4.00 Woltersdorf, Mr. Ernest 2.00 Wood, Mrs. Casey 5.00 Woolley, Mr. Clarence M 12.00 Wrenn, Mrs. Everts 2.00 Wrenn, Miss Ethel 10.00 Wyatt, Miss Edith 2.00 Zeisler, Mr. Leonard B 2.00 Zeisler, Mr. Sigmund 2.00 Zimmerman, Mrs. W. C 2.00 Zmrhal, Mr. J. J 7.00

ASSOCIATIONS.

Austro-Hungarian Benevolent Association $ 20.00 Annabel Circle of the King's Daughters 5.00 Arche Woman's Club, Philanthropy Department 10.00 Babies' Friendly Society 5.00 Bohemian National Council 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union, Supreme Lodge.... 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 8 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 17 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 19 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 20 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 40 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 41 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 68 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 69 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 70 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 71 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 74 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 76 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 79 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 93 3.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 101 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 102 1.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 106 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. Ill 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 114 1.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 122 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 128 1.00 Bohemian Women's Union, No. 129 1.00 Bryn Mawr Woman's Club 5.00 Chicago Association of Jewish Women 100.00 Chicago Woman's Club 10.00 Chicago Woman's Club, Philanthropy Depart- ment 100.00 Chicago Woman's Club, Reform Department.. 25.00 Chicago Woman's Club, Education Department. 10.00 Chicago Woman's Aid 25.00 Conference of Je\yish Women's Organizations.. 946.00 Eleanor Association 5.00 33 Henry Booth House 5.0O Hull House Woman's Club. 5. GO Irving Park Woman's Club. lo.oa Isaiah Woman's Club 5.00 Jochannah Lodge, No. 9 V. O. T. S.. 5.00 K. A. M. Auxiliary 25.00 North End Club, Philanthropy Committee. 25.00 Polish National Alliance 25.00 Polish Roman Catholic Union of America.. 5.00 Sister Benevolent Union, Supreme Lodge, 5.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 9 2.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 10 2.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 13 1.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 15 5.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 18 2.00 Sister Benevolent LTnion No. 21 2.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 26. 5.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 29. 1.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 36. 2.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 37. 1.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 39. l.OO Sister Benevolent Union, No. 40. 2.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 44. 1.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 46. 2.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 47. 3.0O Sister Benevolent Union, No. 50. 2.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 51. 1.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 53. 1.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 54 1.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 56 1.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 57 2.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 58 2.00 Sister Benevolent Union, No. 67 1.00 United Lithuanian Societies 15.00- Woman's Alliance, Church of All Souls 5.00 Woman's Club, University of Chicago Settlement 5.0O Woman's Auxiliary of St. James Episcopal Church 10.00<

$12,156.00

Slovak girls leaving the League for their raew homes on Eighteenth Street. Fifth Annual Report

OF THE IMMIGRANTS' PROTECTIVE LEAGUE

FOR THE YEAR ENDING

JANUARY Isl, 1914

743 PLYMOUTH COURT CHICAGO

^5"

OFFICERS

Alexander A. McCormick President Prof. George H. Mead First Vice President Miss Jane Addams Second Vice President Charles L. Hutchinson Treasurer Miss S. P. Breckinridge Secretary

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Miss E. V. RuMSEY Mrs. Samuel Dauchy Charles F. Harding Prof. Ernst Freund Mrs. George S. Isham Julius Rosenwald Judge Julian W. Mack

THE STAFF

Miss Grace Abbott Director Miss Adene Miller Miss Esabel Ritman Mrs. Bozena Pavlik Joseph Holenia Miss Ray Brin Mrs. Marion Wightman Miss Mary Baranowska Mrs. Mary Jurgelonis Miss Nettie Richardson Miss Elizabeth Picha Miss Irene Nelson Miss Vasilike Vaitses Miss R. Wheeler Miss Viola Paradise Miss Amelia P^arbiszewski

(The following foreign languages are spoken by tliis group: Bo- hemian, Croatian, German, Greek, Italian, Lettish, Lithuanian, Magyar, Norwegian, Polish, Ruthenian, Russian, Slovak and Yiddish.) BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Elected for the years 1912, 1913 and 1914.

Miss Jane Addams Harry A. Lipsky Mrs. Samuel Dauchy Prof. E. A. Stein er

Dr. Emil G. Hirsch Mrs. Wm. I. Thomas Philip N. Ksycki Joseph A. Nicolai

Julius Rosenwald Jaroslav J. Zmrhal

Elected for the years 1913, 1914 and 1915.

Miss S. P. Breckinridge A. A. McCormick Charles W. Folds Mrs. George S. Isham Mrs. Israel Cowen Prof. Ernst Freund Dr. Ludwig Hektoen Mrs. Joseph Fish Miss Julia C. Lathrop Charles L. Hutchinson

Elected for the years 1914, 1915 and 1916,

Judge Julian W. Mack Miss Mary E. McDowell Prof. George H. Mead Miss E. V. Rumsey Mrs. Tiffany Blake Alfred L. Baker Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen Mrs. Maurice L. Goodkind Charles F. Harding James E. Swan 1. During the year 1913-1914 the Trustees met four times, February 28, May 25, August 19 and November 18. The Executive Committee Hkewise four times, April 17, June 26, December 22, 1913, and February 26. The work has followed that of other years in method and in pur- pose. The important action of the Board during the year was that of lending Miss Abbott for six months to the Massachusetts State Com- mission on Immigration. Some results of her work there will be shared with us in her report. Her absence necessitated some rear- rangement of duties, and the League was fortunate in being able to avail itself during her absence of the services both of Miss Adena Miller, who came to us in 1912, and of Miss Paradise, who last year was on leave of absence to study in New York.

At the annual meeting last year, the passage of the law provid- ing for the establishment of a Federal Protective Bureau and authorizing an appropriation of $75,000 was announced as the ful- fillment of long and unremitting effort on the part of the League, the Commercial Club, and of other Chicago agencies interested in the well-being of the immigration in Chicago. The appropriation made by Congress, however, was $20,000 instead of $75,000 and was set aside for rent and equipment, making no provision for salaries. Moreover, the Secretary of Labor and the Commissioner of Immi- gration have yet found themselves unable, under the statute, to frame rules requiring that immigrant passengers destined for Chi- cago (not those destined for points beyond Chicago) be conveyed to the federal station before being discharged. Until such a rule is made and a consequent arrangement worked out with a transportation company, the assembling of arriving immigrants at our headquar- ters will probably continue. We have to congratulate ourselves most warmly on the fact that the authorities have placed at the head of the bureau Dr. Prentiss, with whom the League has long co-operated and who, when enabled to do so, will gladly avail himself of the League's experience so far as it can be used to serve the new arrivals in the city. It can surely be a matter of a short time only before the authorities formulate such rules as will increase the efficiency of the Federal Bureau and relieve the League of the costly task of receiving and distributing the new arrivals, thus leaving its time and its resources for the individual and more delicate services which Miss Abbott has so long coveted the chance of per- forming.

2. Members. The membership list consists now of 519 indi- viduals and of 85 societies, the latter showing an addition of 10 foreign societies since the last annual meeting. 5 3. Committees. The Committees have been called on for many services. The Membership Committee has been steadily active, the Conference Committee has held weekly meetings, and the members of the Legislative Committee have been always ready to be of service when called upon in special cases.

4. Visitors. Special acknowledgments are due the members of the staff. During the long absence of the Director, Miss Paradise and Miss Miller, with the devoted aid of the other visitors, carried the work of the League which increased enormously over the pre- vious year. Two of our valued visitors have left the regular service of the League—Miss Farbiszewski to study medicine and Mrs. Licci to take a position as interpreter at the Cook County Hospital—and Mrs. Wightman, who has been in charge of the night work at Ply- mouth House, is to leave us soon to serve the city as a police- woman. Miss Richardson returned during the summer after an absence of a year and a half in the West. The following new visi- tors were added—Mrs. Jurgelonis, who speaks Lithuanian, Lettish Russian, Polish and German; Miss Vaitses, who has done social work among the Greeks in Massachusetts, and Miss Baranowska, who is well known among the Poles of Chicago. To all of these and to the other visitors who have served the League for longer periods, the thanks of the society are gratefully expressed.

Respectfully submitted,

S. P. Breckinridge, Secretary.

S^pnrl nf tlf^ itr^rtnr

As the League becomes better known among the various foreign groups in Chicago an increasing number of those who are unable to speak English comes to ask for help and advice in the difficulties or perplexities in which they find themselves. In this report as in those of previous years, an effort has been made to show the kinds of services the League has been rendering during the past year and what those of us who are in daily contact with the people it is organized to serve, hope may be undertaken in the future. PROTECTION ON ARRIVAL

It was hoped that in the annual report for this year a few lines to the effect that the federal government was at last per- forming its very clear duty of protecting immigrants on their arri- val would be all that would be necessary. But unfortunately, such a report cannot be made and it therefore seems necessary to sum- marize briefly the work of the League in this connection.

Since its organization in 1908, the League has been endeavoring to secure adequate protection for the immigrant on his arrival. For two reasons it has urged that such protection should be pro- vided by the United States, (1) because this is only one part of the general need of safeguarding the immigrant on his journey from the port of his destination—an interstate matter, which can only be handled successfully by the federal authorities—and (2) because the United States collects from the immigrant an annual head tax which last year yielded an income of nearly two million dollars in excess of the total amount appropriated for the immigration serv- ice. These two million dollars, the League believes, should be re- garded as a trust fund and used for protecting and assisting the immigrant during the trying period of his adjustment to American conditions.

While realizing that protection on arrival could be properly given only by the federal government, until such work was under- taken, the League has endeavored to render such assistance as seemed practical. Meeting the trains was found entirely unsatisfac- tory because the representative of the League could not give the help that practically all of the four or five hundred who arrived on a train needed, and could not hope to discover among that number those who were in some special distress. For the first two years the efforts of the League were, therefore, confined to an attempt to secure the co-operation of railroad and police officials at the various stations so that those whose relatives or friends could not be found should be referred to the League. Co-operation was always promised, but very few immigrants were turned over to us, :

probably because they usually were given immediately on their arrival to private express and cabmen so those in need of help were not discovered by the officials. The girls who were brought to us had usually already spent a night at the Harrison Street Police Station and were very much frightened in consequence.

In 1910, through the efforts of Mr. Murray Nelson, Jr., and Mr. Howard G. Hetzler, president of the Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad, the League was able to greatly increase the protection of a very large number of those who arrived. Since that time the Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad has furnished the League the two-story building across the street from the Dearborn Street Station and turned over to us the supervision and control of the immigrants who arrive at that station on the Wabash, the Erie and the Grand Trunk railroads. In undertaking this work, the League hoped not only to give the help which the very large num- bers arriving at this station so badly needed, but also to show that official supervision was necessary and practical.

In its first work at the depot, the League encountered the organized opposition of the cab and expressmen, runners and other hangers-on against whom its efforts were mainly directed. Dur- ing the first six months they prevented us from doing much more than "staying on the job." Friendly agreements, complaints to the Inspector of Vehicles, suspensions, arrests, all seemed equally una- vailing, but eventually their effect was felt. During the first six months we brought across from the depot to the office and arranged for the delivery of only 1,903; in 1911 we performed this service for 5,204; in 1912 for 15,537, and in 1913 for 41,322. The nationality of these forty-one thousand was as follows

Polish 13,033 Italian 6,636 Russian 4,181

' Jewish 3,894 German 3,016 Lithuanian 1,857 Scandinavian 1,441 Bohemian and Moravian 1,218 Croatian 981 Slovak 716 Greek 635 Magyar 602 Slovenian 481 Irish 408 Armenian 349 Bulgarian 321 Roumanian 212 Ruthenian 207 Syrian 160 All others 658

Total 41,322 The name, address and nationality of all of these were recorded, together with the name of the persons to whom they were released. In many cases this was a relative or friend, but with every train load it was always necessary to refuse to allow girls or men to be taken ofif by people who pretended to be their relatives but who, when the immigrants were questioned in their own language, were found to be entire strangers to them. Those whose relatives and friends did not call for them and could not be reached by telephone were sent to their address, if it seemed a correct one, in a cab or on the street car guided by an A. D. T. messenger. Payment was made at the office and the number of the cab or the A. D. T. messenger was recorded. This has made it possible to fix the responsibility for failure to deliver an immigrant at his correct address or for over- charging. While complaints for these abuses are much less frequent now than formerly, 33 were reported to the Inspector of Vehicles last year. Those who bring doubtful or incorrect addresses are taken to their friends by representatives of the League.

In order that those who arrive late at night without proper addresses or those whose friends cannot be found, should not have to spend their first night in a Chicago police station, a few beds were provided at the headquarters of the League. These beds were used 1,420 times in 1913.

A law passed by Congress in February of last year, largely as a result of the efforts of the League, provides that this work shall be done for those who arrive at all the depots of the city by the United States Immigration Inspectors. Concerning this new feature of the federal immigration service, James W. Wilson, Secretary of Labor, made the following comment in his last annual report:

"An improvement in the care by the Federal Government of aliens about to be admitted into this country is contemplated by the act of Congress providing for immigration stations at interior places. Stations have been maintained heretofore only at ports or places of entry. From those points the immigrant, after being admitted, has

been left by the government to shift for himself ; but under the interior-station act immigrants will have government protection until they are discharged from the interior station nearest their destina-

tion. . . . Difficulties were experienced in procuring suitable housing accommodations in Chicago, but these have been overcome. The station was located in November at the Newbury Building, on the corner of Wabash avenue and East Ninth street. Dr. P. L. Prentiss has been placed in charge. Further arrangements are now in progress for the safe conduct of admissible immigrants destined to points beyond Chicago from their port or place of entry to the station at Chicago, and thereafter until they are properly routed thence to their respective destinations. On their way to Chicago they will be in charge of immigrant official-inspectors for men and matrons for women." The building selected has been properly equipped for the work. It has a receiving room, rest room, baths, laundry rooms, beds, etc., but final arrangements have not been made for transferring the im- migrant from the depots to this Immigration Station. These arrange- ments, the League hopes, will not be longer delayed and that the kind of protection which it has so long urged will soon be given all the immigrants who arrive in Chicago. The fact that Dr. Prentiss is to have charge of the station means that it will be systematically conducted in the largest spirit of helpfulness.

When the final arrangements for the station are made, the League will be relieved of work, which during the past year, espe- cially, has absorbed so large a part of the time of its visitors that it has been very much handicapped in its other work. It will, however, still be necessary to care for those who are in some special difficulty—those girls who are going to dangerous condi- tions, whose friends may have moved or died or for some other reason cannot be located and who must be helped to find a boarding place, their first work and to make connections with evening schools. At the Dearborn Street Station the League has found many in need of this assistance. In 122 such cases last year, the relatives or friends of the immigrant who seemed to have disappeared were eventually discovered by the League.

A wide acquaintance in the various foreign colonies often enables the League's visitors to find the missing friends or relatives. A Russian boy who was on the Volturno was brought to us. He had an Ashland avenue address but no one at the number given knew the boy. On talking with him the Russian visitor discovered that he had started with a brother, the two had become separated before they reached the port of embarkation, and the boy had sailed with- out the address of his Chicago relative, and ignorant of what had become of his brother. The address on Ashland avenue which he had shown us, had been given him by a passenger on the boat, who told the boy he would never be admitted if he had no address. He hoped that on Ashland avenue he would find this chance acquaint- ance and so would be spared the necessity of revealing his plight and, as he supposed, lay himself liable to immediate deportation. On Clybourn avenue where there is a colony of Russians who came from the same district as the boy, his brother was found.

Because of a lack of adequate supervision at the stations, such cases are not always discovered. A Polish girl, for example, who hadonly the address "South Chicago," was put off the train at that station and wandered about for some time. She was finally picked up by the police and brought to the League. The next day her aunt was found at 87th street and Superior by one of the League's visitors. Under federal supervision of all those who arrive, such girls and men would be held until a private agency could render the assistance of which thev are so much in need. 10 In connection with the journey of the immigrant the fact that the federal government is considering taking over the management of the Railroad Bureau at Ellis Island should be noted. At present this is conducted jointly l:)y the railroads and the traffic is pooled so that each road is given a share. Under this arrangement, immi- grants are often sent by the most indirect route, for example, several thousand who come to Chicago are sent by boat on the Old Dominion Line to Norfolk, Virginia, and from there by rail to Chi- cago. Immigrants who are going beyond Chicago and could go with- out any change are routed so that several changes are necessary. While this is particularly hard on the women who are traveling with little children, it increases the danger of delay and of exploitation for all immigrants. It is, therefore, to l)e hoped that the government will assume control of this matter and will see that the immigrants are sent by the most direct routes from the port to their destination. VISITING THE IMMIGRANT GIRLS

One of the objects for which the League was established was the systematic visiting of the young immigrant women who come, unac- companied, to Chicago. Many of these girls go to relatives and friends who are able and eager to give them the care and assistance which they need. But many others are practically alone and in the bewilderment which comes with a first experience in industrial life and a great city, they are much in need of help. The visitors of the League have tried to devote whatever time was necessary in see- ing these girls properly started in their life in Chicago so that the original visit has often been followed by many subsequent visits and many kinds of assistance h-ave been rendered.

Sometimes the League's visitor can do little more than ofifer the encouragement which the girl so much needs during the first few years in America. Usually she tries to persuade the girl to attend the nearest night school ; sometimes she helps her in finding work, or a proper boarding place ; sometimes when the immigrant is educated she has to quite sternly insist that any kind of work must be accepted until English has been learned. Some girls are discovered only after it is too late to prevent a tragedy. In the cases of two girls, one Polish and the other Bohemian, who had been betrayed by the uncles who had brought them to this country, the results were espe- cially discouraging because the efforts to punish the men failed and one of the girls who had suffered so much from the uncle whom she thought she could trust, was deported.

A Norwegian girl, who will not be sixteen until March, came to an aunt who found the girl unmanageable. She left her aunt's home and all trace of her was lost for some time. A visitor of the League found her just as she was being transferred from one dis- reputable house to another. In this case the man and the woman responsible for her ruin were both convicted and the girl will be returned to her mother. 11 :

Of the girls whose names and addresses are received, but whom we were unable to find, 436 of the addresses given were impossible and no visit was attempted. Two hundred and nine we found some trace of but after several visits the attempt to locate them was abandoned altho all the clews had not been exhausted. In nine cases, as compared with thirty-four last year, the people to whom the girls said they were coming were found, but they did not expect the girls and knew nothing of what had become of them. Four hundred and sixteen others could not be found altho every effort was made to locate them.

Many of the girls are found living under such conditions that the moral danger which they cannot be persuaded exists, is easily foreseen by the visitors. When this is the case, the only value in the visit is that the girl has had some one who speaks her own lan- guage explain to her that should she be in need of assistance she is to call upon the League.

During the past year 2,905 girls, representing the following nationalities, were visited by the League

Polish 1,346 Jewish from Russia, Austria and Roumaniat 492 Scandinavian^ 246 Lithuanian 166 Irish 138 Italian 132 Bohemian and Moravian 120 Slovak 116 German 88 Croatian 38 Ruthenian 35 Magyar 21 Russian 18 All other 49

Total 3,005

In 1912, 3,338 were visited, and in 1911, 3,595. This falling off in the numbers that have been reached in this way is much regretted. It is due (1) to the great increase in the numbers who have been cared for on arrival and (2) to the fact that the demands on the League increase from year to year as it becomes better known in the city and an increasing number of those who have once been assisted return for advice when a new and perplexing situation develops. Last year 1,850 men and women returned for some help. Their needs vary greatly. For example, a Russian Jewish girl who came in 1911 had had the equivalent of a high school education. The best work she could secure was in a tailor shop. She was ambitious to learn dressmaking and a place was found for her at that work

tl74 of these were visited by volunteers of the Chicago Association of Jewish Women. ^Letters are first sent to the Scandinavian girls. Those who report that they need assistance are not visited by the League. 12 by the League, but she made little progress. She returned to the League again and again as a slack season left her without employ- ment ; when her brother was sick ; when she wanted advice as to whether she should go to New York or should consult an oculist. Her present outlook is promising. Last autumn the League found more interesting work for her and she is apparently "making good," but she will be back again should she need assistance or want some one with whom she could discuss either her success or her failure.

One Russian girl who was arrested on a false charge by the man whom she had promised to marry in Russia, but whom she was unwilling to consider when she found she could support herself in America, was released on the promise of the League that some supervision would be given her. Although her period of probation has long passed, perhaps because she has no relatives in Chicago, she derives a sense of security by coming regularly to the office to let us know whether she has or has not heard from her mother, whether she likes her new job or whether she has been able to save enough to buy a new coat. The fact that many of these girls are pioneers in their families makes their need for friendly contact the greater. Over and over again, we find that they are practicing the most rigid self-denial in order to send money home regularly or to save enough to bring over, one by one, the sisters and brothers and finally the old father and mother they have left at home. The League is extending in behalf of its members and contributors, an organized hospitality to these girls who are in so many senses strangers in Chi- cago. Instead of visiting a fewer number next year, the League hopes that it will be able to ofifer its help to a larger number.

OTHER GROUPS THAT THE LEAGUE SERVES

Occasionally very young children are in need of help. A Ru- thenian woman, who was coming to her husband, decided to bring, in addition to her own children, her sister's oldest child, a little girl of twelve. The woman had supposed that the child could work and send some money back to her mother, who is very poor. Her hus- band was unable to support the child as well as his own family and was afraid to keep her. When discovered by the League she was staying with a neighbor and had not been to school. A good home with a Ruthenian family was found for the girl and she is now regu- larly attending school. A Swedish girl of fourteen, whose sister proved to be an improper person to care for her, a Polish girl of the same age, whose brother was cruel to her, have all required many visits before other relatives were found and the children enrolled in school.

The immigrant man who comes to the League usually wants work, or has suffered from an industrial accident, or asks help in collecting the wages that are due him; sometimes an employment agent has accepted his money and then failed to give him work, or 13 a banker has not forwarded the money he left to be sent to his wife, or he discovers that his lawyer is not to be trusted. But often the men also come merely because they want to tell the visitor who is their only friend in America, that they are home-sick and discour- aged, or almost equally often to say that things are going much bet- ter now and sometimes in the glory of an entirely new outfit, happy and prosperous, to ask if we would ever recognize them for the same person that we had known in misfortune.

THE DETENTION OR EXCLUSION OF IMMIGRANTS AT THE PORTS

The largest number of immigrants who are debarred from enter- ing the United States belong to the group that the inspectors de- cide are "liable to become public charges." As the ability of their relatives or friends to assist them is a factor in this decision, it is extremely important that a statement of the resources of their Chi- cago relatives should reach the port where the decision is made. Affidavits setting forth their ability and willingness to assist the de- tained immigrant must therefore be sent. The Pole or Italian who has been here only a few years does not at all understand what he must do under these circumstances. If he consults the notary public of the neighborhood, he is often charged a very high price and then poorly advised as to what he should or should not do. The affidavits for these cases are, therefore, prepared in the office. This is done without investigation, if the sworn statement of the relatives are merely recorded and forwarded. If, however, the League joins in an appeal for admission to the Secretary of Labor, a careful investi- gation is first made.

These "detention cases," as we call them, are a very discourag- ing part of the League's work. The present law is so indefinite as to leave the question of who may or may not be admitted almost completely to the discretion of the Secretary of Labor. In the past, these decisions have not been regarded as constituting precedents which must be followed in similar cases in the future, and so the outcome is uncertain. The result is that again and again we have to agree with the relatives that we cannot understand why some decision was reached, and when we are asked will "my brother or sister, or mother to whom I am sending a prepaid ticket be ad- mitted," we have to reply that we have no possible means of know- ing how the decision is apt to go.

This means cruel and needless self-denial on the part of those in the United States who send money or tickets to Europe and failure and even disgrace for those who sell or mortgage their little hold- ings when they start to America and so have nothing to which they mav return if thev are excluded.

14 FINDING LOST BAGGAGE

Because his baggage is delayed on a European railroad, because it is not started on the same boat with him, or because he fails to exchange his American transfer check at the railroad station and for many other reasons, the immigrant's baggage is often lost. While the League hopes that the United States will eventually insist that steamship and railroad lines work out a better system of handling this baggage, in the meantime the tracing of baggage and securing a settlement when it cannot be found is done by the League. During the past year baggage was recovered for 224 persons. SECURING REFUNDS

Securing refunds on railroad tickets has also become a regular part of the office work. For example, an Italian boy of nineteen was brought to the office from the Northwestern Station. He was going to a brother in California, but in transferring to the Northwestern depot he had lost his purse containing his railroad ticket, thirty dol- lars and the address of his brother. By communicating with the Commissioner of the port of entry, the address of his brother and a description of his railroad ticket was secured. The brother was communicated with and sent another ticket so the boy proceeded to his destination. After a long correspondence the value of the ticket was paid the boy by the railroad. Refunds are also secured on the tickets of those who are excluded from the United States and for those who have been in the United States for some time and desire to reach some interior point in Canada and are excluded at the boundary. UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE IMMIGRANT

During the past few months the most frequent request has been for a job. The immigrant is, of course, the first to suffer from industrial depression or from the recurrence of slack seasons. The very large number of immigrant men who are unemployed during the winter months is explained by the fact that Chicago is the cen- tral labor market for railroad construction workers throughout the country. The large majority of these men are recently arrived immi- grants. Last June the demand for these workers greatly exceeded the supply and men were brought in from various parts of the country. When the camps closed in the autumn they returned to Chicago to swell the numbers of the unskilled who were looking for work. There is no question but that every season laborers are brought into Chicago when there are idle men here because a Chi- cago and a New York or a Boston employment agent arranged for a division of fees.

The League has had the usual complaints against private employ- ment agencies during the past year and ZZ of these were investigated and adjusted. These agencies which are engaged in interstate IS business should be under federal regulation. This would prevent many of the abuses and frauds from which a single state is unable to protect the immigrant. But a scientific organization of the supply and demand for this class of labor will never be accomplished by private agencies who are merely competing for fees. It is, there- fore, hoped that the present ineffective division of information in the Bureau of Immigration will be made a National Labor Exchange and that the State Free Employment offices in Illinois will be so reorganized that they will be able to advise the immigrant as to where he may dispose of such skill, intelligence, or strength as he possesses, to the best possible advantage. For it is of the greatest importance not only to the immigrant laborer, but to the American also, that the immigrant should work for the prevailing rate of wages, under decent conditions, and that he should not be sent to an already over-supplied labor market to work for a few weeks in order that some agent may collect fees. IMMIGRANT CHILDREN AND THE SCHOOLS

The League has continued the practice of reporting to the super- intendents of schools in the cities and towns of the state, the names of all children of school age who come to Illinois by way of Ellis Island, so that their immediate enrollment may be secured. The hope was expressed last year that a larger number of cities and towns could be induced to co-operate in this work, but while some new ones have been added to the list, there are still many of the smaller towns that are apparently wholly indifferent to this oppor- tunity of securing the immediate enrollment of these children in school. In reporting on this work to the Secretary of Labor last October, attention was called to the fact that in Chicago, especially, the Superintendent of Compulsory Education had found that a very large number of the children could not be found at the addresses given on the manifests. In many of these cases this was clearly due to the fact that they had given the address of some steamship agent, who when visited, was found to know nothing of their where- abouts. This practice, it is believed, should no longer be per- mitted. CO-OPERATING WITH OTHER AGENCIES

In all the many kinds of service it is asked to perform, the League must call upon most of the social agencies of the city. To help the unmarried immigrant mother, to prevent exploitation, to assist in finding proper companionship and recreation for the young people, to care for the children and the old people, to advise those who are in domestic or industrial difficulties, the League has had to rely upon the assistance of the various philanthropic, social and civic agencies of the city. During the last year it has co- operated with sixty-four agencies in European cities and in New York, Baltimore, Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Galveston and 16 other cities of the United States, but it is to Chicago agencies that it is most indebted. PLANS FOR THE COMING YEAR

1. In the first program of work which was adopted by the Executive Committee of the League it was decided that "it should undertake when opportunity presents itself to interpret to the community those problems which have special significance for for- eign groups, so that practical aid may be more intelligently rendered and a more sympathetic understanding developed." During its first year three studies were made with this end in view. It is hoped that two, which are very much needed at present, can be undertaken during the coming year. 2. Last year the hope was expressed that some of the smaller cities and towns of the state might be visited for the purpose of arousing some interest in their needs. This was not found possible. Investigation of the small industrial communities of Massachusetts by the State Commission on Immigration showed that in such towns the isolation and neglect was greatest. In some of the towns in Illinois the League has had evidence of serious neglect. It is therefore felt to be extremely important that we should know more about conditions in the mining and industrial towns of the state.

3. The development of an employment department with a view to such placement as will give greater choice of occupations to the recent immigrants is much needed. Their friends, often themselves recent immigrants, are unable to suggest anything except the occu- pation in which they are engaged and this may or may not be at all the sort for which the last arrival is fitted by previous training, experience or aptitude. It is hoped that this work will be eventually done by the State Free Employment offices, but it is believed that an experiment along this line conducted by the League, would be of service to the state agencies when they are reorganized and would, at any rate, serve a very much larger number than those actually placed in positions. 4. With the federal supervision of the arrival of immigrants which it is believed will soon be established, the League hopes to devote more time to the follow up work, especially among the girls and the younger men who are without family connections. During six months of the period covered by this report I was on leave of absence with the Massachusetts Commission on Immigra- tion. Much of the work which has been summarized in this report was done during my absence. But whether I have been away or in Chicago, whatever has been accomplished has been due to the faithful, intelligent and resourceful work of all the members of the staff. Respectfully submitted, Grace Abbott, Director. 17 IS^port nf tlj^ ©r^afiur^r

Cash receipts and disbursements for year ending Dec. 31, 1913.

In bank, December 31, 1912 $ 933.73

Receipts.

Contributions and membership fees received. $11,038.50 Loan 900.00 Sale of tickets for annual dinner 105.00 Lodgings, refunds, etc 152.23 Miscellaneous 11.35 $12,207.08

$13,140.81 Disbursements.

Loan paid $ 900.00

Accounts payable at December 31, 1912. . . . 17.40 Gustave Isabelle, benefit fund 36.50 Sara Ginsburg, scholarship fund 20.00

Contributions. General Education Committee on Chicago philanthropy 25.00

Administration of Funds to Parents' Act. . . . 50.00 Committee on Social Legislation 25.00 Meals for immigrants 98.40 Rent (Paid by the Chicago and Western In- diana Railroad) 600.00 Salaries 9,138.00 Cleaning 352.08 Light 129.00 Stationery and Printing 453.26 Postage 233.40 Telephone and Telegraph 290.46 Expense of Annual Dinner 218.00 Furniture and Fixtures 18.50 Miscellaneous 365.56 $12,971.25

$ 169.56 Respectfully submitted,

Charles L. Hutchinson, Treasurer.

A\^alton, Joplin, Langer & Co., Auditors. 18 MtmbnB nnh fflontrtbutora

Abbott, Mr. A. H $ 2.00 Abbott, Miss Edith 2.00 Abbott, Mrs. W. T 2.00 Adams, Mrs. Cyrus H 2.00 Adams, Mr. Cyrus H., Jr 2.00 Adams, Mrs. E. S 2.00 Adams, Miss Margaret 10.00 Adams, Mr. Spencer L 2.00 Addams, Miss Jane 4.00 Adier, Mrs Max 10.00 Aldis, Mrs. Arthur 10.00 Allen, Mr. Benjamin 5.00 Allen, Miss Dora 2.00 Allen, Mr. J. M 2.00 Allen, Mr. William D 2.00 Ailing, Miss Elizabeth C 2.00 Andrews, Mrs. Frank T 2.00 Anonj'mous 113.00 Armour, Mrs. Philip D 12.00 Arnold, Aliss Katherine D 2.00 Asher, Mr. L. E 12.00 Atkinson, Mrs. Charles T 2.00 Atwater, Mrs. Walter Hull 2.00 Austin, Mr. H. W 10.00 Ayer, Mr. Edward E 25.00 Bacon, Mrs. Annie 2.00 Bailey, Mrs. Edward P 10.00 Baker, Mr. & Mrs. Alfred L 100.00 Baldwin, Mrs. Jesse A 2.00 Bancroft. Mr. E. A 5.00 Barnes, Mrs. C. W 7.00 Barr, Mrs Wilhelmina 3.00 Barrett, Miss Adele 2.00 Barrett, Mrs. S. E 25.00 Bartelme, Miss Mary W 2.00 Bartholomay, Mrs. Henry 25.00 Bartlett. Miss Florence Dibell 25.00 Bartlett, Mr. & Mrs. Frederic C 4.00 Basche, Mrs. Joseph 2.00 Bass, Mrs. John F 5.00 Bauman, Mrs. F. O 5.00 Beal, Miss Susan Letitia 4.00 Beale, Mrs. William G 2.00 Becker, Mr. A. G 175.00 Behar, Mr. N 2.00 Beidler, Mrs. Francis 2.00 Bell, Mrs. Laird 5.00 Bentley, Mr. & Mrs. Cvrus 50.00 Benton, Mrs. William H 2.00 Benton, Miss Kate Sturges 2.00 Benton, Miss Rita 2.00 Berry, Mr. J. B 2.00 Bernhard, Mr. Wilhelm 5.00 Besly, Mrs. Chas. H 7.00 Biankini, Dr. A 5.00 Blackstone, Mrs. T. B 20.00 Blackwelder, Mr. I. S 2.00 19 Blaine, Mrs. Emmons 100.00 Blair, Mrs. Edward T 5.00 Blair, Mrs. William 10.00 Blake, Mrs. Tiffany 40.00 Blakeley, Mr. & Mrs. John M 19.00 Blatchford, Miss Dorothy L 2.00 Blatchford, Miss Frances M 2.00 Blatchford, Mrs. Paul 2.00 Bodman, Mrs. Luther W 10.00 Borden, Mrs. William 50.00 Borland, Mrs. Bruce 2.00 Borland, Mrs. J. J 10.00 Born, Mrs. M 7.00 Botsford Mr. Henry 2.00 Bowen, Mrs. Joseph T 250.00 Boyles, Mrs. C. C 10.00 Bradley, Miss Anna Marion 2.00 Bradley, Mr. John Dorr 10.00 Breckinridge, Miss Curry D 2.00 Bridge, Miss Grace Irene 2.00 Brooks, Mrs. James C 5.00 Brown, Mrs. Charles Edward 10.00 Brown, Mr. Harold H 2.00 Brush, Mrs. Emerson H 2.00 Buckingham, Mr. & Mrs. John 4.00 Bullock, Mr. & Mrs. H. E 4.00 Burley, Mr. Clarence A 10.00 Burling, Mr. Edward B 2.00 Burnham, Mrs. C. L 7.00 Burton, Mr. Ernest D 2.00 Butler, Mrs. Hermon B 25.00 Carpenter, Mr. Augustus A., Jr 25.00 Carpenter, Mrs. G. A 4.00 Carr, Mrs. Clyde M 5.00 Carsten, Mr. Paul 2.00 Caruthers, Mrs. Malcolm 7.00 Casselberry, Mrs. W. E 10.00 Chandler, Mrs. Frank R 2.00 Chapin, Mrs. Charles A 25.00 Chapin, Mr. Simeon B 50.00 Chapman, Mrs. John A 10.00 Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad (for rent) 600.00 Clancy, Mr. William 2.00 Clark, Mrs. George M 5.00 Claussenius, Mr. George W 2.00 Clinch, Mr. & Mrs. George O 5.00 Colvin, Miss Catherine 50.00 Colvin, Miss Jessie 50.00 Comstock, Mrs. C. G 5.00 Conger, Mrs. William P 2.00 Conley, Mrs. John W 2.00 Conover, Mr. Charles H 2.00 Coonley, Mrs. Avery 25.00 Cooper, Miss Isabel A 2.00 Cooper, Mr. Paul D 1.00 Corwith, Mrs. Henry 17.00 Cramer, Mrs. Ambrose 2.00 Cramer, Mr. Frank 5.00 Crandall, Mrs. C. B 2.00 Crane, Mr. Charles R 250.00 Crane, Mr. R. T., Jr 100.00 Cudahy, Mrs. E. A 2.00 20 Culver, Miss Helen 22.00 Cummings, Mrs. D. Mark 10.00 Cunningham, Mrs. Secor 2.00 Curtis, Mr. James 2.00 Danielson, Mrs. Richard E 10.00 Dauchy, Miss Beatrix 5.00 Dauchy, Mr. & Mrs. Samuel 1,000.00 Daughaday, Miss Ella 2.00 Davis, Mr. Abel 10.00 Davis, Mrs. Nathan S 2.00 Day, Mrs. Albert M 20.00 Defrees, Mr. Joseph H 10.00 Deknatel, Mr. F. H 2.00 DeKoven, Mrs. John 25.00 Delano. Mr. and Mrs. Fredric A 4.00 Dick, Mrs. Albert B 2.00 Dickinson, Mr. and Mrs. Francis R 4.00 Dickinson, Mrs. William R 2.00 DiCosola, Mr. Michele 2.00 Doering, Air. O. C 2.00 Donnelley, Mrs. Thomas E 2.00 Doud, Mrs. L. B 10.00 Douglas, Mr. CM 2.00 Douglass, Mr. William A 2.00 Drake, Miss Marion H 2.00 Drake, Mrs. Tracy C 2.00 DuBois, Mrs. Arthur 100.00 Dummer, Miss Marion 2.00 Dummer, Mrs. W. F 52.00 Dunham, Mr. W. H 2.00 Dunn, Mrs. Morrill 10.00 Eckhart, Mr. B. A 2.00 Eisendrath, Mrs. S. L 2.00 Eisinger, Mrs. Emanuel 2.00 Electric Appliance Co 5.00 Elenbogen, Mr. H 2.00 Elkan, Mr. Leo H 5.00 Ellinger, Mr. Joseph 2.00 Ely, Mrs. Carolyn M 5.00 Ennis, Mrs. Robert B 2.00 Ettinger, Mr. Charles D 2.00 Epstein, Miss Lena 2.00 Ewing, Mr. Charles Hull 2.00 Fanning, Mrs. Arthur Lane 2.00 Farwell, Mrs. Arthur 25.00 Farwell, Mrs. Francis C 5.00 Farwell, Mr. John V 10.00 Faulkner, Miss Georgene 2.00 Fechheimer, Mrs. Frederic 2.00 Fiala, Mrs. Cyril 2.00 Field, Mr. Arthur C 2.00 Field, Mr. James A 2.00 Field, Mr. John S 25.00 Field, Mrs. W. A 5.00 Fish, Mrs. Joseph 2.00 Fisher, Mr. Walter L 2.00 Fisk, Miss Beulah Murray 2.00 Fitzhugh, Mrs. Carter H 10.00 Flexner, Mr. Bernard 5.00 Flint, Mrs. Edith F 3.00 Folds, Mr. Charles W 2.00 Follansbee, Mrs. Mitchell D 2.00 21 Foote, Mr. Erastus 10.00 Foote, Mr. C. B 2.00 Forgan, Mr. James B 10.00 Foreman, Mr. Edwin G 25.00 Foreman, Mr. Oscar G 25.00 Frank, Mrs. Henry L 4.00 French, Miss Martha E 6.00 Freund, Mr. Ernst 20.00 Freund, Mr. Gustav 7.00 Friedman, Mr. I. K 5.00 Gane, Mrs. Thomas F 2.00 Gatzert, Mrs. August 2.00 Gladwin, Miss Gertrude E 2.00 Goodkind, Mrs. Maurice L ." 25.00 Goodman, Mrs. William O 2.00 Goodrich, Miss Juliet F 20.00 Goodspeed, Mrs. W. F 25.00 Greeley, Mrs. Fredrick 2.00 Greenebaum, Mr. Henry N 2.00 Greenhoot, Miss Inez 2.00 Gregory, Mr. and Mrs. R. B 20.00 Gundlach, Mr. E. T 5.00 Haas, Mrs. Charles 2.00 Hagar, Mrs. Edward M 2.00 Hall, Mr. James P 5.00 Hambleton, Mr. C. J 2.00 Hamill, Air. Charles H 10.00 Hamill, Mrs. Ernest A 25.00 Hamilton, Mr. Arthur L 2.00 Harding, Mr. Charles F 390.00 Harlan, Mr. John Maynard 2.00 Harris, Mr. N. W 50.00 Hart, Mr. Max 50.00 Hart, Mr. Harry 50.00 Hasler, Mrs. Edward 17.00 Head, Miss Elizabeth 5.00 Healy, Mr. and Mrs. John J 4.00 Hefter, Miss Celia 2.00 Hefter, Miss Florence 2.00 Hektoen, Dr. Ludwig 2.00 Hemple, Miss Mary Ellis 2.00 Henderson, Dr. C. R 2.00 Hermann, Mr. Joe 2.00 Herrick, Mrs. James B 2.00 Hibbard, Mrs. William G., Jr 2.00 Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co 50.00 Hill, Mrs. Lysander 2.00 Holt, Miss Ellen 2.00 Holt, Mr. George H 2.00 Houghteling, Miss Harriet P 2.00 Houghteling, Mrs. James L 25.00 Houghteling, Mr. William 2.00 Howe, Mrs. F. J 2.00 Hubka. Mrs. B. M 1.00 Hull, Mr. and Mrs. Morton D 4.00 Hutchinson, Mr. Charles L 50.00 Ickes, Mrs. Harold L 10.00 Ingalls, Mrs. George H 2.00 Isham, Mrs. George S 115.00 Isham, Mrs. Ralph 6.00 Isham, Mrs. R. N 10.00 Jackson, Mr. George S 2.0a 22

