T HE

J E W I S H L I T E R A RY A N N UA L

1 9 0 3

PUBLISHED FOR

UNION OF JEWISH LITERARY SOCIETIES M E T HYA SON HON . E AL R M . S C ETA Y B , R R , 102 GROSVENOR ROAD HIGHBURY , , N fiONDO , N.

Pric e One S hilli ng. J \ ‘

inted b YNE NS N r BALLANT A O Gr 00 . P y , H At the Ballantyne Press THIS VOLUME 18

D E D I C A T E D T O

DR MI HAEL FRIEDLANDER . C ,

THE HONORARY CHAIRMAN OF THE UNION OF

JEWIS H LITERARY S OCIETIES ,

ON THE OCCASION OF HIS S EVENTIETH BIRTHDAY

AS A T B OF A O AND S M RI UTE FFECTI N E TEE ,

BY HIS S A M R S AND I S FRIEND , D IRE PUP L

THE MEMBERS OF THE CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES

F THE O O UNI N .

C ON T E N T S

PREFACE

UNION OF JEWISH LITERARY SOCIETIES

E"ECUTIVE

BRADY S TR EET CLUB FOR WORKING BOYS

BUTLER STREET GIRLS’ CLUB

THE CITY JEWISH SOCIAL AND LITERARY SOCIETY EAST LONDON ASSOCIATION OF JE WISH YOUTH

HAMPST A ST JOHN’S WOO J ISH LITER E D AND . D EW ARY SOCIETY

THE JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND ' THE JEWISH S TUDY SOCIETY JEWS’ COLLEGE LITERARY SOCIETY

’ JEWS COLLEGE UNION SOCIETY

NORTH LONDON JEWIS H LITER ARY AND SOCIAL UNION S OUTH-EAST LONDON JEWISH LITERARY AND MUSICAL SOCIETY

SOUTH HACKNEY JEWISH S OCIAL AND LITERARY SOCIETY SOUTH LONDON JEWIS H LITERARY AND SOCIAL SOCIETY

’ STEPNEY JEWIS H LADS CLUE

’ T HE WEST CENTRAL JEWISH WORKING LADS CLUB

WEST-END JEWISH LITERARY S OCIETY

’ BIRMINGHAM JEWIS H YOUNG MEN S AS SOCIATION BRISTOL JEWIS H SOCIAL AND DERATING SOCIETY CARDIFF JEWISH LITERARY AND S OCIAL SOCIETY V l l CONTENTS

PAGE UNION OF JEWISH LITERARY SOCIETIES (continued)

GLASGOW JEWISH LITERARY AND SOCIAL SOCIETY LEEDS JEWISH YOUNG MEN’S ASS OCIATION LIVERPOOL JEWIS H YOUNG MEN’S SOCIETY

’ MANCHESTER JRWIS H WORKING MEN S CLUB

THE PARK PLACE SYNAGOGUE ASSOCIATION; MANCHES TER

NE PO T MON JE ISH LIT ER AND S OCI I STITUTE W R ( . ) W ARY AL N SWANSEA JEWISH LITERARY S OCIETY THE TREDEGAR JEWISH LIT ERARY AND SOCIAL SOCIETY T HE JEWISH LITERARY S OCIETY (MELBOURNE)

SI" LECTURES

JE HUDA HALEVI

By IS RAEL COHEN. THE JEWISH SCHOOL-CHILD

By A. EICHHOLz, M. D .

JEWIS H CONC EPTION OF THE UNIVERSE IN THE MIDDLE AGES

B ARTWIG IRS CHFELD Ph. D. y H H , JEWISH SURNAMES N By ALBERT M. HYAE SO .

MODERN JUDAISII IN RELATION TO THE STATE

B AURIE MAGNUS M A. y L , THE POSITION OP JUDAISM IN THE CONTLICT BETWEEN RELIGION AND MODERN S CIE NCE

M D . B SN WMAN . y J . O . P R E F AC E

THE preface to the first Jewish Literary Annual pub lished under the auspices of the Union of Jewish Literary Societies may most appropriately consist of an account of Un n n Te. the work of the io duri g the past year, the first Th . e U n of its existence objects of the nion , as i corporated 29th n 1902 in the constitution adopted on the Ju e , are as follows

