Heart and Pericardium
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Morphological Classification of the Moderator Band and Its Relationship with the Anterior Papillary Muscle
Original Article https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.2019.52.1.38 pISSN 2093-3665 eISSN 2093-3673 Morphological classification of the moderator band and its relationship with the anterior papillary muscle Ju-Young Lee1, Mi-Sun Hur2 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, 2Department of Anatomy, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea Abstract: This study investigated and classified the various types of moderator band (MB) in relation to the anterior papillary muscle, with the aim of providing anatomical reference information and fundamental knowledge for use when repairing the congenital defects and understanding the conduction system. The study investigated 38 formalin-fixed human hearts of both sexes obtained from donors aged 38–90 years. The MB was evident in 36 of the 38 specimens (94.7%). The morphology of the MB and its connection with the APM took various forms. The MBs that had a distinct shape were classified into three types according to their shape: cylindrical column, long and thin column, and wide and flat column. Types 2 and 3 were the most common, appearing in 15 (41.7%) and 14 (38.9%) of the 36 specimens, respectively, while type 1 was observed in seven specimens (19.4%). Type 3 was divided into subtypes based on their length. The MB usually originated from a single root (91.7%), with the remainder exhibiting double roots. The pairs of roots in the latter cases had different shapes. The originating point of the MB ranged from the supraventricular crest to the apex of the ventricle. -
Spreading the Love: the Circulatory System
Chapter 10 Spreading the Love: The Circulatory System In This Chapter ᮣ Understanding the heart’s rhythm and structure ᮣ Identifying the heart’s chambers and valves ᮣ Tracing arteries, veins, and capillaries ᮣ Touching on fetal circulation his chapter gets to the heart of the well-oiled human machine to see how its central Tpump is the hardest-working muscle in the entire body. From a month after you’re con- ceived to the moment of your death, this phenomenal powerhouse pushes a liquid connec- tive tissue — blood — and its precious cargo of oxygen and nutrients to every nook and cranny of the body, and then it keeps things moving to bring carbon dioxide and waste products back out again. In the first seven decades of human life, the heart beats roughly 2.5 billion times. Do the math: How many pulses has your ticker clocked if the average heart keeps up a pace of 72 beats per minute, 100,000 per day, or roughly 36 million per year? Moving to the Beat of a Pump Also called the cardiovascular system, the circulatory system includes the heart, all blood vessels, and the blood that moves endlessly through it all (see Figure 10-1). It’s what’s referred to as a closed double system; the term “closed” is used for three reasons: because the blood is contained in the heart and its vessels; because the vessels specifically target the blood to the tissues; and because the heart critically regulates blood flow to the tissues. The system is called “double” because there are two distinct circuits and cavities within the heart separated by a wall of muscle called the septum. -
Chapter Xi the Circulatory System and Blood
CHAPTER XI THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM AND BLOOD Page General characterlstlcs______ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ 239 of these organs are independent of the beating of The pericardium ___ __ __ __ 239 the principal heart, and their primary function is The heart. _____ __ __ 240 Physiology of the heart.______________________________________________ 242 to oscillate the blood within the pallial sinuses. Automatism of heart beat. _ 242 The pacemaker system_ 245 THE PERICARDIUM Methods of study of heart beat_____________________________________ 247 Frequency of beat___ __ __ _ 248 Extracardlac regulatlon____ __ __ _ 250 The heart is located in the pericardium, a thin Effects of mineral salts and drugs___________________________________ 251 Blood vessels_ __ ___ _ 253 walled chamber between the visceral mass and the The arterial system______ __ __ ___ __ __ __ __ __ 253 adductor muscle (fig. 71). In a live oyster the The venous system_________________________________________________ 254 location of the heart is indicated by the throbbing The accessory heart._____________ 258 The blood______ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 259 of the wall of the pericardium on the left side. Color of blood_ __ __ 261 Here the pericardium wall lies directly under the The hyaline cells___________________________________________________ 261 The granular cells .______________________________________ 262 shell. On the right side the promyal chamber Specific gravity of blood____________________________________________ 265 extends down over the heart region and the mantle Serology ___ __________ __________________ ____ __ ______________________ 265 Bibliography __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 266 separates the pericardium wall from the shell. The cavity in which the heart is lodged is slightly A heart, arteries, veins, and open sinuses form asymmetrical; on the right side it extends farther the circulatory system of oysters and other bi along the anterior part of the adductor muscle valves. -
