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Catostomidae) in a Southern Appalachian River System

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Catostomidae) in a Southern Appalachian River System ABSTRACT IVASAUSKAS, TOMAS JOHN. Early Life History of Suckers (Catostomidae) in a Southern Appalachian River System. (Under the direction of Dr. Thomas J. Kwak). Suckers (Catostomidae) are a fish family that is of high conservation concern but has received relatively little attention from the scientific community. The knowledge gap in the early life history of suckers is related to the lack of efficient or standardized sampling methods and difficulty in identifying sampled fishes. The upper Hiwassee River system supports seven sympatric species of native suckers, including six species of redhorses (Moxostoma), which are vulnerable to effects of introduced species and habitat degradation. One of these species, the Sicklefin Redhorse Moxostoma sp., is imperiled with a restricted distribution and is of high conservation concern. Efficiency of three techniques (drift netting, light trapping, and visual surveys) to sample larval fish assemblages was evaluated. The annual mean catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) for drift nets was 1.64-1.70 suckers/100 m3. The annual mean CPUE for light traps was 2.99-3.57 suckers/trap-night. Larval and juvenile suckers were visually observed at a mean density of 5.52 fish/m2 and at quadrat densities up to 100 fish/m2. The probability of catching suckers in light traps was negatively related to water velocity. Patch occupancy and abundance in visual surveys were also negatively related to water velocity, and no interspecific differences in habitat were detected. By implementing a novel index of larval fish ontogeny and using genetic barcoding for species identification, phenology, ontogeny, and growth were estimated and compared among six sucker species. Emergence phenology paralleled previously described spawning phenology. Species with overlapping emergence periods exhibited significantly different mean ontogeny rates. Larval growth rates were similar among species, and high intraspecific size variability was observed. Differences in emergence timing, ontogeny, and size may mediate competition for food resources among sympatric larval suckers. Small innate differences in early life history among species likely facilitated the current sympatric diversity of suckers in the upper Hiwassee River system, or these differences may represent local adaptations that evolved as a result of specific competition pressures among species. An understanding of the swimming ability of larval and juvenile fishes is important for identifying environmental influences during critical periods of early development. Swimming ability was studied via laboratory experiments, where water velocity was controlled and swimming behavior observed. A series of fixed velocity swimming tests was used to assess prolonged swimming speeds of larval and juvenile captive-reared Sicklefin Redhorse and four species of wild-caught suckers. The probability of prolonged swimming was negatively related to water velocity, positively related to fish total length, and differed slightly among species. The transition from pelagic to epibenthic swimming occurred at approximately the mid-point of the metalarva stage. Given the relative rarity of water velocity less than prolonged swimming speed for these fishes in riffles, short upstream migration may be possible, but is probably atypical. Nonnative species introductions have been implicated as a major threat to the conservation of imperiled species. Blueback Herring Alosa aestivalis was introduced to the Hiwassee River system and became established in Hiwassee Lake by 1999. To evaluate possible predatory interactions of Blueback Herring with native sucker species, Blueback Herring were sampled from the Hiwassee River and Valley River using electrofishing. Stomach contents were examined visually and via genetic barcoding coupled with next- generation sequencing. Visual diet examinations detected 12 orders of aquatic invertebrates, as well as fish ova, fins, and larvae. Barcoding PCR allowed for identification of six sucker species in the Blueback Herring diet, but Sicklefin Redhorse was not detected. The methods employed in this study addressed sampling considerations and demonstrated the effectiveness of genetics-based techniques for identifying cryptic samples. These findings may be applied to guide the conservation of suckers in the Hiwassee River and may be more broadly applied to other systems. © Copyright 2017 Tomas John Ivasauskas All Rights Reserved Early Life History of Suckers (Catostomidae) in a Southern Appalachian River System by Tomas John Ivasauskas A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Raleigh, North