The diffus kn ion of a owledge of Jewish literature , and history, sociology . The co o rdination of the work of literary societies in general . The formation Of new literary societies, and the encouragement Of the literary sides Of Jewish

social clubs . The establishment of means whereby the literary efforts of the societies may be organised and n utilised in commo . The provision of literary material and guidance to members of societies desirous of preparing

lectures . The encouragement Of inter-society meetings and

debates. The n w promotio of popular Je ish publications. The organisation of summer meetings for Jewish

studies . The n Of li r and en assista ce existing bra ies, the c ouragement of circulating libraries in con nec tion with literary societies . x PREFACE It was thought by the Committee that of these objects the following demanded the earliest consideration : The formation of new literary societies in suitable districts ; a the support of the societies alre dy in existence , but for various reasons likely to succumb if unaided in the face of the difficulties that beset them ; and the encourage ’ ’ t - ment of li erary sides to existing working men s, lads and ’ C To ur n girls lubs . the f therance of this portio of its programme the Committee therefore devoted itself in the first place, with the result that at its suggestion meet d in d n ings were calle various istricts, metropolita and

c n U n a . provincial, at whi h represe tatives of the nio ttended By these means literary societies have been formed in N t - W L S L S or h est ondon , outh ondon, Bayswater, wansea, C d f T s n and ar i f. hese five societies owe their exi te ce ff W U . directly to the e orts of the nion hile, however, the Union may legitimately take credit for its share in this k m no t u r wor , it ust be forgotten that the b lk of necessa y effort and responsibility has fallen on the shoulders of Th n U . e local residents influe ce of the nion , moreover, al i n has so had other ind rect results, for in conseque ce of the interest aroused in the literary society movement ’ by last year s Conference and by the action of the U ’ m nion s practical activity, si ilar societies have been r formed in many other dist icts, and have passed through successful seasons . The Union has also proved itself of use in the case of a few societies that had apparently fallen on evil days . Com By sending representatives, and in other ways, the mittee has prevented the dissolution of more than one literary society already in existence ; and fortified by the nc n e ourageme t they have received , these societies have been enabled to carry through program mes which have

proved both of interest and of value to their members . The Committee has also put itself in correspondence with n the manageme t of the various Jewish clubs , with the object of inducing them to create literary sides to their PREFACE xi

s institution , with the result that most of the leading Jewish clubs of the country have decided to hold lectures and r n To m n ar a ge debates . facilitate the anageme t of these departments the Union has undertaken to furnish n such clubs with lecturers, which it was e abled to do thanks to the satisfactory response it received from the ladies and gentlemen who were invited to lecture under A d its auspices. pproaches were also ma e to various societies for the study of Hebrew literature in the and n original, also to the Zio ist societies with literary and n sides, it is hoped that good will fi ally result from this action. To the societies that it was instrumental in bringing e f n C into xistence or saving rom exti ction , the ommittee considered itself in an especial degree responsible for the provision of material for the completion of their literary To programmes . enable it to fulfil its promises to supply n n the co stitue t societies with lecturers on Jewish subjects, it issued invitations to a large number of Jewish ladies and gentlemen asking them to consent to lec ture or ' Of read papers at convenient dates . the replies received about ninety conveyed the consent of their writers to the inclusion of their names in the list of lecturers in n n ss preparatio , and this list , which has now bee i ued N ’ n 0 . U as . IV of the nion s publicatio s, contains some h A d in t e . seven hun red entries subject index lthough, d r i of course, many of these are in uplicate or t ipl cate , the compilation contains sufficient entries to relieve the managements Of literary societies of any trouble so far as the Jewish side of their literary programmes are con r d r Of ce ned for many years to come , and as a i ectory Anglo -Jewish lecturers it should prove of considerable was use to a still wider circle. It decided to invite lecturers to accept a uniform fee for each lecture of one T guinea and travelling expenses. o this request an unani n n L mous conse t was give . ecturers were further asked , whether they would be willing to forego these fees and even xii PREFACE

and s a the expenses in exceptional cases, to thi a m jority of the ladies and gentlemen have also kindly c onsented . Invitations have als o been issued to a selec ted number f s of colonial and oreign Jewi h litterateurs and scientists, MSS r es inviting them to place . of thei lectur at the dis U I posal of the nion , and the ssue of similar invitations to distinguished non-Jewish scholars resident in this country s is al o contemplated . It was felt that there were many members of the constituent societies who were only in need of helpful suggestions to assist and encourage them to undertake his research , and read papers dealing with Jewish tory, e A lit rature , and sociology . list of about five hundred suitable subjects for papers of Jewish interest was com il s p ed and is ued as Publication III . The entries were c las sified under the following headings : Religious and

il and A - Ph osophical, Historical (General nglo Judaica) , a S Art L r A o cr Politic l and ocial, , itera y (Biblical and p y R n in S phal, abbi ical, Imag ative, cientific, and General) , and