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Heart/Pig Heart Dissection Middle School/ High School
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Heart/Pig Heart Dissection Middle School/ High School This guide is for middle and high school students participating in AIMS Anatomy of the Human Heart and Pig Heart Dissections. Programs will be presented by an AIMS Anatomy Specialist. In this activity students will become more familiar with the anatomical structures of the human heart by observing, studying, and examining human specimens. The primary focus is on the anatomy and flow of blood through the heart. Those students participating in Pig Heart Dissections will have the opportunity to dissect and compare anatomical structures. At the end of this document, you will find anatomical diagrams, vocabulary review, and pre/post tests for your students. National Science Education (NSES) Content Standards for grades 9-12 • Content Standard:K-12 Unifying Concepts and Processes :Systems order and organization; Evidence, models and explanation; Form and function • Content Standard F, Science in Personal and Social Perspectives: Personal and community health • Content Standard C, Life Science: Matter, energy and organization of living systems • Content Standard A Science as Inquiry National Science Education (NSES) Content Standards for grades 5-8 • Content Standard A Science as Inquiry • Content Standard C, Life Science: Structure and function in living systems; Diversity and adaptations of organisms • Content Standard F, Science in Personal and Social Perspectives: Personal Health Show Me Standards (Science and Health/Physical Education) • Science 3. Characteristics and interactions of living organisms • Health/Physical Education 1. Structures of, functions of and relationships among human body systems Objectives: The student will be able to: 1. -
Prep for Practical II
Images for Practical II BSC 2086L "Endocrine" A A B C A. Hypothalamus B. Pineal Gland (Body) C. Pituitary Gland "Endocrine" 1.Thyroid 2.Adrenal Gland 3.Pancreas "The Pancreas" "The Adrenal Glands" "The Ovary" "The Testes" Erythrocyte Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Platelet Figure 29-3 Photomicrograph of a human blood smear stained with Wright’s stain (765). Eosinophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Platelets Neutrophils Erythrocytes "Blood Typing" "Heart Coronal" 1.Right Atrium 3 4 2.Superior Vena Cava 5 2 3.Aortic Arch 6 4.Pulmonary Trunk 1 5.Left Atrium 12 9 6.Bicuspid Valve 10 7.Interventricular Septum 11 8.Apex of The Heart 9. Chordae tendineae 10.Papillary Muscle 7 11.Tricuspid Valve 12. Fossa Ovalis "Heart Coronal Section" Coronal Section of the Heart to show valves 1. Bicuspid 2. Pulmonary Semilunar 3. Tricuspid 4. Aortic Semilunar 5. Left Ventricle 6. Right Ventricle "Heart Coronal" 1.Pulmonary trunk 2.Right Atrium 3.Tricuspid Valve 4.Pulmonary Semilunar Valve 5.Myocardium 6.Interventricular Septum 7.Trabeculae Carneae 8.Papillary Muscle 9.Chordae Tendineae 10.Bicuspid Valve "Heart Anterior" 1. Brachiocephalic Artery 2. Left Common Carotid Artery 3. Ligamentum Arteriosum 4. Left Coronary Artery 5. Circumflex Artery 6. Great Cardiac Vein 7. Myocardium 8. Apex of The Heart 9. Pericardium (Visceral) 10. Right Coronary Artery 11. Auricle of Right Atrium 12. Pulmonary Trunk 13. Superior Vena Cava 14. Aortic Arch 15. Brachiocephalic vein "Heart Posterolateral" 1. Left Brachiocephalic vein 2. Right Brachiocephalic vein 3. Brachiocephalic Artery 4. Left Common Carotid Artery 5. Left Subclavian Artery 6. Aortic Arch 7. -
Venous Circulation of the Human Cardiac Conduction System
Br Heart J: first published as 10.1136/hrt.42.5.508 on 1 November 1979. Downloaded from British Heart J7ournal, 1979, 42, 508-513 Venous circulation of the human cardiac conduction system 0. ELI SKA AND M. ELI KoVA From the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Prague 2, U nemocnice 3, Czechoslovakia summARY The venous bed ofthe sinuatrial node in 25 human hearts and the atrioventricular conduction system in 50 human hearts were investigated after injection into different veins of the heart. Blood is drained from the sinuatrial node in two directions; that from the intermediate and upper parts of the node blood is directed upwards, draining into the junctional area ofthe superior vena cava with the right atrium. From the intermediate and the lower parts ofthe node the venous return is directed downwards, draining directly into the right atrium between the musculi pectinati. The venous return from the ventricular conduction system is drained by three routes. The main route from the atrioventricular node and the atrioventricular bundle passes into the thebesian vein, which opened in 78 per cent of the cases studied into the right atrium next to the coronary sinus. The other route from the node and bundle is via a vein which accompanies the atrioventricular nodal artery, draining eventually into the middle cardiac vein. The third route takes venous blood from the lower part ofthe atrioventricular bundle and is drained to the tributaries of the great cardiac vein, interconnecting with the branches of the above two veins. The venous return from the ventricular bundle-branches is drained into the oblique septal veins. -
