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Beowulfkvädet Diktverket Beowulf, som utspelar sig i Danmark och Sverige under 500-talet e. Kr, tillhör världslitteraturen. Det har bevarats på fornengelska i ett manuskript i Eng- land från omkring år 1000 och anses allmänt ha komponerats skriftligt av en kristen Bo Grä Bo fornengelsk diktare som en i huvudsak fiktiv berättelse. När frågan om bakgrunden till detta unika epos här för första gången utsätts för en ingående kritisk granskning ur ett samlat arkeologiskt, historiskt och språkligt perspektiv, framstår denna upp- fattning som ohållbar. Fram träder en ursprunglig muntlig hednisk dikttradition med Beowulfkvädet bakgrund i en faktisk verklighet på Själland och Gotland och i viss mån i Uppland S strax före, under och efter den stora klimatkatastrofen åren 536–550, folkvandrings- lu Den nordiska bakgrunden tidens slut. Beowulfkvädet har av allt att döma överförts som ett enhetligt muntligt N diktverk från östra Sverige till East Anglia omkring år 600 för att sedan under viss d kristen bearbetning traderas i skilda fornengelska dialektområden och till slut för- • evigas på manuskript på västsaxisk dialekt i södra England. Beowulfkvädet Bo Gräslund är professor emeritus i arkeologi vid Uppsala universitet. Bo Gräslund Distribution: eddy.se ab e-post: [email protected] ISSN 0065-0897 Box 1310, 621 24 Visby. Telefon: 0498-25 39 00 ISSN 1100-6358 http://kgaa.bokorder.se ISBN 978-91-87403-27-9 1 ACTA ACADEMIAE REGIAE GUSTAVI ADOLPHI 149 OPIA 64 2 sid2 3 ACTA ACADEMIAE REGIAE GUSTAVI ADOLPHI CXLIX OPIA 64 BO GRÄSLUND Beowulfkvädet Den nordiska bakgrunden UPPSALA 2018 4 Abstract Bo Gräslund, Beowulfkvädet. Den nordiska bakgrunden (Beowulf: The Scandinavian back- ground). Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi 149, OPIA 64. Uppsala, 2018, 290 pp. ISSN 0065-0897 and 1100-6358, ISBN 978-91-87403-27-9. The Old English poem Beowulf is usually regarded as a largely fictional story, based partly on folk beliefs, and as written by a Christian poet in England around AD 700. However, the issue of its origins has never been made the subject of critical study from a multidisciplinary perspective. Here, the author presents an analysis of the problem based on the archaeological, historical, linguistic and geographical content of the poem. The archaeological and historical time horizon of the narrative is the first half of the 6th century AD. The historical content and the figure of Beowulf have no analogues in Old English traditions, only in Scandinavian and to some extent Continental sources. Fundamental features of the material content of the poem were unknown in England. A Christian poet in England would scarcely have been in a position to depict as accurately and tangibly as in the poem the pagan society of eastern Scandinavia and its material culture, cremation rites, social ideology and historical events. It is argued that the poem was originally composed in eastern Scandinavia and transferred by a professional bard to East Anglia around AD 600, probably in connection with a royal dynastic marriage. It seems to have been transmitted orally in various Anglian dialects, receiving a slight Christian colouring in the process, and to have finally been preserved in a Saxon dialect in a manuscript in southern England around AD 1000. From this perspective it seems possible to reinterpret much of the geographical, historical and mythical content of the poem. The Geat people are constantly associated with the sea between the Danes and the Swedes and are said to live on an island. The epithet weder for the Geats does not refer to ‘weather’ or ‘storm’, but to the ram, an official symbol of the Gutes on the island of Gotland during the Middle Ages. Thus, the four ‘Swedish wars’ were not fought with Gauts on the Swedish mainland, but with Gutes. The cryptic information in the poem Ynglingatal concerning the death of the Swedish king Egil can be reconstructed accordingly. The residence of the Gutes is hypothetically located in south-eastern Gotland and the royal Danish hall of Heorot in south-eastern Zealand. The events of the poem seem to coincide with the catastrophic climatic events in Scandinavia in the years AD 536–550. The poem’s monsters are interpreted as typical Germanic complex metaphors for the terrible starvation, blazing volcanic skies and violent wars of the time. Keywords: Beowulf, Broskov, Danes, East Anglia, Egil, gold rings, Gauts, Gutes, Heorot, Hygelac, Jutes, Lejre, coats of mail, paganism, Skilfing, Stavars hus, Sutton Hoo, Svear, Swīorīċe, Swēoðēod, sǣweall, Torsburgen, Ynglingatal, vädur. Omslagsbild: »I högstävat skepp över havets stråt». Beowulfkvädet 238–239. Detalj från bildsten, Sanda kyrka, Gotland, 400–500 e.Kr. Gotlands museum, Visby. © Författaren, Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur och Institutio- nen för arkeologi och antik historia, Uppsala universitet. ISSN 0065-0897 ISSN 1100-6358 ISBN 978-91-87403-27-9 Printed in Sweden 2018 Textgruppen i Uppsala AB 5 Innehåll FÖRORD . 11 1. INLEDNING . 13 2. REALIA . 17 Manuskript och text . 17 Versmått . 18 Översättningar . 18 Handling . 20 3. FRÅGAN OM KVÄDETS UPPKOMST . 22 Hävdvunnen uppfattning . 22 Arvet efter Tolkien . 23 Arbetets syfte och utgångspunkt . 26 PRIMÄR KÄLLANALYS 1 4. OSTYRKTA PREMISSER . 29 Nordiska traditioner i England . 29 Materiell miljö i England . 30 Skriftlig komposition . 31 Kristen komposition . 31 Slutsats . 31 5. TIDSBESTÄMNING . 33 Inledning . 33 Manuskript . 33 Språklig datering . 33 Historisk datering . 35 Arkeologisk datering . 39 Slutsatser . 42 6. ARKEOLOGISK AVGRÄNSNING . 43 Inledning . 43 Halsringar och armringar . 43 Ringbrynjor . 46 Kremering och gravform . 49 Slutsatser . 50 6 7. RESULTAT AV PRIMÄR KÄLLANALYS . 52 PRIMÄR KÄLLANALYS 2 8. FOLKNAMNET ĠĒATAS . 55 Inledning . 55 Västergötland . 56 Östergötland . 58 Öland . 59 Gotland . 59 Ett havsanknutet folk . 59 Ēalond utan . 61 Folkepitetet weder . 64 Rausing pekar ut Gotland . 66 Väduren som gutnisk symbol omkring år 1030 . 67 Väduren i tidig gotländsk kyrkokonst . 68 Den gotländska menighetens sigill . 68 Är väduren ett gammalt gutniskt totemdjur? . 70 Efterleden -mark i wedermearc . 71 Kan ġeatas språkligt syfta på gutar? . 71 Vagoth . 74 Slutsatser . 76 9. ANNAN ÖSTSVENSK ANKNYTNING . 78 Swīorīċe och Swēoðēod . 78 Epitetet skilfing . 78 Beowulf av kunglig sveasläkt . 79 Andra möjliga släktsamband . 80 Slutsatser . 81 10. ICKE-KRISTNA KULTURSEDIMENT . 82 Inledning . 82 Materialistisk värdegrund . 83 Ödets väv . 85 Järtecken . 86 Gravsed och själstro . 86 Skölds hädanfärd . 90 Hedniska offer i kultbyggnad . 91 Korp, örn, varg och svin . 92 Allfader Odin – Allfader Gud . 93 Herebeald och Balder . 94 Skilfing . 95 Brísinga men . ..
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