. d General Biographical subjects were not include , as no suggestions for lectures under that head were considered necessary . Members of the constituent societies were at the same time informed that the Union would be pleas ed to assist any would- be lecturer with suggestions as to a n and s Off uthorities to be co sulted, thi er has in several an instances been accepted . It was thought that by ’ arrangement with the authorities of Jews College fac ili a for n suffi ties might have been obt ined the loan , u der n ds n a s cie t safeguar , of books contai ed in the four libr rie e n n the hous d in that i stitutio , to members of constituent C n n societies . orrespo de ce passed between the executive U ’ C of the nion and that of Jews ollege, but the authorities of the latter institution were not able to comply with the U ’ Th U . e nion s request nion has not, however, abandoned all hope of being able still further to assist lecturers s il by the loan of books not ea ily ava able, and it believes that the proposed establishment by the Jewish Historical PREFACE xiii

S L ociety of a Jewish Museum and ibrary, a movement e to which it has giv n its heartiest support, will satisfy the great and insistent need of facilities for the consultation Th Un n of Jewish books . e io has already to express its thanks to the Jewish Historical Society of England for ’ placing its Lecture Fund and Slides at the Union s disposal . The work of the Jewish Historical Society in this dircc tion resulted in the preparation of illustrated lectures on “ ” “ ” ” The En The w R Jews in gland, Je s in ome, Maimonides, and Menasseh ben Israel . Following on the lines thus Un ill t set, the ion has prepared additional us rated lectures “ “ C on Purim and Passover, and members of its ommittee n n n The n are at prese t e gaged in extendi g the list . la tern slides illustrating the lectures are at the disposal of respon n sible members of the constitue t societies . The U n no nio , although by means a lecture society, does not consider altogether beyond its scope the holding Of an occasional gathering at which members of the con stituent societies can meet as its guests . Such a gathering ’ R a S t. O was held at the James estaur nt last ctober, when

- Montefiore M. A C a . e Mr. l ude G , , one of the vice pr sidents, gave an address on “ Marcus Aurelius to an appreciative audience numbering about four hundred, the largest gather be ing, it is lieved , ever held for such a purpose in the metropolis . It is the intention of the Union to hold a similar t e gathering in h autumn in Manchester, and advantage will be taken of the occasion to extend the influence of E Du the movement in the north of ngland generally. ring the past session members of the Executive have visited f s n and lectured be ore con titue t societies at Birmingham , C ff L N Mon S s ardi , Glasgow , iverpool, ewport ( ) , wan ea T (twice) , and redegar. At the invitation of the Publication Committee of the Jewish Historical Society the Committee appointed — S G lber D . . A e e . . thre of its members Messrs g, , Bertram xiv PREFACE — S B . S B S r c . LL. . . Jacobs , and F pie s, members of the T has former body. here subsequently been a change in n l C the constitutio of the Pub ication ommittee , but the n C Union is still strongly represe ted on this ommittee . The S Jewish Historical ociety, largely with the view to Un n meet the desires of the io , is publishing several works The Uni s fi ve of a popular character . on itself has i sued R pamphlets during the year . eference has already been made to those entitled Suggestions for Lectures on Subjects of Jewish Interest and First List of Lecturers ” S n ee and ubjects . In additio there have b n published ’ “ n Mr. Bertram Jacobs Hints on the Formatio of a ’ n Dr Kar le Th Literary Society a d . G. pe s e Union of L S ” Jewish iterary ocieties of Germany, both read before ’ C n n n 1902 O S elin er s the o fere ce in Ju e , and also Mr . scar g Presidential Address delivered before the members of the North London Jewish Literary and S ocial Union last T October . hese pamphlets are published at one shilling c an f n ec each, and be obtained rom the ho orary s retary of the Union .

Preparations are far advanced . for the holding of a R in A summer meeting . at amsgate early ugust on lines somewhat similar to those of the Jewish Chautauqua Dr f A . S O . ociety merica, which owes its origin to H Ber Of n are kowitz . By the institution these gatheri gs , which n lo cale ll fre inte ded to be annual, although their wi be C quently changed , the ommittee believes that it is satis fying a need that has been frequently expressed in the and community, and it looks forward to the assistance c o - operation of the constituent societies, their members , a d h n others in making the initial gat erings a success. The Mahamad have with great liberality placed ac c om modation at Montefiore College at the disposal Of the U C Of R nion , and the Mayor and orporation amsgate have signified their intention of affording an offi cial welcome to i n n s The the Un o on the occasio of the vi it . projected gatherings have also aroused considerable attention in the PREFACE "V