Jackson, Mr. William H 2.00 Jameson, Mr. and Mrs. John A 4.00 Jenkins, Mrs. John E 12.00 Jensen, Mr. Elmer C 2.00 Johnson, Mrs. Frank S 2.00 Johnson, Miss Jennie F. W 2.00 Jones, Mr. George 1 2.00 Jones, Mr. Thomas D 10.00 Jordan, Mrs. Cadj-^ M 2.00 Jordan, Mrs. Edwin 2.00 Keep, Mrs. Albert 50.00 Kellner, Miss Tobine R 2.00 Keogh, Mr. James B 10.00 Kern, Miss Mary R 2.00 Kimball, Mr. Charles P 35.00 Kip, Mr. Joseph 1.00 Klee, Mr. Max 10.00 Kohlsaat, Mrs. H. H 5.00 Kohn, Mrs. Esther L 10.00 Lane, Mrs. Eben 2.00 Lane, Miss Ida M 2.00 Larned, Mrs. Walter C 10.00 Lathrop, Mr. Bryan 25.00 Lawson, Mr. Victor F 100.00 Leopold, Mrs. N. F 2.00 Levi, Mrs. Gerson B 2.00 Levine, Mrs. A 2.00 Lewis, Miss Marion M 2.00 Lillie, Mr. Frank R 2.00 Lipsky, Mr. Harry A 5.00 Lipson, Mr. LB 2.00 Locke, Mrs. Clinton 2.00 Loeb, Mr. Sidney 2.00 Loesch, Scofield & Loesch 5.00 Logan, Mr. Frank G 50.00 Lord, Mrs. D. M 2.00 Lowenstein, Mr. Sidney 2.00 Lowenthal, Mrs. J. W 2.00 Lunde, Mr. Theodore H 2.00 Lurya, Mr. 1 2.00 Lyford, Mrs. W. H 5.00 Lyman, Mrs. David B., Jr 2.00 Lyman, Mrs. James 2.00 Mack, Judge Julian W 10.00 Mack, Mr. Robert T 2.00 Mack, Mr. William J 2.00 MacRae, Mr. Thaddeus B 2.00 Madlener, Mrs. A. F 2.00 Mandel, Miss Blanche 2.00 Mandel, Mrs. Emanuel 2.00 Manierre, Mr. George 5.00 Marston, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas B 4.00 Martin, Mrs. Franklin H 2.00 Mathews, Mrs. Shailer 2.00 Matz, Mrs. Rudolph 2.00 Mayer, Mr. Levy 2.00 Mayer, Mrs. Isaac H 15.00 Maynard, Mr. A. K 2.00 McCormick, Mr. Alexander A 200.00 McCormick, Mrs. Cyrus H 500.00 McCormick, Miss Elizabeth D 3.00 McCormick, Mr. Harold F 100.00 23 McCulloch, Mrs. Catherine Waugh 2.00 McDowell, Aliss Mary E 3.00 McFadon, Mrs. Robert 4.00 McKenzie, Miss Louise 2.00 McKinney, Mr. Hayes 2.00 McKinlock, Mrs. G. A 2.00 Mermel, Mrs. Carolina 2.00 Merrick, Miss Elizabeth 2.00 Meyer, Mr. Albert 2.00 Meyer, Mrs. A. C 2.00 Meyer, Mr. E. F 50.00 Miller, Mrs. Charles P 2.00 Mitchell, Mrs. Leeds 2.00 Montgomery, Mrs. Frank Hugh 2.00 Moos, Mrs. J. B 5.00 Moore, Mrs. J. Hobart 27.00 Moore, Mrs. James Hills 2.00 Morganthau, Mrs. S. L 2.00 Morris, Mr. Edward 200.00 Morrison, Mrs. James 10.00 Moss, Mrs. G. W 5.00 Murphy, Mr. J. Austin 2.00 Nash, Miss Madeline 5.00 Nash, Mrs. Richard 2.00 Nelson, Mrs. Murray, Jr 5.00 Newell, Mrs. O. S 2.00 Nicholes, Miss Anna E 2.00 Nicholson, Mr. Thomas 2.00 Noel, Mr. Joseph R 5.00 Nolan, Mr. John H 2.00 Norcross, Mrs. Frederick A 12.00 North, Mrs. H. L 5.00 North. Mrs. William Stanley and Miss Dorothy G02.00 Norton, Mrs. L. M 2.00 Nye, Mrs. James W 7.00 Oakley, Mr. Horace S 2.00 Ochsner, Mrs. Albert J 5.00 Oglesby Coal Co 2.00 Oiiphant, Miss Lizzie Walser 2.00 Olsen, Mr. Anton T 2.00 Otis, Mrs. Joseph E 10.00 Page, Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin E 4.00 Pagel, Miss Lydia C 2.00 Page, Mrs. William R 5.00 Palandech, Mr. John R 2.00 Palmer, Mrs. Robert F 2.00 Palmer, Airs. Potter, Jr 5.00 Paradise, Mrs. Maurice 2.00 Parsons, Miss Elizabeth C 3.00 Payson, Mrs. George S 10.00 Peasley, Mr. and Mrs. J. C 29.00 Peck, Mrs. Walter Leslie 25.00 Peirce, Mr. James H 12.00 Perkins, Mrs. Herbert F 2.00 Phelps, Mrs. Erskine M 5.00 Phillips, Miss Harriet G 2.00 Pierce, Mrs. C. B 2.00 Pilsen Lumber Company 22.00 Piotrowski, Mr. N. L 2.00 Pomeroy, Mrs. C. K 7.00 Pond, Mr. Allen B 2.00 Poole, Mr. Ralph H 5.00 24 Pope, Mrs. Edward 10.00 Pope, Mrs. George Jackson 5.00 Porter, Mrs. Edward C 2.00 Porter, Mr. George F 75.00 Porter, Mrs. H. H 100.00 Porter, Mr. H. H., Jr 20.00 Porter, Mrs. James F 5.00 Pouska, Mr. Frank J 2.00 Preston, Miss Mary C 2.00 Price, Mr. Ira Maurice 2.00 Pusey, Mrs. W. A 2.00 Quan, Mrs. James E 5.00 Requa, Mrs. VV. B 5.00 Raike, Mr. Louis 2.00 Richardson, Mr. W. L 2.00 Ripley, Mrs. Edward P 22.00 Ritchie, Mr. W. E 10.00 Robertson, Miss Ina Law 2.00 Robbins, Mrs. Raymond 75.00 Rosenfeld, Mrs. Maurice 2.00 Rosenfield, Mrs. Morris S 2.00 Rosenwald, Mr. Julius 1,025.00 Rosenwald, Mr. Lessing J 5.00 Rosenwald, Mr. M. S 2.00 Rothschild, Miss Amy 5.00 Rubens, Mrs. Charles 2.00 Rubovitz, Mr. Toby 2.00 Rumsey, Miss E. V 15.00 Rumsey, Miss Elizabeth 2.00 Rumsey, Miss Emily S 2.00 Rumsey, Mr. and Mrs. Henry A 4.00 Rumsey, Mr. Henry A., Jr 2.00 Rumsey, Miss Jean 2.00 Ryerson, Mr. Martin A 100.00 Salaba, Mr. Joseph J 1.00 Sarver, Miss Martha M 5.00 Schevill, Mr. Ferdinand 2.00 Schmidt, Dr. Otto L 5.00 Schwartz, Mr. Charles P 2.00 Schweppe, Mr. and Mrs. C. H 4.00 Scott, Mr. and Mrs. Frank H 20.00 Scott, Mr. Frederick H 5.00 Scudder, Mrs. J. Arnold 2.00 Scudder, Miss Mary 2.00 Sears, Mrs. N. C 7.00 Sears, Mr. Richard W 125.00 Seipp, Mrs. Conrad 2.00 Shaffer, Mr. J. C 2.00 Shears, Mrs. Jessie E 5.00 Shepard, Mr. Stuart G :}.00 Sherwood, Mrs. John B 2.00 Shortall, Mr. and Mrs. John L 4.00 Shirk, Mrs. Milton 10.00 Silberman, Mrs. Sigmund S 5.00 Silvestri, Consul and Mrs. Hugo 10.00 Simon, Mrs. Henry 2.00 Simon, Mr. John 2.00 Sippy, Mrs. Bertram VV 2.00 Skinner, Mr. Edward M 2.00 Skinner, Miss Elizabeth 2.00 Skinner, Miss Frederika 10.00 Skinner, Mrs. N. H 5.00 25 Skrob, Mr. Anton 1.00 Smetana, Mr. Vaclav 2.00 Smith, Mrs. Byron L 25.00 Smith, Miss Mary Rozet 52.00 Snydacker, Mr. A. M 2.00 Solomon, Mrs. Henry 2.00 Spaulding, Mrs. Charles F 25.00 Sprague, Mrs. Albert A., Jr 5.00 Stagg, Mr. A. Alonzo 2.00 Staub, Mr. Walter A 5.00 Steele, Mrs. H. B 2.00 Steiner, Mr. Edward A 2.00 Stephens, Mrs. Redmond D 10.00 Stepina, Mr. James F 2.00 Stern, Mrs. Aaron 2.00 Stewart, Mr. S. C 2.00 Stirling, Mr. William R 25.00 Stone, Rev. James S 2.00 Straus, Mr. Ira 2.00 Strawson, Mrs. Arthur J 2.00 Strobel, Mr. C. L 2.00 Stumer, Mr. Abraham R 2.00 Sturges, Mr. W. G 5.00 Sumner, Dean W. T 2.00 Sunny, Mr. B. E 12.00 Szold, Mr. Robert 2.00 Taber, Mr. S. R 2.00 Talafons, Mr. George 2.0O Tananewicz, Mr. Stanley 2.00 Talbot, Miss Marion D 5.00 Taylor, Mrs. Homer S 2.00 Taylor, Mrs. Louis S 2.00 Telling, Mrs Irving 4.00 Tenney, Mrs. H. K 2.00 The Hub 25.00 Thomas, Mrs. William 1 10.00 Thompson, Mrs. C. H 2.00 Thompson, Mrs. Slason 2.00 Thorsch, Mr. Victor 5.00 Throop, Mrs. George E 2.00 Tilt, Mrs. J. E 5.00 Tuthill, Mr. F. H 2.00 Tyrrell, Mr. F. S„ for M. W. T 10.00 Tyson, Mrs. Russell 2.00 Uihlien, Mr. Edward G 2.00 Underwood, Mr. A. W 2.00 Upham, Mrs. Frederic W 2.00 Vail, Mr. H. S 2.00 Van Schaick, Mrs. A. G 2.00 Van Shaick, Miss Ellen 2.00 Varga, Mr. Hugo E 2.00 Virtue, Mr. David R 5.00 Wacker, Mr. Charles H 2.00 Wakem, Mrs. J. Wallace 2.00 Walker, Mrs. Charles M 2.00 Walker, Mrs. Henry H 25.00 Walker, Mrs. James M 5.0O Walker, Mrs. James R 5.00 Walker, Mr. William B 2.00 Ward, Mrs. L. A. Coonley 20.00 2.00 Warner, Mr. Ezra J., Jr Warner, Mr. George L 5.00< 26 Warner, Mr. Harold R 300.00 Warren, Mrs. Maude Radford 2.00 Warren, Mr. E. K 5.00 Weaver, Mr. George H 2.00 Webster, Mrs. Clarence 15.00 Webster, Mr. George H 25.00 Weide, Miss Lillian B 3.00 Weil, Mrs. J. E 2.00 West. Mrs. Frederick T 50.00 Wheeler, Mrs. Arthur D 2.00 White, Miss Emma Gertrude 2.00 Whitman, Mrs. Russell 2.00 Wieboldt, Mr. W. A 50.00 Wilder, Mr. John E 25.00 Williams, Miss Alice 10.00 Williams, Miss Cornelia B 7.00 Wilmarth, Mrs. H. M 100.00 Wilson, Miss Martha 5.00 Wisner, Mrs. G. M 2.00 Wood, Mrs. Casey 5.00 Woolley, Mrs. CM 12.00 Woltersdorf, Mr. Arthur 4.00 Woltersdorf, Mr. Ernst 2.00 Wyatt, Miss Edith 5.00 Yeomans Brothers 5.00 Zaleski, Dr. Joseph P 2.00 Zeisler, Mr. Leonard B 2.00 Zeisler, Mr. Sigmund 2.00 Zimmerman, Mrs. W. C 2.00 Zmrhal, Mr. J. J 10.00 SOCIETIES AND ORGANIZATIONS.

Austro-Hungarian Benevolent Association, 20.00 Babies' Friendly Society 10.00 Bohemian National Council 5.00 Bohemian Sisters' Benevolent Union (S. P. J.), Su preme Lodge 5.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. P. J), No. 9. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. P. J.), No. 10. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. P. J.), No. 13. 1.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. P. J.), No. 15. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. P.J.) No. 16. 1.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. p. J.), No. 18. 1.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. p. J.), No. 21. 1.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. p. J.), No. 26. 5.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. p. J.), No. 29. 5.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. J-), No. 33. 5.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (s. p. J.), No. 36. 1.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S, p. J.), No. 37. 1.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. p. J.), No. 39. 1.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. p. J.), No. 40. 1.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. p. J.), No. 44. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. p J.), No. 47. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. p J.), No. 49. 1.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. p. J.), No. 50. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. p. J.), No. 51. 1.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S, p, J.), No. 53. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. p. J.), No. 54. 1.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (s. p. J.), No. 56. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. p. J.), No. 58. 2.00 27 Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (S. P. J.), ^*o. 61.. .. 2.0O Bohemian Sisters' Ben. Union (.S. P. J.), No. 67.. .. 1.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), Supreme Lodge 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (T. C. D.), No. 5 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (j. C. D.), No. 8 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), No. 17 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), No. 19 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), No. 20 2.0O Bohemian Women's Union (T. C. D.), No. 39 1.00 Bohemian Women's Union (T. C. D.), No. 40 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), No. 41 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), No. 56 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), No. 66 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), No. 67 1.00 Bohemian \Vomen's Union (T. C. D.), No. 68 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), No. 69 5. 00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), No. 70 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), No. 71 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (T. C. D.), No. 74 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), No. 76 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), No. 79 5.0O

Bohemian Women's Union (,J. C. D.), No. 80 1.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), No. 93 3.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.). No. 101 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union CJ- C. D.), No. 102 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (j. C. D.), No. 105 1.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 106 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (T. C. D.), No. Ill 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (j. C. D.), No. 114 l.OO Bohemian Women's Union (T. C. D.), No. 115 1.00 Bohemian Women's Union (T. C. D.), No. 118 1.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), No. 119 1.00 Bohemian Women's Union (T. C. D.). No. 122 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), No. 128 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.), No. 129 2.00 Brvn Mawr Woman's Club 5.00 Chicago Chapter. D. A. R 20.00 Chicago Woman's Aid 50.00 Chicago Woman's Club 110.00 Chicago Woman's Club, Philanthropy Department. 90.00 Eleanor Association 5.00 Henrv Booth House 5.00 Hull House Woman's Club 5.00 Irving Park Woman's Club 10.00 Isaiah Woman's Club 5.00 Tohannah Lodge, No. 9. V. O. T. S 5.00 k. A. M. Auxiliary 5.00 North End Club, Philanthropy Committee 25.00

Polish National Alliance _ 25.00 Polish Roman Catholic Union of America 5.00 L'nited Lithuanian Societies 15.00 Woman's Alliance, Church of All Souls 5.00 Woman's Club of Evanston 30.00 Woman's Club, University of Chicago Settlement.. 5.00 Woman's Home Missionarv Society, Freeport Pres- bytery 10.00 Woman's Library Club, Glencoe 10.00 Women's Societv. Kenwood Evangelical Church... 20.00

28 SchooiofCWlcs.ndPhO.«thro« Chicago

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

IMMIGRANTS' PROTECTIVE LEAGUE

FOR THE YEAR ENDING

JANUARY Ist, 1915

fHE UBHAHT OF THE

APR 1 C 1923

UNIVKBSiTY or SLUWOfS

920 SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUE CHICAGO

'MM

OFFICERS

Judge Julian W. Mack President Prof. George H. Mead First Vice-President Miss Jane Addams Second Vice-President Charles L. Hutchinson Treasurer

Miss S. P. Bbeckinridge Secretary

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Miss E. V. Rumsey Mrs. Samuel Dauchy Charles F. Harding Prof. Ernst Freund Mrs. Maurice L. Goodkind Julius Rosenwald

THE STAFF

Miss Grace Abbott Director

Miss Helen Campbell Miss Isabel Ritman Mrs. Bozena Pavlik Joseph Holenia Mrs. Victoria Licci Mrs. Mary Jurgelonis Miss Mary Baranowska Miss Bozena Picha Miss Nettie Richardson Miss Vasilike Vaitses Miss Irene Nelson Miss Anna Erickson

(The following foreign languages are spoken by this group: Bohemian, Croatian, German, Greek, Italian, Lettish, Lithuanian, Magyar, Norwegian, Polish, Ruthenian, Russian, Slovak and Yiddish.) BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Elected for the years 1913. 1914 and 1915.

Miss S. P. Breckinridge A. A. McCormick Chabiles W. Folds Mrs. George S. Isham Mrs. Israel Cowen Prof. Ernst Freund Dr. Ludvvig Hektoen Charles L. Hutchinson Miss Julia C. Lathrop

Elected for the years 1914, 1915 and 1916.

Judge Julian VV. Mack Miss Mary E. McDowell Prof. George H. Mead Miss E. V. Rumsey Mrs. Tiffany Blake Alfred L. Baker Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen Mrs. Maurice L. Goodkind Charles F. Harding James E. Quan

Elected for the years 1915, 1916 and 1917. Miss Jane Addams Harry A. Lipsky Mrs. Samuel Dauchy Mrs. Wm. I. Thomas Dr. Emil G. Hirsch Joseph H. Nicolai

Kazimierz Zychlinski Jaroslav J. Zmrhal Julius Rosenwald Mrs. Ivan Bregowsky S^pnrt 0f ttjr §>^rrrtarg

Since our last annual meeting the Board of Directors have held three quarterly meetings, February 26, May 22, and November 30, and six executive committee meetings, April 14, April 16, April 28,

October 2, 1914; January 19 and April 7, 1915. The quarterly meet-

ing prescribed by the constitution for the third week in August is practically never held because of the absence of so large a number of the members of the Board of Trustees from the city. At that time, then, the Director depends upon a written report for informing the trustees of the business of the League.

During the year, the headquarters of the League have been

moved from Plymouth Court to their present location ; the work of the League has been correspondingly altered in character. Of the effect of this change and of the war on the activities of the League, the Director will speak more competently than the Secretary.

Like other organizations the League has found it difficult to secure contributions sufficient for the maintenance of its work. The valiant work of the Membership Committee is seen in the increase in the number of members from 519 to 589 individuals; and from 85 to 93 group memberships. The other committees have been active as occasion has offered.

To the Assistant Secretary of Labor, Mr. Post, as well as to

Dr. Prentis, the League is under heavy obligation.

The Secretary wishes again in a very brief but earnest way to express the thanks of the organization to the Director and to the workers of the League, and to bespeak in the future a more gen- erous support for the carrying out of the purposes for which our organization was established—to apply the civic, social and philan- thropic resources of the city to the needs of foreigners in Chicago, to protect them from exploitation, to co-operate with federal, state and local authorities, and with similar organizations in new localities and to protect the right of asylum in all proper cases.

Respectfully submitted,

S. P. Breckinridge, Secretary. :

E^pnrt flf tl|^ itr^rtnr

One immediate effect of the war was greatly to reduce the vol- ume of immigration. Knowing this, some people have imagined that an organization to help and protect immigrants must have had some difficulty in finding work to do during the past winter. It has only been necessary to remind these people that the last census showed over a quarter of a million people in Chicago over ten years of age who were unable to speak English, for them to realize that there was undoubtedly much that might be done. The plans, there- fore, adopted in June for the expansion of the work were abandoned with much regret because of the lack of funds which the treasurer's report shows. Protection and supervision for arriving immigrants is for the present not an important problem.

In the report made a year ago attention was called to the fact that the supervision and protection of arriving immigrants had ab- sorbed so large a part of the time of the visitors of the League that we had been very much handicapped in other aspects of the work. It was then expected that we would be relieved of much of this work with the opening of the Federal Station, where official protec- tion and supervision would be given in accordance with the law which went into effect in July, 1913. But the receiving room, baths, laundry and beds provided by the government at considerable expense have been for over a year unused. This part of the work decreased greatly for the League, however, as the number of arri- vals fell off after the war began, and one member of the staff whose time was exclusively given to this part of the work was dismissed at once.

After the removal of the League in June to its present location, the building at Plymouth Court and Polk Street was held by the League from month to month in the expectation that the federal bureau would make this part of its work unnecessary. By Novem- ber, numbers had so fallen off that possession of the building was relinquished. The figures which follow are therefore the numbers cared for not in a year but in approximately seven months.

Number of arriving immigrants whose delivery was arranged for by the Immigrants' Protective League during 1914

Italian 2,951 Polish 2,303 Jewish 1,786 6 German 1,660 Russian 939 Greek 925 Scandinavian 714 Bohemian and Moravian 433 Magyar 428 Bulgarian 354 Croatian 334 Slovak 314 Lithuanian 305 Roumanian 298 Slovenian 155 Ruthenian 147 Irish 146 All others 697

14,889

In 1913 the total was 41,322, in 1912 it was 15,537. The num- ber remaining over night at the League was 598 in 1914, as com- pared with 1,420 in 1913.

But the legacy of earlier work remains with us. For example, one Russian woman who arrived the last of February in 1914 did not find her husband or anyone who knew him at the last address he had sent her. It took us ten months to find him. We located in a day or two some of the man's friends, but they knew only that he had left the city. Two other men with the same name—one of them in Pittsburgh—seemed for a time to promise an end of the search, but neither proved to be the woman's husband. In July, we learned from Russia that he had written relatives there about leaving Chicago to work for the Fred Harvey Company in Okla- homa. Investigation of this clue showed that he had worked for the company but had left for the harvest fields in June. During this time, three different positions had been found for the woman. On December 31st, when he applied to the same company for work, we were notified at once and both were sent to work for the company in Texas. It is this kind of service that the League will have to ren- der after the Federal Station is in operation. Official supervisiou will mean the discovery of all those who are in need of some special assistance as well as the giving of general protection and assistance to all those who arrive.

VISITING THE IMMIGRANT GIRLS

As in former years, the League has received from the principal ports of entry the names and addresses of the unaccompanied women and girls who come to Chicago and has continued to attempt to visit them as soon after their arrival as possible. During the past year 2,144 representing the following nationalities were visited:

Polish 911 Jewish 278* Lithuanian 172 7 Scandinavian 172 Slovak 88 German 75 Bohemian and Moravian 70 Irish 65 Ruthenian 44 Magyar 37 Croatian 33 Russian 25 All others 174

2,144

In 258 cases the addresses received were impossible and no visit was attempted. Of 191 others some trace was found, while 598 could not be located, although all the clues were exhausted. In 10 cases the people to whom the girls said they were coming were found, but they did not expect the girls and knew nothing of what had become of them. The service rendered these girls differs very much. It is our aim to adapt it to the needs disclosed, but the num- bers are too large for that. Some idea of the kind of help which might be given is illustrated by the following.

A Russian Jewish girl who was not yet fifteen years of age when she came had worked for several years at home. She had never been to school and was unable to read or write in any lan- guage and so could not get a working certificate. Her brother was working on a half-time basis and was quite unable to pay for her board outside his home. His wife refused to allow her to remain with them not so much on the ground of poverty as because the girl was "mean and sullen." She herself at first refused to consider any plan except one which meant a "job." She was placed with a

friend of the League who is usually willing to try out especially difficult girls. After a favorable report from this friend a place was found where the girl could work for her board and go to school. From the time she entered school her depression and sullen- ness disappeared. At the end of the first term she had learned to read, write and speak sufficient English to be passed into the third grade. She hopes to make two grades during the second term and

is now optimistically looking forward to keeping up this record for several years.

In striking contrast to her outlook is that of the Swedish girl who also had difficulties with the sister to whom she came. We did not find her until she was already in trouble and she has been sent back to her mother in Europe with very little chance of recovery.

*One hundred and nine of these were visited by members of the Immi- gration Committee of the Council of Jewish Women. S :

PERSONAL SERVICE FOR THE INDIVIDUAL IMMIGRANT

Because the League is better known among the foreign-born each year than it was before, the number of those who apply for help and advice increases every year. During the year 1914 we had 2,101 as compared with 1,850 in 1913 whom we had known before who returned for some new help. In addition, 2,835 others came or were referred to us, making a total of 4,936 as compared with 3,908 in 1913. The nationality of the two groups of these new and old friends was as follows

Polish 1,288 Jewish 815 Bohemian 433 Lithuanian 414 Greek 404 Russian 315 Italian 313 German 216 Ruthenian 96 Slovak 95 Roumanian 99 Magyar 77 Scandinavian 60 Croatian 2)7 Armenian ii All others 241

4,936

Many of these came with some story of injustice which in most cases investigation showed was real. Some of these involved steamship and employment agents, banks, lawyers, interpreters, notaries, real estate agents and employers. From these $1,075.48 due them in small amounts was collected. But collection without suit has not always been possible. Eight Bohemians were sent to Wis- consin in February of 1914 to work for a construction company on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad. When they arrived in camp, they were required to sign a contract which made them sub-contractors, before any supplies were given them. They quit work in May because supplies were no longer brought to them. When a statement was asked from the company they were told that under the contract they had signed there were no wages due them for the three months' of hard work, but on the contrary they owed the company several hundred dollars for not having fulfilled their contract. The men were sent to farm jobs last summer by the League and upon their return in the fall, suit was begun. It has not yet come to trial, but we are hoping for a favorable outcome.

It has been extremely difficult also to settle claims against steam- ship ticket peddlers, and unauthorized but tolerated steamship agents during the past year. 9 ;

Last year, as in every other year, some immigrants came to ask assistance in locating a relative or friend ; 41 were unmarried mothers who will for several years be in need of the visitors' help; others were in need of dispensary or hospital care; a large number — 1,234—wanted work; 231 were detention cases—immigrants whose friends or relatives appealed to us for help in securing their admission.

Because of the danger of capture after the outbreak of the war, the government has not deported all those whom it has excluded and there have been some complications in consequence. The difficulty of indefinite detention at the ports was at once apparent therefore those whose relatives or friends could furnish bonds guaranteeing their return without expense to the government whenever demanded by the Department of Labor, were allowed to land temporarily. Unfortunately this ruling released the steam- ship company from meeting the expense of deportation as required by the immigration law. The friends of the immigrant are familiar with only one type of bond—the one guaranteeing that the immi- grant will not become a public charge, which is frequently required. They failed therefore to grasp the full significance of this tempo- rary admission, which raised false hopes. For example, a Greek who arrived at Ellis Island in August was certified as having "a physical defect affecting his ability to earn a livelihood"—in his case a very slight one—and was ordered excluded. Travel was not then considered safe and the man was allowed to land temporarily under bond. In November, when the demand was rnade for his return, his relatives were amazed. He had been working for a fruit dealer ever since his arrival in Chicago and had been entirely self-supporting. The Chicago doctors pronounced his defect a very slight one which could be cured by an operation which the man was willing to undergo. An appeal was made to allow him to remain, but the Department considered the ruling of the examining doctor at the port, namely, that it was doubtful whether he could support himself, better evidence than the fact that he had actually been self- supporting since arrival, and the fulfillment of the bond was there- fore insisted upon. Having sold everything he had in Greece to pay for his passage, the man was so unwilling to return that his cousin in addition to paying for his ticket to Greece accompanied him to New York so as to be sure that the terms of the bond were fulfilled. IMMIGRANT BANKS

Failures of immigrant banks have been more and more fre- quent during the past year and because of unemployment much harder to bear than in any previous year since the League was formed. Russian, Polish, Greek, Italian and Jewish banks have failed under conditions of which this one is typical. A Russian, who had been in the United States six years, spent three years in a factory in St. Louis and then came to Chicago to 10 —

open a bank. He made a practice of transmitting money and sell- ing the steamship tickets he bought from another private banker on the Northwest Side who is an absconder at present. To secure business he wrote Russian letters for those who were illiterate and assured everyone that he had many friends among American manu- facturers to whom he would recommend them for good jobs. Last summer he disappeared.

Most of his depositors were Little Russians who, like the banker, came from the Province of Kiev. One was a young fellow, seven- teen years old, who earned $10 a week in a tin can factory. He had $45 on deposit and had given the banker $28 to send to his mother. It was never received. Another man, a laborer who was earning $1.75 a day and had been in the United States one year, sent $100 to his wife. It, too, was never sent. Another man, who together with his wife and child had been in this country one year, had $60 on deposit. Another man, who has been in the country two years and earned $10 a week, was persuaded to send his sav- ings, $250, to Europe through this banker and so lost everything. The bank had no discoverable assets. There was not even a safe nothing except a little cheap ofifice furniture.

Another combination banker and steamship ticket agent had Polish and Ruthenian depositors. We had several claims against him which we were collecting in installments when we received a telegram from the New York Bureau of Industries and Immigra- tion that a Ruthenian and his family who were returning to Europe were stranded in New York with fraudulent steamship tickets they had purchased from this banker. They were issued on the Bryde Line, a Gulf to Norway line, but called for passage on a Holland- America Line boat. The banker promised us that he would re- fund the money as soon as the tickets arrived, but by that time he had disappeared. He was eventually located in Racine doing a similar business. He has settled the claims we had against him but has not yet paid his other creditors whose cases were handled by neighborhood lawyers.

It was hoped that the failure of so large a number of these private banks during the past year would stir the state to take some action. Last summer municipal regulation as a temporary ex- pedient was much discussed. An ordinance modeled on the lines of the New York and Pennsylvania Statutes was discussed in a Committee of the City Council. The League was represented at the hearing and support was given to the ordinance, although it was be- lieved that regulation belonged to the state. After the summer re- cess nothing was heard of the ordinance, and little hope is offered that state regulation will be accomplished during the present session.

It is impossible to say how much of the dependency which has come during the past year of unemployment has been due to loss of savings which would have tided families over the winter, through 11 the failure of unreg-ulated banks. The League has had complaints from a number of families and single men in which this was clearly the case. The failure of the Greek-American Bank at Blue Island and Halsted took approximately $75,000 out of the colony in that vicinity, and much of its suffering can be traced to that loss. EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES

During a time of widespread unemployment, when men are des- perately in need of work, they are easily taken advantage of by unscrupulous employment agents. We have had, therefore, a greatly increased number of complaints during the past year and have had much difficulty in getting them satisfactorily settled.

It is sometimes hard to get judges to appreciate the far-reaching effect of these violations of the em.ployment agency law. For ex- ample, a few weeks ago a Greek who has a candy store at Four- teenth and Halsted offered to get work for a group of 42 Albanians on the new Pennsylvania Station if they paid him $10 each. Most of the men had been out of work all winter and did not have the money, but their credit was still good and 25 of them borrowed the money from the proprietor of an oriental bakery on Bunker Street, and an old man from the group staked 10 others. The Greek admitted receiving the money for this purpose but said his failure to secure the work was due to the fact that a man whom he represented and who had influence with the Pennsylvannia management and could have placed the men had run off with the money. When the Greek came to trial on the charge of conducting an employment agency without a license, five of the Albanians were heard and made very good witnesses ; the state inspector of employment agencies brought out the fact that this Greek had once been a licensed agent and had applied for a new license two days before he took this money, so he was thor- oughly familiar with the law. The judge before whom the case was tried dismissed it on the ground that the Greek could not be said to be running an employment agency without a license as he had no such sign out at his place. This decision was made worse by the judge's statement from the bench that he could not believe the Albanians, as they were Mohammedans and did not know the mean- ing of an oath. The men were bewildered and altogether discour- aged by this decision. The Greek has been rearrested, charged with running a confidence game, and bound over to the Grand Jury.

The defendants find that the easiest way to beat these cases when they are taken into court is to continue them, as the men are com- pelled to ship out to work at the first opportunity. How easily this method is used was illustrated in the case of 9 Roumanians and 22 Armenians who paid an Italian agent, the former $10 apiece and the latter $12 apiece for work in Ottawa, Illinois. They were sent to Ottawa on May 10th, 1914, and returned on May 13th, after the chief of police of Ottawa had telegraphed that there was no work 12 for them. A warrant was taken out and the case was heard for the first time on May 23rd and was continued to May 25th, then transferred to the Criminal Branch and set for June 10th. In the meantime the Roumanians had found work outside the city. The case has not yet been settled, but is set for the April term 1915. While all the men were in the city during the winter, by March all but two of the Armenians were out of reach and the Roumanians were in Indiana Harbor. The whole theory of the usefulness of our Municipal Court breaks down in these delays. Civil action in these cases is usually fruitless, as most agents have no property and the bond they give is only $500. The claims in this case were over $1,500. EMPLOYMENT DIRECTION

From the very beginning of its work, the League has realized that the immigrant needs guidance in securing employment. He is himself ignorant of how to set about getting work, and his friends, upon whom he relies, usually know only the industries in which they are engaged. Thus a man who might be very successful at one kind of work is taken to another quite unsuited to him. He works a week or two, perhaps, and is discharged as incompetent. Then, having no better advice than at first, he looks for the same unsuitable kind of employment—and he may go on indefinitely re- peating this wasteful and discouraging experience which proper advice in the first instance would have enabled him to avoid.

Since the first year of its work, the League has attempted to secure a reorganization of the state free employment offices and the establishment of a Chicago branch of the United States Bureau of Information. The state employment agencies have done prac- tically nothing with the general organization of the labor market or in helping the immigrant solve his special problem. We are, therefore, very glad to report that important plans have been out- lined for the development of work along this line by the United States Department of Labor. The immigration officials and the post offices are to be utilized in this plan. This work was not launched until the beginning of the year 1915, so it is still too soon to speak of the success of the experience.

In general, when his friends' advice fails him, the immigrant has had no course except to apply to the private employment agencies. The abuses of these agencies have been referred to in every previous report as they are in this one. At best, they are interested only in earning fees, and not in giving unselfish advice to their applicants and so, even with the elimination of exploitation, they would not meet the need of the immigrant.

The visitors of the League have always found work for those who were in some peculiar need, and Mrs. Pavlik has been espe- cially successful in securing farm work for the Bohemians and Slovaks. In May, 1914, the League undertook to develop more sys- 13 tematically this part of its work, and one person was assigned ex- clusively to this. From that time until the end of the year when she left the League to become an investigator for the Children's Bureau, Miss Paradise was in charge of this work. It was begun at a time of industrial depression which grew worse after August 1st, and so what was begun as employment supervision has been a discouraging scramble for almost any kind of job. Of the 1,234 who applied for work during the year ending December, 1914, we were, nevertheless, able to secure positions for 390.

It was, however, possible to collect much information about em- ployment opportunities for immigrants in the various industries, which will be permanently useful. The commissioners and secre- taries of trade associations and trade unions and 314 employers (in addition to the employers of domestic servants and farm laborers) were interviewed by Miss Paradise. The industries selected were those in which it was thought that non-English speaking workers were or could be used—lumber yards, foundries, laundries, janitor service, hotels and restaurants, hospitals, the sewing trades and a number of others.

This inquiry disclosed that our much-talked-of American stand- ard of wages is a myth. For instance, in the case of two laundries on adjoining blocks one has a minimum wage of $8, the other of $4 a week. Lumber yards in the same general neighborhood pay for the same kind of unskilled work from $1.50 to $2.00 a day and foun- dries from $1.50 to $2.25 a day. One employer states that only English-speaking laborers can be used for work at which his neigh- boring competitor says no English-speaking person is ever used.

