Täter werden – Täter sein. Erfahrungen mit Tätergeschichten

Sara Berger

Belzec: 500.000 vicms (March - December 1942) Districts District Galicia District Krakow District Radom

Sobibor: 200.000 vicms (May 1942 – October 1943) Districts Lublin District Galicia Slovakia Theresienstadt Netherlands France Belarus Lithuania

Treblinka: 900.000 vicms (July 1942 – August 1943) districts Radom district district Lublin Theresienstadt Germany Adm. district Bialystok Greece Yugoslavia

Monthly victims of Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka

250000 Belzec

200000 Sobibor

Treblinka 150000

100000

50000

0 Juli42 Juli43 Mai42 Mai43 Apr. 42 Apr. 43 Apr. Okt. 42 Okt. 43 Okt. Juni42 Juni43 Jan.43 Nov. 42 Nov. Feb. 43 Dez.42 Aug.42 Sep.42 Aug.43 Sep.43 März42 März43 Treblinka, by „Auffanglager“, campo di raccolta (Samuel Willenberg) „Lazarett“ (Samuel Willenberg) „Auffanglager“, campo di raccolta (Samuel Willenberg) Treblinka – Album Treblinka – Album Kurt Franz „Trawniki“ at Belzec Grafeneck

Hadamar Brandenburg

Bernburg Sonnenstein

Hartheim

SS- at Belzec Chrisan Wirth (1885-1944); 1941-1942 Commander of Belzec, then general inspector of the Akon Reinhardt camps Goried Hering (1887-1945), commander of Belzec (1908-1971), commander of Sobibor and Treblinka

Kurt Franz (1914-1998), at Belzec, than vicecommander of Treblinka (1910-1947) commander of Treblinka Decades of Birth

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0 Birthplaces Membership in National Socialist Organizations

SS Of these: SA NSDAP No unknown (and SA, SS as main (and (and others) membership NSDAP) profession NSDAP) in NS- and drafted Organization by the SS s per war duties

Gesamtes 43 Mind. 20 25-26 21 1 30 Netzwerk

Belzec 17 Mind. 13 7 3 0 10

Sobibor 20 Mind. 8 14 6 1 14

Treblinka 16 Mind. 9 12 14 0 14 Professions before war

Police- SS men Craftsmen, F a r m e r Nurses Car-Administ Guards men i n , worker and Driver ration concentra butcher tion camps Belzec 5 9 9 0 7 2-3 2 Sobibor 4 6 21 1 10 6 3 Treblinka 3 5 19 5 14 + 2 2 2 medico Totale 10 10 39 10 27 + 1 9-10 7-8 2 = 8,2% = 8,2% = 32,2% = 8,2% = 23% = 8,2-9% = = 1,7% 5,8-6,6%

Experiment on obedience by Stanley Milgram

E: Experimenter

T: „Teacher“

L: „Learner“

Defendant Sentence Trial (District Court ) Erich Hermann Bauer Death sentence, changed to life , 8.5.1950 (Sobibor) imprisonment Hubert Gomerski Life imprisonment (* changed to 15 years Frankfurt (Main), 25.8.1950 (Sobibor) in later trial, not confirmed, then unable to proceed) Johann Klier Acquittal Josef Hirtreiter Life imprisonment Frankfurt (Main), 3.3.1951 (Treblinka)

Josef Kaspar Oberhauser 4 year 6 months München I, 21.1.1965 (Belzec)

Kurt Hubert Franz Life imprisonment Düsseldorf, 3.9.1965 (Treblinka) Heinrich Arthur Matthes Life imprisonment Willi Mentz Life imprisonment August Wilhelm Miete Life imprisonment Gustav Münzberger 12 years Otto Stadie 7 years 6 years Erwin Hermann Lambert* 4 years Franz Otto Rum 3 years Richard Otto Horn Acquittal Karl August Wilhelm Frenzel Life imprisonment Hagen, 20.12.1966 (Sobibor) Kurt Bolender Suicide during trial Franz Wolf 8 years Fritz 4 years Jakob Alfred Ittner 4 years Karl Werner Dubois 3 years Erwin Hermann Lambert* 3 years Robert Emil Franz Jührs Acquittal Erich Gustav Willi Lachmann Acquittal Hans-Heinz Friedrich Schütt Acquittal Heinrich Unverhau Acquittal Ernst Zierke Acquittal Franz Stangl Life imprisonment Düsseldorf, 22.12.1970 (Sobibor – Treblinka)

Trial on Sobibor at Hagen, 1965-1966

Trial on Treblinka at Düsseldorf, 1964-1965