Carolina 2017 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Thomas J. Kwak Dr. Martha Burford Reiskind Committee Chair _______________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Krishna Pacifici Dr. W. Gregory Cope DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the mentors who have positively influenced my life. ii BIOGRAPHY I became fascinated by fisheries science during high school, when I participated in the American Fisheries Society’s Hutton Program. Through the program, I was involved in various fisheries management activities and aquatic research projects conducted in Virginia. I obtained my Bachelor of Science degree in Fisheries Science from Virginia Tech in 2007. During that time, I also worked for the U.S. Forest Service Center for Aquatic Technology Transfer, where I conducted aquatic monitoring in National Forests throughout the southeastern USA. I obtained my Master of Science degree from Tennessee Tech University in 2009, under the guidance of Dr. Phil Bettoli. Subsequently, I worked for Tennessee Tech University, as Project Coordinator, on an assessment of the fish assemblage, recreational fishery, and water quality in the Caney Fork River. I began my doctoral education at North Carolina State University in Fall 2012, under the guidance of Dr. Tom Kwak. I have served as both Treasurer and President of the NCSU Student Fisheries Society. I promoted conservation of imperiled fishes by presenting preliminary reports of this research to a variety of audiences. Also during my tenure at NCSU, I mentored an undergraduate student who conducted research on the human dimensions of NCSU’s on-campus fishery. I appreciate my experiences at NCSU and value the wealth of knowledge that I accrued from classes and by interacting with faculty, students, and collaborators. As I continue in my career, these lessons and experiences will be very useful. I look forward to influencing native fish conservation and contributing to the understanding of fisheries management. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project was made possible by, and benefitted greatly from the guidance of, my academic advisor, Dr. Thomas J. Kwak. Support was provided by the North Carolina State University, Department of Applied Ecology, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Funding was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Duke-Progress Energy. I would like to thank Mark Cantrell, Jason Mays, and Mike Abney for their roles in facilitating this partnership. I would like to thank my academic committee members for their wisdom, guidance, and cooperation: Dr. Krishna Pacifici, Dr. Martha O. Burford Reiskind, and Dr. W. Greg Cope. I would also like to thank Dr. Gregory Lewbart for participating in my preliminary oral exam as a graduate school representative, and Dr. Gary L. Grabow for participating in my dissertation defense in a similar capacity. This project benefitted greatly from the input of several passionate conservationists, whom I would like to thank. Dr. Bob E. Jenkins spent many hours sharing his wisdom and passion for Sicklefin Redhorse, and through the process has become a friend. Scott D. Favrot provided his expertise and assistance in familiarizing me with the upper Hiwassee River system and Redhorse spawning habits. Bob Wallus tutored me in larval fish identification. Dr. Wayne C. Starnes provided useful suggestions and his assistance in identifying adult suckers. My father, Jonas A. Ivasauskas, helped extensively in designing and fabricating the swim tunnel apparatus used in this project. Steve J. Fraley, Mark A. Cantrell, and Jason Mays provided technical and logistical support. Thank you! This project would not have been possible without the expertise of several professional collaborators. Dr. Morgan E. Raley (HydroGENomics) helped me plan the genetic component of this project, walked me through the genetic barcoding procedure, and assumed the role of an advice-giver. Dr. Heather K. Evans and the staff at North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences facilitated the barcoding of numerous samples. Patrick L. Rakes, J. R. Shute, and Crystal Ruble (Conservation Fishes, Inc.) reared Sicklefin Redhorse in captivity and granted access to their facility and fish for swimming tests. Dr. Travis Glenn and W. Glenn Ballard (University of Georgia) completed the next-generation sequencing to iv identify Blueback Herring stomach contents and aided in interpreting the results. Finally, the Sicklefin Redhorse Conservation Committee has provided me with continued insights and direction and outlet, where my research has already influenced the conservation of this species. I would like to acknowledge my field assistants. In 2013, Jimmy Jenkins worked diligently
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