A successful attempt was made to add to the list of farmers who call upon us for farm help. The departments of agriculture in the neighboring states, and the county farm supervisors were asked to co-operate in putting us in touch with the farmers. As a result we have placed 74 men on farms since the farm work began this spring. In every case a definite agreement with the individual farmer was insisted upon and in most cases half the railroad fare was advanced. The impossibility of sending groups of immigrants to a general region in which farm labor is needed was demonstrated last year. For example, we received from the Kansas State Bureau of Labor a letter saying 42,000 farm hands were needed in that state. We wrote asking for names and addresses of farmers who needed men, saying we would be glad to supply them but explaining the necessity of specific information. The reply was that the har- vest lasted about one week in a place and it would probably not be a wise plan for immigrants to come as there was no way by which they could be informed of other openings after they had finished at the first place. We therefore sent no one out. Many commercial agents, however, sent large numbers of men. We are still receiv- ing complaints from some of the people who made this expensive and useless trip. Many of them arrived in Kansas without funds, 14 and had to walk or beat their way back. A typical case was that of 99 Roumanians who were sent by a Cleveland employment agent to whom they each paid $18. They arrived in Topeka and found no work. They stayed two nights and a day in the railroad station and then as there was no work available, twenty-two of them started to walk back to Cleveland, begging their way and get- ting what jobs they could. Each day some had to drop out, sick or too weak with hunger to walk farther. Three reached Chicago utterly exhausted. A group of Russians who paid $18 each to a steamship agent in Chicago had a similar experience.

Large numbers of Polish girls find work scrubbing and dish- washing in hotels and restaurants. This group has suffered much at the hands of employment agents, not only in the matter of fees, but, what is much more serious, in being sent to places where they were in moral danger. Judge Uhlir, while at the Court of Domestic Relations, had much evidence of this danger and urged us to give special attention of this group, which we have done with some meas- ure of success. Some of the agents have been prosecuted, many others have been warned, the girls themselves have been acquainted through their own press and organizations of the danger, and we have ourselves placed some of these girls where they are working under reasonably safe conditions.

Arrangements were made with the B'nai B'rith Employment Bureau, the Swedish National Employment Bureau, and the Em- ployment Department of the Young Women's Christian Associa- tion, to exchange information with regard to positions for which these agencies have no suitable applicants. The records of the Voca- tional Bureau of the Board of Education were also found to be of much service.

The League is also keeping in close touch with the work of the Department of Labor, which has been placed under Dr. Prentis in Chicago, and hopes this experiment may develop into a real national labor exchange. The employment supervision has had several interesting by- products—among others the classes which we now conduct for the Polish girls who do the scrubbing and dishwashing at Michael Reese, St. Luke's, and Wesley Hospitals, the Jewish Home for the Friendless, and the Illinois Training School. These girls, on ac- count of their hours and because they live in the institutions in which they work, find it impossible to go to night school. We hope soon to have several classes in the other hospitals and in some of the hotels. THE RUSSIANS: A NEW PROBLEM IN CHICAGO

In investigating some complaints of exploitation, Mrs. Bregow- sky, one of the League's volunteer visitors, found a most distress- ing condition among the Russians. While Poles, Lithuanians, Letts 15 and Jews have been coming from Russia in large numbers for many years, the emigration of the Russian peasant has been very recent. Since provision was made in 1910 for the abolition of the communal land system which was inaugurated when serfdom was abolished in Russia, it has been much easier for the peasant to dis- pose of his holdings and embark on the great American adventure. The Russian themselves estimate that they now number about 15,000 in Chicago. The majority of these are from the provinces of Grodno, Minsk, and Volinsk, sometimes as many as 40 from a village. There are also a considerable number of Little Russians from Kiev, Kamenetz, Podolsk, and the Volga region, and a few Great Russians and Cossacks from various parts of Russia. They are young men between 16 and 40—the largest number about 20 years of age. Among them is a small group of so-called "intel- lectuals" who were members of the Social Democratic party in Russia, and a few skilled workers who come from the city, but except for these few they are all peasants—more adaptable than ordinary farm laborers as every Russian peasant builds his own house and makes or repairs his own implements.

In Chicago, they have worked in the small shops, stables, lumber and scrap yards. A large number secure work on the railroads through employment agents. Only a few are employed in the larger industries, for men of their own nationalities are preferred by the Polish, German, Italian, or Irish foremen. Some of them have made remarkable progress in the short time they have been in the United States. One young peasant after working a year and a half in the stock yards opened a butcher shop and has been able to make a go of it even during the past winter. In spite of the fact that they have been here only a very short time, there are already Russian grocery stores, steamship agents, banks, and I regret to say, saloons also. Living conditions are much better among the married men, but there are very few families as yet among the Russians in Chicago. Most of those who come are unmarried or have not yet saved sufficient money to send for their wives. They usually live together in so-called non-family groups of from 4 to 12 men who come from the same village. According to the number of men in the group, they occupy 2, 3, 4, or 5 rooms for which they pay from $5 to $12 a month. They have no boarding boss, but the expense as well as the work of cleaning and cooking is shared in a spirit of co-operation by all the members of the group. But this winter whole groups have been out of work for months. Of 402 of them, 313, or approximately 78 per cent, were out of work, 32 had never had a job since they came to the United States, 35 had been out of work a year and a half, 82 for a year and 50 for nine months. Of the 89 who were at work, 42 worked only part time. This enforced idleness was morally as well as physically demoralizing to the men. It was impossible to secure work for them. Many of them had been here less than one year and were, therefore, not entitled to county aid; the United Charities, over- 16 whelmed with the problem of caring for the family groups, had abandoned its work for the single men. In any plan for helping the Russians we could rely upon them to share with one another whatever they had. For example, in one group of ten men only one man who has had regular work has supported the group. When some surprise was expressed at this, the men replied, "He must help us, he is our counti-yman." The only thing to do for these men was to provide emergency work for them. Through the gen- erosity of Mr. Charles R. Crane, we were able to do this and 659 days' work were given and coal supplied to groups. This helped the 940 men who were members of the various groups which were reached. The work was provided through the co-operation of set- tlements, dispensaries, churches, neighborhood improvement asso- ciations and the South Park Commission. The money paid the men for the work they did enabled them by the practice of the most rigid economy to get along. In this they showed considerable shrewdness—usually making a nourishing but very inexpensive soup the principal meal of the day.

^ome jobs have been found for the men. A number were sent to farmers and reports from these have been favorable in every case. The Russians like farming and are not as yet tied up with city life. It is unquestionably true, as Mr. W. W. Husband, Spe- cial Immigration Inspector, after a careful study of Russian immi- gration, points out, that:

"If taken in time, Russian immigration can be directed to the land instead of to industrial centers. They are accustomed to ag- ricultural work under adverse circumstances, which kind of labor would seem to be required in the development of much of the so- called waste land of the United States Taking fully into ac- count the existing conditions in this regard, it is believed that the Russian peasant immigration, which seems almost sure to increase greatly in the near future, affords the best opportunity for develop- ing a movement to the land since the Scandinavians so largely set- tled the North Central States a generation or more ago." (Annual Report of the Commissioner General of Immigration, 1914, p. 401.) INVESTIGATION OF CHICAGO MIDWIFES

It has been the plan of the League to make such inquiries from time to time as would enable us to interpret in their community aspect the individual cases which come to us from day to day. In accordance with this policy, a study of the midwives of Chicago was made last year. On the basis of the number of births registered, it is estimated that more than 50 per cent of all the births in Chi- cago are attended by midwives.

Here as in other cities of the United States, these midwives are almost all foreign born, they live in the foreign neighborhoods and their practice is confined almost exclusively to immigrant women. 17 But the traditions and prejudices of the immigrant population are little considered in deciding what shall be done with the midwife.

As a part of her field work while a student at the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, the investigation was begun by Miss Ella M. Allen, a nurse of wide experience who is now in charge of the Social Service Department of the Chicago Lying-in Hospital. It was completed by Miss Amelia Farbiszewski, for several years a visitor for the League but now a student of medicine, and by Mrs. Licci, our Italian visitor.

The report of this investigation appears in the March number of the Journal of Sociology, so only a brief summary of the method used and the conclusions reached is given in this report.

There are no reputable schools of midwifery in Chicago and so except for those who are graduates of European schools, these practitioners are ignorant and untrained. For example, one Polish midwife who reported that she attended 136 births in 1913 had never been to school at all before she began studying midwifery. She had learned to read a little at home and during her nine months' preparation for the examination in midwifery she learned to write. She did not attend a single birth during training. How much of the theoretical work which she was given in lectures could be under- stood by a mind so untrained, can be imagined. After five years' of practice, she was unfamiliar with the names of the solutions she used and relied in case of emergency upon the drug store for ad- vice. She diagnosed as abnormal 35 cases in 1913. She says she often treats such cases. Another midwife who finished the fourth grade at school attended 35 "lectures" in preparation for her exam- ination. She had witnessed no births during training and explained quite simply that when she was called to her first case she was very much frightened but "God helped her and the birth was very easy." An illiterate Italian midwife who was herself untidy in appearance and whose bag was very dirty explained that she "uses old methods but always has good luck."

The general standard of care given by the midwives is indicated by the precaution taken to prevent blindness through ophthalmia neonatorum. The use of a solution of nitrate of silver is now re- garded as a simple protection against this disease which should never be omitted. Of the midwives interviewed, only 10 said that they used it in every case, 18 others said if the baby's eyes were "inflamed," "red," or "sore" they used nitrate of silver, 98 said they always used boracic acid while 4 others said they used boracic acid only in cases of inflamed eyes. Fifteen used other solutions and 26 used water. One said she used water only when there was evidence of inflammation. One woman reported that her treatment for either "red spots on the face" or "red eyes" was to rub them with the mother's placenta for two or three days. Another said she used the mother's milk, which is in fact commonly regarded as a cure. 18 With more than 50 per cent of the births of Chicago attended by such women, infant mortaHty, preventable bhndness and cases of serious invahdism or deaths of mothers are greatly increased. The cure for this situation would seem to be to train and supervise midwives.

Objection is raised to this proposal on the ground that a well trained doctor is the ideal toward which we should work. The ex- tension of medical charities, they urge, will make this possible for those women who are unable to pay a doctor.

It is here that a fundamental error is made. In most cases the immigrant woman employs a midwife not only because she is cheaper than a doctor but because the woman prefers a midwife to a doctor who is a man. Social workers who have tried to persuade a woman of this type to accept dispensary care can give much tes- timony on this subject. The case of the Polish woman who was dependent upon charity because of the illness of her husband and who refused to have a doctor attend her even when she was threat- ened with the withdrawal of all relief is not unique. In her case the neighbors, although themselves poor, contributed toward the payment of a midwife in order that the woman should not be made to suffer the "shame" which the society had suggested to her.

It is unnecessary to point out that little by little, especially when there are some women physicians on the staff, the dispensaries gain the confidence of these women in spite of this social taboo. Al- though the work of such dispensaries has been much extended in recent years and an increasingly effective and sympathetic force of visiting and infant welfare nurses and other social workers who co-operate with the dispensaries in the effort to supplant the mid- wife is now available, the per cent of births attended by midwives has increased. All of this is, of course, an argument for more dispensary service, but to those who are considering the welfare of the women of today and of twenty or fifty years hence, it seems also an argument for making some effort to raise the present stand- ard of midwifery.

Following the example of continental Europe, of England, of New Zealand, which it should be remembered has the lowest infant mortality rate of the any country in the world, and of New York, some scheme for education and friendly supervision must be worked

out in Illinois. Our law should require : ( 1 ) training in a school ap- proved by the State Board of Health; (2) licensing after examina- tion; (3) annual renewal of license without cost provided the mid-

wife has observed the rules and regulations of the Board ; (4) su- pervision of the practice of midwives by the Department of Health

in Chicago ; supervision by the State Board of Health in other parts of the State.

Until there is a reputable school of midwifery, however, the passage of a law containing such requirements would be of little 19 use. It is therefore important that effort should be first directed toward the establishment of a school. In Chicago such a school would be logically connected with the Cook County Hospital in which there is a great maternity ward. As medical students are not admitted to this ward, this would not mean the sacrifice of medical students to the training of midwives.

THE IMMIGRANT AND CRIME.

The Report of the City Council Committee on Crime contains an important section on "Statistics relating to Crime and Immigra- tion in Chicago." An analysis of arrests was found to show "that the Americans, both white and colored, have a larger percentage of arrests than their proportion of population entitles them to have, while the immigrant who forms 46.7 per cent of the population, furnishes only 35.3 per cent of the arrests" (p. 52). The report continues, "The record of the immigrant is in fact very much bet- ter than the statistics show. The great majority of all those ar- rested are poor people, and the poorer they are the more liable they are to conviction, since they have neither the money to employ able counsel nor intelligence enough to understand how to present their own defense Moreover, the immigrant stands a chance that the American does not of failing to understand our laws or the methods of our police or our courts" (p. 55).

The Committee recommended that a central bureau of official interpreters be established for use in stations where there is greatest need for their service. During the last year we have had many serious cases of exploitation in connection with the arrest and trial of immigrants. We are, therefore, very eager to see this as well as a number of the other recommendations—especially the one pro- viding for a public defender—carried out. CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES

As in former years the League gratefully acknowledges its in- debtedness to the various civic and social agencies of the city, the United States immigration officials, and organizations engaged in work for immigrants in other cities.

Under a very successful arrangement, Miss Vaitses, the Greek visitor, has been employed jointly by Hull House and the League.

The co-operation of Mr. Bodine of Chicago and of the super- intendents and truant officers of 79 other towns in the state helped to make certain the immediate enrollment in school of the 2,181 chil- dren whose names and addresses the League received from Ellis Island in 1914.

In co-operation with the Chicago School of Civics and Philan- thropy and the United States Bureau of Education, we are planning 20 an investigation of the education of adult immigrants in Illinois during 1915.

It is impossible in a report of this sort to indicate the faith- fulness and resourcefulness of the League's visitors. The loss of Miss Paradise and Miss Miller was a great regret to us but Miss Campbell and Miss Erickson have already made a place for themselves in the work. All of us are grateful for the help we have had from the officers and especially for the interest and help of Mrs. Dauchy, Miss Rumsey, Mrs. Goodkind and Miss Breckin- ridge, and for the volunteers who have done so many kinds of work during the past year.

THE WAR AND IMMIGRATION.

It is impossible to close without some reference to the war and immigration. Those of us who were planning for the Annual Meeting of a year ago felt that while we were discussing the practical work the League was doing for the individual immigrant or the larger work that it endeavors to persuade the community to undertake, some consideration should be given to the interna- tional relationships growing out of immigration. Then we were thinking of the Balkan war and the legacy of ill will and resent- ment which it bequeathed to the Greeks and Bulgarians who live side by side in Chicago.

During the past months, Americans have thought much of the interdependence of the United States and Europe. As expressed in immigration it has interested comparatively few. But the clos- ing of markets and of trade routes with the consequent poverty and ruin which came to thousands of people in the United States has compelled the attention of everyone. Recent immigrants be- cause of their ignorance of English are usually the first to be dismissed from employment and so they have been the first to suffer from the demoralizing inactivity and actual want which have come as a result of the war. With a feeling of apology for community in- difference, we are remembering that whatever was done to relieve this suffering inflicted upon us by the war, was initiated and carried through by private agencies unaided by either the city, state or nation.

Important as its commercial relationships are, the human rela- tionships and community of ideals which have come with immigra- tion, although little recognized, have a much more important bearing on the destiny of both Europe and the United States.

In the work of the League, we have, of course, felt the nearness of the war in the individual cases which have come to us from day to day. During August and September, there were those who were en route when the war began and arrived after many delays and sometimes much real suffering; there were those who were not 21 •citizens of the country in which they lived, for example, Rus- sian subjects who were given twenty-four hours to get out of

Germany and came to America as refugees ; there were those who were already in the United States and because of one reason or another had been ordered deported and whose de- parture was indefinitely postponed with the outbreak of the war. Many have come to us with requests for help in getting some news of relatives from whom no word has come. A Polish girl, for example, came in to tell us in October that the cow which had been purchased with the money she had earned scrubbing marble for ten hours a day, had been taken by the soldiers the first time that the army swept over Russian Poland. She was able to bear this cheer- fully, however, as her mother and sister still lived and she felt sure that as she had repaid the money she had borrowed for her passage, she could, in a short time, save the money for a second cow. Since then no word has come and she has been in to ask for our help in reaching her mother and sister and to inquire again and again and again, whether we think her mother and sister were able to escape and are by some miracle alive and undishonored.

The absurd and needless suffering which war involves was illus- trated in the case of a young Austrian Pole whose brothers and sisters and cousins now live either in Chicago or in Webster, Massa- chusetts. He had had regular employment since coming to the United States about four years ago but with the closing down in Au- gust of the department in the plant in which he worked he was laid off. He decided to take this opportunity to visit his relatives in Mas- sachusetts and was persuaded to travel over the Grand Trunk Rail- road in order that he might see Niagara Falls. While passing through Canada, he was taken from the train, arrested as an "alien enemy," for he was not naturalized, and therefore still an Austrian, and has been held as a military prisoner since October. In response to our appeal that he be allowed to return to Chicago, we were told that after careful consideration, it had been decided that this was not "for the good of the Empire."

Chicago is, through its immigrant population, vitally interested in the settlement of the war, which will reduce racial and social dis- content. At the present time as in previous years, immigration has its source in those countries in which social, racial, or economic discontent are finding political expression. Every movement for the more democratic organization of Europe has looked to the emigrants to the United States for moral and financial support. The Polish, Bohemian, Russian, Slovak, as well as Irish and every other kind of foreign-born American have had their part in keeping alive the propaganda for a recognition of the rights of their race in Europe.

Since those first bewildering days when the war was declared and representatives of all the Slavic groups in Chicago met on the West Side to declare Servia's cause their own, the war has seemed 22 to involve Chicago in a very real sense. Then they hoped against hope that justice might come out of a carnival of injustice and brutality. Now they are realizing that out of a struggle in vi^hich consideration of the wrongs of the oppressed has had no part there can come only more hatred and further injustice, unless international sympathy finds organized expression. As for the effect upon immi- gration, we can only speculate as to whether, for example, money will be sent from Chicago to the Poles, Lithuanians and Magyars, who have been driven out of a thousand burning villages or to the Jews of that region who are not only homeless but despised, which will enable them to join their relatives in the United States.

When comfort was very hard to find, those of us who have been employed by the League has found much in the fact that the League was organized not only to serve all nationalities and all creeds, but to try to break down the forms in which racial injustice so frequently appears in the United States. All the members of the League have in a sense subscribed to the doctrine of Garrison that "our countrymen are all mankind," and personally, I feel grateful that because of immigration this is so literally true and that American opportunity for world service is for this reason unique.

Respectfully submitted,

Grace Abbott, Director.

23 S^pnrt of tl}^ iLvmBnvn

Statement of Income and Expenses for the year ended Dec. 31, 1914: Income.

Contributions and Membership Dues $12,428.21, Lodgings and Miscellaneous Receipts 133.67 $12,561.88

Expenses and Charges.

Salaries $11,336.19 Rent 799.98 Lighting 113.82 Telephone 289.65 Stationery and Printing 437.34 Cleaning 276.35 Water, Ice and Towel Supply 73.95 Laundry 32.98 Staff Expenses—Carfare, etc 79.50 Miscellaneous Expenses 23.38 Office Cash—Grace Abbott 347.73 Auditor's Fee 30.00 Interest 18.55 Annual Dinner 20.00 Meals for Immigrants 100.10 $13,979.52

Excess of Expenses and Charges Over Income $ 1,417.64

Surplus, January 1, 1914 234.21 Deficit, December 31, 1914 1,183.43

Respectfully submitted,

Charles L. Hutchinson, Treasurer.

Haskins & Sells, Certified Public Accountants.

24 m?mbprs anb dnntrtbutora

Aaltio, Mrs. Olga $ 2.00 Abbott, A. H 2.00 Abbott, Miss Edith 2.00 Abbott, Mrs. W. T 2.00 Adams, Mr. and Mrs. Cyrus H 10.00 Adams, Mr. Cyrus H., Jr 2.00 Adams, Mrs. E. S 2.00 Adams, Miss Margaret 5.00 Addams, Miss Jane 7.00 Adler, Mrs. Max 10.00 Ahern, Miss Mary E 2.00 Aldis, Mrs. Arthur 10.00 Allen, Mr. Benjamin 5.00 Allen, Miss Dora 2.00 Allen, Mr. William D 2.00 Andrews, Mrs. Frank T 2.00 Anonymous 477.00 Armour, Mrs. Philip D 12.00 Arnold, Miss Katherine D 2.00 Asher, Mr. L. E 12.00 Atkinson, Mrs. Charles T 2.00 Atwater, Mrs. Walter Hull 2.00 Austin, Mr. H. W 10.00 Ayer, Mr. Edward E 25.00 Ayer, Mrs. B. F 2.00 Bacon, Mrs. Annie 2.00 Bailey, Mrs. Edward P 10.00 Baker, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred L 100.00 Baldwin, Mrs. Jesse A 2.00 Bancroft, Mr. E. A 5.00 Barasa, Mr. Bernard P 2.00 Barnes, Mrs. C. W 2.00 Barrett, Aliss Adele 2.00 Barrett, Mrs. S. E 10.00 Barrington, Mr. Charles V 2.00 Bartelme, Miss Mary W 2.00 Bartholomay, Mrs. Henry 25.00 Bartlett, Miss Florence Dibell 25.00 Bartlett, Mr. and Mrs. Frederic C 4.00 Bass, Mrs. John F 2.00 Baum, Mrs. W. L 2.00 Bauman, Mrs. F. 5.00 Baysara, Mrs. Dominica 2.00 Beale, Miss Susan Letitia 2.00 Beale, Mrs. William G 2.00 Becker, Mr. A. G 100.00 Becker, Mr. Benjamin V 2.00 Behar, Mr. N 2.00 Beidler, Mrs. Francis 2.00 Bell, Mrs. Laird 5.00 Bentley, Mr. and Mrs. Cyrus 25.00 Benton, Miss Julia 2.00 Benton, Mrs. William H 2.00 Benton, Miss Kate Sturges 2.00 Benton, Miss Rita 2.00 Berry, Mr. J. B 2.00 Bernhard, Mr. Wilhelm 5.00 25 Besly, Mrs. Chas. H 7.00 Blackstone, Mrs. T. B 2.00 Blackwelder, Mr. I. S 2.00 Blaine, Mrs. Emmons 100.00 Blair, Mrs. Edward T 5.00 Blair, Mrs. William 10.00 Blake, Mrs. Tiffany 24.00 Blakeley, Mr. and Mrs. John M 24.00 Blatchford, Miss Dorothy L 2.00 Blatchford, Miss Frances M 2.00 Blatchford. Mrs. Paul 2.00 Bodman, Mrs. Luther W 5.00 Borden, Mrs. William 50.00 Borland, Mrs. J. J 10.00 Born, Mrs. M 7.00 Borosini. Dr. Victor Von 2.00 Botsford, Mr. Henry 2.00 Bowen, Mrs. Joseph T 250.00 Boyles, Mrs. C. C 20.00 Bradley, Miss Anna Marion 2.00 Bradley, Mr. John Dorr 2.00 Brazda, Mr. and Mrs. Albert 4.00 Breckinridge, Miss Curry D 2.00 Breckinridge, Miss S. P 27.00 Bridge, Miss Grace Irene 2.00 Brooks, Mrs. James C 5.00 Bross, Mr. and Mrs. Mason 9.00 Brown, Mr. Charles Edward 10.00 Brown, Mr. Harold H 2.00 Brush, Mrs. Emerson H 2.00 Buckingham, Mr. and Mrs. John 4.00 Bullock, Mr. and Mrs. H. E 4.00 Burley, Mr. Clarence A 10.00 Burnham, Mrs. C. L 2.00 Burton, Air. Ernest D 2.00 Butler, Mrs. Hermon B 25.00 Carpenter, Mr. Augustus A 25.00 Carpenter, Mrs. G. A 7.00 Carpenter, Mrs. Hubbard 100.00 Carr, Mrs. Clyde M 5.00 Caruthers, Mrs. Malcolm 2.00 Casselberry, Mrs. W. E 10.00 Chandler. Mrs. Frank R 2.00 Chapin, Mrs. Charles A 52.00 Chapin, Miss Ruby H 52.00 Chapman, Mrs. John A 10.00 Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad (for rent).... 300.00 Cislak, Mr. Stanislaw F 2.00 Clancy, Mr. William 2.00 Clark, Mrs. George M 5.00 Claussenius, Mr. George W 2.00 Cleveland, Miss Catherine C 2.00 Clinch, Mr. and Mrs. George 5.00 Clohesey, Mr. David T 10.00 Clow, Mr. W. E 2.00 Cochran, Mr. J. Lewis 10.00 Colvin, Miss Catherine 50.00 Colvin, Miss Jessie 50.00 Conger, Mrs. William P 2.00 Conida, Mr. Giovanni 2.00 Conley, Mrs. John W 2.00 Coonley, Mrs. John Stuart 2.00 26 Coonley, Mrs. Avery 25.00 Cooper, Miss Isabel A 2.00 Corwith, Mrs. Henry 17.00 Cramer, Mrs. Ambrose 2.00 Cramer, Mr. Frank 5.00 Crane, Mr. Charles R 250.00 Crane, Mr. R. T., Jr 100.00 Crane, Mr. R. T., Ill 15.00 Crapple, Mr. Guy 2.00 Cudahy, Mrs. E. A 2.00 Culver. Miss Helen 2.00 Cummings, Mrs. D. Mark 10.00 Cunningham, Mrs. Secor 2.00 Dangler, Mr. David 2.00 Danielson, Mrs. Richard E 10.00 Dau, Mrs. J. J 10.00 Dauchy, Miss Beatrix 5.00 Dauchy, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel 1,137.00 Dauchy, Mr. G. V 2.00 Davis, Mr. Abel 10.00 Davis, F. Guy 2.00 Davis, Mrs. Nathan S 2.00 Day, Mrs. Albert M 20.00 Day, Mrs. Clinton S 2.00 Dean, Mrs. George R 4.00 Dean, Miss Julia F 1.00 Defrees, Mr. Joseph H 10.00 Deknatel, Mr. F. H 2.00 DeKoven, Mrs. John 25.00 Delano, Mr. and Mrs. Fredric A 5.00 Dick, Mrs. Albert B 2.00 Dickinson, Mr. and Mrs. Francis R 4.00 Dickinson, Mrs. William R 2.00 Dixon, Miss Grace 2.00 Doane, Mrs. Philip Schuyler 2.00 Donnelley, Mrs. Thomas E 2.00 Donnelley, Mrs. R. R 2.00 Doud, Mrs. L. B 10.00 Douglass, Mr. William A 2.00 Drake, Miss Marion H 2.00 Drake. Mrs. Tracy C 4.00 Dravellas, Mr. Peter 2.00 DuBois, Mrs. Arthur 2.00 Dummer, Mrs. W. F 2.00 Dunham, Mr. W. H 2.00 Dunn, Mrs. Morrill 7.00 Eckhart, Mr. B. A 2.00 Eckstein, Mrs. Louis 2.00 Eisinger, Mrs. Emanuel 2.00 Electric Appliance Co 5.00 Elenbogen, Mr. H 5.00 Elkan, Mr. Leo H 5.00 Ennis, Mrs. Robert B 2.00 Ettinger, Mr. Charles D 2.00 Epstein, Miss Lena 2.00 Ewing. Mr. Charles PIull 2.00 Farwell, Mrs. Arthur 25.00 Farwell, Mrs. Francis C 2.00 Farwell, Mr. F. C 25.00 Farwell, Mr. John V 10.00 Faulkner, Miss Georgene 2.00 Fechheimer, Mrs. Frederic 2.00 27 Fiala, Mrs. Cyril 2.00 Field, Mr. Arthur C 2.0a Field, Mr. James A 2.00 Field, Sara Carroll 10.00 Field, Mrs. W. A 5.00 Fish, Mrs. Joseph 2.00 Fisher, Mrs. Walter L 2.00 Fisk, Miss Beulah Murray 2.00 Fisk, Mrs. Edna VV 5.00 Fitzhugh, Mrs. Carter H 10.00 Flexner, Mr. Bernard 3.00 Flint, Mrs. Edith F 3.00 Folds, Mr. Charles W 2.00 Foote, Mr. Erastus 10.00 Foote, Mr. C. B 2.00 Forbes, Mr. James Bruff 2.00 Forgan, Mr. James B 10.00 Foreman, Mr. Edwin G 25.00' Foreman, Mr. Oscar G 25.00 Frank, Mrs. Henry L 3.00 French, Miss Martha E 6.00 Freund, Mr. Ernst 20.00 Freund, Mr. Gustav 7.00 Friedman, Mr. I. K 5.00 Gates, Mrs. Merrill E 2.00 Gatzert, Mrs. August 2.00 Giles, Miss A. H 5.00 Gillette, Mr. and Mrs. Edwin F 5.00 Gladwin, Miss Gertrude E 2.00 Goodkind, Mrs. Maurice L 175.00 Goodman, Mrs. William 12.00 Goodrich, Miss Juliet F 15.00 Goodspeed, Mrs. W. F 25.00 Greeley, Mrs. Fredrick 2.00 Greenbaum, Mrs. Selig 5.00 Greenebaum, Mr. Henry N 2.00 Greenebaum, Mrs. James E 2.00 Greenebaum, Mrs. Moses E 2.00 Gregory, Mr. and Mrs. R. B 20.00 Gregory, Mrs. S. S 5.00 Gundlach, Mr. E. T 6.45 Haas, Mrs. Charles 2.00 Haass, Miss Katherine Lombard 2.00 Hall. Mr. James P 5.00 Hambleton, Mr. C. J 2.0O Hamill, Mr. Charles H 5.00 Hamill, Mrs. Ernest A 25.00 Hamilton, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur L 4.0O Hamlin, Mr. Frank 2.00 Harding, Mr. Charles F 200.00 Hart, Mr. Harry 50.00 Hartle. Mr. William 2.00 Harris, Mr. Samuel H 2.00 Hately, Mr. J. C 20.00 Hasler, Mrs. Edward 17.00 Healy, Mr. and Mrs. John J 4.00 Hefter, Miss Celia 2.00 Hefter, Miss Florence 2.00 Hektoen, Dr. Ludwig 2.00 Hemple, Miss Mary Ellis 2.00 Henderson, Dr. C. R 1.00 Herrick, Mrs. James B 2.00 28 Hibbard, Mrs. William G., Jr 2.00 Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co 50.00 Higginson, Mr. George 10.00 Hill, Mrs. Edward E 2.00 Hill, Mrs. Lysander 2.00 Hlina, Miss M. R 2.00 Holt, Miss Ellen 2.00 Holt, Mr. George H 2.00 Holt, Mr. Charles S 5.00 Hooper, Mrs. Henry 2.00 Houghteling, Mrs. James L 25.00 Houghteling, Mr. William 2.00 Howe, Mrs. F. J 2.00 Hoyt, Mrs. Lucian 20.00 Hull, Mr. and Mrs. Morton D 4.00 Hutchinson, Mr. Charles L 50.00 Ickes, Mrs. Harold L 10.00 Illingworth, Mrs. George N 10.00 Isham, Mrs. George S 110.00 Isham, Mrs. Ralph 2.00 Jackson, Mr. William H 2.00 Janovsky, Mrs. F 2.00 Jensen, Elmer C 2.00 Jenks, Mr. and Mrs. William S 5.00 Johnson, Mrs. Frank S 2.00 Johnson, Miss Jennie F. W 2.00 Jones, Mr. George 1 2.00 Jones, Mr. Thomas D 10.00 Jordan, Mrs. Cady M 2.00 Jordan. Mrs. Edwin 2.00 keep, Mrs. Albert 50.00 Keeley, Mrs. Mary E 22.00 Kel'nrr, M^'^s Rcna T 2.00 Kellner, Miss Tobine R 2.00 Kimball, Mr. Charles P 25.00 King, Mrs. J. C 2.00 Kirchberger, Mrs. S. H 12.00 Klee, Mr. Max 10.00 Knight, Mrs. Newell C 2.00 Kohn, Mrs. Esther L 110.00 Lambros, Mr. P. S 11.76 Lamb, Mr. Benjamin B 10.00 Landauer, Mrs. Herman 2.00 Lane, Mrs. Eben 2.00 Lane, Miss Ida M 2.00 Lasker. Mr. A. D 1,200.00 Lathrop, Mr. Bryan 25.00 Lathrop, Miss Julia C 10.00 Lawson, Mr. Victor F 100.00 Leatherbee, Mr. and Mrs. Robert 4.00 Leiand, Mr. Charles W 5.00 Leopold, Mrs. N. F 2.00 Levine, Mrs. A 2.00 Lewis, Miss Marion M 2.00 Lillie, Mr. Frank R 2.00 Linn, Mrs. William R 2.00 Lipsky, Mr. Harry A 3.00 Lipson, Mr. LB 2.00 Loesch, Scofield & Loesch 5.00 Logan, Mr. Frank G 100.00 Lord, Mrs. D. M 2.00 Lowenstein, Mr. Sidney 2.00 29 Lowenthal, Mrs. J. W 5.00 Lyford, Mrs. VV. H 5.00 Lyman, Mrs. David B., Jr 2.00 Lyman, Mrs. James 2.00 Lyon, Miss Emily L 2.00 Mack, Judge Julian VV 10.00 Mack, Mr. Robert T 2.00 Mack, Mr. William J 2.00 Madlener, Mrs. A. F 7.00 Mandel, Miss Blanche 2.00 Mandel, Mrs. Emanuel 12.00 Manierre, Mr. George 5.00 Marston, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas B 4.00 Martin, Mrs. Franklin H 2.00 Mathews, Mrs. Shailer 2.00 ALitz, Mrs. Rudolph 2.00 Mayer, Mr. Levy 25.00 Maynard, Mr. A. K 2.00 McCormick, Mr. Alexander A 200.00 McCormick, Mrs. Cyrus H 500.00 McCormick, Miss Elizabeth D 2.00 McCormick, Mr. Harold F 100.00 McCormick, Mrs. Harold F 2.00 McCulloch, Mrs. Catherine Waugh 2.00 McDowell, Miss Mary E 2.00 McKenzie, Miss Louise 2.00 McKinlock, Mrs. G. A 10.00 Mead, Mr. Henry C. A 3.00 Mead, Mr. and Mrs. George H 200.00 Aleeker, Mrs. G. VV 2.00 Mermel, Mrs. Carolina 2.00 Merrick, Miss Elizabeth 2.00 Meyer, Mr. Albert 2.00 Meyer, Mrs. Carl 2.00 Meyer, Mrs. A. C 2.00 Meyer, Mr. E. F 50.00 Mezydlo, Mr. Michael 5.00 Miller, Mrs. Charles P 2.00 Mitchell, Mrs. Leeds 2.00 Montgomery, Mrs. Frank Hugh 2.00 Moos, Mrs. J. B 5.00 Moore, Mrs. J. Hobart 27.00 Moore, Mrs. James Hills 2.90 Morganthau, Mrs. S. L 5.00 Morris, Mr. Edward 200.00 Morrison, Mrs. James 10.00 Morton, Mrs. L. M 2.00 Moss, Mrs. G. VV 5.00 Murphy, Mr. J. Austin 2.00 Myers, Mr. L. E 25.00 Nash, Miss Madeline 2.00 Nicholas, Miss Anna E 2.00 Nicholson, Mr. Thomas 2.00 Noel, Mr. Joseph R 5.00 Nolan, Mr. John H 2.00 Norcross, Mrs. Frederick A 10.00 North, Mrs. H. L 5.00 North, Mrs. William Stanley 77.00 North, Miss Dorothy 35.00 Norton, Mrs. L. M 2.00 Nve. Mrs. James VV 7.00 Oakley, Mr. Horace S 2.00 30 Ochsner, Mrs. Albert J 5.00 Oliphant, Miss Lizzie Walser 2.00 Olsen, Mr. Anton T 2.00 Otis, Mrs. Joseph E 10.00 Packard, Mrs. George 2.00 Page. Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin E 10.00 Pagel, Miss Lydia C 2.00 Page, Mrs. William R 10.00 Palandech, Mr. John R 2.00 Palmer, Mrs. Potter, Jr 2.00 Paradise, Mrs. Maurice 2.00 Pardee, Rev. L 5.00 Patten, Mr. James A 600.00 Pauling, Mrs. E. G 3.00 Payson, Mrs. George S 10.00 Peasley, Mr. and Mrs. J. C 20.00 Peck, Airs. Bronson 7.00 Peck, Mrs. Clarence 1 2.00 Peck, Mrs. Walter Leslie 25.00 Peirce, Mr. James H 12.00 Perkins, Mrs. Herbert F 2.00 Perry, Mrs. H. E 2.00 Pflaum, Mr. A. J 2.00 Phelps, Mrs. Erskine M 5.00 Phillips, Miss Harriet G 2.00 Pick, Mrs. George 2.00 Pierce, Mrs. C. B 5.00 Pilsen Lumber Company 22.00 Piotrowski, Mr. N. L 2.00 Pomeroy, Mrs. C. K 5.00 Pond, Mr. Allen B 2.00 Poole, Mr. Ralph H 2.00 Pope, Mrs. George Jackson 5.00 Porter, Mrs. Edward C 2.00 Porter, Mr. George F 75.00 Porter, Mrs. H. H 100.00 Porter, Mr. H. H., Jr 20.00 Porter, Mrs. James F 5.00 Pouska, Mr. Frank J 3.00 Preston, Miss Mary C 2.00 Prindiville. Miss Mary 2.00 Pusey, Dr. Brown 2.00 Pusey, Mrs. W. A 2.00 Quan, Mrs. James E 5.00 Requa, Mrs. W. B 5.00 Raike, Mr. Louis 2.00 Richardson, Mr. W. L 2.00 Ripley, Mrs. Edward P 32.00 Ritchie, Mr. W. E 10.00 Robertson, Miss Ina Law 2.00 Robins, Mrs. Raymond 75.00 Rosenbaum, Mrs. E. F 2.00 Rosenblatt, Mr. Samuel J 2.00 Rosenf eld, Mrs. Maurice 2.00 Rosenfield, Mrs. Morris S 2.00 Rosenwald, Mr. Julius 1,000.00 Rosenwald, Mrs. Julius 100.00 Rosenwald, Mr. Lessing J 5.00 Rosenwald, Mr. M. S 2.00 Rothschild, Miss Amy 5.00 Rubens, Mrs. Charles 2.00 Rubovitz, Mr. Toby 2.00 31 Rumsey, Miss E. V 15.00 RumbCy, Miss Elizabeth 2.00 Rumsey, Miss Emily S 2.00 Rumsey, Mr. and Mrs. Henry A 4.00 Rumsey, Mr. Henry A., Jr 2.00 Rumsey, Miss Jean 2.00 Rycrson, Mr. Martin A 100.00 Sarver, Miss Martha M 5.00 Schevill, Mr. Ferdinand 3.00 Schmidt, Dr. Otto L 5.00 Schultze, Miss Eve W 3.00 Schwartz, Mr. Charles P 2.00 Schwartz, Mr. U. S 2.00 Schweppe, Mr. and Airs. C. H 4.00 Scott, Mr. and Mrs. Frank H 20.00 Scott, Mr. Frederick H 5.00 Scudder, Mrs. J. Arnold 2.00 Scuddcr, Miss Mary 2.00 Sears, Mrs. N. C 7.00 Sears, Mrs. Richard W 125.00 Seipp, Mrs. Conrad 12.00 Selinqer, Mr. Josef 4.00 Sellers. Mrs. Frank H 2.00 Sewell. Clapp, Mig. Co 10.00 Shaftner, Mr. Charles 2.00 Shaffer, Mr. J. C 2.00 Shears, Mrs. Jessie E 5.00 Shortall, Mr. and Mrs. John L 4.00 Shirk, Mrs. Milton 10.00 Shumway, Mrs. E. G 2.00 Silber, Mr. Clarence J 2.00 Silberman, Mrs. Sigmund S 5.00 Silvestri, Consul and Mrs. Hugo 10.00 Simon, Mrs. Henry 2.00 Simon, Mr. John 2.00 Skinner, Miss Elizabeth 5.00 Skinner, Miss Frederika 10.00 Skinner, Mrs. N. H 5.00 Smetana, Mr. Vaclav 2.00 Smith, Mrs. Byron L 25.00 Smith, Mrs. Dunlap 2.00 Smith, Mrs. Fred W 2.00 Smith, Mrs. George T 2.00 Smith, Miss Mary Rozet 52.00 Snow, Taylor A 2.00 Snow, Mr. Albert T 2.00 Snydacker, Mr. Joseph G 5.00 Snydacker, Mr. A. M 2.00 Solomon, Mrs. Henry 2.00 Spaulding, Mrs. Charles F 25.00 Sprague. Mrs. Albert A., Jr 5.00 Stagg, Mr. A. Alonzo 2.00 Steele, Mrs. H. B 2.00 Stein, Mrs. Sydney 2.00 Steiner, Mr. Edward A 2.00 Stephens, Mrs. Redmond D 10.00 Stepina, Mr. James F 2.00 Stewart, Mr. S. C 2.00 Stirling. Mr. William R 10.00 Stone, Rev. James S 2.00 Stone, Mrs. John Timothy 2.00 Straus, Mr. Ira 2.00 32 Street, Mrs. Charles A 2.00 Stribrna, Mrs. Karla 2.00 Strobel, Mr. C. L 2.00 Stumer, Mr. Abraham R 2.00 Sturges, Miss Lucy H 5.00 Sturges, Miss Mary D 10.00 Sturges, Mr. Solomon 10.00 Sturges, Mr. W. G 5.00 Sunny, Mr. B. E 12.00 Taiaf ons, Mr. George 2.00 Tananewicz, Mr. Stanley 2.00 Talbot, Miss Marion D 30.00 Taylor, Mrs. Louis S 2.00 Teich, Mrs. T 2.00 Teller, Mr. Sidney A 2.00 Telling, Mrs. Annie 2.00 Telling, Miss Grace E 2.00 Tenney, Mrs. H. K 2.00 The Hub 25.00 Thorsch, Mr. Victor 5.00 Throop, Mrs. George E 2.00 Tilt, Mrs. J. E 5.00 Towner, Mr. J. de Koven 2.00 Tuttle, Mrs. H. N 5.00 Tuthill, Mr. F. H 2.00 Tyrrell, Mr. F. S 10.00 Tyson, Mrs. Russell 2.00 Uihlien, Mr. Edward G 2.00 Underwood, Mr. A. W 2.00 Upham, Mrs. Frederic W 2.00 Urie, Mrs. J. F 7.00 Vail, Mr. H. S 2.00 Van Schaick, Mrs. A. G 4.00 Van Schaick, Miss Ellen 2.00 Virtue, Mr. David R 5.00 Wacker, Mr. Charles H 2.00 Walker, Mrs. Charles M 2.00 Walker, Mrs. Henry H 25.00 Walker, Mrs. James M 5.00 Waller, Mr. Robert A 2.00 Waller, Mrs. William 2.00 Ward, Mrs. L. A. Coonley 20.00 Ware, Mrs. Charles W 2.00 2.00 Warner, Mr. Ezra J., Jr Warner, Mr. Harold R 300.00 Warren, Mr. E. K 2.00 Watson, Mrs. Oliver L 10.00 Weaver, Mr. George H 2.00 Webster, Mr. George H 25.00 Weide, Miss Lillian B 5.00 Weil, Mrs. J. E fOO Wells. Mrs. F. A 1-00 West, Mrs. Frederick T 50.00 Wheeler, Mrs. Anna H 2.00 Wheeler, Mr. and Mrs. S. H 4.00 White, Miss Emma Gertrude ocnn Whitehead, Mrs. E. P 25.00 Whitman, Mrs. Russell 2.00 Wieboldt, Mr. W. A 50.00 Wilder, Mr. John E 25.00 Wilder, Mrs. T. E 2.00 Williams, Miss Alice lO.UU 33 Williams, Miss Cornelia B 7.00 Wilmarth, Mrs. H. M 100.00 Wilson, Miss Martha.... 5.00 Winslow, Mrs. Herman.. 2.00 Wisner, Mrs. G. M 3.00 Woolley, Mrs. C. M 12.00 Woltersdorf, Mr. Arthur. 4.00 Woltersdorf, Mr. Ernst.. 2.00 Wren, Miss Ethel 10.00 Yeomans Brothers 5.00 Zeisler, Mr. Sigmund.... 2.00 Zimmerman, Mrs. W. C. 2.00 SOCIETIES AND ORGANIZATIONS.