Severe Aortic Stenosis and the Valve Replacement Procedure
Severe Aortic Stenosis and the Valve Replacement Procedure A Guide for Patients and their Families If you’ve been diagnosed with severe aortic stenosis, you probably have a lot of questions and concerns. The information in this booklet will help you learn more about your heart, severe aortic stenosis, and treatment options. Your heart team will recommend which treatment option is best for you. Please talk with them about any questions you have. Table of Contents 4 About Your Heart 5 What Is Severe Aortic Stenosis? 5 What Causes Severe Aortic Stenosis? 7 What Are the Symptoms of Severe Aortic Stenosis? 8 Treatment Options for Severe Aortic Stenosis 10 Before a TAVR Procedure 12 What Are the Risks of TAVR? 2 3 About Your Heart What Is Severe See the difference between healthy and The heart is a muscle about the size of your fist. It is a pump that works nonstop to Aortic Stenosis? diseased valves send oxygen-rich blood throughout your entire body. The heart is made up of four The aortic valve is made up of two or three chambers and four valves. The contractions (heartbeats) of the four chambers push Healthy Valve the blood through the valves and out to your body. tissue flaps, called leaflets. Healthy valves open at every heart contraction, allowing blood to flow forward to the next chamber, and then close tightly to prevent blood from backing Pulmonic controls the flow of Aortic controls the flow of blood up. Blood flows in one direction only. This is Valve blood to the lungs Valve out of your heart to the important for a healthy heart. -
Pulmonary Valve Guideline
Pulmonary Valve What the Nurse Caring for a Patient with CHD Needs to Know Catherine Baxter, MSN, RN, CPNP-AC Nurse Practitioner, Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Levine Children’s Hospital, Charlotte, NC Misty Ellis, MSN, CPNP-PC/AC Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Nurse Practitioner University of Louisville, Kosair Children’s Hospital Victoria Winter RN, MSN, CNS, CCRN Clinical Nurse IV, Adjunct Professor, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Azusa Pacific University School of Nursing Louise Callow, MSN, RN, CPNP Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Nurse Practitioner, University of Michigan, CS Mott Children’s Hospital Mary Rummell, MN, RN, CPNP, CNS, FAHA Clinical Nurse Specialist, Pediatric Cardiology/Cardiac Services, Oregon Health & Science University (Retired) Embryology Occurrence: o Defects of cardiac valves are the most common subtype of cardiac malformations o Account for 25% to 30% of all congenital heart defects o Most costly and relevant CHD o Wide spectrum of congenital defects in pulmonary valve Development of the heart valves occurs during the fourth to eighth weeks of gestation- after tubular heart looping o Walls of the tubular heart consist of an outer lining of myocardium and an inner lining of endocardial cells o Cardiac jelly, extensive extracellular matrix (ECM), separates the two layers o Cardiac jelly expands to form cardiac cushions at the sites of future valves . Outflow track (OT) valves = aortic and pulmonic valves Final valves derived from endothelial-mesenchymal cells with neural crest cells from the brachial arches Valves (Semilunar) have 3 equal cusp-shaped leaflets Aortic valve incorporates coronary arteries . Atrioventricular (AV) valves = mitral and tricuspid Final valves derived entirely from endocardial cushion tissue Leaflet formed without a cusp 1 Two leaflets associated with left ventricle (mitral) Three leaflets associated with right ventricle (tricuspid) Coordinated by complex interplay of: o Genetics o Signaling pathways that regulate cell apoptosis and proliferation o Environmental factors . -
Physiology of Heart Unit-4 (ZOOA-CC4-9-TH)
Physiology of Heart Unit-4 (ZOOA-CC4-9-TH) Coronary Circulation: The heart muscle, like every other organ or tissue in your body, needs oxygen-rich blood to survive. Blood is supplied to the heart by its own vascular system, called coronary circulation. The aorta (the main blood supplier to the body) branches off into two main coronary blood vessels (also called arteries). These coronary arteries branch off into smaller arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the entire heart muscle. The right coronary artery supplies blood mainly to the right side of the heart. The right side of the heart is smaller because it pumps blood only to the lungs. The left coronary artery, which branches into the left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery, supplies blood to the left side of the heart. The left side of the heart is larger and more muscular because it pumps blood to the rest of the body. Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle (myocardium). Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, and cardiac veins drain away the blood once it has been deoxygenated. Because the rest of the body, and most especially the brain, needs a steady supply of oxygenated blood that is free of all but the slightest interruptions, the heart is required to function continuously. Therefore its circulation is of major importance not only to its own tissues but to the entire body and even the level of consciousness of the brain from moment to moment. -
