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Muslims and Islam in the UK : a Research Synthesis FULL REPORT

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Muslims and Islam in the UK : a Research Synthesis FULL REPORT MARCH 2018 Muslims and Islam in the UK : A Research Synthesis FULL REPORT Professor Kim Knott, Lancaster University This report was produced from the ‘Ideas, Beliefs and Values in Social Context’ Programme, funded by CREST. You can find out more about the programme here: https://crestresearch.ac.uk/projects/ ideas-beliefs-values. An executive summary and seven CREST Guides were also produced from this research. They are available to download at www.crestresearch.ac.uk/BritishMuslims About CREST The Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats (CREST) is a national hub for understanding, countering and mitigating security threats. It is an independent centre, commissioned by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and funded in part by the UK security and intelligence agencies (ESRC Award: ES/N009614/1). www.crestresearch.ac.uk ©2018 CREST Creative Commons 4.0 BY-NC-SA licence. www.crestresearch.ac.uk/copyright TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................6 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................12 1. BRITISH MUSLIMS – HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHY AND COMMUNITIES ...........................13 1.1 History ..........................................................................................................................................................................13 1.2 British Muslims today: the statistics ........................................................................................................................16 1.3 Muslim communities: internal characteristics and external perceptions ...........................................................18 1.4 Research on British Muslim communities ...............................................................................................................19 2. MOSQUES AND LEADERSHIP .....................................................................................................21 2.1 Statistics and types ....................................................................................................................................................21 2.2 Activities ......................................................................................................................................................................22 2.3 Abuse, conflict and extremism .................................................................................................................................23 2.4 Leadership issues ........................................................................................................................................................24 3. FAMILY, GENDER AND GENERATIONS ......................................................................................26 3.1 Family ...........................................................................................................................................................................26 3.2 Gender and generations ............................................................................................................................................28 4. EDUCATION .....................................................................................................................................33 4.1 Introduction: Islam, socialisation and education ...................................................................................................33 4.2 Education and schools ............................................................................................................................................... 35 4.3 Higher education, student societies and Islamic seminaries ..............................................................................38 5. TRANSNATIONAL CONNECTIONS: DIASPORAS, CHARITIES AND ACTIVISM ............42 5.1 Transnational and diasporic connections ................................................................................................................42 5.2 Staying in touch: technology and the media ...........................................................................................................43 5.3 Diasporas, development and security ......................................................................................................................44 5.4 Muslim charities ......................................................................................................................................................... 46 5.5 Transnational activism: foreign fighters ..................................................................................................................47 6. BRITISH ISLAM: SECTARIAN MOVEMENTS AND NETWORKS ........................................50 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................50 6.2 Sunni and Shi‘a Islam in the UK ................................................................................................................................. 51 6.3 South Asian reform movements in the UK .............................................................................................................. 52 6.4 Middle Eastern reform movements in the UK ..........................................................................................................57 6.5 Islamic Movements in the UK: Conclusion .............................................................................................................62 7. BRITISH ISLAM: REPRESENTATIVE, CIVIL SOCIETY AND CAMPAIGNING GROUPS 64 7.1 Representative bodies ............................................................................................................................................... 64 7.2 Civil society groups, campaigning bodies and think tanks ..................................................................................65 8. CULTURAL MUSLIMS, SECULAR MUSLIMS AND EX-MUSLIMS .....................................70 9. CONCLUSION: DIVERSITY, CHANGE AND NEW DIRECTIONS ...........................................71 GLOSSARY ..............................................................................................................................................73 BIBLIOGRAPHY .....................................................................................................................................75 LIST OF CASE STUDIES Case study 1: A Pakistani migrant settles in Leeds in the 1940s ........................................................................................14 Case study 2: A local mosque in Leeds ................................................................................................................................23 Case study 3: The Finsbury Park Mosque ..............................................................................................................................24 Case study 4: Young Muslim women, Integrate UK, and civil society activism ..............................................................29 Case study 5: Diverse Muslim masculinities .......................................................................................................................30 Case study 6: Inside Mosque Schools ..................................................................................................................................33 Case study 7: The Birmingham Trojan horse affair ..............................................................................................................36 Case study 8: The making of a Salafi Muslim woman – university experiences ............................................................39 Case Study 9: British Bangladeshi children’s visits to Bangladesh ...................................................................................41 Case study 11: Muslim charities and terrorist support ........................................................................................................ 46 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Muslims and Islam in the UK England, and parts of London, particularly Tower EXECUTIVE Hamlets. 1.4 Civil wars and political unrest in Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and Eastern Europe since SUMMARY the 1980s resulted in the arrival in the UK of asylum seekers and refugees, including Muslims from Algeria, Libya, Somalia, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and Bosnia. PURPOSE AND CONTENT 1.5 There is a long history of conversion to Islam in This Executive summary draws together the principal the UK, including early seafarers and elite converts from points identified in the CREST review, Muslims and the mid-19th century, to those who married migrants in Islam in the UK: A Research Synthesis. the 1950s and 1960s, and more recently to those who have converted for personal spiritual reasons. The review brings together open source, humanities and social science research on Muslims and Islam, 1.6 In 2011, there were about 2.8 million Muslims in and draws on academic literature from Islamic studies, the UK. Under 5 per cent of the population of England religious studies, history, sociology, anthropology, and Wales was Muslim; in Scotland the figure was 1.4 political science, education, social psychology, and per cent. security studies, as well as information from a variety of websites produced by Muslim and Islamic groups. 1.7 Nearly half the UK’s Muslims were under 25
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