Amabel Circle of King's Daughters 5.00 Babies' Friendly Society 10.00 Bohemian VVomen's Club, University of Chica Settlement 10.00 Bohemian Women's Union S. P. J. Supreme Lod 5.00 Central Committee Union S. P. J 5.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union S. P. J. No. 9. 2.00 ' Bohemian Sisters Ben. Union S. P. J. No. 10. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union S. P. J. No. 13. 3.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union S. P. J. No. 15. _2.00 ' Bohemian Sisters Ben. Union S. P. J. No. 16. 2.00

' Bohemian Sisters Ben. Union S. P. J. No. 18. 5.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union S. P. J. No. 21. 2.00

' Bohemian Sisters Ben. Union S. P. J. No. 26. 5.00

' Bohemian Sisters Ben. Union S. P. J. No. 29. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union S. P. J. No. 32. 2.00

' Bohemian Sisters Ben. Union S. P. J. No. 33. 5.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union P.J No. 36. 1.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union P No. 37. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union P No. 39. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union P No. 40. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union P No. 44. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union P No. 46. 1.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union P No. 47. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union S. P. J No. 49. 1.00 ' Bohemian Sisters Ben. Union S. P. J. No. 50. 2.00

' Bohemian Sisters Ben. Union s. p. J. No. 51. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union s. p. J. No. 53. 3.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union s. p. J. No. 54. 1.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union s. p. J. No. 56. 1.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union s. p. J. No. 57. 2.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union s. p. J. No. 61. 2.00

' Bohemian Sisters Ben. Union s. p. J. No. 67. 5.00 Bohemian Sisters ' Ben. Union s. p. J. No. 69. 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) Supre Lodge 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 5 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 7 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 8 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 17 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 19 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 20 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 26 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 39 1.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 40 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 41 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 56 2.00 34 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 66 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 68 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 69 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 70 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 71 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 74 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 76 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 79 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 93 5.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 101 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 106 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. Ill 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J- C. D.) No. 114 1.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 115 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 118 1.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 119 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 122 4.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 136 1.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 138 2.00 Bohemian Women's Union (J. C. D.) No. 141 1.00 Bryn Mawr Woman's Club 5.00 Chicago Association of Jewish Women 200.00 Chicago Woman's Aid 5.00 Chicago Woman's Club 100.00 Chicago Woman's Club—Reform Department 80.00 Chicago Woman's Club— Philanthropy Department 75.00 Eleanor Association 5.00 Evanston Woman's Clul) 5.00 Francis W. Parker School 5.00 Henry Booth House 5.00 Hull House Woman's Club 5.00 Irving Park Woman's Club 10.00 Isaiah Woman's Club 5.00 Johannah Lodge, No. 9, V. O. T. S 5.00 Kenwood Evangelical Church—Woman's Society Charity Department 20.00 North End Club—Philanthropy Committee 25.00 Polish Roman Catholic Union of America 10.00 Polish Women's Alliance 25.00 The Service Club 50.00 Polish National Alliance 25.00 Riverside Woman's Club 5.00 Riverside Woman's Club—Civics Department 5.00 Rock Island Women's Alliance 20.00 South Ladies' Progressive Charity Society 5.00 Woman's Alliance, Church of All Souls 5.00 Woman's Home Missionary Society, Epworth Church 1.00 Woodlawn Woman's Club 5.00 Woman's Library Club, Glencoe 10.00 Young Woman's Bible Class, Hyde Park Presby- terian Church 5.00

Hb UBHAHlf y^ m

ap:i 1 c mi)

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

IMMIGRANTS^ PROTECTIVE LEAGUE

FOR THE YEAR ENDING

JANUARY 1st, 1916

1140^ SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUE CHICAGO

OFFICERS

Judge Julian W. Mack President Prof. George H. Mead First Vice-President Miss Jane Addams Second Vice-President Charles L. Hutchinson Treasurer Miss S. P. Breckinridge Secretary

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Miss E. V. Rumsey Mrs. Samuel Dauchy Charles F. Harding Prof. Ernst Freund Mrs. Maurice L. Goodkind

THE STAFF

Miss Grace Abbott Director Miss Helen Campbell Miss Irene Nelson Mrs. Bozena Pavlik Joseph Holenia Mrs. Victoria Licci Mrs. Mary Jurgelionis Miss Mary Baranowska Miss Bozena Picha Miss Nettie Richardson Miss Vasiuke Vaitses Miss Anna Emckson

(The following foreign languages are spoken by this group: Bohemian, German. Greek, Italian, Lettish, Lithuanian, Magyar, Norwegian, Polleh. Russian, Slovak and Yiddish.) BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Elected for the years 1914, 1915 and 1916.

Judge Julian W. Mack Miss Mary E. McDowell Prof. George H. Mead Miss E. V. Rumsey Mrs. Tiffany Blake Alfred L. Baker Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen Mrs. Maurice L. Goodkind Chaiules F. Harding James E. Quan

Elected for the years 1915, 1916 and 1917.

Miss Jane Addams Harry A. Lipsky

Mrs. Samuel Dauchy Mrs. Wm. I. Thomas Dr. Emil G. Hirsch Joseph H. Nicolai

Kazimierz Zychlinski Jaroslav J. Zmrhal Julius Rosenwald Mrs. Ivan Bregowsky

Elected for the years 1916, 1917 and 1918.

Miss S. P. Breckinridge Miss Jxjlia C. Lathrop Charles W. Folds A. A. McCormick Mrs. Israel Cowen Prof. Ernst Freund Bernard Flexner Edgar A. Bancroft :

i5^p0rl nf tlf^ ^Hvttnv^

Between the annual meeting, April 17, 1915, and that on April 25, 1916, the Trustees met three times— on April 7, August 12, 1915, and on January 13, 1916. The Executive Committee held meetings on October 18, 1915, and on April 18, 1916. In addition to these meetings, the Trustees received three reports in writing from the Director and were thus kept informed as to the nature of the work and of the special problems arising out of changed conditions result- ing from the war.

During the year, the League again changed its headquarters, moving one block south on Michigan Avenue.

The membership of the League has decreased from 589 to 569

individual members and from 93 to 83 organization members. It is to be hoped that the Membership Committee may be more active during the coming months.

At the annual meeting held on April 25, 1916, at the City Club, after reports of the Director and the presidential address of Judge Julian W. Mack, the League was addressed by Honorable Charles Nagel, former Secretary of Commerce and Labor, on the su])ject of "Americanization."

A resolution (see page 28) asking the State Department to use all possible influence with the Austrian Government to prevent sum- mary military action being taken in the case of Alice Masaryk was unanimously adopted and ordered forwarded to the Secretary of State.

The election of Trustees for the years 1916, 1917 and 1918 was then held, the following persons being unanimously elected

Edgar A. Bancroft Professor Ernst Freund S. P. Breckinridge Mrs. George S. Isham Mrs. Israel Cowen Miss Julia C. Lathrop Bernard Flexner Alexander A. McCormick Charles W. Folds Harold L. Swift

The Secretary would do less than her duty were she to fail again to call attention to the rare opportunity open to the League in leading the way towards fuller understanding by the community of s the problems presented by foreign groups, capable as they are of enriching and ennobling American life. The League enjoys in the Director's leadership the opportunity of enormously widening the field within which the civic, social and philanthropic resources of the city may be applied to the needs of foreigners in Chicago. The wider development of educational facilities, more sympathetic appreciation of industrial difficulties, more intelligent treatment in courts of immigrants charged with offenses, more modern and hu- mane treatment of those convicted or held pending trial—these are subjects upon which the entire community may be enlightened if the problems as seen from the immigrants' standpoint are attacked.

Respectfully submitted,

S. P. Breckinridge, Secretary. :

S^pnrt nf itr^rtnr

In making this, the Seventh Annual Report of the Immigrants' Protective League, an effort has been made, as in previous reports, to present, so far as is possible, the work actually done, together with a brief discussion of some of the problems involved. Some suggestions have also been made as to how the immigrant may be assisted during the period of his first years of residence in this country to become adjusted to his American environment. COMPLAINTS AND APPLICATIONS FOR ADVICE AND ASSISTANCE

Certain types of cases appear much less frequently in the monthly summary sheets now than before the war. The complaints against cabmen and expressmen and stories of exploitation on the arrival of the immigrant are very few during these days of slack immigration. Still, during the past year, we handled 7Z cases of persons detained at the ports of entry or enroute to the United States. A number of these were refugees whose coming was ar- ranged for through the American Consul. We were also asked to care for 29 immigrants who arrived in Chicago during 1915 and were stranded without the addresses of their relatives or friends.

Because the League is better known each year than the year before, the total number of those who come with complaints of some injustice or with applications for advice or assistance was much greater this year than any previous year—700 more than in 1914 and more than 1,700 in excess of the number reported in 1913.

The nationality of those coming for some help other than em- ployment was as follows

Polish 891 Lithuanians 435 Jewish-Russian, Austrian, Hungarian, Roumanian and German 399 Italian 338 Russian 280 Bohemian 99 German from Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia 81 Magyar 61 Albanian 56 Ruthenian 54 Scandinavian 52 Slovak 46 Roumanian 42 Croatian 36 AU others Ill

3,258 7 New York State has had a Bureau of Industries and Immigra- tion since 1911. The Bureau serves the entire state and its work includes the investigation and adjustment of complaints and the giving of information and advice. The last report of this Bureau shows 3,482 complaints received and 2,571 requests for information and advice. California also has a State Bureau, which maintains offices in four cities and takes applications by letter as well as in person. Its last report records 1,873 complaints and applications for advice. The City of Cleveland's Immigration Bureau handled 1,542 in a period of two years. These figures indicate that the League is much better known among the people it aims to serve than are these public bureaus. Sometimes the complaints which come to us are of industrial conditions—a lack of adequate moral protection for girls and women about their place of work, of petty exploitation or persecu- tion by foremen and of violation of the Ten Hour Law. In every case, these complaints are reported to the employer or the factory inspector, or both. In some cases, investigation shows conditions more serious than was at first anticipated—in others it is impossible to verify the complaints.

^ One young Greek presented at the office a receipt for $100, which he said he had paid to secure a job in a large manufacturing establishment in one of our industrial suburbs, and asked us if we could assist him in getting back the money. It seemed incredible that payment of such a sum had been exacted and we feared the man had been robbed by someone who represented himself to be an official of the company. However, we presented the facts, as the man had reported them, to the Superintendent, whose name was signed on the receipt. By return mail, we received a check from the superintendent for $100 and the explanation that the payment was made not to the company, but to him personally, and, to quote his words, "the money was on a real estate proposition and if he don't care to go through with it, the amount is so small that I don't care to go any further with him." The receipt did not show this and the Greek had never heard anything about any land. In similar cases, and as refunds on steamship and railroad tickets, from em- ployment agents and from immigrant bankers, we collected during 1915, mostly in very small amounts, $2,991.69.

A competent, experienced person to investigate exploitation is very much needed by the League. As complaints are made, they are investigated and settled, but we have not been able to follow up properly the individual cases which had come to our notice and determine how general the injustice or abuse is. To make real head- way in prevention, such investigations are necessary. We have made a few in the past—one of employment agencies, another of immi- grant banks, and last year one of the midwives in Chicago. The recommendations made on the basis of these investigations need to 9 be pushed and new investigations need to be undertaken. The labor camps in this general vicinity need investigation at the present time.

The difficulties of the immigrant are not always money ones. For example, in the spring of 1915 a Roumanian woman, charged with having lured a man to her home in order that her husband might rob him, was arrested with her husband. A complaint was also lodged with the United States Immigration Bureau that the couple were not married and that when they came in September of 1914, they had entered the country illegally for immoral pur- poses. The woman appealed to us for help, and a representative of the League attended the hearings to act as interpreter. Investi- gation showed the charges were made without foundation and that the man who had made them was quite irresponsible. When the results of our investigations were submitted, the couple was allowed to go free by both the Court and the Immigration Department.

They were, however, still very much in need of friends. The husband had lost his work as a result of his arrest and the wife was sick. Work was found for the husband, hospital care arranged for the woman. It is hoped that no further assistance will be necessary, but it may be that a combination of circumstances may again put them in need of some further assistance.

Another case in which deportation was looked upon as the way out was that of an undersized Belgian boy, who had spent several years in a Belgian institution for dependent children and who had worked as a glass blower when he was 12 years old. He was brought to the United States in July, 1914, by a woman who was a performer in a circus. He was 17 years old, but about the size of a boy of 14. The boy was apprenticed to an acrobat. He found the training very painful and refused to continue it. The acrobat then reported him for deportation on the ground that he was "incorrigible" and a war- rant for his deportation was issued, and he was ordered deported. Because of the war he could not be returned to Belgium, and so this decision did not solve the difficulty.

The boy was not eager to remain in Chicago if an uncle whom he thought was in England could be found. Pending investigation, a living place and work were found for him and arrangements made for lessons in English. After a long delay, we learned that the boy's parents could not be located and that the father would be in no way helpful to the boy if he could be found. The Belgian Consul in London got in touch with the uncle, who is employed as a workman in Kent, England, and reported to us that he has a good record, and that he wanted the boy to join him in Kent.

The United States government was willing under the circum- stances to deport him to England, but the British government refused permission, and so he probably will remain here. He lost the first job we found for him because he got into a fight with some of his fellow employes, but he has now worked for three months at his present job, likes it very much and has had one promotion. He shows no more evidence of "incorrigibility" than most boys or girls—on the contrary, is above the average in ability and self-reliance and the United States apparently has no reason for anxiety should he remain here permanently.

A large number of those who come to us have been previously helped and come asking for some new service. For example, a Ger- man-Hungarian girl was reported to us first in 1910, through the local inspector of the United States Immigration Service. The girl at that time was at the Bridewell and had been reported for deporta- tion. Investigation showed that she had come to this country with her foster parents. She secured housework through a newspaper advertisement with a family who mistreated her. She finally left, but in the meantime her foster father had died and the mother re- turned to Europe. The landlady where they had gone on their ar- rival refused to take the girl in because she had no money. She slept out of doors a night or two, looking for work in the daytime. She was then reported to the police, was arrested, and sent to the Bridewell, as the judge and the police explained, because "she had no friends and needed cleaning up." We secured her release as soon as these facts were learned and placed her at housework. She was clean and faithful in her work and has been in no trouble since that time. But as Miss Richardson is the oldest friend she has in this country, she has come to her when she was sick ; when some money which she sent back to Hungary was not received ; to open a savings account at the bank, and finally, in 1915, to ask us to find out the character of a man whom she was considering marrying and who was at that time conducting an employment agency in West Vir- ginia ; and then, after marriage, to hold her bank book, which showed a balance of $500, until she had learned by experience whether her husband was going to allow her some economic independence.

VISITING IMMIGRANT GIRLS

As in previous years, we have visited unaccompanied immigrant girls whose names and addresses we have received from the ports of entry. The total number visited during 1915 was 796, but of this number only 106 arrived during 1915. The others had come during the previous year, but had not been visited promptly on their arrival because the numbers arriving were too large. As in former years, an effort has been made to adapt the services rendered these girls to the needs disclosed. Many of those who are apparently in need of no assistance whatever apply to us later.

10 FEDERAL SUPERVISION AND PROTECTION OF ARRIVING IMMIGRANTS

It will be remembered that the law providing for federal pro- tection of th^ immigrant on his journey from the port to the inte- rior and the establishment of a local station for assisting him on his arrival in Chicago was provided for in a law which went into effect in 1913. The location of the Station was decided on in November of that year and the receiving room, dormitories, bathrooms and laundry were furnished and ready for use in January, 1914. In the following summer, certain additional officers were assigned to the

Chicago Station, it was believed, to undertake this work, but they were later withdrawn.

The delay in the operation of the Station was declared in the Annual Report of the Secretary for 1914, to be due to the fact that the immigrants were "required to pay" a local transfer agency for transportation from the railway stations to the Immigration Station. This difficulty was removed during the summer of 1914 through the agreement by all the railroads, carrying Chicago-bound immigrants, to transfer them from the terminal stations to the Immigration sta- tion without extra charge. But this agreement has not been utilized by the Federal government. The large receiving room, after being en- tirely unused for a year, has been used for the labor exchange work, which we are very glad the Department has undertaken. But the dor- mitories, bathrooms, laundry rooms, etc., have never been used for any purpose whatever, although they have been furnished ready for use. The government has been paying rent for this space it has never used for two years and four months. This is an illustration of the way in which an administrative department of the government can refuse to carry out the laws passed by Congress. It should be inter- esting to students of political science.

The League has always maintained that the duty of protecting and_ caring for the immigrant on his journey belongs to the Federal rather than the local government. The former controls the admis- sion of immigrants and is informed as to the numbers arriving. Protection and supervision of release is given immigrants who arrive at the ports of entry, and it is logical, therefore, to ask an extension of this care to the interior. In his last annual report, the Commis- sioner-General of Immigration calls attention to the fact that "since the law providing for the collection of a head tax from all arriving immigrants has been in force, up to the end of this fiscal year (1915), there has been collected over $9,000,000 in excess of the expenditures for the immigration service." The Immigration Bill which recently passed the House of Representatives provides for an increase in this head tax, and so it may be that we shall collect a larger sum in the future. The obligation of regarding the money collected in this way as a trust fund to be used in behalf of the immigrant cannot be too strongly insisted upon. 11 EMPLOYMENT DIRECTION

In May of 1914, it was decided to add to the staff of the League one person who should devote her time to advising with the people who ask us for help in securing work and to assisting them in get- ting prepared for the kind of work for which they are best qualified. During the past year, Miss Erickson has been in charge of this work. In that time, 2,358 have come to us for help in securing work, and 749 were placed.

The nationality of these was as follows:

Nationality Number of Applicants Number Placed Polish 443 134 Russian 366 109 Bohemian 350 156 Lithuanian 255 70 Greek 227 54 Italian 181 44 Jewish 114 41 Roumanian 80 35 Slovak 75 20 Magyar 70 29 German 66 20 All others 131 35

2,358 749 The public agencies—which include the local Bureau of Distri- bution maintained by the United States Bureau of Labor under the direction of the local Inspector of Immigration, the reorganized State Free Employment Agencies, and the City Employment Bureau —have been making real progress in the organization of the employ- ment market during the past year. Without interpreters and an understanding of their problem, the public agency cannot, however, properly place the non-English speaking immigrants, who constitute a very large part of the labor supply and who have been very much exploited by private employment agents in the past. We have, therefore, spent considerable time in taking the immigrants to these agencies and assisting them in making clear what their training has been, so that they may secure the kind of work for which they are best fitted. In doing this, we have had the most cordial co-opera- tion of these agencies.

Frequently, quite regardless of his previous education or trade training, a person who cannot speak English is considered only for unskilled work. For example, a young Italian from Tuscany who had been a stone mason had worked during the year he had been in the United States as a porter in a saloon. Had he applied at an employment bureau, only his American experience would have been considered. And yet it was quite evident that what he needed to do was to join the mason's union and follow his trade. But he was somewhat in debt because he had found it impossible to support his family on the $9 a week which he was receiving, and in consequence 12 he did not have the money to pay the union fees. After arrange- ments were made with the union for him to join, a loan of a part of the fee was secured. Through the union, the man was promptly given a job at $6 a day, so that he was able to pay off his other debts and the loan which we secured for him.

A Pole had been for three years an engine repair man in Europe. He had worked during the two and one-half years he had been in the United States in a restaurant as a porter, bus boy, kitchen helper, and sandwich man. He was questioned about his education and industrial experience in Europe and then the sug- gestion was made that he go back to his old trade. He .said he had been hoping for that kind of a job ever since he came, but had not supposed it was possible to get. By explaining in English, as he himself was not able to do, what his European experience had been, we were able to get him the chance to demonstrate that he could do skilled work in a railroad repair shop.

A Russian-Jewish girl had gone into the tailoring trade when she came to Chicago. When she was out of work, she asked us to help her get work of this sort. Upon talking over the work with her, we found that she was probably qualified for dressmaking, had some ambitions about designing which she was shy about confiding, and was touchingly eager to get out of the large tailoring shops and into a dressmaking establishment. She was placed in a good place on trial, was found satisfactory, and has received three advance- ments in wages since.

Much valuable work of this sort could and should be done in connection with the evening schools. We should like to have one person devote his time to holding conferences of this sort with those who are attending the evening classes for foreigners and then assist them in getting into contact with the various agencies of the city.

It is almost impossible to place satisfactorily men who have had considerable education. In consequence, they are often confronted with a much more difficult problem in adjustment than is the unedu- cated peasant and the dangers of a moral breakdown are in conse- quence greater. We have tried very hard during the past year to help an Austrian of this sort. He was a bookkeeper at home and is a man of good intentions, has made every effort to learn English and adapt himself to American methods. But the unskilled work which he has had to do has been hard on him physically, but perhaps even more seriously has narrowed his mental outlook and weakened his self-control, and it now looks as though he, and perhaps the entire family, would never be able to attain the standard which they knew at home. We are hoping to prevent this, but at the present the prospects are not encouraging.

Many of the immigrant men and women are, of course, pre- pared to do only unskilled work. In placing these, we aim to take 18 into consideration the possibilities of advancement as well as wages and working conditions, and then revisit them and persuade them to try for better positions as soon as they have acquired some knowl- edge of English and a little experience.

The League does not aim to conduct an employment agency and is therefore not anxious itself to place large numbers. It does want to make available for immigrants existing agencies and hopes to be able to give the special assistance which is necessary to enable a man or woman to get the kind of work which he desires or is best fitted to secure.

We are hoping to turn over to the Federal Bureau of Distribu- tion the applications for farm hands as well as those who apply for this work. During the last year we sent 201 men to farm work. Most of the applications which are made to us for farm hands have come from Bohemian farmers in Wisconsin, Iowa, Nebraska, and the Dakotas, who know of the work of the League through our Bohemian visitor, Mrs. Pavlik.

In the report of last year, attention was called to the fact that during the period of widespread unemployment the Russians had presented a special problem in relief. Help could not be secured for them from the County Agent or the United Charities, either because they had not been here long enough to acquire legal residence or were single men living in non-family groups. Mrs. Bregowsky, one of the Trustees of the League, who was at that time doing some visiting among the Russians, secured through Mr. Charles R. Crane, $1,950 for their relief. The League has never done and does not plan to do relief work, but in this emergency we did arrange for emergency relief work among the members of the various groups which Mrs. Bregowsky visited.

In the spring, a special effort was made to place some of these men on farms because they had been farmers at home and were very much discouraged by their winter in the city and so were eager to get out in the country. In this we had some success. Although American farmers always ask us for Germans or Swedes, because they have known only these nationalities, it has been possible to per- suade a few of them to try some other nationality when Germans or Swedes were not available. It has been easier, however, to place the Russian with the Bohemian farmers who applied to us, because the similarity in language made it easier for both. The following are typical. One man who had been in the United States two and one-half years had been idle for a year except for an occasional day or week of work when we first knew him. In May he was sent, together with another man who had been idle for months, to farms in North Dakota. The money for their railroad fare was advanced from the Crane Fund. The first repaid the loan in August, the second from his first month's salary. The farmers and the men reported them- 14 ;

selves mutually satisfied. Another was sent to a Bohemian farmer in Oklahoma. He, too, has returned the railroad fare which was advanced for him, as have most but not all of the others. EDUCATION OF THE ADULT IMMIGRANT

The past year has seen the development of great interest in the question of whether or not the immigrant has responded in full measure to what the public has imagined were the opportunities offered him to make himself a real part of the American community to which he has come. There has, however, been no corresponding efifort to find out to what extent the opportunities which we want to be his have really been extended to him.

The great body of immigrants who have been coming to the United States for the past twenty years are between the ages of 16 and 25—past the age of compulsory school attendance in Illinois. They have come in the largest numbers from southern and eastern

Europe ; some from those districts where the peasant is frequently not given the opportunity to come in contact with the culture of his

own country ; others, like the Poles, the Bohemians, the Jews, and the. Slovaks, have been made subject to another people—the vic- tims, often, of social and political discrimination.

The community knew or should have known that great numbers were coming ignorant of the English language; that others, although in much smaller numbers, were unable to read and write in any language.

These men and women when they come have met the require- ments of the entrance tests that they be sound in mind and body; their coming was a proof of their eager ambition. What could the community do with them? The duty and the opportunity should have been clear. It was two-fold— (1) to protect them against fraud and exploitation so that such traditions as they cherished in regard to America would not be lost in their first contact with us (2) to give them an opportunity to learn the English language and secure such a working knowledge of our laws and institutions as will enable them to join with us in making the United States a real democracy. For, devoted as they might be to the principles of democracy, they could never by any logical process arrive at a knowledge of the specific organizations through which democracy expresses itself, or has been prevented from expressing itself, in Chicago.

The immigrant does not need to be taught American ideals so much as he needs to be given the facts concerning our organized community life which will enable him to apply those ideals.

Attention has been called from time to time in these reports to the fact that neither the national nor the local government has 16 undertaken to give the kind of protection which was so much needed. That any adequate plan for their education was generally regarded as quite unnecessary was shown when the United States Immigra- tion Commission, in its very long and costly report, made no study of the subject of the education of the adult immigrant.

Chicago is not especially behind other cities in the educational provision which it is making for the adult immigrant. But that it is not doing what, in the interest of the community as well as the immi- grant, should be done is obvious. According to the United States Census figures, in 1900 there were 69,771 non-English speaking residents in this city; in 1910 there were 182,519. By 1914, it is estimated this number was more than 200,000. In 1900 there were 46,624 persons over 14 years of age who were unable to read and write in any language; in 1910 the number was 75,580. How much effort is being made to ofifer these people the opportunity of learning the things they need to know, very few people in Chicago have stopped to inquire. In the spring of 1915, with the co-operation of the Superin- tendent of Schools and the Superintendent of Evening Schools, an investigation of the evening schools was made by the School of Civics and Philanthropy and the Immigrants' Protective League. Only a few of the facts learned in that investigation can be given here. That year, there were 17,613 enrolled in the elementary evening classes of Chicago—only 13 per cent of the total non-English speak- ing population. But only 13 per cent of this 17,000 enrolled attended for one-half of the twenty weeks, and 23 per cent attended less than one-fourth of the session. The record of illiteracy was not kept by the schools, but so far as the principals of the evening schools knew, practically none of the illiterates in Chicago were in these evening classes, and the schools had made no special provision for them. The inference which might be drawn from these figures by those who do not know all the facts is that the immigrant is to blame for this condition. Two of the newspapers recently called attention editorially to the large number of non-English speaking residents of South Chicago and the few who had taken out their citizenship papers in that district. The Superintendent of Evening Schools re- ports that his classes in that district have not been well attended. The papers quite rightly reasoned that something was wrong. But even superficial investigation would have indicated the real difficulties. The men who are employed in the steel mills of South Chicago work 12 hours a day for one week on a day shift and the next week on a night shift, while the classes that the city offers these men meet four evenings of every week throughout the term of twenty weeks, just as they do in other parts of the city. In order to gain some first-hand information as to the reasons why those who enroll in the evening classes drop out in such large numbers, we are now visiting all those who have left three of the 16 ;

evening schools in typical foreign neighborhoods in the Northwest, West and Southwest parts of the city. The school principals report the reasons for leaving to be overtime work, change from day to night work, fatigue, change of teachers, and discouragement over the slow progress made. We are finding that these are the reasons most frequently given by the members of the classes. But there are other reasons. Some left to attend a private school maintained by a teacher who spoke their language, others found the classes badly classified and that the pace was, in consequence, either too fast or too slow. Many would have returned after the busy season in their trade was ended, but thought the rest of the class would be ahead of them and preferred to wait a year until new classes were formed others found four evenings a week more than they could give. A few thought four evenings insufficient and changed for a school which allowed them to go any number of evenings they desired. Some of the things that Chicago needs to do are apparent upon consideration of these facts.

But in order to have more terms of evening school, more day classes for adults, classes organized to appeal to the diflferent age and educational groups, classes giving practical training for citizen- ship every month in the year and teachers who devote their entire time to the teaching of adults, we need wider public interest in this subject. During the past year, the League has spent some time in presenting it to interested groups. It is a great satisfaction to report that we have found a general demand for the development of the evening school system and for wider co-operation in increasing the attendance of the evening schools. The sessions of a number of the schools have been longer than in previous years and there are to be some summer classes offered this year for the first time. The activity of the United States Bureau of Naturalization and of Edu- cation has been helpful in stimulating this interest. So, also, has the Immigration Committee of the City Qub and the Chicago Woman's Club, and the Citizenship Committee of the Young Men's Hebrew Charities.

In the report of the League for 1909, the recommendation was made that lectures for immigrants be arranged for the following year. The argument then made was that "many of the older immi- grants will never learn English and with others it will be many years before they will understand it easily. Most of them have lived in the country and here in Chicago they are having their first contact with the problems of city life. They need at once a knowledge of

Chicago's water and milk supply ; of its sanitary regulations ; of the agencies that are organized for exploitation of the immigrant; of naturalization and those problems of municipal government with whose right solution they, as much as anyone else, are concerned." The lectures were not given under the auspices of the League be- cause the money available has never been adequate for the many 17 sorts of things we are eager to do. The public schools could not be persuaded to try the plan.

I am, therefore, very happy to report that the Housing Com- mittee of the Chicago Woman's Club has given successfully such a course of lectures for women, in one of the public schools, during the past winter. This demonstration should make the public ready to take up this method of education for both men and women. The problems which the League meets are national, state, and city-wide in scope. The League has given special attention to the national and city aspects, but has never gone into the state field. The educational field is a state as well as local and national problem and we hope very much to be enabled to make a survey of state educational opportunities offered the adult immigrant and to follow up this survey by stimulating local clubs and agencies to interest themselves in this aspect of the work. This would also enable us to make the down-state connections which are so necessary to secure the passage of much needed state legislation. It would also give us the general information about conditions throughout the state which would enable us to formulate and secure support for a state program. CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES

The co-operation of the League with other agencies is extended each year. One of the objects of the League, as laid down in its by-laws, is to "apply the civic, social and philanthropic resources of the city to the needs of the immigrant," and so one of the things kept very definitely in mind is advising the immigrant of helpful agencies in his own neighborhood and in the city at large. More calls came to us from out of the city last year than ever before, and we have had many requests from interested groups for advice in planning work in behalf of the immigrant. As we are a local and not a national organization, it is not possible to follow up the suggestions made by letter.

In closing, I want to acknowledge the faithfulness and intelli- gent resourcefulness which the staff has shown in the work of the past year. Miss Campbell was in charge during my two months' leave of absence. Then and, indeed, throughout the year much of the responsibility of the work has fallen on her. Those of us who are American appreciate that the real success of the work in behalf of the individual immigrant depends upon our foreign-speaking visitors.

In behalf of all the members of the staff, I want to express the staff's appreciation of the help given us by the officers of the League, especially by Judge Mack, Miss Breckinridge, and Mrs. Goodkind. Respectfully submitted, Grace Abbott, Director. 18 inh^t mark introburUi^ ^on. CfUjarlM Nagrl, Jtorm^r &?rrttary of fflomm^rrf nnh Cabnr.

There is only one thing to do with the kind of Director's Report that we get at these meetings, and that is to take it to heart, adopt all of its suggestions, and stimulate the community to give us the money necessary to carry them out. That is what we are going to try to do this year.

Now, ladies and gentlemen, we are going to have the very great pleasure of hearing from a man who, particularly in the trying days of this League, was the stanchest supporter of all of the things that we are working for. During Mr. Nagel's term as Secretary of Com- merce and Labor, under President Taft's administration, the League was very sure, as was every person in this country, of prompt and fair hearing of every application in respect to the immigrant, but specifically of the movement that was then started in Chicago for the establishment of an Immigrant Station in which the Federal Gov- ernment would perform the task that we believe should be done by the Federal Government and which we had been doing only as a starter. For private citizens always have to lead the way and then turn the task over to the public. As I say, that movement had the most hearty backing of the Secretary. I wish that the same backing had continued! If it had, the League would have been relieved just before the war of the task of receiving the immi- grant, of protecting him—and particularly her—on arrival in Chi- cago, and would have been enabled to do the other things which we have begun to do during the past year and a half, which we aimed to do from the very beginning of the League.

The building, as Miss Abbott says, stands there. A very able and efficient inspector-in-chief is ready to do his share. We need the as- sistance of the Commercial Club Committee again. We need the as- sistance of the press of Chicago. We need to awaken the authorities at Washington to the realization of the duty of the federal govern- ment to the immigrant before he really becomes a part of the com- munity, while he is in transit, after he has passed Ellis Island and has not yet reached his destination. The law assumes that it is the duty of the government to care for him during that time, to give him that first protection, and that duty ought to be performed. It can be performed with comparatively little expense. If it is done in Chicago, where the work was started, it can be done in other communities. It ought to be done in the right way. As Miss Abbott says, the attendants at the station must be able to speak the several languages of the immigrants. It will not do to have only English speaking Americans as employes of the government for this work. But if the govern- ment is to do this work, the League has got to see to it that it is done. 19 And Mr. Nagel did a still greater work. The Congress under the administration of Mr. Taft passed an extremely restrictive immi- gration bill. Now, this League as such stands neither for nor against the restriction of immigration. We stand for the protection of the immigrant when he gets in. But many of us believe that the exclusion measures—whatever they may be—ought not to be based upon literacy ; that that test ought not to be used to keep out the sort of men and women who from the beginning of the govern- ment have come in and made this country what it is. And while in the time of Grover Cleveland a magnificent veto message was effective in stopping that legislation, and while again during the present administration a similar result was attained, nobody, offi- cially or unofficially, has put the matter more strongly or on a sounder basis than Secretary Nagel, whose report was adopted by President Taft and sent to Congress as his veto message on that legislation.

