BULLETIN DU CICLAHO N° 5 Du Classicisme À L'hyperclassicisme

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BULLETIN DU CICLAHO N° 5 Du Classicisme À L'hyperclassicisme Centre de Recherches de l’U.F.R. d'Études Anglo-Américaines BULLETIN DU CICLAHO N° 5 MÉMOIRE(S) D’HOLLYWOOD : du classicisme à l’hyperclassicisme Sous la direction de Dominique Sipière et Serge Chauvin UNIVERSITÉ PARIS X OUEST NANTERRE LA DEFENSE 2009 © Centre de Recherches d'Études Anglo-Américaines, 2009 N° ISBN : 2-907335- ??- ? Pour se procurer ces publications : Diffusion Bât. A, bureau 321 Télécopie 01.40.97.72.88 Illustration de couverture : Greta Garbo dans Ninotchka et Cyd Charisse dans Silk Stockings Bulletin du Ciclaho, n° 5 Mémoire(s) d’Hollywood : du classicisme à l’hyperclassicisme Sommaire Dominique Sipière et Serge Chauvin ( SUP) Introduction ........................................................................................... 7 Jean Marie Lecomte, Nancy L’imagination verbale dans les premiers parlants (1937-1936) .......... 9 Katalin Por, Metz La réinvention de l’Europe dans les comédies hollywoodiennes des années 30......................................................................................... 29 Alain Masson, Positif Le Baiser hollywoodien ......................................................................... 47 Trudy Bolter, Bordeaux Renoir américain ? Des liens de parenté pour L’Homme du sud ....... 61 Anne Martina, Paris IV Hollywood Follies : l’influence de la revue sur le musical des années 40 ........................... 73 Dominique Sipière, Paris X Le violent corps à corps de la démocratie : films de boxe des années 40 .................................................................. 87 Christian Viviani, Paris I Présentation de Slavko Vorkapich........................................................ 99 Gilles Menegaldo, Poitiers Hollywood’s horror films (from 1930 to 1970) seen through the magazine Midi Minuit.............................................. 111 Alain Masson, Positif Le remake et l’intertexte....................................................................... 125 Dominique Sipière The Trouble With Harry, l’œil du cyclone hitchcockien....................... 1 3 5 Serge Chauvin, Paris X Il était une fois un visage : Joan Crawford seconde 1 période ou les métamorphoses du masque ........................................................ 5 7 Francis Bordat, Paris X Qui connaît Marni Nixon 1 ?.................................................................... 6 9 Pierre Floquet, Bordeaux L'Ancien Testament nouveau : The Prince of Egypt après The Ten Commandments. Persistance, légitimité, (dés)intégration des genres 1 chez deux faux-frères hollywoodiens .................................................... 8 4 Penny Starfield, Paris VII La Précarité du récit filmique : à propos de The Sixth 2 Sense, Memento, Mulholland Drive et Spider .................................................................. 0 1 Philippe Ortoli, Corte Le testament de l’homme sans nom : Clint Eastwood, le 2 mythe et l’image ..................................................... 1 5 Gaëlle Lombard « Poétique de la désillusion : le spectre de la comédie musicale 2 dans l’étude croisée de Coup de cœur et de New York, New York ». ... 2 9 Joël Augros, Paris VIII De la Star considérée comme 2 marchandise.......................................... 4 1 Gilles Menegaldo Traces, citations et reprises hollywoodiennes dans le cinéma de Woody Allen ............................................................ comparaison avec Stagecoach (John Ford, 1939), un prototype du genre David Roche, Bourgogne Céline Murillo, Paris XIII Dead Man (Jim Jarmusch, 1995) et le Western classique : Reading Hollywood ‘Frenchness’/ French Reading. Pulp Fiction (1994) & Killing Zoe (1994) .............................................................................. Anny Crunelle, Paris X ‘Are you the author of the works of William Shakespeare?’ (Shakespeare in Love)............................................................................ Aurélie Ledoux, Paris I Manipulations du spectateur : Reprise du modèle hitchcockien dans les trompe-l'œil cinématographiques contemporains, Body Double et Usual Suspects............................................................. Monica Michlin, Paris IV. Quelques aspects de l’obscur dans le cinéma anglophone contemporain Introduction Mémoire(s) d’Hollywood rancis Bordat, dans son avant-propos pour le premier numéro du Bulletin du CICLAHO, en 1998, remarquait déjà que ‘le classicismehollywoodien n’est pas un sujet nouveau’ et il proposait plusieurs traits spécifiques à ce modèle esthétique, narratif et industriel : transparence,effet de réel et énonciation impersonnelle ; encadrement des genres ;centralité du héros-star ; identification-projection ; continuité de l’espacetemps, etc… et, bien sûr, prédominance du système