4B. the Heart (Cor) 1
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918. 4b. The Heart (Cor) 1 The heart is a hollow muscular organ of a somewhat conical form; it lies between the lungs in the middle mediastinum and is enclosed in the pericardium (Fig. 490). It is placed obliquely in the chest behind the body of the sternum and adjoining parts of the rib cartilages, and projects farther into the left than into the right half of the thoracic cavity, so that about one-third of it is situated on the right and two-thirds on the left of the median plane. Size.—The heart, in the adult, measures about 12 cm. in length, 8 to 9 cm. in breadth at the 2 broadest part, and 6 cm. in thickness. Its weight, in the male, varies from 280 to 340 grams; in the female, from 230 to 280 grams. The heart continues to increase in weight and size up to an advanced period of life; this increase is more marked in men than in women. Component Parts.—As has already been stated (page 497), the heart is subdivided by 3 septa into right and left halves, and a constriction subdivides each half of the organ into two cavities, the upper cavity being called the atrium, the lower the ventricle. The heart therefore consists of four chambers, viz., right and left atria, and right and left ventricles. The division of the heart into four cavities is indicated on its surface by grooves. The atria 4 are separated from the ventricles by the coronary sulcus (auriculoventricular groove); this contains the trunks of the nutrient vessels of the heart, and is deficient in front, where it is crossed by the root of the pulmonary artery. -
Blood Vessels
BLOOD VESSELS Blood vessels are how blood travels through the body. Whole blood is a fluid made up of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes), and plasma. It supplies the body with oxygen. SUPERIOR AORTA (AORTIC ARCH) VEINS & VENA CAVA ARTERIES There are two basic types of blood vessels: veins and arteries. Veins carry blood back to the heart and arteries carry blood from the heart out to the rest of the body. Factoid! The smallest blood vessel is five micrometers wide. To put into perspective how small that is, a strand of hair is 17 micrometers wide! 2 BASIC (ARTERY) BLOOD VESSEL TUNICA EXTERNA TUNICA MEDIA (ELASTIC MEMBRANE) STRUCTURE TUNICA MEDIA (SMOOTH MUSCLE) Blood vessels have walls composed of TUNICA INTIMA three layers. (SUBENDOTHELIAL LAYER) The tunica externa is the outermost layer, primarily composed of stretchy collagen fibers. It also contains nerves. The tunica media is the middle layer. It contains smooth muscle and elastic fiber. TUNICA INTIMA (ELASTIC The tunica intima is the innermost layer. MEMBRANE) It contains endothelial cells, which TUNICA INTIMA manage substances passing in and out (ENDOTHELIUM) of the bloodstream. 3 VEINS Blood carries CO2 and waste into venules (super tiny veins). The venules empty into larger veins and these eventually empty into the heart. The walls of veins are not as thick as those of arteries. Some veins have flaps of tissue called valves in order to prevent backflow. Factoid! Valves are found mainly in veins of the limbs where gravity and blood pressure VALVE combine to make venous return more 4 difficult. -
MORPHOMETRIC and MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY on the SEPTO- MARGINAL TRABECULA Shrikanya M Shet *1, Kuldeep M D 2, Sheela G Nayak 3, V S Pare 4, Jyothi S R 5 , M P Shenoy 6
International Journal of Anatomy and Research, Int J Anat Res 2018, Vol 6(3.1):5458-63. ISSN 2321-4287 Original Research Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2018.238 MORPHOMETRIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE SEPTO- MARGINAL TRABECULA Shrikanya M Shet *1, Kuldeep M D 2, Sheela G Nayak 3, V S Pare 4, Jyothi S R 5 , M P Shenoy 6. *1 Student, 1st MBBS, K V G Medical College, Sullia, Rajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences, Karnataka. 2 Student, 1st MBBS, K V G Medical College, Sullia, Rajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences, Karnataka. 3 Dean Academics, K V G Medical College, Sullia, Rajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences, Karnataka. 4 Professor and HOD, Department Of Anatomy, K V G Medical College, Sullia, Rajiv Gandhi Univer- sity Of Health Sciences, Karnataka. 5,6 Assistant Professor, Department Of Anatomy, K V G Medical College, Sullia, Rajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences, Karnataka. ABSTRACT Background and objectives: Moderator band is a specialized bridge present between the base of the anterior papillary muscle and interventricular septum. It carries the right branch of the bundle of HIS with it. The band is known to prevent the over distension of the right ventricle during the diastolic phase. There is a need of lot of research and studies on the septomarginal trabecula as it proves to be important clinically. Here we measured the length, breadth, height, angle with the interventricular septum, and the superficial marking of Moderator band on the sternocostal surface of the right ventricle is done. This paper describes the morphological variations found in its origin and insertion.