Tonight Mr. Nagel is going to address us on the subject of "Americanization." Whether he is going to tell us about the Ameri- canization of the Immigrant, that is so much needed, or about the Americanization of the native born, which is so much more needed, I do not know—but I take great pleasure in introducing him. ADDRESS OF HON. CHARLES NAGEL*

After listening to the report made by Miss Abbott this evening, I must assure you that I have accepted, or can accept, the compli- mentary words of your President with only that much more reluc- tance. When I see this work done year in and year out at great personal sacrifice—given real personal care—it makes what little credit may be due to a man who held a more or less distinguished office seem exceeding small. And when the disposition is shown here this evening to give me the credit for the station in Chicago, I feel compelled to be entirely honest about that. The fact is that I went to Washington, as I imagine most Americans do go, under the impression that I had learned a few things, and that perhaps there was no question on which I could not pass, upon the strength of that which I had learned, and when the station in Chicago was first suggested I felt that I was in a position to decide that the federal government should not interest itself in that station. In other words, I was a little afraid of paternalism. And it was your committee, and more especially Miss Abbott, who at a later date satisfied me that my argument was without value; that if the federal government assumes the right to determine at the ports what citizens shall come into this country, or what people shall be permitted to come—giv- ing those people afterwards the right to go throughout this coun- try, and putting upon the different states the jurisdiction and respon-

*Omissions, made because of lack of space, are indicated. ao sibility of their coming, then that federal government must also assume the duty of protecting those people until they get to their destination. And that was the manner and fashion in which I arrived at my conclusion—for which you are now kindly disposed to give me credit. It was so with the administration of the law. You know, originally most of us are individualists, and in past years many a fine opportunity has been lost in this country because people thought there was nothing between individualism and socialism, when the fact is that the real field of operation, of activity for the future, lies just in that space. I was converted by the immigrant to adopt an interpretation of the immigration law for which many people have criticised me. If I had been persuaded by lawyers' arguments or briefs or by the pitiful stories told me by my fellow citizens entirely

•—it appears to me that the effect would not be so good, and it would not be so satisfactory to me. When I went into the stations in New York, in Boston, in Philadelphia, Baltimore, etc., and saw with my own eyes what was happening there in the divid- ing of families—tearing them asunder—in a way to break the very foundations of the community and state; when I saw the spirit with which those people met their fate, I said, the old pioneer spirit is not dead; these people come here for something more than material gain; the dream of liberty prompts them still, and the law should be interpreted in the light of the spirit with which we have to deal.

Now, if that is so, that is the best argument for Americaniza- tion as I understand it, because to my mind the whole test of Ameri- canization is the influence which one set of people exert upon an- other; the mutual toleration, respect, sympathy and understanding of all of us among ourselves, not the predominating influence of any set or race or locality to show another how it is to be American. That, to my mind, is the test of the whole question. I know it is a new test. Americanization has been established in past years by naturalization papers—and those were usually paid for by somebod}^ else, who claimed a lien on the new citizen's franchise as a considera- tion. Nothing more degrading could be thought of, and no country has paid a heavier price for a corrupt system, than we have paid for the scrap of paper. There is nothing to it. I would rather have an honest resident who is not a citizen than a dishonest one who is. We have not protected ourselves sufficiently in that respect, not be- cause the law was not strict enough so much as because of the abuses which we permitted to creep in under the law. Now we are going forward and we are saying that we want to have the newcomer understand the significance and dignity of the act of naturalization. Be it so. They say that we almost have cere- monies in some places. I heard Mr. Howe, the Commissioner at Ellis Island, speak of it the other day. The flag, the song, the speech, if you please— I believe in appealing to the imagination in 21 the ceremony—but that alone will no more do it than the Sunday sermon will make us live right on Monday. It takes something that will not only carry us outside the individual, but that will go into the actual conduct of our lives, and that, in my judgment, is built upon the real union of our people, upon respect and understanding and sympathy in our everyday lives

Just as this report shows, the co-operation between the repre- sentatives of the different forces makes for good, makes for under-

standing, for appreciation. . . . We cannot have enthusiasm if we are to be told that we can be American only upon a certain theory. I cannot be told that I must disclaim my ancestry to be an American

it —at least, if I am told that, I won't pay much attention to ! I cannot be told I must show disrespect for another nationality not my own, to be an American. Is that possible? Is that the concep- tion of this country? Why, ladies and gentlemen, we know that we couldn't govern this nation in that fashion. We know that if we are to have a successful physician, he must be a man who under- stands the customs and habits of the people he is to treat. The most learned and experienced man will be nothing compared to the man who knows what the people he is to treat are liable to do or not to do. It is so with teachers, with lawyers, with business men. We have got to pay tribute to the traditions of the people who have been brought here to help constitute our nation.

And we must remember—to put it plainly—that this is not another England; this is the United States, and we are the peo- ple of the United States, and we must respect each other, our traditions, our beliefs, our sympathies, and yet hold them all to- gether through loyalty to only one flag, unwilling to permit any sympathy or anything to interfere with loyalty to our own coun- try. But this must be mutual. I ask, my friends, do you be- lieve that I do not like the English people? I do. I always have

•—in particular because we have looked to the history and tradi- tions of Great Britain in this country, to understand our own institutions. We must know—must understand—England. But have I no right to love the French? I do. And I like the Ital- ians, for we owe many things to them. Need I condemn the Dutch and the Swedes and the Norwegians in order to be Americans? Why, we are put together as no people ever have been. From all the nations of the earth we have representatives.

It is not asked that those who come shall disavow everything they have brought with them, but that they shall recognize the su- preme authority of a new country, a new system of government, and shall surrender whatever of the old is not in accord, but within that limitation the representatives of every different race and nation must have recognition in this country. I know people say that we must teach these new-comers to understand us. That is true. But they will never understand us until we understand them. That is the foun- dation of the whole work. And if they were too ready to surrender 22 :

their recollections, if you please, their traditions, why, they wouldn't be fit for citizenship When Lincoln made his speeches, he said: "We have besides these men amongst us men who have come from Europe, German, Irish, French, and Scandinavian men, who have come from Europe themselves or whose ancestors have come hither, finding themselves our equals in all things, and they look at that old Declaration of Independence and find those men saying, 'We hold this truth to be self-evident, that all men are created equal', and they feel that sent- iment evidences their relations to those men, that they have the right to claim it, that they are blood of the blood and flesh of the flesh of the men who wrote that Declaration. There is an electric cord in that Declaration that links the hearts of liberty loving men together, that will link those hearts as long as the love of liberty dwells in the hearts of men throughout the world." Lincoln was saying only that which is true, and Chief Justice Marshall said "A naturalized person is indeed made a citizen under the act of Congress, but the act does not proceed to regulate or prescribe his capacities. He becomes a member of society, possessing all the rights of a native born citizen, and stands, in the view of the Consti- tution, on the footing of the native." The Constitution does not au- thorize Congress to enlarge or abridge those rights. He is distin- guished in nothing from the native born citizen except so far as the Constitution makes the distinction. The law makes none. We al- ways admit that. The question is, to what extent are we practicing it ? It is a grave question.

And it was in that fashion that the position of Secretary of Commerce and Labor manifested itself to me. There were those who wanted me to consider the law technically—to keep out "to save us" from the consequence of certain races. I thought that I would serve my country better if I interpreted the law fairly and humanely, and helped to make good citizens of those who were successful in coming in. I believed that the heartless, severe interpretation of its provisions made enemies of those who did come in, set their faces against a government that exercised unnecessary control. I believed that where the people were made to feel that every consideration had been extended, that every effort had been made, and the law justly, humanely and equitably applied, they would look with confi- dence upon our country and become its friends and supporters.

If you will pardon me, I will just instance a few cases. I re- member coming to Ellis Island at one time and being told that a Swedish woman would have to be rejected. Her husband, I think, lived in Chicago, had been here a few years and had sent for her and their two children. The story told was this. The woman arrived with the two children in New York port. The children had contracted measles. The state authorities in New York took those children from that mother and took them over to the Quarantine 98 :

Hospital. The mother was taken in charge by the federal authori- ties, and was taken to Ellis Island. The next thing the mother heard —and the first thing she heard again about her children, was that they had both been buried, and when I came to Ellis Island the question was whether this mother should be deported, because she had been so shocked by her experience that they were not quite sure of her state of mind. I was not, either. I was not sure of anybody's state of mind by that time. I was strongly inclined to believe that any officer who hesitated much about the woman had something very radically the matter with his intelligence.

That woman was brought before us, and I shall not forget her as long as my memory lasts. She sat before us, white, erect, strong. She had no word to say, but she looked at us as though she would say "Well, what would you do? Is there anything more that you can do?" I know all that I said was to admit that woman, and to send her to her husband just as fast as possible, because, if she were not admitted she would be insane in a short time, and it would be more humane to drown her at Ellis Island than to send her back. I am saying what I know a lawyer should not say— I said to the officers "She will be admitted now, and I will find the law afterwards!" I know that sounds dangerous. But it was safe.

I have often given the illustration of the man who came to me in Washington and told me he had sent for his wife and three chil- dren from Russia, and that two of the children were excluded be- cause they had a contagious scalp trouble. He came to Washington —and this I will say, no man ever asked to see me on business in Washington who was not admitted. This man stated his own case. He had come from Columbus, Ohio, but he had been unable to ac- complish anything because the doctor's certificate was absolute. I asked my wife to go with me to look into the case. I said: "You are my partner in all this trouble, suppose you see with your own eyes." And she went with me. We found the man outside, and the woman with the children inside, and of course we had all the manifestations of respect that foreigners so often show. I got the doctor, and asked him whether he could modify his certificate enough to give those children a chance. I said, if you say it might be curable, I will take the risk to have them treated, and then if that is not successful, I will have to send them back. So he did modify his certificate and we sent them to the contagious hospital in Balti- more, where they were treated for some weeks, when we had the report that they were getting on finely, and that if there was any chance to have them treated in Columbus, they could be forwarded. We made arrangements in Columbus with the county court to set aside a room where this could be done, and in six or eight weeks more the report was made that the children were cured, and they were admitted to the right of American citizenship, and the chapter seemed to be closed. 24 :

About eight months afterwards I received a letter from the girl, addressed to me, written in English—not perfectly, but in English—and I shall never forget how she started. She said "If you had not come to Baltimore, brother and I would never have come into America. We pray for you every night. We are cured and well and going to public school, and you see I can write a let- ter," and so on through several pages of the letter. "And I send you our photograph," she said in closing. I took that letter home, and I said to my wife, "There are the two children, and I think they are better looking than ours."

I received a letter from a man who wrote me he had been ad- mitted, and was now a citizen, but one little girl had been sent back to Russia. He said : "I send so much every month for the support of that child, but I don't know whether she is really protected. You are a man of family—and I need not say more. My wife walks the floor every night." That is the letter that started me upon the matter of investigating the rights of citizens of the United States to have their minor children in this country. I worked for four weeks, and conferred with the Attorney General of the United States; and while the proposition was doubtful, I came to the con- clusion that it would take a very remarkable law to deny the right of a citizen to have his minor children under his own roof, to feed them, and to send them to school. I made that decision with the consent of the President, and it was, I think, a wholesome decision. I am told it has been reversed since I am out of office, but I venture to say that, while the decision is reversed, the practice is maintained, and the only difference is, I let them in by right and now they come in by favor. Mine is the American method !

Well, then came the new Immigration Commission. I do not object to some of the most severe administrative provisions of the law. I believe it is well to have competent authority, competent offi- cials with large authority. But I think the human equation should be regarded. I am satisfied Mr. Howe on Ellis Island uses the authority wisely The Commission wanted a new law, and

they put into it a literacy test. I am not going to state all the objec- tions I have to a literacy test. My main objection is, it is dishonest legislation, because it is admitted not to be on the merits of the case. They do not dare to exclude people from particular countries—which is the thing they want to do—and they have resorted to indirect legis- lation to accomplish their result Of course, I object to the law as unwise. I do not remember the exact phrasing, but it pro- vides that if a father can read, then he can bring his wife and his minor children in with him, and if he cannot read, they all go back. So if he has enjoyed the benefits of an education himself, but is of no account and has denied an education to all his children, he brings

them in ; but if he has been denied education in his youth, and, strug- gling against hardship, recognizes the advantage of education and 25 —

has given an education to his children, they all must stay out with him Now, while there are economic reasons and forces against ad- mitting the immigrant, there is also a certain degree of race preju- dice involved. There is a fear that the control will slip from the hands of those who have enjoyed it from the beginning of our coun- try. I do not share the belief or impression of a good many of my friends on that subject. I believe that our institutions are essentially English. The dream of liberty, no doubt, we got from France and a dream is all that is necessary to start an experiment—but the essential framework of our government we got from England, and I believe it is natural and proper that the institutions were left all this time largely in the hands of the descenjdants of those who orig- inally introduced them and carried them on. You cannot admit that a proprietary class, once created, can continue by right of inherit- ance. They have got to earn it, generation by generation. Disraeli never said a more dangerous thing in Great Britain than when he attacked the aristocracy. He said : "Your aristocracy has pre- served its prerogatives but forgotten its obligations." That was a terrible attack. That is what we need. We cannot go on in this country and simply assume that the descendants of the same people are going to continue as a matter of course in control. They have got to deserve the control if they are going to have it

Now Americanization means a united people You must remember this is not a country of this or that or the other race, and that no race should predominate except in so far as it has virtue and ability. We must be working toward a type which will represent a new people in a new country under new institutions, with dreams to live, with hopes to realize beyond anything the world has ever known.

ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT, JUDGE JULIAN W. MACK.

I feel sure that I express the feeling of those who are here in thanking Mr. Nagel for having taken the trouble to come to us and for having addressed us in such a touching and patriotic spirit. His conception of Americanization expresses, I believe, the underlying thought in the work of this League. We aim to Americanize the immigrant. We aim to do it not by a display of patriotism, not by a great annual gathering that will give him patriotic inspirations, valuable as that is, we aim to do it in the everyday life by the per- sonal touch, by attempting to show to the immigrant the better side of American life, by attempting to bring out in the immigrant the best that he has brought with him from the old country, to develop him, not to cast a new mold over him that we call American.

Those of us who come in daily contact with the immigrant know that he brings to America an idealism ; that many immigrants 26 bring to us a real knowledge of American ideals such as is possessed by only a minority of our own American born, because we take things for granted, while they have learned these things through ex- perience, through their yearnings for something else, something better, through the knowledge they have acquired. Washington and Lincoln are household words in the villages of darkest Russia, and these immigrants have imbibed there something of American idealism and a yearning for more of it. And whether when they come here they are going to become real American citizens or whether they are going to be the pawns in the game of the politi- cians, is going to depend largely upon their first contact with Amer- icans. If that contact is of the kind that the workers in this League hear of daily, they will believe that all the dreams they have had of America are only dreams. If that contact with Americans is of the kind that the workers in this League aim to bring to them, if they see that the spirit of America is helpful and hopeful, they will be started on the right road in that self development that will enable them to give to this growing American nation the best of their ancestry and their tradition. As Mr. Nagel has so beautifully said,—this is not a country of one race. The American nation is not a melting pot into which the many races of all civilizations have been absorbed into the predominant race. A better simile, it seems to me, is that the American nation is the harmonious orchestra in which each of the nationalities of the old world is contributing its share in unison to the complete symphony,—the spirit of America.

In this League we are attempting nothing grand. We are at- tempting the everyday task. We are trying to do the work not ex- tensively, but intensively. We are not aiming at the superficial, but at the fundamental ; the fundamental, in the enactment of the proper laws, in the securing of the proper conditions in municipal, state and national life, but especially in the direct contact with the in- dividual human beings who are going to be the future citizens of our country. As Miss Abbott has pointed out, we need to intensify more than ever the educational work, we need to arouse the educa- tional authorities to a realization of their obligations. The in- creased duties that the immigrant brings to us are often urged as a reason for keeping them out, and it is an argument ; but the tre- mendous value of the immigrant when we properly perform our duties toward him far outweighs the material cost of the perform- ance of these duties.

This, like all private philanthropic organizations, must set the pace for the public authorities, must lead the way, must show the problems and begin their solution. For that, we need support, as you know. For that, we need substantial pledges from our mem- bers of their financial assistance, so that our investigators, our work-^ crs, may do these several tasks that have been outlined.

SB7 We must not end this annual meeting without thanking those who have enabled the work to be done by their financial support; but grateful as we are to all our subscribers, still greater is the in- debtedness of this League and of the community of Chicago, and of the State of Illinois, yea of the whole country, primarily to Miss Abbott, our director and to all those who have done the tasks the League has set itself out to do during the past year.

We had an immigrant in Chicago some ten years ago, who was with us for a year, who entered the University of Chicago Set- tlement, and who labored well for this community. I have here a resolution which has been presented by some of our members which I have been asked to read and for which I have been asked to re- quest your support.

Whereas, Information has been received that Alice Masaryk of Prague, the daughter of an American woman, and of a distinguished philosopher and scholar, Professor T. S. Masaryk, a Doctor of Philosophy in History from the University of Berlin, a representative of the women scholars of Europe, is held by the military authorities in Vienna under charges of trea- son, and

Whereas, Through her residence at the University of Chicago Settle- ment, through hospitality shown in her own home to visiting Americans and through reports of her achievements and activities, her nobility of char- acter, her humanitarian interests and her fine scholarship are widely recog-

nized ; therefore be it

Resolved, That we, members of the Chicago Immigrants' Protective League, in meeting assembled, do call upon the State Department to use all possible influence with the Austrian Government to prevent any sum- mary military action being taken in her case. We do not know exactly what the charges are against Alice Masaryk, but she was known to so many of the members of this League, and to such a large element in the foreign population of Chicago,—known both for her high intelligence and her nobility of character—that whatever may be the charges against her, whatever indeed she may have done in her belief that it was contributing to human liberty, many of the people here feel that the Austrian government should be implored for justice and, if necessary, for mercy. fi^pnrt 0f tlf^ ©r^aHur^r

Statement of Receipts and Disbursements for year ending December 31, 1915: Receipts.

Contributions and Membership Dues $12,896.90 Annual Dinner—tickets sold 3.00 Chas. R. Crane Trust Fund 2,059.17 A. Kipnis Fund 50.00 Loan 140.00 Amounts Received for Special Purposes 981.15 $16,130.22 Disbursements.

Salaries $10,554.45 Rent 595.82 Lighting 41.67 Telephone 253.95 Stationery and Printing 510.46 Cleaning 173.30 Water, Ice, Towels and Laundry 78.41 Staff Expenses, Car Fares, etc 71.48 Auditors' Fee 30.00 Interest 50.74 Annual Dinner 18.00 Special Assistance to Immigrants 50.21 Postage ZZin Office Expenses 49.10 Traveling Expenses 48.00 Telegrams 23.20 Crane Fund 1,683.70 Isabelle Fund 68.00 Kipnis Fund 49.00 Fleischmann Fund 12.65 Disbursements for Special Purposes as per Receipts 981.15 Loan Repaid 140.00 $15,820.56

Excess of Receipts over Disbursements for Year 1915. . .$ 309.66

Deduct, Bank Overdraft at January 1, 1915 127.24

Balance in Com Exchange National Bank as at December 31, 1915 $ 182.42 ——

BALANCE SHEET, DECEMBER 31, 1915.

Assets.

Cash in Bank and on Hand $ 339.16 Rent Paid in Advance 75.00

Deficit Account Balance as at December 31, 1914 $ 1,183.43 Deduct, Excess of Income over Expendi- tures for Year 1915 107.38 $ 1,076.05

$ 1,490.21 Liabilities.

Bill Payable to Corn Exchange National Bank, Chicago. .$ 1.000.00 Accounts Payable 39.27 Trust Funds Chas. R. Crane Fund $ 375.47 Gustav Isabelle Fund 22.79 Paul Wzwizal Fund 25.25 Fleischman Fund 17.05 Kipnis Fund 1.00 Tomanofsky Fund 9.38 450.94

$ 1,490.21 Respectfully submitted,

Charles L. Hutchinson, Treasurer.

Price, Waterhouse & Co., Auditors.

80 Mtmbnis anb OInntrtbuturfi

Abbott, Mr. A. H $ 2.00 Abbott, Miss Edith 2.00 Abbott, Mrs. W. T 2.00 Adams, Mrs. C. H 5.00 Adams, Mr. Cyrus H., Jr 2.00 Adams, Mrs. E, S 2.00 Adams, Miss Margaret 5.00 Addams, Miss Jane 7.00 Aldis, Mrs. Arthur 10.00 Allen, Mr. Benjamin 5.00 Allen, Miss Dora 2.00 Allen, Mr. William D 2.00 Allerton, Mr. Robert 5.00 Anonymous 269.00 Armour, Mrs. P. D 2.00 Asher, Mr. L. E 12.00 Atkinson, Mrs. Chas. T 2.00 Atwater, Mrs. Walter Hull 10.00 Babcock, Mrs. Orville E 5.00 Bacon, Mrs. Annie 2.00 Bacon, Mrs. Geo. A 2.00 Bailey, Mr. Edward P 10.00 Baker, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred L 100.00 Baldwin, Mrs. Jesse A 5.00 Bancroft, Mr. E. A 5.00 Barasa, Mr. Bernard P 2.00 Barnes, Mrs. C. W 2.00 Barrett, Miss Adele 2.00 Bartelme, Miss Mary 2.00 Bartholmay, Mrs. Henry 25.00 Bartlett, Miss Florence Dibell 2.00 Bartlett, Mr. and Mrs. Frederic C 4.00 Bass, Mr. John F 2.00 Baum, Mr. D. W 5.00 Bauman, Mrs. F. 5.00 Baumann, Miss Nettie 5.00 Beal, Mrs. Susan Letitia 2.00 Beale, Mrs. William G 2.00 Becker, Mr. A. G 100.00 Becker, Mr. Benjamin V 2.00 Beidler, Mr. Francis 2.00 Bell, Mrs. Laird 5.00 Bent, Mr. E. T 2.00 Bentley, Mr. and Mrs. Cyrus 15.00 Benton, Mrs. Wm. H 2.00 Benton, Miss Kate Sturges 2.00 Benton, Miss Rita 2.00 Berry, Mr. J. B 2.00 Besly, Mrs. Chas. H 7.00 Blackstone, Mrs. T. B 25.00 Blackwelder, Mr. I. S 2.00 Blaine, Mrs. Emmons 347.50 Blair, Mrs. Henry A 5.00 Blair, Mrs. Chauncey J 5.00 Blair, Mrs. Wm 10.00 81 Blake, Mrs. Tiffany 15.00 Blakeley, Mr. and Mrs. John M 24.00 Blatchford, Miss Dorothy L 2.00 Blatchford, Miss Frances M 2.00 Blatchford, Mrs. Paul 2.00 Bodman. Mrs. Luther W 2.00 Borden, Mrs. William 50.00 Borland, Mrs. J.J 10.00 Born, Mrs. M 7.00 Bowen, Mrs. Joseph T 250.00 Bradley, Miss Anna Marion 2.00 Bradley, Mr. John Dorr 2.00 Brazda, Mr. and Mrs. Albert 4.00 Breckinridge, Miss S. P 10.00 Breckinridge, Miss Curry D 4.00 Bridge, Miss Grace 1 2.00 Brooks, Mrs. James C 5.00 Brown, Mr. Chas. Edward 5.00 Brown, Harold H 2.00 Brush, Mrs. Emerson 2.00 Buckingham, Mr. and Mrs. John 4.00 Buell. Mrs. E. B 2.00 Bullock, Mr. and Mrs. H. E 9.00 Burley, Mr. Clarence A 10.00 Burling, Mr. Edward B 2.00 Burnham, Mrs. C. L 2.00 Burton, Mr. Ernest D 2.00 Butler, Mrs. H. B 10.00 Cahn, Mrs. Regine Tillman 10.00 Carnovale, Mrs. Luigi 5.00 Carpenter, Mr. A. A., Jr 25.00 Carpenter, Mrs. G. A 2.00 Carpenter, Mrs. Hubbard 25.00 Carr, Mrs. Clyde M 5.00 Caruthers, Mrs. Malcom 5.00 Casselberry, Mrs. W. E 10.00 Chandler, Mrs. Frank 2.00 Chandler, Miss Virginia G 5.00 Chapin, Mrs. Chas. A 250.00 Chapin, Mr. S. B 25.00 Clancy, William 2.00 Clark, Mrs. Geo. M 5.00 Claussenius, H. & Co 2.00 Cleveland, Miss Catherine C 2.00 Clinch, Mr. and Mrs. Geo. 5.00 Clohesey, Mr. D. T 20.00 Cochran, Mr. T. Lewis 7.00 Conger, Mrs. William P 2.00 Conley, Mrs. John W 2.00 Coonley, Mrs. John Stuart 2.00 Coonley, Mrs. Avery 25.00 Cramer, Mrs. Ambrose 2.00 Crandall, Mr. C. B 2.00 Crane. R. T., Jr 100.00 Crane, Chas. H., to Crane Fund 1950.00 Cudahy, Mrs. E. A 2.00 Cudahy, Mr. Joe M 10.00 Culver, Miss Helen 2.00 Cummings, Mrs. D. Mark 10.00 Cunningham, Mrs. Secor 2.00 82 Danielson, Mrs. Richard E 10.00 Dau, Mrs. J. J 10.00 Dauchy, Miss Beatrix 5.00 Dauchy, Mr. G. V 2.00 Dauchy, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel 1010.00 Davis, Mr. Abel 20.00 Davis, Mr. F. Guy 2.00 Davis, Mr. James 25.00 Day, Mrs. Qinton S 2.00 Day, Mrs. Albert Morgan 10.00 Deane, Miss Julia F 1.00 Defrees, Jos. H 10.00 Deknatel, Mr. F. H 2.00 Dekoven, Mrs. John 25.00 Delano, Mrs. F. A 5.00 Dick, Mrs. Albert B 2.00 Dickinson, Mr. and Mrs. Francis R 2.00 Dickinson, Mrs. Wm. R 2.00 Doering, Mr. O. C 4.00 Donnelley, Mrs. Thos. E 2.00 Donnelly, Mrs. R. R 2.00 Doud, Mrs. L. B lO.OO Douglass, Mr. Wm 2.00 Drake, Mrs. Tracy 2.00 DuBois, Mrs. Arthur 2.00 Dummer, Mrs. W. F 2.00 Dunham, Mr. W. H 2.00 Dunn, Mrs. Morrill 7.00 Eckstein, Mrs. Louis 2.00 Eisendrath, Mrs. S. L 3.00 Eisendrath, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. N 20.00 Eisinger, Mrs. Emanuel 2.00 Electric Appliance Co 5.00 Elenbogen, Mr. H 2.00 Elkan, Mr. Leo 5.00 Ennis. Mrs. Robert B 2.00 Erickson, Mrs. Winifred A 27.00 Ettinger, Mr. Chas. D 2.00 Ewing. Mr. Chas. Hull 2.00 Farwcll, Mrs. Arthur 25.00 Farwell, Mrs. F. C 2.00 Farwell, Mr. F. C 10.00 Farwcll, Mr. John V 10.00 Faulkner, Miss Georgene 2.00 Fechheimer, Mrs. Frederic 2.00 Field. Mrs. Stanley 10.00 Field, Mrs. Jas. A 2.00 Field, Mrs. W. A 5.00 Fish, Mrs. Joseph 2.00 Fisher, Mr. and Mrs. Walter L 2.00 Fisk, Miss Beulah Murray 2.00 Fiske, Mrs. Geo. F 7.00 Fitzhugh, Mrs. Carter 10.00 Flexner, Mr. Bernard 3.00 Flint, Mrs. Edith F 2.00 Folds, Mr. Chas. W 5.00 Foote, Mr. Chas. B 2.00 Foote, Mr. Erastus 10.00 Forbes, Mr. James BruflF 2.00 Foreman Bros. Banking Co 50.00 88 Forgan, Mr. James B 10.00 Frank, Mrs. Dora K 5.00 Frank, Mr. George 5.00 Frank, Mr. Henry L 5.00 Frank, Mrs. Henry L 3.00 French, Miss Martha E 4.00 Freund, Mr. Ernst 20.00 Freund, Mr. Ernst to Freund Fund 120.00 Freund, Mr. Gustav 7.00 Friedman, Mr. I. K 5.00 Friedman, Mr. J. L 2.00 Friend, Mr. Henry 25.00 Gates, Mrs. Merrill E 2.00 Gatzert, Mrs. August 2.00 Gillette, Mr. and Mrs. Edwin F 5.00 Gladwin, Miss Gertrude E 2.00 Goodkind, Mrs. Maurice L 200.00 Goodman, Mrs. William 2.00 Goodrich, Miss Juliet F 15.00 Goodspeed, Mrs. W. F 10.00 Greeley, Mrs. Frederick 2.00 Greenebaum, Mrs. Selig 2.00 Greenebaum, Mr. Henry N 2.00 Greenebaum, Mrs. Jas. E 2.00 Greenebaum, Mrs. Moses E 2.00 Gregory, Mr. and Mrs. R. B 10.00 Gregory, Mrs. S. S 5.00 Haas, Mrs. Chas 2.00 Haas, Miss Katherine Lombard 2.00 Hall, Mr. James P 5.00 Hambleton, Mr. C. J 7.00 Hamill, Mr. Chas. H 10.00 Hamill, Mr. R. W 10.00 Hamilton, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur L 4.00 Hamlin, Frank 2.00 Harding, Chas. F 200.00 Harris. Mrs. S. H 2.00 Hart, Mr. Harry 50.00 Hart, Mr. Max 100.00 Hartman, Mr. Milton L 5.00 Haskell, Mr. Frederick T 10.00 Healy, Mr. and Mrs. John J 2.00 Hefter, Miss Celia 2.00 Hefter, Miss Florence 2.00 Hektoen, Dr. Ludwig 2.00 Hemple, Miss Mary Ellis 2.00 Henkle, Mr. Wm. H 10.00 Herrick, Mrs. J. B 7.00 Hibbard, Mrs. Wm. G 20.00 Hibbard, Mrs. Wm. G., Jr 2.00 Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co 50.00 Hill, Edward E 2.00 Hill, Mrs. Lysander 2.00 Hlina, Miss M. R 2.00 Holt, Mr. Chas. S 10.00 Holt, Miss Ellen 4.00 Holt, Mr. Geo. H 2.00 Houghteling, Mrs. James L 29.00 Howe, Mrs. J. F 2.00 Hoyt, Mrs. Lucian 5.00 84 Hull, Mr. and Mrs. M. D 2.00 Hutchinson, Mr. Chas. L 25.00 Hyman, Mr. Jos 5.00 Ickes, Mrs. Harold L 5.00 lUingworth, Mrs. Geo. N 2.00 Isham, Mrs. Geo. S 110.00 Isham, Mrs. Ralph 2.00 Jackson, Mr. Wm. H 2.00 Jameson, Mr. and Mrs. J. A 4.00 Jenks, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. S 5.00 Johnson, Mrs. Frank S 2.00 Jones, Mr. Geo. 1 2.00 Jones, Mr. Thos. D 10.00 Jordan, Mrs. Cady M 2.00 Jordan, Mrs. Edwin 2.00 Keeley, Mrs. Mary E 4.00 Kelley, Mr. Wm. V 10.00 Kellner, Miss Rena T 2.00 Kellner, Miss Tobine R 2.00 Kern, Miss Mary R 2.00 Kimball, Mrs. E. M 2.00 Kimball, Mr. Chas. P ' 25.00 Kiper, Mr. Herman 25.00 Kirchberger, Mrs. S. H 12.00 Klee, Mr. Max 10.00 Klein, Mr. Henry A 5.00 Kohn, Mrs. Esther L 10.00 Kohn, Mr. Simon A 5.00 Landauer, Mrs. Herman 2.00 Lane, Miss Ida M 2.00 Lathrop, Mr. Bryan 25.00 Lathrop, Miss Julia 10.00 Lawson, Mr. Victor F 50.00 Leatherbee, Mr. and Mrs. Robert 2.00 Levine, Mrs. A 2.00 Leopold, Mrs. N. F 2.00 Leopold, Mrs. Max 2.00 Lillie, Mr. Frank R 2.00 Lipsky, Mr. Harry A 3.00 Lipson, Mr. LB 4.00 Loesch, Mr. F. J 5.00 Loewenstein, Mr. Sidney 2.00 Logan, Mr. Frank G 50.00 Loewenthal, Mrs. Julius 10.00 Lunde, Mr. Theo. H 2.00 Lyford, Mrs. W. H 5.00 Lyman, Mrs. David B., Jr 2.00 Lyon, Mrs. John B S.OO Mack, Judge and Mrs. Julian W 40.00 Mack, Mr. Robert T 2.00 Mack, Mr. William J 2.00 Madlener, Mrs. A. F 7.00 Mandel, Miss Blanche 2.00 Mandel, Mrs. Emanuel 10.00 Mandel, Mrs. Leon 10.00 Mandelbaum, Mr. Maurice H 5.00 Manierre, Mr. Geo 5.00 Manierre, Mrs. Geo 5.00 Marston, Mr. and Mrs. Thos. B 4.00 Marx, Mr. M 10.00 85 Mathews, Mrs. Shailer 2.00 Matz, Mrs. Rudolph 2.00 Mayer, Mrs. Isaac H 15.00 Mayer, Mr. Murray C 10.00 Maynard, Mr. A. K 2.00 McArthur, Mr. L. L 5.00 McCormick, Mr. A. A 110.00 McCormick, Mrs. C. H 500.00 McCormick, Miss Elizabeth D 2.00 McCormick, Mrs Harold F 2.00 McCormick, Mrs. Robt. Hall 10.00 McCulloch, Mrs. Catherine W 10.00 McDowell, Miss Mary E 2.00 McKenzie, Miss Louise 2.00 Mead, Mr. and Mrs. Geo. H 100.00 Mead, Mr. Henry C. A 10.00 Meeker, Mrs. G. W 2.00 Merrick, Miss Elizabeth 2.00 Meyer, Mr. Albert 2.00 Meyer. Mr. Alfred C 25.00 Meyer, Mrs. Alfred C 2.00 Meyer, Mrs. Carl 7.00 Meyer, Mr. Jos. S 10.00 Mitchell, Mrs. Leeds 2.00 Montgomery, Mrs. Frank Hugh 2.00 Moore, Mrs. A. W 2.00 Moore, Mrs. J. Hobart 27.00 Moore, Mrs. Julia T 2.00 Moos, Mrs. J. B 5.00 Morgenthau, Mrs. S. L 5.00 Morris Co., Edward 200.00 Morrison, Mrs. James W 10.00 Moss, Mrs. G. W 2.00 Murphy, Mr. Joseph 5.00 Murphy, Mr. J. Austin 2.00 Myers, Mr. L. E 25.00 Newell, Mrs. O. S 2.00 Nicholes, Miss Anna E 2.00 Nicholson, Mr. Thos 2.00 Noel, Mr. Joseph R 5.00 Nolan, Mr. John H 2.00 Norcross, Mr. Frederic F 5.00 North, Mrs. H. L 5.00 North, Miss Dorothy 25.00 North, Mrs. Wm. Scanley 75.00 Norton, Mrs. L. l,L 2.00 Nye, Mrs. James W 2.00 Orhsner, Mrs. Albert J 5.00 Oliphant, Mrs. Lizzie Walser .' 2.00 Oakley, Mr. Horace S 2.00 Olsen, Mr. Anton T 2.00 Otis, Mrs. Joseph E 5.00 ^ Page, Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin E 5.00 Page, Mrs. WiHiam R 20.00 Pagel, Miss Lydia C 2.00 Palandech, Mr. John R 2.00 Palmer, Mrs. Potter, Jr 25.00 Paradise, Mrs. Maurice 2.00 Paradise, Miss Viola 5.00 Patten, Mr. James A 600.00 86 Pauling, Mrs. E. G 3.00 Payson, Mrs. George S 10.00 Peasley, Mr. and Mrs. J. C 20.00 Peck, Mrs. Bronson 2.00 Peck, Mrs. Clarence 1 27.00 Peck, Mrs. Walter Leslie 20.00 Peirce, Mr. James H 12.00 Perkins, Mrs. H. F 2.00 Perry, Mrs. H. E 2.00 Pflaum, Mr. A. J 2.00 Phelps, Mrs. Erskine 5.00 Phillips, Miss H. G 2.00 Phillipson, Mr. Samuel 10.00 Pick, Mrs. Geo 2.00 Pierce, Mrs. C. B 5.00 Pilsen Lumber Co 12.00 Pitner, Mrs. Paul J 225.00 Pond, Mr. Allen B 2.00 Poole, Mr. Ralph H 2.00 Pope, Mrs. Geo. Jackson 5.00 Porter, Mrs. Edward C 2.00 Porter, Mrs. H. H 100.00 Porter, Mr. Geo. F 75.00 Porter, Mr. H. H., Jr 20.00 Porter, Mrs. James F 5.00 Pouska, Mr. Frank J 3.00 Preston, Miss Mary 2.00 Price, Mr. Ira Maurice 2.00 Pusey, Dr. Brown 2.00 Pusey, Mrs. W, A 2.00 Quan, Mrs. James E 5.00 Raike, Mr. Louis 2.00 Regensteiner, Mr. Theo 5.00 Reitler, Mr. Chas 10.00 ReQua, Mrs. W. B 2.00 Richardson. Mr. W. L 2.00 Ripley, Mrs. E. P 32.00 Ritchie, Mr. W. E 2.00 Robertson, Miss Ina Law 5.00 Rosenbaum, Mrs. E. F 2.00 Rosenblatt, Mr. Samuel J 2.00 Rosenf eld, Mrs. Maurice 7.00 Rosenfield, Mrs. Morris S 2.00 Rosenwald, Mr. Julius 1510.00 Rosenwald, Mrs. Julius 100.00 Rosenwald, Mr. and Mrs. Lessing J 20.00 Rosenwald, Mrs. M. S 5.00 Rothschild, Miss Amy 5.00 Rothschild, Mr. Maurice L 5.00 Rubens. Mrs. Charles 2.00 Rubovitz, Mr. Toby 2.00 Rumsey, Miss E. V 15.00 Rumsey, Miss Emily S 2.00 Rumsey, Mr. Henry A 2.00 Rumsey, Mrs. Henry A 2.00 Rumsey, Mr. Henry A., Jr 2.00 Rumsey, Miss Jean 2.00 Rumsey, Miss Elizabeth 2.00 Russell, Mr. Edward P 10.00 Ryerson, Mr. Martin A 100.00 87 Samuels, Mr. Caesar 5.00 Sarver, Miss Martha M 5.00 Schevill, Mr. Ferdinand 3.00 Schmidt, Mr. Otto L 5.00 Schwartz, Mr. Chas. P 5.00 Scott, Mr. Frederick H 5.00

Scudder, Mrs. J. Arnold 2.00 Sears, Mrs. N. C 2.00 Seipp, Mrs. Conrad 100.00 Sellers, Mrs. Frank H 2.00 Selz, Mr. E. F 10.00 Sewell-Clapp Mfg. Co 10.00 Shaffner. Mr. Charles 2.00 Shepard, Mr. Stuart G 2.00 Sheriff, Mr. H. H 5.00 Shirk, Mrs. Milton 10.00 Shortall, Mr. & Mrs. John L 4.00 Shumway, Mrs. E. G 10.00 Silber, Mr. Clarence J 2.00 Silberman, Mr. Sigmund 10.00 Silberman, Mrs. Sigmund 5.00 Silvestri. Consul & Mrs. Hugo 4.00 Siman, Mr. John 2.00 Simokat, Mrs. F 1.00 Simon, Mrs. Henry 2.00 Sippy, Mrs. Bertram 2.00 Skinner, Miss Frederika 10.00 Skinner, Miss Elizabeth 5.00 Skinner. Mrs. Martha R 5.00 Smetana, Mr. Vaclav 2.00 Smith, Mrs. Byron 22.00 Smith, Mrs. Dunlap 2.00 Smith, Miss Mary Rozet 75.00 Snow, Mr. Albert T 2.00 Snydacker, Mr. A. M 2.00 Snydacker. Mr. Joseph G 2.00 Solomon, Mrs. Henry 2.00 Spalding, Mrs. Chas 10.00 Spaulding. Mrs. H. H., Jr 50.00 Spoor, Mr. A. J 5.00 Sprague. Mr. and Mrs. A. A., Jr 12.00 Stagg. Mr. A. Alonzo 2.00 Steele, Mrs. H. B 2.00 Stein, Mrs. Sydney 5.00 Steiner, Mr. E. A 2.00 Stepina, Mr. James F 2.00 Stephens, Mrs. Redmond D 10.00 Stewart, Mr. J. K 10.00 Stewart, Mr. S. C 2.00 Stirling, Mr. Wm. R 12.00 Stone, Mr. A. L 5.00 Stone, Dr. James S 2.00 Stone, Mrs. John Timothy 2.00 Straus, Mr. Meyer L 10.00 Straus, Mr. Ira E 2.00 Strawson, Mrs. Arthur J 4.00 Street, Mrs. Chas. A 2.00 Stribena, Mrs. Karla 2.00 Strobel, Mr. Chas. L 5.00 Stumer, Mr. Louis M 25.00 88 Sturges, Mr. W. G S.OO Sturges, Miss Mary D 10.00 Sulzberger, Mr. S. L 5.00 Summy, Mr. Clayton F 1.00 Sunny, Mr. B. E 12.00 Tananevicz, Mr. Stanley 2.00 Taylor, Mrs. Louis S 2.00 Teller, Mr. Sidney A 2.00 Telling, Mrs. Annie 2.00 Telling, Miss Grace E 2,00 Telling, Mrs. Irving 6.00 Thompson, Mrs. Slason 2.00 Throop, Mrs. Geo. E 2.00 Tilt, Mrs. J. E 5.00 Towner, Mr. Dekowen 2.00 Tuttle, Mrs. H. N 3.00 Tuthill, Mr. F. H 2.00 Tyrrell, Mr. Frederick S 10.00 Tyson, Mrs. Russell 2.00 Uihlein, Mr. Edward G 2.00 Upham, Mrs. Frederic W 2.00 Virtue, Mr. David R 5.00 Van Schaick, Miss E 5.00 Wacker, Mr. Chas. H 2.00 Wakem, Mrs. J. Wallace 2.00 Walker, Mrs. C. M 2.00 Walker, Mrs. Henry H 2.00 Walker, Mrs. James M 3.00 Walker, Mr. William B 5.00 Ward, Mrs. Coonley 20.00 Warner, Mr. Harold R 300.00 Warren, Mrs. Maude Radford 2.00 Wassail, Miss Ellen 2.00 Watson, Mrs. Oliver L 2.00 Weaver, Mr. Geo. H 2.00 Webster, Mrs. Clarence 10.00 Weide, Miss Lillian B 5.00 Weil, Mrs. J. E 2.00 Weil, Mr. Morris 5.00 West, Mrs. Frederick T 50.00 Wheeler, Mrs. Arthur D 2.00 Wheeler, Mr. and Mrs. S. H 4.00 Whitman, Mrs. Russell 2.00 White, Miss Emme Gertrude 2.00 Wieboldt, Mr. W. A 50.00 Wilder, Mr. John E 25.00 Williams, Miss Cornelia B 5.00 Williams, Miss Alice 10.00 Wilmarth, Mrs. H. M 100.00 Wilson, Miss Martha 5.00 Wilson, Mrs. E. Crane 5.00 Winkleman, Mr. F. A 5.00 Winslow, Mrs. W. H 2.00 Wisner, Mrs. G. M 3.00 Witkowsky, Mr. James 5.00

Woltersdorf , Mr. Arthur 4.00

Woltersdorf , Mr. Ernest 2.00 Woolley, Mr. C. M 12.00 Woolner, Mr. S. J 5.00 Wrenn, Miss Ethel 10.00 80 Yeomans Brothers S.06 Younker, Mr. A 5.00 Zaleski, Dr. Jos. P 2.00 Zeisler, Mr. Leonard B 5.00 Zeisler, Mr. Sigmund 2.00 Zimmerman, Mrs. W. C 2.00 Zmrhal, Mr. J. J 10.00

SOCIETIES AND ORGANIZATIONS.