des studios,particulièrement de 1934 à 1948, car – comme pour tout ‘classicisme’ –, on finit par repérer un ‘âge d’or’ qui semble cristalliser les composantes d’un art. Le CICLAHO part de cette période exemplaire, mais il s’intéresse évidemment au siècle entier dans sa relation avec le prototype supposé.Plus de dix ans après – et plus de cinquante samedis matins plus tard – le Hollywood du CICLAHO a-t-il changé, dans ses définitions, dans ses objets et dans son atmosphère ?La première bonne nouvelle, c’est que la fête commencée en 1995 continue, bien sûr avec les ciclahistes de la première heure, mais aussi grâce à l’afflux de nombreux jeunes chercheurs dont les pages qui suivent montrent la qualité. La pire des tentations, quand les universitaires s’emparent d’un sujet agréable comme le cinéma, c’est d’en éteindre la flamme sous la mauvaise conscience et le faux sérieux : puisque le sujet est joyeux, gâchons-le et rendons le assommant… Rien de tel ici, mais c’est sans doute l’académie de Cyd Charisse qui nous préserve des travers de l’académisme. En 1998, comme tous les dix ans depuis un siècle, certains prédisaient la mort prochaine du cinéma et particulièrement du modèle 1 hollywoodien. Non seulement le modèle économique semble s’être adapté , mais le modèle esthétique a connu un double mouvement d’amplification et 2 de resserrement que David Bordwell décrit sous le nom d’hyperclassicisme . Ce n’est pas un néoclassicisme qui amplifierait jusqu’à l’hyperbole certains traits de son modèle (voir plutôt du côté de Coppola ?), ni un postclassicisme qui se définirait par rapport et contre lui … Ici, par exemple, le client est toujours Roi et l’écriture cinématographique reste centrée sur le spectateur, mais ce sont les spectateurs qui ont changé (Hollywood pense aussi au reste du monde) et les lieux de consommation de ce qui reste quand même un produit se sont diversifiés (DVD et conséquences probables de la HD en ligne). La transparence, cette voix blanche des auteurs, reste d’abord préoccupée par la lisibilité et l’efficacité, mais une immense encyclopédie d’images, demots et de sons l’habite désormais et presque tous les films reviennent aux souvenirs d’autres films, dans ce sentiment que Bordwell appelle la belatedness : l’hyperclassique vient toujours après autre chose. Après les autres films, après les autres spectateurs et après les émotions des autres. De même, la double intrigue souvent attribuée à Shakespeare et qui articule un univers en crise (sociale, politique, humaine) avec la brève trajectoire d’un couple ou de quelques individus, s’est étoffée, parfois magnifiquement complexifiée, mais sa présence en arrière plan continue à structurer les récits. Le modèle à la fois fluide et structuré (Bazin), la norme et la marge de Bourget, jouent toujours autant sur les attentes à la fois déçues et comblées d’un public devenu ‘savant’. De façon très caractéristique, la trituration des genres familiers, les reprises, les remakes et autres retours sur images supposent à la fois une admiration sidérée et une réflexion, un enrichissement et une contestation – qui d’ailleurs remontent aux débuts de l’histoire hollywodienne. Bordwell, encore, appelle cela ‘continuing tradition by any means necessary’ (27). Les articles qui suivent couvrent une assez vaste période dans un ordre en partie chronologique. Mais, comme chacun sait, ‘in my end is my beginning…’ et ‘in beginning is my end’ et c’est la continuité du geste créatif qui frappe au bout du compte. 1 Le CICLAHO salue avec plaisir la naissance à Nanterre en 2009 du groupe ami Cinecosa (Cinéma, Economie & Sociétés Anglophones) animé par Nolwenn Mingant, Joel Augros et Nathalie Dupont. Leurs travaux démontrent aussi la vitalité des études économiques sur le nouveau Hollywood. Les recherches menées associent civilisation et économie. 2 ‘To those who think that the tradition has collapsed, I’ll try to show that the principles of that system remain firmly in force – sometimes refined and reweighted, but not rejected’, David Bordwell, The Way Hollywood Tells It, Story and Style in Modern Movies, Routledge, 2006, p. 16. 8 Dominique Sipière et Serge Chauvin L’imagination verbale dans les premiers parlants hollywoodiens Jean-Marie LECOMTE Nancy a représentation du verbal à l’écran relève, avant tout, d’un problème stylistique, celui de transformer d’autres modèles d’écriture quitendent à imiter la communication orale, pour les adapter aux techniques de la narration cinématographique. Dès 1927, la parole au cinéma fut tributaire de modèles variés empruntés au théâtre, à l’écriture littéraire, aux formules des cartons intertitres, à des fragments vaudevillesques ou au langage radiophonique qui avait déjà largement pénétré les foyers américains. Face à cette profusion de modèles, le cinéma américain céda d’emblée à la tentation jacassière
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