Amabel Circle of the King's Daughters $ 5.00 Babies' Friendly Society 10.00

Bohemian Woman's Union, J. C. D.— No. 5 2.00 No. 7 2.00 No. 8 2.00 No. 17 5.00 No. 20 1.00 No. 26 2.00 No. 39 1.00 No. 40 2.00 No. 41 5.00 No. 56 1.00 No. 66 5.00 No. 68 2.00 No. 69 5.00 No. 70 2.00 No. 71 2.00 No. 74 1.00 No. 76 5.00 No. 79 5.00 No. 80 1.00 No. 93 2.00 No. 101 2.00 No. 102 2.00 No. 105 4.00 No. 106 2.00 No. Ill 2.00 No. 118 1.00 No. 119 1.00 No. 122 2.00 No. 136 1.00 No. 138 1.00 No. 140 1.00 No. 141 1.00 No. 143 50 No. 129 1.00 No. 128 1.00 Supreme Lodge 5.00 Bohemian Sisters' Benevolent Union, S. P. J.— Supreme Lodge 5.00 No. 9 2.00 No. 10 2.00 No. 13 2.00 No. 15 1.00 No. 18 1.00 No. 21 2.00 No. 26 5.00 No. 29 1.00 No. 33 2.00 40 No. 37 1.00 No. 39 1.00 No. 44 1.00 No. 47 1.00 No. 49 1.00 No. 50 1.00 No. 51 1.00 No. 53 2.00 No. 54 1.00 No. 56 2.00 No. 57 2.00 No. 58 2.00 No. 61 2.00 No. 67 5.00 No. 70 1.00 Bohemian Union of Patriots, J. C. V., No. 7 1.00 Chicago Branch, Council of Jewish Women 28.50 Chicago Woman's Club 50.00 Chicago Woman's Club—Reform Department 55.00 Chicago Woman's Aid 5.00 Eleanor Association 5.00 Irving Park Woman's Club 5.00 Isaiah Woman's Club 5.00 Jochannah Lodge No. 9. V. O. T. S 10.00 Kenwood Evangelical Church Woman's Society 17.00 May Festival Association 1,000.00 Milwaukee Woman's Club 20.00 North End Club, Philanthropy Committee 10.00 Francis W. Parker School 5.00 Polish National Alliance 25.00 South Ladies' Progressive Charity Society 5.00 Woman's Alliance, Church of All Souls 5.00 Woman's Club of Evanston 5.00 Woman's Qub of Evanston, Social Service Dept 15.00 Young Woman's Bible Class, Hyde Park Pres. Church 5.00

Eighth Annual Report

of the IMMIGRANTS' PROTECTIVE LEAGUE

FOR THE YEAR ENDING JANUARY 1st. 1917

1140)^ SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUE CHICAGO

OFFICERS

Abel Davis President Prof. George H. Mead First Vice-President Miss Jane Addams Second Vice-President Charles L. Hutchinson Treasurer Miss S, P. Breckinridge Secretary

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Miss E. V. Rumsey Mrs, Samuel Dauchy Charles F. Harding Prof. Ernst Freund Mrs. Mi^rice L. Goodkind

THE STAFF

Miss Grace Abbott Director Miss Helen Campbell Joseph Holenia Mrs. Bozena Pavlik Mrs. Mary Jurgelionis Mrs, Victoria Licci Miss Bozena Picha Miss Helen Baranowska Miss Anna Erickson Miss Nettie Richardson Miss AnastasiaAlexAndrakis Miss Irene Nelson Miss Mary Skinner

(The following foreign languages are spoken by this group : Bohemian, German, Greek, Italian, Lettish, Lithuanian, Magyar, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Slovak and Yiddish.) BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Elected for years 1915, 1916 and 1917.

Miss Jane Addams Harry A. Lipsky

Mrs. Samuel Dauchy Mrs. Wm. I. Thomas Dr. Emil G. Hirsch Joseph H. Nicolai

Kazimierz Zychunski Jaroslav J. Zmrhal juuus rosenwald Mrs. Ivan Bregowsky

Elected for the years 1916, 1917 and 1918.

Miss S. P. Breckinridge Miss Julia C. Lathrop Charles W. Folds A. A. McCormick Mrs. Israel Cowen Prof. Ernst Freund Bernard Flexner Edgar A. Bancroft George Pick Abel Davis

Elected for the years 1917, 1918 and 1919.

Judge Julian W. Mack Miss Mary E. McDowell Prof. George H. Mead Miss E. V. Rumsey Mrs. Tiffany Blake Alfred L. Baker Charles F. Harding Mrs. Maurice L. Goodkind Miss Dorothy Stirling James E. Quan S^pnrt nf tlj^ ^^rrtarg

At the eighth Annual Meeting of the Immigrants' Protective League which was held March 3, 1917, with Judge Julian W. Mack presiding, in addition to the Reports of the Secretary, the Treasurer, and the Director, there was held a brief Conference, at which representatives of various of the smaller nationalities and subject peoples, whose problems will be involved in the set- tlement after the war, were given an opportunity of voicing the hopes of their groups and formulating the bases on which they think a permanent peace may be established. The League, as such, did not endorse any of the views presented. Nor was it claimed that the Conference could be in any way exhaustive or inclusive. The speakers were selected because they were believed to be able to present fairly the views of groups of considerable size among the people with whom they are connected, for whose program they hope to find an advocate in such American repre- sentatives as should take part in the Peace Negotiations. The national groups represented and the speakers for those groups were : the Irish, Mrs. Sheehy Skeffington ; the Ukrainians, Mr.

Miroslav Sichinsky ; the Letts and Lithuanians, Mrs. Mary

Jurgelionis ; the Russian Jews, Mr. Jacob Grosbeck ; the Central

Slavs, Mr. J. J. Zmrhal ; the Finns, Mme. Aino Malmberg; and the Jewish Nationalists, Prof. Horace M. Kallen. Frequent ref- erence was made to the message of President Wilson to the Senate on January 22nd, 1917, and the hope was repeatedly voiced that there might come to the American representatives in the Peace Conference the opportunity and the willingness to speak for the recognition of the principle that "Government derives its just powers from the consent of the governed."

This conference was held with especial propriety by the League at this time, since the settlement of such claims will be a matter of vital concern to millions of our fellow-citizens, and also determine in the future as the failure to settle them has aflFected in the past, the character and volume of immigration to this country.

The Conference would, however, have been incomplete had it voiced only nationalistic hopes, however dear and however strongly based. In the words of Judge Mack as he introduced the various speakers, and as he summed up the discussion, it was made very clear that in his mind the fulfillment of true national hopes could be found only in the recognition of the claims of each under an organization which made each a party to the just recog- nition of all. The fact that the President has declared himself in favor of this country being a party to a world organization 5 or a League of Nations, renders it imperative that our people should be clear on these national questions in order that the inter- national policy of the United States shall be grounded in justice. It should be said that the Conference was similar in purpose with a more ambitious gathering held in Washington, December 10th and 11th, 1916, in co-operation with the Woman's Peace Party. It would indeed be profitable and possible for similar conferences to be organized in many communities in which there are consider- able groups of foreign-born citizens.

S. P. BRECKINRIDGE, Secretary. —

fi^pnrt 0f 1I|0 Str^rtnr

This Report is presented at the third Annual Meeting held by the Immigrants' Protective League since the war. With the initial

mobilization of the armies, immigration was checked ; but unfor- tunately this decrease in the volume of immigration has not solved even temporarily the problems of the immigrant who is here in our midst. Certain types of complaints are much less frequently made now than in former years, and those who lived on the exploitation of the incoming immigrant are not so prosperous in these days of slack immigration. But as the Commissioner-General of Immigra- tion points out in his last Annual Report, "it is a much simpler matter to handle promptly and effectively a large but normal stream of immigration coming in the usual way through the usual channels than it is to care for immigration which is irregular, sporadic, and to some extent abnormal." During 1916 the League had 274 so-called "detention cases" that is, we were asked by relatives or friends of persons who were detained at one of the ports of entry for one cause or another, to assist them in submitting to the proper officials evidence of their ability and willingness to help those detained if permission were given them to enter the United States. In a number of instances, peculiar difficulties were presented. Some of those who asked admission had escaped from Russia, crossed Siberia and sailed from Japan for Seattle or San Francisco. Their relatives were not expecting them, and in a number of such instances the League located the rela- tives with considerable dii^culty. In a few of these cases the immi- grants arrived entirely without funds, and so, unless their relatives could be found, were sure to be ordered deported. A deportation order has involved peculiar hardships since the war, and a larger per cent of those who have applied for admission have been excluded during the past two years than at any previous time. Sometimes the circumstances under which the immigrant left his home country have made his return mean death or imprisonment. For others whose return would involve no difficulties with their governments, deportation has meant capture by the enemy, and so the United States has held these until the journey could be consid- ered safe. For many of those detained an excluding decision would mean, therefore, a long, demoralizing period of what amounts to im- prisonment in the immigration station until the end of the war. On this account relatives and friends who are quite inexperienced in regard to the proper procedure have been especially eager to have help in presenting to the Commissioner the resources which they were prepared to put at the disposal of the immigrant. The League has always given assistance of this sort, but because of the uncer- tainties growing out of the war all of this work has had to be indi- 7 vidualized more than in former years and has required, in conse- quence, more time and attention. The League has also found it more difficult to organize for the prevention of exploitation on arrival than in years when immigra- tion was normal. That the need still exists, we have had abundant evidence during the past year. For example, a Norwegian girl who arrived in May of 1916 on the "Kristianiafjord" and was going to a town in Iowa might have been sent so that no change after leav- ing Chicago would have been necessary. Instead she was put on a train leaving Chicago at four in the afternoon and had to get off at a railroad junction at nine o'clock at night to wait for another train. She sat up all night in the railroad station and then spent most of the following day waiting for her train. The railroad agent made no effort to protect her from three men whom he saw annoying her. To add to the anxiety which any girl would feel under these circum- stances, she was robbed of the little money which she had saved so that she would not have to come to her relatives quite empty-handed. This incident was reported to the Bureau of Immigration and to the railroad for investigation. As a result the railroad reimbursed the girl for her money which was stolen from her and the railroad employees were made to feel that the proper care of the immigrant travelers was one of their official duties. Evidence of a new interest came very soon when a young Italian woman arrived in Chicago with a railroad ticket to Carson, Iowa, which had been given her at Ellis Island in exchange for her order for a ticket. The address which her sister had sent her and which she had carefully brought with her was so written that it looked as much like Carson, La., or Carson, O., as Carson, la. The immigrant agent who had put the Norwegian girl on the wrong train was alert in this case and sent this girl over to the Immigrants' Protective League to decide what should be done with her. Our Italian visitor learned after a few moments' conversation with the girl that her sister lived near New Orleans. So we tele- graphed to Louisiana and the next day the money for her transporta- tion was received. This enabled her to start at once, and the League collected and sent to her subsequently the money refunded by the railroad for the unused portion of her original ticket. This incident furnishes the explanation of why some of the girls who are expected by their relatives and friends fail to arrive. What would have hap- pened to this young Italian girl who was without the slightest clue as to what the difficulty was and who found herself in a small town where no one could talk to her, one cannot say.

Occasionally we are still unable to find any trace of a girl who was expected but failed to arrive. A Polish woman sent a ticket to her younger sister—one of the Russian-Polish refugees who fled from German v to Denmark at the outbreak of the war. She arrived in New York' the last of November, 1916, but her sister has never been able to find her. We secured through Ellis Island a description 8 :

of the girl's railroad ticket. Investigation by the railroad showed that the ticket had been used as far as Chicago, but neither adver- tisement in the Polish papers nor a canvass of others who arrived on the same boat furnished us any clues as to what has happened to this girl. About a month earlier a seventeen-year-old Irish girl who was coming to a sister arrived at midnight when the sister had been informed by telegraph she would reach Chicago at nine o'clock the next day. The sister thinks it only a miracle that something did not happen to the girl at that hour of night. It was to care for the immigrant girl under exactly such circumstances that the League advocated and in 1913 secured the passage of a law providing for immigrant inspectors on trains and official supervision of those arriving in Chicago. Attention has been called in former reports to the delay in carrying out the intent of this law. The explanation in the Annual Report of the Secretary for 1914 was that the immi- grants were "required to pay a local transfer agency for transporta- tion from the railroad stations to the Immigrant Station." In 1915, he reported that this difficulty had been surmounted through the agreement by all the railroads carrying Chicago-bound immigrants, to transfer them from the terminal stations to the Immigrant Station without extra charge. But the plan did not succeed because only those arriving at Ellis Island who said they desired coupons which would entitle them to be transferred free of charge to the Immigrant Station in Chicago, were given these coupons. The Secretary now reports that the "establishment of the station at Chicago appears to be deficient in conferring upon the Immigration Service any plenary authority over the aliens for whose benefit the legislation was enacted." The law did not pass in exactly the form recommended by the Immigrants' Protective League, and it could, without ques- tion, be improved in some particulars, but the constant changes in the explanations offered by the Commissioner-General for his failure to make an efifort to secure the maximum amount of protection pos- sible under the law, has been most discouraging.

While immigration has decreased greatly, it is still sufficiently heavy so that organization for protective work would not be unduly expensive. During the past year the League received the names of 699 unaccompanied girls who came to Chicago last year. This group usually constitutes about one-eighth of the entire number of immigrants who come. A better plan of supervision when the numbers are thus reduced can be worked out than would be possible during a period of normal immigration. In addition to its efforts to safeguard the journey of the immi- grant, the League has maintained three main lines of work in behalf of the immigrants already in Chicago. These are (1) conducting what is in effect a bureau of information and social service for those who are unable to speak the English language; (2) giving advice and information as to employment; (3) promoting educational work among immigrants. The work done in these three departments during 1916 was as follows 9 :

BUREAU OF INFORMATION AND SOCIAL SERVICE ESPECIALLY FOR NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING IMMIGRANTS

In 1913, the number who came to the League to complain of some injustice or to ask for advice was 1,558; 2,558 came in 1914; 3,258 in 1915; last year the number was 3,439.^ The nationality of these 3,439 who appealed to the League in 1916 for help of some sort was as follows

Polish 656 Lithuanian 562 Greek 475 Itahan 366 Jewish (Russian, Austrian, Hungarian, Roumanian and German) 307 Russian 282 Bohemian and Moravian 191 Roumanian 92 Armenian 88 Magyar 67 German (from Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia)... 64 Scandinavian 63 Ruthenian 49 Slovak 43 Croatian 17 All others 117

3.439 Except for situations growing out of the war, these individual appeals have not been very different from those of fonner years. Attention has been repeatedly called to what the immigrant suffers from our failure to regulate or prohibit private banking. During August of last year the failures came in such rapid succession that the demand for some action was greatly increased. It is to be hoped that some regulation w^ll be enacted by the present legislature. It was a great comfort to us to remember how many we had persuaded to put their savings in state or national banks. For example, a Russian came to tis with a complaint that the neighborhood bank where he had his savings account of $380 had refused to give up this money when he had tried to transfer it to another private bank of the same type which he had been told by neighbors was safer. The two bankers were both making a vigorous fight for the money. We advised the immigrant to turn the account over to one of the large national banks for collection and deposit in that bank, which he did with the League's assistance. A few months later the bank which originally held the deposit failed.

A period of unemployment is the time when the unscrupulous employment agent makes his largest hauls. But during a prosperous year like 1916 some complaints are made. For example, a Russian

^Prior to 1915, those coming for employment were also included in these figures. Since that time the applicants for employment have been given separately. 10 man paid a Bohemian employment agent two fees of twenty-five dollars each for two Russian friends. They were promised good city work, which the agent was unable to get for them. The Rus- sian had tried several times to get the money back but failed. He was sent to the League and we took the matter up with the State Inspector of Employment Agencies. The agent, when pressed to return the money, insisted that it was a loan and had not been paid him as a fee. The League looked up the Russian's witnesses and convinced the Inspector that the $50 was payment for work and must be refunded. This the agent finally did. Many who cannot speak English and who have suffered some injury in the course of their work come to ask concerning their rights under the compensation law. For example, a young Russian working on a punch press who lost three fingers on his left hand came to us to find out what his rights were. He did not understand what the insurance company was ofTering or whether he should accept. We got the facts from the insurance company, determined whether it was adequate under th^ law and explained the terms to him. Because compensation was granted by the Industrial Board of Indiana and checks were mailed from Indianapolis, the insurance company preferred sending the weekly payments to the young man at our address, as their experience has been that the men move often, so that the checks are returned or pile up. We have helped this man in other ways. The League found work for him that he could do in spite of his handicap. But he did not like the job because the hours made it impossible for him to attend night school. So he was encouraged to give up that work and is now doing part-time work and attending the Jones School in the daytime.

The League spends some time in referring immigrants to proper medical agencies. But we seldom lose the immigrant by thus refer- ring him to some other agency. For example, one man who had been in the United States for nearly three years came to us in great distress. He no longer felt well enough to work, all his savings were gone and he had no relatives or friends. Examination showed that the man had tuberculosis and he was referred to the Sanitarium. But from the Sanitarium he wrote asking if we could not collect for him the $4 which he had paid to an employment agent for a job the day before he came to us. This money was collected by the State Inspector of Employment Agencies and sent to the man by the League.

Altogether, the League collected in refunds $5,696.89 last year. W^ith one exception, this was all in very small amounts. This part of the service is under the direct supervision of Miss Campbell, and she, together with the foreign speaking visitors of the League, is responsible for its success during the past year.

11 : '

EDUCATION OF THE ADULT IMMIGRANT

In the spring of 1915, with the co-operation of the Superin- tendent of Schools and the District Superintendent in charge of evening schools, a survey of the evening classes in English main- tained by Chicago for the non-English speaking immigrants, was made by the School of Civics and Philanthropy and the Immigrants' Protective League. According to the United States Census figures, there were 69,771 non-English speaking residents in this city in 1900; in 1910 there were 182,519. By 1914, it is estimated this number was more than 200,000. In 1900 there were 46,624 persons over 14 years of age who were unable to read and write in any lan- guage ; in 1910 the number was 75,580. In 1915 the number enrolled in the elementary evening classes in English for foreigners was 17,613^—only 13 per cent of the total non-English speaking popu- lation. A record of illiteracy was not kept by the schools, but so far as the principals of the evening schools knew, 'practically none of the more than 75,000 illiterates over compulsory school age were in the evening schools. But, although the small enrollment is a serious problem, the falling off in attendance deserves even more careful consideration. The following table shows how few of those who enrolled attended long enough to derive any real benefit

Length of Time in Attendance.

oj tn in c/i en uj bO bO bO bO bfl be _c _c G _c _c _n '5 'c 'c 'n 'S S >u >tnO >tnO >i«,^ ><«0 >oiO O

t^ vo-a§ "^-Ort ^"Hrt ^-Ort '^^'5^ -^rt -r qO o"'*' o™-" o"'-" o"^-" o"**-" o*-" o \2^ \jLt [i^ U^ U-t U-i tu f— Male 943 1,496 1,658 1,697 2,144 2,424 3,180 13,542 Female 242 420 452 536 720 802 931 4,103

Total 1,185 1,916 2,110 2,233 2.864 3,236 4,111 17,645 Per cent 7 11 12 13 16 18 23 100

Only a very small percentage of those enrolled in the evening school that year attended with any regularity throughout the session of seventy-seven evenings, and at least 50 per cent of the pupils were present less than half of that time.

In order to gain some first hand information as to the reasons why those who evidenced their desire to learn English by enrolling in the evening school, dropped out in such large numbers, the Immi- grants' Protective League visited, in the spring of 1916, all those who had left three of the evening schools and whose names and addresses could be secured. These schools were situated in typical

'It is of interest to note that 3,629 foreign born were enrolled to the more advanced classes of the evening elementary school and 3,790 were in the evening high schools, making a total enrollment of 24,618 foreign born in the evening schools that year. 12 : :

foreign neighborhoods in the northwest, west and southwest parts of the city.

Of the 554 whom we tried to interview, we were unable to locate 115, 112 had moved from the neighborhood of the school, and 33 had left the city to do farm or railroad construction work. The reasons given by the others were as follows

Industrial 169 Overtime work 69 Changed from day to night work 2tl

Changed jobs, unable to get to school by 7 p. m.. . 36 Fatigue after day's work 27 Dissatisfaction with the school 51 No classification of students 6 Discouraged over progress 17 Teacher unable to speak their language 22 Indifference of teacher 4 Change of teacher 2 Illness or family situation 49 All other reasons 71

340 Counted twice 46

Total 294

Inasmuch as the investigator had the school record of those who were interviewed, most of them believed it was an official visit

from the school, although the investigator tried to make it clear that this was not the case. As a result, criticism of the school or the teacher was guarded. Ways by which a large number of these people might be kept in attendance at evening school immediately suggest themselves to one who studies the above table. A Joint Committee on the Education of the Adult Foreigner was formed in the summer of 1916 of delegates from the Chicago Association of Commerce, the Union League Club, the City Club, Woman's City Club, Chicago Woman's Club, Englewood Woman's Club, the Chicago Woman's Aid and the Immigrants' Protective League.

On the basis of facts secured in the Leagite's investigation, the following recommendations 'were submitted by the Joint Committee and are now being urged both by the Committee and the organiza- tions it represents

1. Better advertising of the evening school classes not only at the opening of the evening school term but throughout the year. 2. That training classes in the teaching of English to adults be offered by the Chicago Normal School and an Institute be held for those to be employed as evening school teachers during the coming winter. 3. That classes be frequently formed and so advertised. 13 4. That day classes for adults similar to those now offered at the Jones School be offered in one school on the Northwest, West and Southwest sides of the city after an investigation is made to determine which schools will be most convenient to night workers who cannot attend evening classes.

Those who quit on account of overtime work usually intend to return in the fall when the term begins. The evening schools receive students at any time during the term, but new classes are not organ- ized nor is the work advertised except in the fall. The frequent formation of new classes and a follow-up system would secure the prompt re-attendance of most of those who quit on account of illness or with the beginning of the busy season in their trades.

In order to demonstrate the value of such a follow-up system and to provide 'some one to speak the language of those in the neighborhood and so help them with the difficulties which grow out of the fact that the teachers cannot speak to them in their own lan- guage, a visiting teacher for the McAllister Evening School has been provided by the League with the help of the Immigration Committee of the Chicago Woman's Club, the Chicago Woman's Aid and the Englewood Woman's Club.

The McAllister School (36th and Gage Streets) is located in the midst of the Lithuanian and Polish settlement on the upper South- west Side. This settlement, hemmed in to the north by the Chicago River, to the west by the Stock Yards, and to the south by the central manufacturing district, has been to a certain degree cnt o(T from contact with the rest of the city.

The great majority of the population of this settlement is ni.ule up of imimgrants of comparatively short residence in the United States. Lithuanian and Polish is still the prevailing medium of expression among both the older and younger generation. Mr. Sileicka, an educated Lithuanian who speaks Polish and Russian as well as Lithuanian, is assisting as a visiting teacher in connecting this neighborhood with the American principals and teachers of the evening school.

With the aid of the principal, a complete list of all those enrolled who had dropped out since the beginning of the term, as v^rell as those whose attendance was irregular, was secured. These were visited in their homes. Since then, a regular system has been insti- tuted, the teachers furnishing to the visitor a daily list of absentees, who are followed up by personal visit. It is the aim of the visitor to get in personal touch with all, find out their special needs and induce them to return to school when possible, as well as to encourage the others to join the evening classes. It should be remembered that these adult immigrants are trying to prepare themselves for American citizenship at great sacrifice. They work long hours and come to the class room often physically too weary to derive much benefit from two hours of classroom work. 14 —

They sit in the uncomfortable seats which are designed for little children and are taught by teachers who are trained to teach children and have little if any experience with adults and no special prepara- tion for language teaching. It is not surprising, therefore, that many of those who enroll need to be encouraged to remain by some one who is able to talk with them and to point out the ultimate advan- tage of staying* until they have learned English. In connection with the work at the McAllister School, the vis- itor is in a sense a bureau of information. He tries to connect those in attendance with the various resources—both public and private of the city. For example, in the matter of employment direction, he has frequently been of service. Notwithstanding the prevailing industrial prosperity, there are always men and women unemployed, and still more frequently individuals are employed at work for which they are ill adapted. These people have to be directed to the proper agencies and advised and counselled with regard to their present and future. The regular teacher, however, is neither equipped with the necessary information nor the time to do this work. The task naturally devolved on the school visitor, and through him on the League. Chicago conducts one very interesting day school for adults near the center of the business district. Students are allovved to attend the whole day or such part of the day as they are free. A large number of waiters, dishwashers, and other hotel and restaurant employes in the Loop district, and others who come from various parts of the city attend this school. But it is too far away from many of the largest immigrant districts to enable those who work nights to attend. Classes meeting late in the afternoon are very much needed in other parts of the city if those who do night work are to be given an opportunity to' learn English. Men and women who quit work at 6 o'clock in the downtown district find it impossible to get home and ready for school by 7 o'clock. These men and women all said that they would be glad to attend a class which began at 8 o'clock. It should be possible to have classes beginning at both 7 and 8 o'clock. But for the Polish girl who works ten hours in a laundry, the one who does dishwash- ing in a restaurant the same number of hours, for the seventeen- year-old Polish boy who works in a foundry, for the seventeen-year- old Russian-Jewish girl who was eager to learn but who said it was a choice of work or school and she must choose work— for these and others who report that they are too tired to attend after their day's work, some radical change in our educational program is needed. The Massachusetts Commission on Immigration recommended the establishment of a compulsory part-time system for non-English speaking and illiterate minors, in the hope that they would not only be taught English but given such additional general and vocational training as met their needs. It is to be hoped that employers eventu- 15 ally will be compelled to allow all their employes who are unable to speak English a short period for instruction during their working hours. Some employers would be willing to do this now and the schools should hold themselves ready to conduct these classes in the factories providing reasonably satisfactory teaching conditions are guaranteed.

The immigrant mother usually is peculiarly isolated. A few ambitious mothers enroll each year in the regular evening school classes, but they usually find it impossible to attend. Among those who dropped out of the three evening schools in Chicago which the Immigrants' Protective League covered in its investigation, was a Russian-Jewish woman of 36 who has five children. She attended 41 evenings last winter but finally had to give up because she found it interferred too seriously with her family duties to go four evenings a week. She still wants to return but does not think she ought to until the children are older. The extension of the visiting teacher idea to educational work for the older immigrant women, which Los Angeles is making, will undoubtedly show the great value of personal work among the women and lead to organized group work which will meet the needs of these women. In co-operation with the Parent-Teacher Association, the League has made an effort to connect some of these mothers with the school by organizing Parent-Teacher Associations. One organ- ized by Mrs. Jnrgelionis at the Armour School has a membership of 30, and the interest and enthusiasm of these Lithuanian and Polish mothers grows with each meeting. They have had talks in English and in their own language on current educational, health, and civic problems. Mrs. Licci has organized an Association of Italian mothers at the Andrew Jackson School which has been attended by as many as 70 Italian mothers. She has a small number of these women who meet for a lesson in English twice a week at the school. Mrs. Licci is now canvassing in tlie neighborhood of the Jenner School and hopes to interest as large a number in that district. The present time when the numbers are not so large as during years of normal immigration, furnishes an excellent opportunity for making some experiments in more successfully meeting the educa- tional needs of these people than we have used in the past. If the resources of the League were greater this work could be greatly extended. EMPLOYMENT DIRECTION

The Immigrants' Protective League does 'not try to conduct an employment agency, but it has found it necessary to undertake certain work along this line. Most of the immigrants who come to the United States are young people who are having their first experience in industrial life in this country. They present the .same 16 kind of problem in vocational guidance as the boy or girl who comes out of schoor without a trade except that the immigrant is usually especially handicapped by his ignorance of English. For both it is important that they should enter work which offers some opportunity for trade training and advancement. Neither group can find their way into the kind of work for which they are best fitted

without some direction. For the immigrant who has a trade, it is

important that his skill should not be lost to the community as it is when he does unskilled work -or begins to acquire a quite unrelated and often less desirable trade. The State Free Employment Agency and the Employment Bureau maintained by the United States Department of Labor under the direction of the local Inspector-in- Chief in the Immigration Service have been making encouraging progress during the past year. But neither has, as yet, a sufficient force to enable them to consider individual needs as carefully as is desirable and unequipped with interpreters they find it quite impos- sible to get the information from the immigrant which is necessary for careful placement. The League has had the most cordial co-operation from both these agencies during the past year.

Last spring we tried to divert to the United States Bureau both the farmer and the men who want farm work who have been applying to the League in the past. Mrs. Pavlik, who has placed many Bohemians, Slovaks and Russians at farm work, in the Dakotas, Nebraska. Iowa and Wisconsin, had regular office hours at the Federal Bureau during the season of 1916. But these men, whom she has sent out and some of whom have been at work in the same neighborhood for three years, still continue to write to the office asking for various kinds of advice and assistance— for exam- ple, how they can communicate with relatives or friends in the war zone, how they can send for their wives and children, and what they must do to secure their naturalization papers. The League's plans for co-operation with other agencies and development of specialized service in employment work were inter- rupted by the illness of Miss Erickson, who had had this work in charge since May of 1914. She was forced to give it up in Septem- ber of 1916 and has been greatly missed since that time. The work is now being carried with the aid of Mrs. Pavlik, on a part time basis by Miss Skinner. The number and nationality of those who applied and were

placed by the League during the year was as follows :

Number of Applicants Number Placed Russian 287 99 Polish 218 106 Bohemian 171 133 Greek 171 69 Lithuanian 160 67 Jewish 88 37 Italian 58 27 Magyar 30 8 17 Slovak 29 13 All others 124 60

1.337 619

Some examples of the kind of service rendered illustrate the need of special consideration of the individual needs. For example, a number of Mexicans were referred to us last spring. They had been sent up to Chicago by an El Paso employment agent to work for a firm in which industrial trouble was brewing and the old employes soon went on strike. These men were regarded as "imported strike breakers," and most of thern quit. This left alt of them stranded, as there are very few Mexicans in the city and none of the group was able to speak English. Work adapted to their capacity was found for all of them. Some of them were quite untrained, others had trades. For example, one had been a railroad mechanic in Mexico and it was possible to get him work at his trade in a railroad round house at $4.50 a day. But he could not have taken this work if he had not been loaned money to keep him until the first pay-day, and would instead have sufifered a period of demoralizing emplpyment 'at odd' jobs for which he was paid by the day. A Russian who had been in the United States for two years and who spoke scarcely any English, was a skilled copper- smith. He had belonged to a union in Russia, but did not know how to go about joining here. Some one told him we could get him into a union so that he could work at his trade. We were able to tell him where to go to apply for membership. He was admitted and is now working, earning $5.00 a day. THE WAR AND THE IMMIGRANT

The foreign-born in the United States have suffered with every disaster that has happened on land or sea. to the armed forces or the civilian population. The League has been asked again and again for assistance in locating relatives who have not been heard from. Our only resources are, of course, the usual official ones, but tlie immigrant does not know how to use these and so the League has written American ambassadors or consuls asking for the help thev have been glad to give. For example, we were able to perform this service for a Belgian girl wbn';e name we received on the lists from Ellis Island. When we visited her late in the sprins'. we found that she had escaped with great difficulty at the time the Germans first entered Belgium. Their home had been burned and she knew nothing about what had become of her mother, sister and brothers. She herself had been sent across to England with other refugees. A friend here in America who kept a small delicatessen store sent her a steamship ticket for passage to the United States. Although the girl had studied dressmaking in Paris, she was doing hard, rough work here in a delicatessen store. We found her a place at dressmaking. When she was laid ofif during 18 the dull season in summer, we found her work as a button hole maker. Meanwhile we had written Mr. Whitlock, the American minister to Belgium, and received a reply from him that the girl's mother and sister were still in Belgium and in good health, and her brother was a prisoner of war in Germany. Over and over again, we have been asked how to send the money which is so greatly needed to relatives or friends in Poland, in Lithuania or in Russia. A Greek wants to know how he can keep his mother and two sisters who are in Thrace from actual hunger. An Italian wants to know how he can reach his wife and children who are in the part of France now occupied by Germany. One request presented a particularly complicated problem. A Russian Jew had gone to Argentine when he was seventeen, married a Russian Jewish girl there. Two children were born in Argentine. Later they returned to Europe, where he worked two years as a cabinet maker in Budapest. One child was born there. In 1913, when labor conditions grew unfavorable in Hungary, the man sent his f-amily temporarily to Russia and came to the United States, intending to send for them when he was established here. He himself had lost his Russian citizenship and could not return to Russia. This, in addition to the varied nationalities of the children, means that now, that he is ready to send for his family, the question of obtaining permits for them to leave Russia is serious. We have seen that hundreds of letters from the war zone have reached the relatives here. Most of these were from Poles and Lithuanians and contained the saddest stories of family needs or deaths. And so another year has gone and we have realized that the suffering which the war entails is not limited to Europe. Those of us who know these people well have been especially concerned at how much more they and the relatives and friends to whom they are sending their small contributions will have to suffer in the event the United States is drawn into the war. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE COMING YEAR

Plans cannot be as definitely laid now as in former years. If

I lie United States enters the war, many Ruthenians. Poles, Croatians, Bohemians, Slovaks and Magyars as well as Germans who are still subjects of the Central Powers because they have not been here long enough to be naturalized will look to the League to help them in the complications which may arise. It is to be hoped that the League will do for them what our previous work ha? led them to think we will. INDIVIDUAL SERVICE

The League must continue to render the kind of service in behalf of individuals which it has in past years. Because it is better known each year than the year before, this part of its work grows heavier each year. It is valuable not only for the help that is given- 19 the individuals, but because it furnishes the information on which a constructive program must be based.

EXTENSION OF WORK IN CONNECTION WITH THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS

There areMnore than 200,000 non-English speaking persons in Chicago. Now, when the number is not increasing as in periods of normal immigration, is an excellent time to find new ways of connecting the fathers and mothers 'as well as the young men and women with the schools. The experiments made in the past year indicate what might be done by the League if more funds were available for this work.

PROMOTING CONSTRUCTIVE PLANS FOR THE ADJUST- MENT OF THE IMMIGRANT

Immigration after the war will present new aspects of old prob- lems. For example, the number of young women will undoubtedly be proportionately larger than in former years. The years of experience which the League has had, has enabled us to discover how exploitation may be prevented and how channels of communi- cation between the native and foreign born may be opened. It is necessary for us to give much wider publicity to these measures both locally and nationally. The laisses faire policy followed by the LTnited States in the past has meant a reckless s(|uandering of their ideals as well as their health and a jeopardizing of their male- rial welfare. The United States has now an opportunity to prepare to utilize to the fullest extent the capacities of its new citizens. The Immigrants' Protective League is the oldest organization working with all nationahties and all creeds and it is therefore looked to for leadership in this work.

It is a matter of great relief to all those close to the 1 .eague that our debts are entirely paid. This should enable us to attack the problems of the new immigration with a confidence and hopefulness we should have lacked under other circumstances. The League sufTers. however, a very great loss this year through Judge Mack's removal from Chicago. He has been for many years a sjmipathetic as well as powerful friend of any one who was alone and the object of prejudice and suspicion. His and Miss Addams' have been the two names on our cards and stationery that were known to the humblest as well as the most influential. But neither his friendship for the immigrant nor his connection with the Immigrants* Pro- tective League can end when he leaves Chicago. We are comforted by knowing that Judge Mack will be working with us wherever lie lives. Respectfully submitted, Grace AnnoTT. 20 :

Sppnrt nf thr QirmBnm

Statement of Cash Receipts and Disbursements for the Year 1916

Cash Balance, January 1, 1916 $ 340.96

Receipts

Contributions and Membership Dues. . . .$11,989.50 Loans 1.040.00 Refunds 211.83 Chas. R. Crane Trust Fund 35.58 Annual Dinner Tickets Sold 12.00 Tomanofsky Account ^.38 Interest on Trust Funds .70 13.298.99

$13,639.95 Disbursements: Salaries $10,765.70 Rent 825.00 Stationery and Printing 399.47 Telephone and Telegrams 257.91 Office Expense 230.59 Water, Towels and Cleaning 223.75 General Expense 1 15.86 Lighting 55.75 Traveling Expense 55.20 Interest 66.75 Crane Fund 47.35 Isabelle Fund 37.35 Refunds 202.15 Loan repaid 40.00 $13,322.73

Cash Balance, December 31, 1916 $ 317.22

Respectfully submitted,

Charles L. Hutchinson, Treasurer.

Arthur Young & Company, Auditors.

Contributions which were intended for 1916 and which were received after January 1st, 1917, together with some special contributions given for the specific purpose of meeting this deficit, enabled the League to repay this loan on January 4, 1917, and also to repay, on February 3, 1917, a loan of $1,000 made in August. 1914. so that the League undertakes its work for 1917 without a deficit. 21 MsmbtTB anb ffinntrtbuturB

Abbott, Miss Edith $ 2.00 Abbott, Mrs. W. T 2.00 Adams, Mr. C. H 5.00 Adams, Mrs. C. H 5.00 Adams, Mr, Cyrus H., Jr 2.00 Adams, Mrs. E. S 2.00 Adams, Mrs. George E 100.00 Addams, Miss Jane 27.00 Adler, Mr, Max 100.00 Adler, Mrs. Max 10.00 Aldis, Mrs. Arthur 10.00 Allen, Mr. Benjamin 5,00 Allen, Miss Dora 2.00 Allen, Mr. William D 5.00 Allerton, Mr. Robert 5.00 Anonymous 631.00 Admour, Mrs. P. D 5.00 Arnold, Miss Katherine D 2.00 Asher, Mr. L. E 12.00 Atkinson, Mrs. Charles T 2.00 Atwater, Mrs. Walter Hull 10.00 Bacon, Miss Annie 2.00 Bailey, Mr, Edward P 10.00 Baker, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred L 100.00 Baldwin, Mrs. Jesse A 5.00 Barnes, Mrs. C. W 2.00 Barrett, Miss Adele 2.00 Barrett, Mrs. S. E 25.00 Bartelme, Miss Mary 2.00 Bartholmay, Mrs. Henry 25.00 Barlett, Miss Florence Dibell 25.00 Barlett, Mr. and Mrs. Frederic C 10.00 Bass, Mr. John F 2.00 Bateman, Mr. F. L 5.00 Bauer, Mr. A 10.00 Baum, Mrs. W. L 5.00 Bauman. Mrs. F. 5.00 Beale, Mrs. William C 2.00 Becker, Mrs. A. G 100.00 Becker, Mr. Benjamin V 2.00 Bell, Mrs. Laird 5.00 Bent, Mr. E. T 2.00 Bentley, Mr. and Mrs. Cyrus 25.00 Benton, Mrs. William H 2.00 Benton, Miss Kate Sturges 2.00 Benton, Miss Rita 2.00 Berry, Mr. J. B 2.00 Besley, Mrs. Charles H 7.00 Blackstone, Mrs. T. B 25.00 Blaine, Mrs. Emmons 100.00 Blair, Mrs. William 10.00 Blake, Mrs. Tiffany 15.00 Blakeley, Mr. and Mrs. John M 24.00 Blatchford, Miss Dorothy L 2.00 Blatchford, Miss Florence M 2.00 Blatchford, Mrs. Paul 2.00 22 Bodman, Mrs. Luther W 5.00 Borden, Mrs. William 50.00 Borland, Mrs. J. J 10.00 Born, Mr. M 100.00 Born, Mrs. M 7.00 Bowen, Mrs. Joseph T 250.00 Boyles, Mrs. C C 10.00 Breckinridge, Miss S. P 25.00 Bregowsky, Mr. Ivan M 2.00 Bridge, Miss Grace 1 2.00 Brooks, Mrs. James C 5.00 Brown, Mr. Charles Edward 5.00 Brush, Mrs. Emerson H 2.00 Buckingham, Mr. and Mrs. John 4.00 Bullock, Mr. and Mrs. H. E 4.00 Burling, Mr. Edward B 2.00 Burnham, Mrs. C, L 2.00 Burton, Mr. Ernest D 2.00 Butler, Mr. Edward B 25.00 Cahn, Mrs. Regine Tillman 10.00 Callman, Mr. C. L 2.00 Carnovale, Mrs. Jessie S 20.00 Carpenter, Mr. A. A., Jr 5.00 Carpenter. Mrs. G. A 2.00 Carr, Mrs. Clyde M 5.00 Caruthers, Mrs. Malcom 5.00 Casselberry, Mrs W. E 10.00 Chandler, Mrs. Frank 2.00 Chandler, Miss Virginia G 5.00 Chapin, Mrs. C. A 250.00 Chapin, Mr. S. B 10.00 Clancy, Mr. William 2.00 Clark, Mrs. George M 5.00 Claussenius, H. and Co 2.00 Chapman, Mrs. John A 10.00 Cleveland. Miss Catherine C 5.00 Clinch, Mr. and Mrs. George 5.00 Clohesey, Mr. D. T 10.00 Cochran, Mr. J. Lewis 7.00 Colvin, Miss Catherine 50.00 Colvin, Miss Jessie 50.00 Conger, Mrs. William P 2.00 Conley, Mrs. John W 2.00 Coonley, Mrs. John Stuart 5.00 Coonley, Mrs. Avery 25.00 Corwith, Mrs. Henry 10.00 Cowen, Mrs. Israel 5.00 Cramer, Mrs. Ambrose 2.00 Cramer, Mr. Frank 5.00 Crandall, Mr. C. B 2.00 Crane, Mr. R. T., Jr 100.00 Crane, Mr. R. T. Ill 15.00 Crane, Mrs. Charles R 100.00 Cudahy, Mrs. E. A 2.00 Cudahy, Mr. Joseph M 10.00 Culver, Miss Helen 5.00 Cummings, Mrs. D. Mark 10.00 Cunningham, Mrs. Secor 2.00 Curtiss, Mr. Chas. C 5.00 23 Danielson, Mrs. Richard E 10.00 Dauchy, Miss Beatrix 2.00 Dauchy, Mr. G. V 2.00 Dauchy, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel 1,100.00 Davis, Mr. Abel 20.00 Day, Mrs. Clinton S 4.00 Day, Mrs. Albert Morgan 10.00 Dean, Mrs. George R 2.00 Defrees, Mr. Jos. H 10.00 Deknatel, Mr. F. H 2.00 DeKoven, Mrs. John 25.00 Dick, Mrs. Albert B 2.00 Dickinson, Mr. and Mrs. Francis R 2.00 Dickinson, Mrs. William R 2.00 Doering, Mr. O. C 5.00 Donnelley, Mrs. Thos. E 2.00 Donnelley, Mrs. R. R 5.00 Doud, Mrs. L. B 10.00 Douglass, Mr. Wm 2.00 Drake, Mrs. Tracy C 5.00 DuBois, Mrs. Arthur 2.00 Dummer, Mrs. W. F 2.00 Dunham, Mr. W. H 2.00 Dunn, Mrs. Morrill 7.00 Eckhart, Mr. B. A 2.00 Eckstein, Mr. Louis 150.00 Eckstein, Mrs. Louis 2.00 Eisendrath, Mr. Wm. N 10.00 Eisendrath, Mrs. Wm. N 10.00 Eisendrath, Mrs. S. L 5.00 Electric Appliance Co 2.00 Elenbogen, Mr. H 2.00 Elkan, Mrs. Leo H 5.00 Ennis, Mrs. Robert B 2.00 Epstein, Mr. Max 300.00 Erickson, Mrs. Winifred A 27.00 Etruria Company 20.00 Ewing, Mr. Charles Hull 2.00 Eyeman, Mr. Frank P 2.00 Farwell, Mrs. Arthur 25.00 Farwell, Mrs. F. C 2.00 Farwell. Mr. F. C 10.00 Farwell, Mr. John V 10.00 Faulkner, Miss Georgene 2.00 Fechheimer, Mrs. Frederic 2.00 Field, Mrs. Stanley lO.OO Field, Mr. Tames A 2.00 Field, Mrs. "W. A, 5.00 Fish, Mrs. Joseph 2.00 Fisher, Mr. and Mrs. Walter L 4.00 Fisk, Miss Beulah Murray 2.00 Fiske, Mrs. Edna W 7.00 Fitzhugh, Mrs. Carter H 10.00 Flexner, Mr. Bernard 128.00 Flint, Mrs. Edith F 2.00 Folds, Mr. Charles W 5.00 Foote, Mr. Charles B 2.00 Foote, Mr. Erastus 10.00 24 Forbes, Mr. James Bruff 2.00 Foreman Bros. Banking Co 50.00 Forgan, Mr. James B 10.00 Frank, Mrs. Dora K 5.00 Frank, Mr. George 5.00 Frank. Mr. Henry L 3.00 Frank, Mrs. Henry L 3.00 French, Miss Martha E 4.00 Freund, Mr. Ernst 20.00 Freund, Mr. Gustav 7.00 Friedman, Mr. I. K 5.00 Friedman, Mr. J. L 2.00 Friend, Mr. Henry 25.00 Gates, Mrs. Merrill E 5.00 Gatzert, Mrs. August 2.00 Gillette, Mr. and Mrs. Edwin F 5.00 Gladwin, Miss Gertrude E 2.00 Glessner Mr. J. J 25.00 Goodkind, Dr. M. L 50.00 Goodkind, Mrs. M. L 355.00 Goodman, Mrs. Wm. 2.00 Goodrich, Miss Juliet F 15.00 Goodspeed, Mr. H. H 10.00 Grau Mr. Phil. A. 2.00 Greeley, Mrs. Frederick 2.00 Greenebaum, Mr. Henry N 5.00 Greenebaum, Mrs. Jas. E 5.00 Greenebaum, Mrs. Moses E 5.00 Gregory, Mrs. R. B 10.00 Gregory, Mrs. S. S. 5.00 Haas, Mrs. Charles 5.00 Haass, Miss Katherine Lombard 2.00 Hall, Mr. James P 5.00 Hambleton, Mr. C. J 5.00 Hamill, Mr. Charles H 10.00 Hamill, Mrs. Ernest A 25.00 Hamill. Mr. R. W 10.00 Hamlin, Mr. Frank 2.00 Harding. Mr. Charles F 300.00 Harris. Mrs. S. H 2.00 Hart, Mr. Harry 100.00 Hart, Mr. Max 100.00 Hartman, Mr. Milton L 5.00 Hart, Mr. W. 2.00 Haskell, Mr. Frederick T 10.00 Hefter, Miss Celia 2.00 Hefter, Miss Florence 2.00 Hektoen, Dr. Ludwig 2.00 Hemple, Miss Mary Ellis 2.00 Henkle, Mr. Wm. H 10.00 Herrick, Mrs. J. B 5.00 Heurtley, Mr. Arthur 5.00 Hibbard, Mrs. William G 10.00 Hibbard, Mrs. William G., Jr 2.00 Hibbard. Spencer, Bartlett Co 50.00 Hill, Mr. Edward E 2.00 Hill. Mrs. Lysander 2.00 Hlina, Miss M. R. 2.00 Holt, Mr. Charles S 10.00 Holt, Miss Ellen 5.00 25 Holt, Mr. George H. 2.00 Houghteling, Mrs. James L 10.00 Howe, Mrs. F. J 2.00 Hull, Mr. and Mrs. M. D 50.00 Hutchinson, Mr. Charles L 25.00 Hyman, Mr. Jos 5.00 Ickes, Mrs. Harold L 5.00 Isham, Mrs. George S 1 10.00 Isham, Mrs. Ralph 2.00 Jackson, Mr. Geo. S 5.00 Jackson, Mr. William H 2.00 Jameson, Mr. and Mrs. J. A 4.00 Jenks, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. S 5.00 Johnson, Mrs. Frank S 2.00 Jones, Mr. George 1 2.00 Jones, Mr. Thos. D 10.00 Jordan, Mrs. Cady M 2.00 Jordan, Mrs. Edwin 2.00 Kelley, Mr. Wm. V 10.00 Kellner, Miss Tobine R 2.00 Kellner, Miss Rena T 2.00 Kern, Miss Mary R 2.00 Kimball, Mrs. E. M 2.00 Kimball, Mr. Charles P 25.00 King, Mrs. J. C 2.00 Klee, Mr. Max 10.00 Klein, Mrs. Henry A 5.00 Kohn, Mrs. Esther L 10.00 Kohn, Mr. Simon A 5.00 Lane, Miss Ida M 2.00 Laskar, Mr. A. D 250.00 Lathrop, Miss Julia C 10.00 Lawson, Mr. Victor F 100.00 Levine, Mrs. A 2.00 Leopold, Mrs. N. F 2.00 Lewis, Miss Marion M 2.00 Lichstern. Mr. Adolph J 250.00 Lillie, Mr. Frank R 2.00 Lipsky, Mr. Harry A 3.00 Lipson, Mr. I. B 2.00 Loeb, Mr. Albert H 500.00 Loeb, Mr. Max 2.00 Loesch, Mr. F. J 5.00 Loewenstein, Mr. Sidney 2.00 Logan, Mr. Frank G 100.00 Loewenthal, Mrs. Julius 10.00 Lowe, Mr. Perley 5.00 Lunde, Mr. Theodore H 2.00 Lyon, Mrs. John B 5.00 Lyon, Mrs. Thos. R 5.00 Mack, Judge and Mrs. Julian W 90.00 Mack, Mr. Robert T 2.00 Mack, Mr. William T 2.00 Madlener. Mrs. A. F. 10.00 Mandel, Miss Blanche 2.00 Mandel, Mrs. Emanuel 10.00 Mandelbaum. Mr. Maurice H 5.00 Manierre, Mr. George 5.00 Manierre, Mrs. George 5.00 Marston. Mr. and Mrs. Thos. B 4.00 26 Martin, Mrs. Franklin H 2.00 Marx, Mr. M 25.00 Mathews, Mrs. Shailer 2.00 Matz, Mrs. Rudolph 2.00 Mayer, Mrs. Isaac H 15.00 Mayer, Mr. Murray C 5.00 Maynard, Mr. A. K 2.00 MacLeish, Mr. Andrew 10.00 McArthur, Mr. L. L 5.00 McCormick, Mr. A. A 125.00 McCormick, Mr. Cyrus H 100.00 McCormick, Mrs. C. H 500.00 McCormick, Miss Elizabeth D 2.00 McCormick, Mrs. Harold F 2.00 McCormick, Mrs. Robert Hall 10.00 McCullouch, Mrs. Catherine Waugh 10.00 McDowell, Miss Mary E 2.00 McElwee, Mrs. R. H 25.00 McKenzie, Miss Louise 2.00 Mead, Mr. and Mrs. George H 200.00 Mead, Mr. Henry C. A 15.00 Meeker, Mrs. G. W 2.00 Meyer, Mr. Albert 2.00 Meyer, Mr. Alfred C 25.00 Meyer, Mrs. Alfred C 2.00 Meyer, Mrs. Carl 5.00 Meyer, Mr. E. F 100.00 Meyer, Mr. Jos. S 10.00 Michigan Sugar Co 25.00 Miller, Miss Adena 2.00 Miller, Mrs. Charles P 2.00 Mitchell, Mrs. Leeds 2.00 Monroe, Mr. Wm. S 5.00 Montgomery, Mrs. Frank Hugh 2.00 Moore, Mrs. J. Hobart 100.00 Moore, Mr. J. H 2.00 Moore, Mrs. James Hills 2.00 Moos, Mrs. J. B 5.00 Morgenthau, Mrs. S. L 5.00 Morris, Mr. Edward 200.00 Morrison, Mrs. James W 10.00 Moss, Mrs. G. W 2.00 Murphy, Mr. Joseph 5.00 Murphy, Mr. J. Austin 2.00 Mutchnik, Mr. Harry 2.00 Myers, Mr. L. E 25.00 Nardi. Mr. Menotti 1.00 Newell, Mrs. O. S 5.00 Nicholes, Miss Anna E 2.00 Noel, Mr. Joseph R 5.00 Nolan, Mr. John H 2.00 Norcross, Mr. Frederic F 5 00 North, Mrs. H. L 5.00 North, Miss Dorothy 50.00 North, Mrs. Wm. S 50 00 Norton, Mrs. L. M 2.00 Nye, Mrs. James W 2.00 Oaklev. Mr. Horace S 2 00 Otis, Mrs. Joseph E 5.00 Page, Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin E 5.00 27 Page, Mrs. William R 20.00 Pagel, Miss Lydia Caroline 2.00 Palandech, Mr. John R 2.00 Paradise, Mrs. Maurice 2.00 Paradise, Miss Viola 5.00 Patterson, Miss Minnie L 2.50 Pauling, Mrs. E. G 3.00 Payson, Mrs. George S 10.00 Peasley, Mr. and Mrs. J. C 20.00 Peck, Mrs. Bronson 2.00 Peck, Mrs. Clarence 1 2.00 Peck, Mrs. Walter Leslie 15.00 Peirce, Mr. James H 10.00 Perkins, Mrs. H. F 2.00 Perry, Mrs. H. E 2.00 Pflaum, Mr. A. J 2.00 Phelps, Mrs. Anna M 5.00 Phillips, Miss H. G 2.00 Phillipson, Mr. Samuel 10.00 Pick, Mrs. George 2.00 Pierce, Mrs. C. B 5.00 Pilsen Lumber Co 12.00 Pond, Mr. Allen B 2.00 Poole, Mr. Ralph H 2.00 Pope, Mrs. George Jackson 5.00 Porter, Mrs. Edward C 2.00 Porter, Mr. H. H., Jr 20.00 Porter, Mr. George F 40.00 Porter, Mrs. H. H 100.00 Porter, Mrs. James F 5.00 Post, Mrs. Philip S 5.00 Pouska, Mr. Frank J 1.00 Preston, Miss Mary C 2.00 Price, Mr. Ira Maurice 2.00 Pusey, Dr. Brown 2.00 Pusey, Mrs. W. A 2.00 Quan, Mrs. James E 15.00 Raikc, Mr. Louis 2.00 Regensteiner, Mr. Theo 5.00 Reitler, Mr. Charles 10.00 ReQua, Mrs. W. B 2.00 Richards, Mr. R. C 2.00 Richardson, Mr. W. L 2.00 Ripley, Mrs. E. P 20.00 Ritchie, Mr. W 2.00 Robertson, Mrs. Lionel 225.00 Robins, Mrs. Raymond 75.00 Rosenbaum, Mrs. E. F 2.00 Rosenblatt, Mr. Samuel J 2.00 Rosenfeld, Mrs. Maurice 7.00 Rosenfield, Mrs. Morris S 2.00

Rosenwald, Mr. Julius 1 ,000.00 Rosenwald, Mrs. Julius 100.00 Rosenwald, Mr. and Mrs. L. J 20.00 Rothschild, Mr. Maurice L 5.00 Rubens, Mrs. Charles 2 00 Rufcovits, Mr. Tohv 5.00 Rumsey, Miss E. V 15.00 Rumsey, Miss Emily S 2.00 T^urasey, Mr. Henry A 5.00 28 Rumsey, Mrs. Henry A 5.00 Rumsey, Mr. Henry A., Jr 4.00 Rumsey, Miss Elizabeth 2.00 Rumsey, Miss Jean 2.00 Russell, Mr. Edward P 10.00 Ryerson, Mr. Martin A 100.00 Ryerson, Mrs. Edward L 25.00 Ryerson, Mr. Edward L 100.00 Samuels, Mr. Caesar 5.00 Sarver, Miss Martha M 5.00 Schaffner, Mr. Joseph 100.00 Schevill, Mr. Ferdinand 3.00 Schmidt, Mr. Otto L 5.00 Schwabacker, Mrs. Morris 1.00 Schwartz, Mr. Charles P 5.00 Schwartz, Mrs. S. L 2.00 Scott, Mr. and Mrs. Frank H 20.00 Scott, Mr. Frederick H 5.00 Scudder, Miss Alice B 2.00 Scudder, Mrs. J. Arnold 2.00 Sears, Mrs. N. C 2.00 Seipp, Mrs. Conrad 52.00 Selz, Mr. E. F lO.Oa Shaffner, Mr. Charles 2.00 Sheriflf, Mr. H. H 5.00 Shirk, Mrs. Milton 10.00 Shortall, Mr. and Mrs. John L 4.00 Shumway, Mrs. E. G 10.00 Silber, Mr. Clarence J 2.00 Silberman, Mr. Sigmund 50.00 Silberman, Mrs. Sigmund 15.00 Silvestri, Consul and Mrs. Hugo 4.00 Siman, Mr. John 2.00 Simon, Mrs. Henry 2.00 Sippy, Mrs. Bertram 2.00 Skinner, Miss Elizabeth 5.00 Skinner, Miss Frederika 5.00 Skinner, Mrs. Martha R 5.00 Smetana, Mr. Vaclav 2.00 Smith, Mrs. Byron 22.00 Smith, Mrs. Dunlap 2.00 Smith, Miss Mary Rozet 75.00 Snow, Mr. Albert T 2.00 Snydacker, Mr. A. M 2.00 Snydacker, Mr. Joseph G 52.00 Solomon, Mrs. Henry 2.00 Somerville, Mr. Robt 5.00 Spalding, Mrs. Charles 25.00 Spoor, Mr. A. J 5.00 Sprague, Mrs. A. A. II 2.00 Sprague, Mr. A. A. II 10.00 Stagg, Mr. A. Alonzo 2.00 Steele, Mrs. H. B 2.00 Stein, Mrs. Sidney 15.00 Steiner, Mr. E. A 2.00 Stephens, Mrs. Redmond D 10.00 Stepina, Mr. James F 2.00 Stewart, Mr. S. C 2.00 Stirling, Miss Dorothy 125.00 Stirling. Mr. William R 10.00 29 Stone, Mr. A. L 5.00 Stone, Dr. James S 2.00 Stone, Mrs, John Timothy 2.00 Straus, Mr. Meyer L 10.00 Straus, Mr. Ira E 2.00 Street, Mrs. Charles A 2.00 Stumer, Mr. Louis M 25.00 Sturges, Mr. W. G 5.00 Sturges, Miss Mary D 10.00 Sulzberger, Mr. S. L 5.00 Sunny, Mr. B. E 12.00 Swift, Mr. Edward F 10.00 Swift, Mr. Harold H 100.00 Taylor, Mrs. Louis S 2.00 Telling, Mrs. Annie 7^,00 Telling, Mrs. Irving 2.00 Tenney, Mrs. H. K 5.00 Throop, Mrs. George E 2.00 Tilt, Mrs. J. E 5.00 Towner, Mr. J. Dekowen 2.00 Tuttle, Mrs. H. N 3.00 Tuthill, Mr. F. H 2.00 Tyrrell, Mr. Frederick S 15.00 Tyson, Mrs. Russell 2.00 Uihlein, Mr. Edward G 2.00 Upham, Mrs. Frederic W 2.00 Urie, Mrs. J. F 2.00 Van Schaick, Miss E 5.00 Van Schaick, Mrs. A. G 5.00 Wacker, Mr. Chas. H 2.00 Wakem, Mrs. J. Wallace 2.00 Walker, Mrs. C. M 2.00 Walker, Mrs. Henry H 25.00 Walker, Mrs. James M 5.00 Walker, Mr. William B 5.00 Ward, Mrs. L. A. Coonley 10.00 Warner, Mr. Harold R 200.00 Warren, Mr. E. K 2.00 Weaver, Mr. George H 2.00 Webster, Mr. George H 25.00 Weide, Miss Lillian B 4.00 Weil, Mrs. J. E 2.00 West, Mrs. Frederick T 50.00 Wheeler, Mrs. Arthur D 2.00 Whitehead, Mrs. E. P 50.00 Whitman, Mrs. Russell 2.00 White, Miss Emma Gertrude 2.00 Wieboldt, W. A., & Co 50.00 Wilder, Mr. John E 25.00 Williams, Miss Alice 10.00 Williams, Miss Cornelia B 5.00 Wilmarth, Mrs. H. M 100.00 Wilson, Miss Martha 5.00 Wilson, Mrs. E. Crane 5.00 Winkelman, Mr. F. A 5.00 Winslow, Mrs. W. H 2.00 Winter, Mrs. Wallace C 5.00 Wisner, Mrs. G. M 3.00 Witkowsky, Miss Esther 5.00 Witkowsky, Mr. James 5.00 30 Woltersdorf, Mr. Arthur 4.00 WooUey, Mr. C. M 12.00 VVoolner, Mr. S. J 5.00 Wrenn, Miss Ethel 10.00 Yeomans Brothers 5.00 Younker, Mr. A 5.00 Zaleski, Dr. Jos. P 2.00 Zeisler, Mr. Sigmund 2.00 Zimmerman, Mrs. W. C 2.00 Zmrhal, Mr. J. J 10.00 SOCIETIES AND CLUBS

Babies' Friendly Societyi $ 10.00 Bohemian Woman's Club "Svoboda" 5.00 Bohemian Woman's Union, J. C. D. (Supreme Lodge) 25.00 Bohemian Sisters' Benevolent Union, S. P. J. (Su- preme Lodge) 25.00 Central Field Committee, Y. W. C. A 15.00 Chicago Council of Jewish Women 175.00 Chicago Woman's Aid 10.00 Chicago Woman's Club 50.00 Eleanor Association 5.00 Englewood Woman's Club 10.00 Isaiah Woman's Club 5.00 Jochannah Lodge, No. 9, V. O. T. S 10.00 Polish Women's Alliance 25.00 South Ladies' Progressive Charity Society 4.00 Will County Farmers' Institute 8.00 CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD SPECIAL FUNDS

Prof. Ernst Freund $ 70.00 Judge Julian W. Mack 50.00 Mr. Julius Rosenwald 333.00 Mr. David SufJerin 25.00 FOR PROMOTION OF EDUCATIONAL WORK AMONG ADULT IMMIGRANTS

Chicago Woman's Aid $ 10.00 Chicago Woman's Club 20.00 Englewood Woman's Club 10.00 Mrs. George S. Isham 70.00 CL.OHESEY A CO. PRINTER S lOa N. FIFTH AVSNUC CHICAGO THE IMMIGRANT AND THE WAR

Being the Ninth Annual Report

of the IMMIGRANTS' PROTECTIVE LEAGUE

FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31st. 1917

824 SOUTH HALSTED STREET, CHICAGO OBJECTS The objects of this org-anization shall be to apply the civic, social and philanthropic resources of the city to the needs of for- eigners in Chicago, to protect them from exploitation, to co-operate with the Fed- eral, State and local authorities, and with similar organizations in other localities, and to protect the right of asylum in all proper cases. MAY 2 5

OFFICERS, 1918.

Samuel Dauchy President Prof. George H. Mead First Vice-President Miss Jane Addams Second Vice-President Charles L. Hutchinson Treasurer Miss S. P. Brfxkinridge Secretary

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Mrs. Samuel Dauchy Mrs. Maurice L. Goodkind Prof. Ernst Freund Charles F. Harding Miss E. V. Rumsey

THE STAFF

Miss Grace Abbott (on leave of absence in Washington) Director Miss Mary Preston Superintendent Miss Helen Baranowska Mrs. Victoria Licci Miss Anna Erickson Mrs. Bozena Pavlik Joseph Holenia Miss Bozena Picha Mrs. Mary Jurgelionis Miss Nettie Richardson

(The following foreign languages are spoken by this group: Bohemian, German, Italian, Lettish, Lithuanian, Magyar, Polish, Russian, Slovak, and Yiddish.) BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Elected for the years 1916, 1917, and 1918

Edgar A. Bancroft Prof. Ernst Freund Miss S. P. Breckinridge Mrs. Esther Kohn Mrs. Israel Cowen Miss Julia C. Lathrop Bernard Flexner A. A. McCormick

Elected for the years 1917, 1918, and 1919 Miss Edith Abbott Miss Mary E. McDowell Alfred L. Baker Judge Julian W. Mack Samuel Dauchy Prof. George H. Mead Major Abel Davis George Pick Mrs. Maurice L. Goodkind Miss E. V. Rumsey

Elected for the years 1918, 1919 and 1920

Miss Jane Addams William C. Graves Mrs. Tiffany Blake Charles F. Harding Mrs. Ivan Bregowsky Dr. Emil G. Hirsch Mrs. Samuel Dauchy Harry A. Lipsky

Jaroslav J. Zmrhal Sr^urt nf tl|0 0uprrtitt^tt6^nt

During the year 1917, which we are considering, the United States has entered the war, and the profound change which this has made in our national life has necessarily had a marked effect upon immigration and the immigrant. As to the immigrant who is here, besides all the discomforts which he shares with the rest of us because of the war, he suffers from the greater curtailment of communication with relatives, the impossibility of sending to rela- tives in the war zones funds which he knows are so much needed, and, in many cases, the uncertainty as to his status in this country which he has made his home and where all his interests lie.

With the arriving immigrant there is an even greater change. This is typified in a way by the fact that the first act of war was the taking into custody by the Bureau of Immigration under the Direction of the Department of Labor o'f the officers and crew of all the German ships lying in American harbors. These men were placed in the dififerent Immigration Stations at both Pacific and Atlantic ports and were necessarily placed in the quarters usually allotted to arriving immigrants. This meant not only discomfort and congestion for those immigrants who were held for any reason at the ports, but the restrictions that are, of course, necessary when the stations became practically internment camps. THE SELECTIVE DRAFT

Among the recommendations made by Miss Abbott in her report for 1916 is the following: "If the United States enters the war, many Ruthenians, Poles, Croatians, Bohemians, Slovaks and Magyars as well as Germans who are still subjects of the Central Powers, because they have not been here long enough to be natural- ized, will look to the League to help them in the complications which may arise. It is to be hoped that the League will do for them what our previous work has led them to think we will." The United States did enter the war, and the organization has tried to carry out this recommendation. We have found, however, that not only the subjects of the Central Powers have needed us but all the non-English speaking peoples of Chicago, allied and neutral, as well as those who became technically alien enemies. Possibly the

best example of this, because of the volume of work it has involved, is our service in connection with the administration of the Selective Service Law.

The basis for the need of assistance was, as far as the first draft was concerned, the great complexity of the system of adminis- tration under the first regulations. The Provost Marshal General 5 ill his report on the first draft frankly admits this complexity, ex- plaining the lack of helpful precedent, the great haste in which the first regulations had to be prepared, and the difficulty the local boards had with the first voluminous instructions. Those of us who have lived all our lives in America knew that the complexity and resulting confusion occurred because Selective Military Service was so new a thing to the nation, but the immigrant with his intimate knowledge of the deeply rooted European military system was utterly bewildered. That is why the boards had to be explained to the immigrant and the immigrant to the boards.

Consider the background of the immigrant as to experience and training that would fit him to meet the highly technical demands of the first draft regulations. This group—the non-English speaking men between 21 and 30—naturally contains large numbers of rela- tively recent arrivals in America. With the great mass of them there is that tragic illiteracy or near illiteracy which is caused by the conscious withholding of education from them in the south- eastern European countries, and the fact that our educational sys- tem has not reached them because they arrived in the United States after they were over the compulsory education age, and our night school system is known to touch, if at all, only the outer rim of illiteracy.

In addition to this enforced lack of education they are familiar with a wholly different system of call for military service. They know a military system which begins with the birth registration of the child and is so constantly a part of every man's daily experience that its terms are matters of the most common knowledge. This is true, for example, of a boy who grows up in Italy, where he sees each autumn the young men go off to the chief city of their province for Austria-Hungary, assignment to service ; or in one of the countries of where an official appears in the village square and beats his drum and announces the call for service and the groups of young men gather for examination, singing and drinking and wearing gay flower cockades in their hats. There they move along with a stream and no responsibility is placed upon the individual. There their status as a drafted man, a delinquent or possibly a deserter is not depend- ent upon the uncertain mail service of crowded city neighborhoods. Many Italians registered on June 5, 1917, although they were not to be twenty-one until later in the year. They made this mistake be- cause they kept in mind the Italian system whereby all men who are born in a given year belong to the same military class irrespective of

the month o'f birth. A good illustration of the disastrous result of making a minor technical error is shown in the case of a Bohemian man who put his order number in the space reserved for his serial number. He was a married man with five children and the error meant that he was certified for military service. An adjustment of the matter 6 was apparently very difficult between the local and district board because it was not until December that the man received his dis- charge. Because of the size of his family every hour that was lost from work to appear before a board for further explanation was serious.

The inability of the immigrant to understand the technique that we Americans are so accustomed to is alarming at times when the seriousness of failure to make the proper response is realized. When we v/ere filling out questionnaires, as each was finished it was put into the franked envelope and sealed, and the registrant was in- structed to mail, in the nearest mail box. In the evening when we left the office we would sometimes find our wire mail box at the foot of the stairs filled with sealed questionnaires. One man had evidently recognized this as the nearest mail box ; and the other men as they came downstairs, had followed his example in depositing their questionnaires there.

To add to the hardship of not understanding the technique of the situation and what was expected of them in the way of response is the fact that in no situation of similar importance has the immi- grant been so misunderstood by the American public. Their degree of isolation from the current of thought of the community has been quite overlooked. The public does not know how many of them have experiences similar to those of an Italian man who was work- ing as a railroad section hand on construction work in a remote part in the Northwest last June. We have gone over with him very care- fully the facts in his experience concerning the draft. He is mar- ried and has a wife and child in Italy, and is illiterate. All the other men on the section were Greeks, which fact increased his isola- tion, and they also were illiterate. None of them knew of the Se- lective Service Law. One evening in June a policeman came out from the nearest town to the box cars where they were living and took all the men into town. Their names were taken and cards were given to them. When the group got back to the cars, they dis- cussed it and decided that it was because of a small strike that had taken place on the section a few days before. In November he came back to Chicago, according to his usual custom. He was lodging with an Italian family. In January, a postal card came to him which he asked the small boy in the family to read. It was then that he got his first explanation of his registration in June, and of the Selective Service Law, and this explanation was from a ten- year-old boy. The card was his notice of classification in class lA as a registrant who fails to submit a questionnaire. It was the first mail that he had received from his board and came to him in the following indirect way. An Italian man who had worked on a section near them in Montana went into the postoffice used by the men, and was asked if he could forward the card to the registrant in question. He said he would try, and sent it to a mutual friend of theirs in Chicago, who gave it to the registrant when they met by 7 accident on the street one day. This story is given in detail be- cause it contains so many of the elements of isolation that the im- migrant experiences.

Another great source of misunderstanding is something inher- ent in the Selective Service Law and quite beyond the control of the immigrant. This defect, recommendations for a change of which have been made by the Provost Marshal General to Congress, is the rule of the Selective Service Act which bases the apportionment of quotas on total population and yet draws the draft quotas from citizens and declarants only. In certain local board jurisdictions, in which the element of alien population exceeded 30 per cent of the total, the burden placed upon the citizen population was very great. It is not to be wondered at that the native-born and natural- ized citizens and the board members administering the law in such districts feel the injustice of it, but the only remedy is congres- sional action. Nothing can be gained by putting the blame for the situation on the alien.

Furthermore, it was not entirely a question of alienage among this group in regard to claims of exemption. The fact is often for- gotten that many of these men have wives and children in Europe for whom they felt quite as responsible as any man in this country, but on account of whom they could not ask for exemption from service, since it was specifically stated in the rules and regulations that "the dependency of relatives residing abroad who are not citi- zens of the United States, and who have not declared their inten- tions of becoming such, shall not be considered as grounds for dis- charge." This meant that in order to protect their dependents, they had to make a claim on the grounds of alienship. For instance, a Russian man has been in America four years and has a wife and child in Russia. They are refugees in Samara, but he is hearing from them regularly—about every two weeks—and has sent money regularly during 1917 for their support. He has his wife's letters, and the receipts for the money sent. He feels that there is no time when his wife and child will need his support more than they need it now with the conditions in Russia so distressing, and he there- fore wished to make a claim as an alien so that he can continue to send money. He found it very difificult and discouraging to make this claim.

Another type of man with dependents in Europe is a Croatian, who has been a citizen of the United States since 1914. He estab- lished a place for himself here in America, and in July, 1914, re- turned to Croatia to marry. The war broke out the following week, and he and his wife were unable to leave Austria because of war conditions. He stayed until the spring of 1915, when he had a chance to return to America, but did not feel that it was safe to bring his wife and young baby because of submarine dangers. It was his intention, however, to bring them as soon as conditions per- mitted. Up until December, 1916, he had sent money regularly for 8 their support, but when it became impossible for him to send money with any safety or possibiHty of dehvery, he stopped. He knows, however, from news brought by landsmen, that friends of his in his village in Croatia are advancing money to his wife and child which he will have to repay after the war. He considers that his claim on the grounds of dependency should be considered, and it was very difficult for him to reconcile himself to the decision of the local and the district board that he was subject to service in spite of his de- pendents. Our work has not been fundamentally a matter of helping with claims of exemption, but of trying to interpret the men to the boards and the boards to the men, especially during the first draft. It has been interesting to the League to see that three departures in the new regulations which, according to the Provost Marshal General, were built upon the experience in the first draft, have been to create machinery to do the three things that the League attempted to do for the relatively small group that we were able to reach and ad- minister to. This is contained in the regulations providing for (1) the employment of interpreters by the boards, (2) the creation of the legal advisory boards who were authorized "to advise registrants of the true meaning and intent of the Selective Service Law and of these regulations, and of assisting registrants to make full and truthful answers to the questionnaire and to aid generally in a just administration of the law," and (3) the designation of government appeal agents who were given very broad powers to assist just such groups. Their duties are "to care for the interests of the ignorant registrants, and where the decision of the local board is against the interests of such persons, and where it appears that such persons will not take appeals, due to their own non-culpable ignorance, to inform them of their rights and assist them to enter appeal to the district board." This is the clearest possible recognition of the need of assistance, and that the government wishes to have a full pro- tection of their interests. If the government appeal agents, vested with these powers, understand the difficulties of these "ignorant registrants," there will be no question of a lack of protection of their interests.

With the local boards we had wide connections, as our work was not confined to Chicago, but covered thirty-two states. With most of the boards we had very cordial relations, as they realized that we could be of assistance to them. Through our correspon- dence, we finally became so well known by out-of-town boards that from many sections came requests from them to locate non-English speaking men who had moved to Chicago from their jurisdictions, and at the height of the questionnaire season we found in our mail box almost every day questionnaires which we were asked to get to registrants who had moved. From one local board in Washington a letter came concerning a Bohemian man who had left the North- west for Chicago, leaving with his local board the information that he had no permanent address in Chicago, but if they would write to the Immigrants' Protective League we would find him. We did. In Chicago also, many of the boards realized that we could be useful to them and sent non-English speaking men to us for assist- ance. One board had directions about reaching us on the printed slips of instructions that they gave out to their men. It happened to be a remote board, but many came. We realized at the start that it was important for the boards to have disinterested interpreters so that there could be a basis of understanding, and we made an ofifer to all the Chicago boards *to supply interpreters, as no provision was made in the first rules and regulations for their employment. In many neighborhoods the members of the boards or the clerks spoke the language of the men, but that did not always solve the difftculty, as they did not have time to give the amount of information the immigrant needed. W^e supplied six boards that asked for interpreters, and this meant the services of ten persons, since we supplied two boards with as many as three persons at the same time, covering different languages. Part of the time we even loaned members of our own stafif, al- though they were much needed in the office. One board asked in great haste for a Japanese interpreter within an hour, and we were able to get one to them within the time specified in their request. How eager the men were to consult persons who could advise them in their own language is illustrated by the case of a Russian who lived in a small town in Cook County where there were few Rus- sians, and who heard in a roundabout way that at one of the Chicago boards was a man who spoke Russian. This was a member of our staff whom we had loaned to that board 'for a while. The Russian took a day off from work to come in to consult his fellow-country- man about his draft difficulties. Because we were in close touch with the local boards, we real- ized clearly how great their difficulties were, the personal sacrifice the work meant to the members of the boards, the great haste that was required of them, and the unfairness which resulted in immi- grant neighborhoods from the method of apportioning quotas. We were therefore glad to help explain to the bewildered immigrant the unavoidable confusions that arose in order to obtain from him an understanding of the seeming injustice. For example, one Italian who had a family in Chicago and was an alien was sent to camp, instead of his single cousin who had the same name. The mistake was discovered before he left, but the mobilization machin- ery was hard to stop, and the local board assured him they would get him out of the army in a very short time. The board was sin- cere in its desire to rectify the error which was so very hard for the man and his family to understand. There were some injustices, however, that seemed avoidable. Often the source was some insubordinate clerk, but occasionally it was the lack of vision on the part of the board members who had 10 been entrusted with the work, and who could not stand up under the strain of holding that amount of power over their neighbors. The situation is that Congress passed a law allowing specific rights to certain groups and some local boards who do not approve of this part of the law, took upon themselves to withhold these rights on their own responsibility or to make the registrants so uncomfortable that they relinquished their rights, instead of realizing that congres- sional action is the only legitimate method of changing the situation. In a letter that we received from one out-of-town board, the chair- man states plainly, ''This board is not giving deferred classification to aliens, not enemies." Our concern is, of course, the danger that this withholding of rights may do in creating unrest and discord.

From a local board in town a registrant came to us who had not reported for physical examination at the proper time. When we explained the seriousness of this and questioned him as to his reason, he said that he was afraid to go, that every one who went to the board was arrested. There was some basis for his fear, as at that board there were many policemen and arrest after arrest. A neighboring local board in just as complex a neighborhood accom- plished the same tasks without having the police at the board and without making arrests—and their patience and just treatment of the men means that they have a readier acquiesence to all require- ments and that a foundation of distrust is not being laid in that neighborhood. Our connection with the appeal boards started when the men began to receive, under the regulations, their certifications to military service as not having made any claims of exemption or discharge. Many men who were asked at the time of examination whether they had first papers, and who answered "no," or whether they were married and answered "yes," and had no further remarks made to them, or could not understand the remarks that were made, left the board offices feeling that they had completed all necessary arrange- ments for exemption or discharge. The arrival, therefore, of the notice that they were held for service was bewildering and meant that they had to find out somewhere what to do next.

This avalanche, diverted from the local boards, descended on the district boards ; and since, in general, all the men who had legitimate claims and presented them properly to the district boards were ultimately discharged, it simply meant a great burden of extra work for these boards. It was exactly the kind of thing that we had known could be avoided if the men could have had disinterested information at their local boards. At one of the local boards, we had supplied three interpreters, beginning the first day of the exam- inations, one member of our stafif and two other excellent persons. They were not permitted to speak to the men concerning their rights or the methods of claiming them, but only to interpret at the doctors' examination. The result was that from that particular board hundreds of men, according to our records, had to have their 11 claims handled by the district board and to receive their exemptions from that board. We, of course, fully appreciated that much of this also was due to the newness of the machinery and the un famil- iarity of some of the boards with the groups in their jurisdiction, but the immigrants did not understand this, and were further be- wildered.

When this avalanche descended on the district boards, they sent many of the non-English speaking men to us for the prepara- tion of affidavits explaining the individual misunderstanding and, in the case of aliens, a proof of alienship which the district boards required, either an affidavit from the proper consul or, if that was impossible, as it was in many cases because of the lack of pass- ports, affidavits from two of the registrant's friends who had known him in the old country. When the mobilization to camps began, new confusions arose, which we also recognized as inherent in the system as originally worked out, and as caused largely by the passing of the juris- diction from the boards to the military authorities, but again bewildering to the simple people and demanding explanation. It meant that men who had legitimate claims pending before the ap- peal boards, which would probably be granted, received the "pink cards" which were final notices and meant entrainment for camp. We were particularly grateful for our established connection with the district boards, so that it was possible to arrange through them for an extension of time until the decision could be reached.

That many men were sent to camp who did not know how to arrange this extension of time, is evidenced by the requests we have had from men in camps, or relatives in Chicago, for information as to possible release, containing explanations of the helplessness of the men to step out of the stream of mobilization. The importance in having been able to stop entrainment aside from the hardship to the men or families in having their normal life and work unneces- sarily interrupted, was the expense saved to the government in trans- porting these men, maintaining them in camps, and training them when they were to be ultimately released. It was not always pos-

sible to arrange with the local boards to stop the entrainment ; and in our small experience, forty-seven men were sent to camp who had legitimate claims pending before the district boards, and in ad- dition thirty-two men who should not have been sent were released when the matter was called to the attention of the proper authori- ties.

One man was sent who had already been exempted by his dis- trict board, and of course this, to the individual, loomed as a great injustice. When we called this to the attention of the district board they replied, "The man was apparently never legally inducted into service, but was placed there through some error or unwarranted exercise of authority."

12 Altogether, 2,484 men came to the office in 1917* for services with regard to the draft, some asking help in connection with the first draft, others for services on the (juestionnaire and classifica- tion, and others for both first draft and classification.

The League is extremely grateful for this experience with the draft. It gave us a chance to know the temper of the two groups whom we are trying to interpret to each other in a situation that is representative of the times. We have also re-established our con- tact with some immigrant groups which we have not known so well since the days when they passed through our office on Plymouth court directly from Europe. These are the groups who are shut ofl in an isolation that they emerge from even with the League only under the pressure of a distinct emergency.

IMMIGRATION DURING THE IVAR

With reference to the regular work of the League, which was carried on through 1917, it was, of course, affected by the 'fact that immigration is still "irregular, sporadic, and to some extent, abnor- mal," as it is spoken of by the Commissioner-General of Immigra- tion in his report for 1916. This means that it is still a difficult immigration to handle promptly and effectively, as the individuals come under distressing circumstances from conditions which meant their physical impoverishment before starting, and they have been long out of touch with their relatives here, so that the possibility of detention, pending the location of relatives, is increased.

For the fiscal year ending June, 1917, 295,403 immigrant aliens arrived, or 3,423 less than in 1916. The percentage of rejections is still high, being 4.2 per cent, as compared with 2.3 per cent in 1914, the last year of normal immigration, due, according to the Commissioner-General of Immigration, to the poor condition of im- migrants because of war conditions and the possibility of closer in- spection on account of decreased numbers.

Attention should be called particularly to the increase of immi- gration to our Pacific ports. According to the report of the Com- missioner-General of Immigration for 1917, concerning the port of Seattle, the total number of applicants for admission represent an increase of more than 21 per cent over the figures for the preced- ing year. To quote the report, "This increase is caused largely by the number of Russian refugees who arrived during the year, the increase in this nationality being more than 65 per cent." The event in 1917 of next importance to the immigrant after our entry into the war is the new Immigration Law, which went into effect on May 1st. It is not yet possible to judge the full effect of the new restrictive measures. So far, however, the point that

*Up to February 15, 1918, the number served in these ways was 2,940, of whom 937 came in connection with the first draft. 1,811 for aid in filling out their questionnaires, and 192 for both draft and questionnaire. 13 —

the League has made in considering these measures, which include the much discussed ilHteracy test, that those who will suffer most from this particular clause are the women who have the courage to start out on the journey alone without being destined to a father or a husband, has been demonstrated. The first case of rejection on account of illiteracy that came to our notice was typical of this a Roumanian Jewish girl who had lived in Brazil, but who immi- grated to the United States from Brazil to be with a sister in Chi- cago. She was deported as illiterate. Within two months the sister received a simple letter from her written in Yiddish saying that she was progressing and hoped to be able to pass the test when she arrived again. Another point of importance to the immigrant is the improved methods of inspection and, in the case of aliens cer- tified for mental defects, the provision that they may appeal from the original decision to a board of medical officers of the United States Public Health Service, and may introduce before this board one expert medical witness at their own expense. This allows greater protection to the border line cases.

The Protection of the Immigrant Upon Arrival

During the year, matters which dealt with the actual arrival of the immigrant have required intensified service. The services may begin before the sailing from Europe, as in the case of those coming from Scandinavian countries, when the different Scandinavian steamship lines require an affidavit from the relatives here before the order for a prepaid ticket will be issued.

A service that is especially important now is the locating of friends and relatives, because of the incorrect addresses which the immigrant brings, or the total lack of address. This is caused both by the long period during which they have had no communication with their relatives in America who may have moved many times, and because in many instances the treasured addresses on slips of paper that in normal times the immigrant cherished as an open sesame into the country and which were so much a part of our work in the old days, have been taken away from them by the military authorities in Europe under the ruling that no written matter can be taken from the country. This may mean long detentions in the congested stations at the ports of entry while the relatives are being located. Many illustrations of this difficulty were encountered in May, upon the arrival of a Holland-America liner with thousands of refugees from the war zone. Most of these people had come from the territory on the eastern front which had been crossed and re- crossed by the armies and finally occupied by the Central Powers. Most of them arrived in Holland about the time when diplomatic relations were broken between the United States and Germany, and because of this and the increased submarine dangers there were few sailings from Holland. Some of them had to remain in Rotterdam 14 —

for five months, depending on organizations there and the care that the steamship company was able to give to them. The groups in- cluded more than a thousand Jews. The journey that they had made from Poland was filled with hardships and was long and ex- pensive. The new immigration law went into effect while they were waiting at the neutral port, and this meant that the new restrictive measures worked a hardship on some who would have been ad- mitted could they have come directly to their destination. To add to other difficulties, they arrived in America at the time when the country, and particularly the immigration stations, were adjusting themselves to a state of war, and it was not possible for the gov- ernment to allow the immigrant agencies at the port of New York to give these new arrivals the specialized care which they were or- ganized to give.

When the immigrant is detained for some reason, we are, of course, asked by the relatives or friends for assistance in presenting to the proper officials evidence of their willingness and ability to help those detained if permission is given them to enter the United States. Because of the difficult conditions of coming, the large num- ber of rejections, land the discomforts of detention, the proper pre- sentation of facts is at present of the greatest importance, and re- quires more intensified work than in normal times. For example, in the case of an Italian girl who came alone, destined to a sister and an uncle, and who was excluded as likely to become a public charge, we investigated for her appeal and assisted the relatives in connection with the bond which was required for her admission. The bond further requires a report from the bondsman, who is her uncle, every six months, and these he asks us to submit for him each time, as he is illiterate. It is interesting to note her continued satisfactory showing in spite of the original excluding decision.

In addition to the difficulties of arrival for those who are ad- mitted, is the problem of those who are rejected but cannot be deported because of war conditions and the great danger to the immigrant in such deportation. The Bureau has continued its policy of admitting some of these immigrants to relatives or organizations on bonds which guarantee that the immigrant will be produced for deportation when conditions permit. The relatives have continued to come to us for the explanation of the terms of the bond and for the arrangement by correspondence. But if no relatives can be found for the arriving immigrant, which may be the cause of ex- clusion, and the Department does not consider it proper to release this immigrant to an organization, it means a long demoralizing wait —virtually imprisonment. This is particularly hard if the rejection is not on physical grounds and the immigrant is a normal person to whom inactivity is distressing. For example, two Italian girls sisters, 26 and 19 years of age—came together, arriving early in October. The older one was excluded as illiterate and is still at Ellis Island. We have reports that a New York immigration so- 15 ciety is teaching her to read ItaHan, so there is a possibihty of her ultimate admission if she makes sufficient progress. The long de- tention is, however, trying. Another group upon which this works a hardship are those sufifering from one of the contagious diseases causing exclusion. If the relatives cannot afford to pay the $2.75 a day which is charged for hospital services at the ports, if treat- ment is allowed, the immigrant must be held indefinitely without treatment. This payment requires a great sacrifice on the part of the relatives, as in the case of a fifteen-year-old girl who arrived in the autumn with her mother and younger sister, and is still being treated for trachoma at the port of entry. To this number are also added those who have been found to be in this country in violation of the Immigration law and ordered deported, with deportation impossible. There were, during the last fiscal year, 694 of these and the Department maintained in general the same policy towards them. This group, however, comes less frequently to our notice than those rejected at the ports.

Immigration to Pacific Ports

The difficulties of the trip from Europe by way of Holland have already been mentioned, and they are possibly greater by way of the Pacific, through Manchuria and Japan. The time and ex- pense nearly always exceed the estimate made, since long delays are common at Harbin or Yokohama. This is very hard for the rela- tives who may be sending money from America for the trip. For example, a Russian Jew who has been in America four years, sent for his wife and two children, specifying a route which was closed to travel by the time the tickets reached the family. When he first came to us, the family had started on money that they had, but were stranded in Harbin and wrote for 600 roubles for further transportation. They were being sheltered temporarily by a benevo- lent Jewish family. The man did not have money to send as, not expecting his family to start so soon, he had invested his savings in a new horse and wagon. In addition, over a hundred dollars was tied up in the steamship tickets that could not be used. Again, another Jewish family, consisting of a woman and four children, came as far as Seattle and then wired for money to com- plete the trip. When we interviewed the husband, he told us that twelve weeks previous he had sent three hundred roubles to his wife, advising her to leave by the way of Denmark. She was unable to do this, but used the money to get to Harbin, and from there wrote for 900 roubles. This amount he cabled, but it did not reach her for eight weeks. This quite exhausted his resources, and the difficulty of raising the money for the trip from Seattle to Chicago was very great and meant a long wait at Seattle on the part of the wife and children. We have been asked by immigration organizations on the coast to meet immigrants who are going through to points in the East and 16 to help them with their transfer in Chicago. Although the numbers are not large, this service is of great importance. Because of the irregularity of their arrival and the small numbers at one time, no special routine care is maintained for them at the stations. We are often able to perform other services for immigrants whom we meet in this way. We were requested by one of the trans- continental railroads to meet two Russian-Jewish men. They had intended to go on to New York, but decided to stay in Chicago, and we obtained the refund on the unused portion of their railroad tickets. In addition, we located for one of the men his brother in Philadelphia, for whom he had no address.

Some of the women and children arrive in a dazed or hysterical condition, because of hardships which they have endured. We have seen groups of Russian women and children arriving in mid-winter still wearing only the thin cotton clothes that they wore when they left Russia in a warmer season.

Attention has been called in former reports to the delay in car- rying out the law secured in Congress in 1913, providing for immi- grant inspectors on trains and official supervision of those arriving in Chicago. No mention was made of this matter in the report of the Commissioner-General for 1917, and the constant changes in the explanations offered in previous reports for the failure to make an effort to secure the maximum amount of protection possible un- der the law makes it seem doubtful that the Commissioner-General is considering plans for this protection under the law for the re- sumption of immigration. Because of the conditions of arrival which have been described, we are still convinced that this could be an excellent time to work out these plans.

Crossing the Canadian Border

The war has made immigration into Canada more difficult, and many men have been turned back to the Canadian border during the year. One Russian refugee who had entered the United States at Seattle, and whose parents were living in Quebec, could not enter Canada under the Order-in-Council prohibiting the entry of ,an im- migrant "who has come to Canada otherwise than by continuous journey from the country of which he is a native or naturalized citizen, and upon a through ticket purchased in that country or prepaid in Canada." This meant that after his long journey, he could not go to his parents' home. All that we could do for him was to obtain a refund on the unused portion of his ticket.

A Lithuanian who had lived in Canada for about six years had acquired property and had become a Canadian citizen, came to the United States to visit relatives at Christmas time, in 1916. As he had been working very steadily for years, he took a long vacation, visiting various relatives. When he got to the Canadian border on his return trip, he was refused admission. His home and all his 17 : .

interests were in Canada. It was not until after four months of steady correspondence with the Immigration Authorities in Ottawa that they decided to admit him. BUREAU OF INFORMATION AND SOCIAL SERVICE ESPECIALLY FOR NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING IMMIGRANTS.

In addition to our efforts to safeguard the journey of the im- migrant the League maintains three other hnes of work: (1) a bureau of information and social service for those unable to speak English; (2) promotion of education work for the adult immi- grant; (3) advice and information as to employment. This plan was followed out in general in 1917 as in the previous year, but the sum- mary for the year shows many changes in the type of work done because of the fundamental changes in national affairs during the year.

The total number of men and women who came to the League to complain of some injustice or to ask for advice was 4,911, show- ing an increase of 1,472 over the number for last year. The na- tionality of those 4,911 who applied to the League in 1917 for as- sistance was as follows

Polish 1134 Lithuanian 773 Italian 659 Russian 528 Greek 427 Jewish, Russian, Austrian, Hungarian, Roumanian & German. 349 Bohemian and Moravian 274 Croatian 150 Magyar 128 Dalmatian 93 Slovak 85 Scandinavian 71 German from Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia 45 Ruthenian 44 Bosnian 17 All others 134

4911

It is interesting to note that the numbers have steadily in- creased each month during the year. There was an increase of 133 per cent in the last six months over the first six months. This was in large measure due to the numbers, 2,484, who came in 1917 in connection with the Selective Draft.

18 PREVENTION OF EXPLOITATION.

Each year we have spoken of immigrant banks as a source of danger. During 1917 the state legislature passed a new banking law which will be submitted to the vote of the people at the next general election for ratification. This is a bill that the League has been following closely, and it contains some of the provisions sug- gested by the organization, notably that clause which will safe- guard the transmission of money abroad.

The private banking situation is improved this year. Many of the smaller banks which were such a source of exploitation to the immigrant have gone out of existence, and some of the larger private ones in immigrant neighborhoods have become state banks. This improvement is probably due to (1) the loss of confidence in the smaller banks because of the many failures in 1916, (2) lack of business in transmission of money and steamship tickets, (3) the impending banking legislation.

There have, however, been failures that involved loss to the immigrant, and we have had some complaints against the most in- formal kind of banks. For instance, an immigrant arranged for the transmission of 800 crowns to Hungary through a small bank connected with a restaurant. The restaurant owner was a reputa- ble man and well-to-do, but his banking partner departed the day after this particular transaction, took place with; all the bank funds. He had accepted the money for transmission April sixth when it had become impossible to send money to Hungary. The remaining partner was seriously ill, but a refund was arranged for through his wife.

The most profitable business during the year for the banks that remain has been the selling of foreign money ; and there is, of course, in this a chance to defraud the ignorant purchaser. Many of these former bankers, however, keep their connection with the immigrant in various profitable ways. An example is the abundant harvest that they reaped from filling out draft affidavits and ques- tionnaires.

Many of those immigrants who tried to send money to rela- tives in Europe, usually through banks which did not explain to them fully how great was the probability that the money could not be delivered, were much bewildered when the money was returned to them after the failure in delivery with a deduction for the de- preciation in rate of exchange. Many came to us for an explana- tion before they would accept the refund. Sometimes we had a hard time, after we had made sure that it was the correct amount, to convince them of the inevitability of the loss. Two Polish men who came from the same village in Galicia had this experience in trying to send money to their wives. One of our visitors went with them to the Bank in an endeavor to have them understand. They were not satisfied at first, however, and decided to go to a 19 :

lawyer downtown who had promised to make the collection in return for 50 per cent of the amount. They were saved from this by the fact that our visitor held the receipts and did not give them up until the men were convinced and accepted the refund. Sometimes we have service that ought to be performed by others thrust upon us because of our specialized language equip- ment. An example of this is the case of a Lithuanian woman who was injured in one of the large industries in the city and had never since been able to use her arm, although the Company insisted that there was nothing the matter with it. She engaged a lawyer who took the matter before the Industrial Commission but failed to obtain an award for the permanent injury. Because we were con- vinced that compensation should have been given under the law, our Lithuanian visitor took the matter into her own hands and by care- ful and persistent work through the assistance of a physician whose advice was secured by a member of the Executive Committee an award was obtained before the Lidustrial Commission without the expense and complication of an appeal which the lawyer had planned. THE EDUCATION OF THE ADULT IMMIGRANT.

One of the things that our experience with the Selective Draft demonstrated most clearly was the importance of pushing the work of increasing satisfactory educational opportunities for the adult immigrant. We have, therefore, put as much time as possible into this. Based on the plans made during 1916 by the Joint Committee on the Education of the Adult Immigrant, composed of delegates from the Chicago Association of Commerce, the Union League Club, the City Club, the Woman's City Club, the Chicago Woman's Club, the Englewood Woman's Club, the Chicago Woman's Aid, and the Immigrants' Protective League, we continued the follow-up sys- tem in a chosen school to secure the prompt re-attendance of those who drop out for temporary reasons, for instance, the beginning of the busy season in their trade, temporary change to night work, or

illness or fear of falling behind the class. .

A report was made last year concerning the beginning of this demonstration of the value of this system. The work has been continued this year with the help of the same committee. The "visiting teacher" is a man who speaks Lithuanian, Polish, German and Russian. The work continued in the Mcx\llister School as described last year through the regular school year. The visiting teacher has continued visiting those who dropped out of school. Up to the end of the evening school term in March the number and nationality of these were as follows

Lithuanian 92 Polish 27 20 :

German ^ Others ^

129

Oi this number, 28 could not be found either because the ad- dress was incorrect or the men had moved.

The reasons given for leaving by those interviewed were as follows

Industrial -+8 Overtime work 26 Working nights 4 Hours too long to get to school by 7 p.m 6 Work too exhausting 5 Home work in case of girls 4 No work 3 Discouraged over progress in school 10 Indifferent about learning English 3 Illness or family situation 18 All other reasons 22

Total 101

Three of those who were discouraged over the progress made had changed their work and were attending the Day Adult School at the Jones School. These three were Lithuanians. In this con- nection it is interesting to note that Mr. Brown, the principal of the Jones School, has had an increasingly large enrollment of Lithu- anians although the school is not near the Lithuanian districts.

Of those visited, 48 returned to school and 42 others whom the visiting teacher met in the course of these visits and who had not attended school, came. How many came as a result of the publicity which he gave the school in the Lithuanian newspapers, at meetings, through letters, circulars, etc. cannot be so definitely de- termined.

At the end of the regular evening school session in March the visiting teacher made a canvass of the classes to determine the number desiring to continue work, with the result that the classes were continued at the Holden School, one of the 14 schools to re- main open. The importance of the work is here demonstrated, as every change of this kind usually means the loss of many stu- dents. In connection with this change, 149 were visited, and 36 men returned and 35 new pupils came. The reason that more of the 149 did not return was because they had moved to other parts of the city or left town—or were doing overtime work. Another change was necessary when these 14 schools, whicli were community centers, closed, and those students who still wished to continue were 21 :

moved to Mark White Square, one of the municipal parks, with one teacher. Naturalization of Applicants

The NaturaHzation Office has been sending out a letter to appli- cants and petitioners for naturaHzation, urging them to attend the evening schools. Mr. Sturgis, Chief Naturalization Examiner, fur- nished us with the names of 143 of these who lived in this district, and they were visited by the visiting teacher. The nationality of these was as follows

Lithuanian 33 Irish 16 Polish 15 Russian 14 German 12 All others 41 Nationality not given 12

143

Fiftv-five of these had moved out of the district, and the ad- dresses of 25 others were found incorrect and could not be located. Only seven were attending evening school when visited and two had

been in attendance ; twelve considered themselves prepared for natu- ralization, and our visitor felt these would have no difficulty in pass- ing the examinations. The reasons given for failure to attend were about the same as those given by. the students who drop out of the evening classes. For example, 31 gave overtime or night work as the reason for their failure to attend. Eleven enrolled at once as a result of our visits and others promised to attend.

The Change to the Armour School

Because the McAllister School is no longer in the population center of this district and is very badly situated for an evening school because it is back from the lighted streets and surrounded by vacant lots, many of the women and some of the men felt timid about attending. It was therefore arranged with the Board of Education to change the classes to the Armour School for the fall term. In the spring and early summer, in order to familiarize the men with the art and educational opportunities in Chicago, the men from the classes w^ere taken on Sundays by the visiting teacher to the exhibits and the concerts at the Art Institute and to the Field Museum. A fund had been given to the League to cover the inci- dental expenses of these trips. These groups were as large as 15 at times. When the evening classes are about to begin in the fall the plan is for the visiting teacher to give them publicity through ar- 22 tides in the foreign press and through the neighborhood organiza- tions and the local churches. This fall there was no difficulty in ob- taining numbers—the capacity of the school was taxed by the initial attendance of 300. The problem this year has been a little different because of the new basis on which everything moves. It has meant more adjusting and explaining by the visiting teacher who could understand the perplexities of the pupils. At first the Board of Education and the teachers failed to feel the pulse of the groups, and there was unnecessary misunderstanding and suspicion on the part of the pupils. The fact is, that during the autumn term 113 men dropped out, many of them because of these misunderstandings. At one time, one whole class disappeared. Our visitor ran down the cause—papers which the men were asked to sign and did not understand. Over and over again the statement was made to the visitor that the men did not like to have "politics" in the school and that they would rather go to a Lithuanian school and pay to be taught English and nothing else. The visitor succeeded in stilling the rumor in the neighborhood that anything was to be forced upon the pupil in the schools, but only 31 of the 113 came back. He succeeded, however, in getting 156 new ones to fill their places. Another illustration of his use in ferreting out the cause of falling off of attendance is shown in one special class composed of about 18 women which started out well but began to dwindle very soon. The visitor was able to discover, because of the confidence the pupils had in him, that the teacher was inefficient, that she was not trained for this special work she was teaching. As soon as it was called to the attention of the school authorities and a change was made, the attendance revived again. The principal of the Armour School was much pleased with the work, and we have had requests from other principals for the same service. It was planned to extend this work to another school this year, but the coal situation prevented this.

Classes for the Immigrant Mother

Our other educational venture has been with the immigrant mother, in an attempt to adapt the public school system to her needs. It is, of course, well known that she is peculiarly isolated, and very little effort has been made to bring to her the kind of information and equipment that she needs in order to become a more effective member of even her own group, where she is also overlooked in the absorbing adjustment to new conditions. What may be done by some one able to speak the language of these eager, hard-working women and understand their spirit, has been shown by the experiments which we have made with these groups during this summer, when classes were organized for them in the public schools. The work was done by a combination of organizations, the Chicago Woman's Club, the Woman's City Club, the Visiting Nurse 23 Association and the Women's Committee of the State Council of National Defense and was made possible by the willingness of the Board of Education to open the schools for the classes during the summer, supplying the equipment and especially trained teachers for any kind of classes that were asked for. These arrangements were made by the organizations mentioned, and the Immigrants' Pro- tective League did the work of organization. How very difficult it was to break through the traditions and customs brought partly from Europe and partly accjuired here and to get the women to ar- range their afifairs so that they could enter the classes, few can appreciate, and it seems perfectly permissible to say that much of the success of the venture, for a very good foundation was laid, was due to the skillful organizing work of the League's visitors. The plan in general was to have two kinds of classes—domestic science and English—although the real purpose at first was to get the women into the public schools, to have them realize that they belonged there, to keep them interested and to teach them as much English as possible. The women's organizations that were working with us arranged for the care of the children who came with the mothers, and the Visiting Nurse Associaion had a nurse present each time to look the children over for possible sources of infection. Three different nationalities were organized, Italian, Lithuanian and Polish, covering six schools and the preliminary work in a seventh. The organization work differed widely with the different groups, but the classes were on the same general plan—cooking and practical English. With the Italians, four schools were tried, representing differ- ent types of Italians and therefore different neighborhoods. The Italian women were particularly difficult, and it meant the most con- stant visiting to keep up the enrollment. Our visitor made over nine hundred visits for this work during the year. The basis for organization in three schools was the Parent- Teacher Association which our visitor had previously formed. In one school in what might be called a "poor neighborhood" the classes were composed almost entirely of women who were receiving or applying for mothers' pensions and had to complete their natural- ization. The value in having the work done by some one who can un- derstand the women and have their confidence is shown by some of the adjustments that had to be made. In one school, attendance dwindled because of a persistent rumor that a bomb had been placed in the basement of the school and all should stay away. At another school the mothers became distrustful of the school because they thought the girls were being kept after school to prevent their going to their preparations for first communion. Our visitor was able to explain that the girls were being trained for a pageant and that the recreation director did not know of the church classes at the same hour. 24 With the Polish women there were two flourishing groups, one for cookery composed of women of longer residence in the United States and one for English lessons for those who spoke almost no English. The attendance in the English lessons averaged 19 pupils a lesson and was as large as 30 at times. These women showed great eagerness and their progress under a very skillful teacher was most satisfactory. The spirit of the class was very good—there was a professional tone in the teaching and none of the condescension that is so often present when immigrant women unused to instruction are taught. The Lithuanian classes were also based on the Parent-Teacher Association formerly organized in this school. This is a very am- bitious group of women showing regular attendance, averaging about 18 women a lesson. They took the cooking lessons quite seriously, as they were eager to learn new methods of preparing food and of doing household things. Each week the receipts were translated for them by the visitor. They deserve a more carefully planned course of instruction than they received during this ex- perimental period. With the reopening of day school this class was changed to an evening one and the attendance was kept up through the efforts of our visitor. INTERPRETING FOR OTHERS

It has been encouraging to watch the growth of realization on all sides, of the importance of reaching the immigrant before he has learned English, using his own language as the medium of com- munication. This growth the League has seen in the constant de- mands for the visitors of the League by other organizations and groups. We are not able to fill all the requests for this and when we cannot send our own visitors we often are asked to supply other foreign speaking persons. Sometimes the request is for lec- tures, sometimes for organization work, sometimes for an inter- preter only. The organizations have included the Women's Com- mittee of the State Council of National Defense for lectures on Food Conservation, and a public school system outside of Chicago, which wanted to do the kind of work that is being done by the visiting teacher in the Armour School.

With the organization of all the fervent new work that has been started this year with immigrant groups, we are asked to help, and with the initial meeting, because of our long experience and close contact with the groups.

This service of organizing and interpreting is limited by the smallness of our staff' and the multitude of demands on our visitors' time. The great demand this year for this is another example of the increasing consciousness of the nation to its immigrant popula- tion, and we hope, its increasing sense of responsibility for a sympa- thetic adjustment. 25 All of this is in addition to our old connections, the various public and private agencies, to assist whom we have always held our language equipment in readiness. RECOMMENDATIONS

As in 1916, plans cannot be as definitely laid as in former years. The organization can only hold itself in readiness to perform the services needed by the immigrant as conditions change. We can keep in contact with the groups who already know us and, if our resources permit, widen this contact to new groups, ^^^e have had a few opportunities to see, for example, that the constantly increas- ing number of Mexicans in Chicago need advice and assistance of the same type that we are giving to other new groups.

All of this means that we must continue the forms of work which Ave are now doing. The service for the individual immigrant, including the protection upon arrival and the prevention of ex- ploitation and other assistance to adjustment, is designed not only that the high ideals of America which the individual immigrant brings with him may not be lost in his first contact with the Ameri- can community, but also to obtain the information on which our program of sympathetic and constructive Americanization may be kept vital to the moment.

The work of adapting the public schools to the educational needs of the adult immigrant is of the greatest importance, and it is hoped that we can follow up the experiments we have made and extend this work.

We feel that the work of this year has clearly shown that in spite of decreased immigration, both the immigrant and the older residents of the United States are more conscious of each other than they have ever been. The necessity of opening up new avenues of communication between the groups will therefore increase. The knowledge and the connections obtained in the years of experience of the Immigrants' Protective League in this very thing can be, if properly used, of great value to Chicago.

Respectfully submitted, Helen Campbell.

26 The Immigrants' Protective League, during the year 1918, ex- perienced the fate which came to all philanthropic and charitable organizations. There were many new appeals of a most urgent character arising out of the war, which seriously affected the income of the League. At the same time there was a tremendous increase in the calls upon the League for aid and counsel. In addition to this, the help and direction of those most active in its affairs were lost to it for various reasons. Judge Mack has been away from Chicago for many months. Major Davis was called to active ser- vice, and has been in Texas since last summer, and finally Miss Grace Abbott has been in Washington during most of the year working for the Children's Bureau in particular connection with the enforcement of the new Child Labor Law.

The League found itself facing a general impression that the need for its activities no longer existed now that the immigration had practically ceased, and yet we were never needed by those of alien speech so much as at this particular time in our history. Here was this vast and inarticulate group, with no money, with the for- midable barrier of an alien speech, confronted with the intricate problems of the new draft law, facing situations difficult for any of us to meet, and these people with the added handicap of their foreign tongue or their halting English.

Surely, here was the great chance of the League to help these people in distress. Here was the opportunity to do at least a little to establish relations of friendship with the English-speaking people. What better evidence of our common humanity could we exhibit than a helping hand to the stranger at our gates?

And, thanks to our faithful officers and staff of foreign-speak- ing visitors, we did rise to the situation, and to the best of our ability, gave faithful service without grudging to nearly 5,000 people.

Many hundred questionnaires were filled out by the regular and volunteer workers, and countless services were rendered to those who came to us for help, not only in connection with the draft, but in many and various ways. It is a record of which we may well be proud.

The Superintendent, Miss Helen Campbell, the Supervisor, Miss Preston, and the foreign-speaking visitors, Mrs. Anderson, Miss Baranowska, Mr. Holenia, Mrs. Jurgelonis, Mrs. Licci, Mrs. Pavlik. Miss Picha, and Miss Richardson, have performed their difficult and exacting tasks with the greatest skill and with untiring devotion; and the Board of Trustees hereby makes public acknowl- edgment of this fact. 27 The coming year will again discover problems novel to us, which will, doubtless, tax the patience and ingenuity of the staff, but we may be sure that they will be solved and well solved by our expert workers. It is probable that there never has existed in the history of this country a time when such serious situations confront us. They must be met, and need and opportunity for the League was never so great. May it prove equal to the task.

Samuel Dauchy, President.

28 :' — —

Cash Receipts and Disbursements for the Year Ending December 31, 1917

Cash Balance, January 1, 1917 $ 317.22

Receipts: Contributions $12,112.58 Refunds 651.55 Cheques not called for—"Deposited" .... 14.84 Dinner Tickets 4.00 Borrowed Money—"Loans" 725.25 Interest on Savings Accounts 2.15 13,510.37

$13,827.59 Disbursements Salaries $ 9,493.36 Salaries — "Extra Help" — Stenographer and Office Cleaning 251.50 Postage and Office Expense 411.06 Stationery and Printing 483.17 Telephone and Telegrams 233.99 Light 61.66 Interest 6.60 Refunds 687.63 Rent 900.00 Annual Dinner 53.00 R. R. Fares 52.49 Auditor 22.50 Loans Paid 125.25 Notes Paid 2.000.00 14,782.21

Cash Overdraft *$ 954.62

Charles L. Hutchinson, Treasurer.

Arthur Young & Company, Auditors.

Represented by Bank Overdraft $ 1,030.51 Less Office Fund $25.00 Savings Accounts No. 5669 $24.14 No. 5670 26.75 50.89 75.89

$ 954.62

WAR ECONOMY A Word to Members and Contributors.

It has been the custom in the past to publish not only the auditor's report but the names of members and contributors with the amounts given. Because of the shortage of paper and the expense of printing, the ofificers are convinced that the members and contri- butors would prefer that their contributions be used more directly in the maintenance of the work of the

League and that, as a measure of war economy, the names and the amounts contributed be omitted from this issue of the report.

tlM