C Dr . Un S Rev . . ited tates, and the H Berkowitz , hancellor s Ch S Of A and of the Jewi h autauqua ociety merica , other m n n A and ewesses v pro i e t merican Jews J , ha e expressed n n At su es their i te tion of attending if possible . the gg tion of the Melbourne Jewish Literary Society provision n s in was made for the inclusion, as ho orary corre pond g ni n L members, of the colo al and foreig Jewish iterary S S n ocieties, and the Melbourne ociety has bee admitted as the first of this class . In order to carry out the work roughly sketched in n r n E the precedi g pages, f eque t meetings of the xecutive Committee as well as of its sub- committees were neces The E n sary . meetings of the xecutive umbered fifteen immedi in all during the year , the first of these following ately upon the conclusion of the Conference that brought The xc e the Union into being . meetings were without e p

n Of . tio , after the first, held at the chambers Mr Bertram U n Jacobs , for whose hospitality the thanks of the nio are The due. Union has also to express its acknowledgment of the generosity displayed by the Council of Jews’ College in plac ing accommodation at its disposal on the occasion Of C 1902 and both onferences, those of the present year . The thanks of the Union are in a very special degree n S A H m a son. due to the Ho orary ecretary, Mr. lbert M . y His energy and enthusiasm in everything that concerns the interests of the Union have been one Of the main causes of the success attained . The names of the honorary Officers of the constituent societies Of the Union and a précis of their latest reports o f are included in this volume, together with a selection the papers read before some of them during the past session .

LON ON Jul 1903 D , y .

T HE W O R K OF

THE CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES

4 THE JEWIS H LITER ARY ANNUAL

r S L. k n M . L D and of . azarus and Mr. aniel Mar s, have bee e C The nabled to entirely redecorate the lub premises . t ll rooms have been brigh ly painted, the wa s hung with n pictures, and the windows furnished with curtai s (which T im were designed by a member of the Club) . hese rovements n Of p , with a more brillia t system lighting , have r C endered the lub more cheerful and homely . The membership has remained steady throughout the n 1 80 2 0 year, the numbers varyi g from in summer to 7 in winter ; the actual nightly attendances have however been greater than in previous years . The indoor life of the Club has been carried on much The n for as heretofore . success of the Club in winni g successive years the Federation Chess Trophy has given h The r furt er impetus to that game. chess team has neve ' su r A now o yet fie ed defeat. manager attends weekly t instruct beginners and give hints to those more advanc ed n D h i . n t e the game raughts have also bee much played, less tedious nature Of the game making it more popular n than chess amo g the younger members . Debates have been held at intervals throughout the W s n inter, some of the ubjects having led to very kee n The L n discussio s . House of ords has, of course, bee na n and abolished, vacci tion do e away with conscription t s for ever removed from he po sibiliti es of the future . Off Mr. Hermann Myer has kindly ered to read a paper on a the apprenticeship system , which will no doubt lead to t r lively debate . It is hoped hat this will be the fore unner of many similar papers. The library has sustained a temporary loss through

k . n a . the illness of its able libraria , Mr. H rry G Mar s

C . Fortunately for the welfare of the lub , Mr Marks had trained a most able staff of assistants from amongst the and boys, these have devoted themselves to their self n n imposed duties in a most u selfish ma ner, and have rendered valuable help to their much respected leader, L son The n ad ns Alfred up . library has received ma y ditio THE WORK OF THE CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES

The 0 . during the year , and now contains I 54 volumes following statistics may also be of interest : the number of books issued has been 1 65 3 as compared with 1 0 2 5 in 1 90 1 the largest number borrrowed by any one member n n 2 as m 8 1 havi g bee 5 co pared with 3 in 90 1 .

B T ER TREET R ’ U L S GI LS CLUB.

P resid nt —La O e dy SASS ON.

Mrs . M S SSOO . N. Vice-P residents A . r R P M s. G H . A AEL.

— - Treasureaz Mrs E. SEBAG MO T F O . I N E RE . hairman o x cutive —Miss N TT A C E e I . f . E E DLER — . nt nd n o l ses Miss P P u L S . Hon S p eri e e t f C as . HI LI

— L O Hi h c retar Miss K . S O MON I bur New Park N S e . . y , 3 g y ,

H AL AND L TERA T THE CITY JEWIS SOCI I RY SOCIE Y.

’ W N O UE C ERS R T ST H N E C E H MB G . L S . Held at N S . Y AG G A , EA E E ,

id n — The Rev S L V M res e t . . . A P E Y , . — - ident F S S B c c res . S S . Vi e . PI P . . ER , — B I C O N Tre rer . H asu . . E .

Mr L H K STON 6o Middl x Str t . . . I ese ee NG E, , Al E d ate . g , r A LEV 1 A Well treet Hac ne N M . . 2 k S . E. Y , , y,

’ While the social side Of the Society s activity has by n n n no mea s bee neglected, there has bee an increased n interest shown in the lectures a d debates . This Society is now a constituent of the Union of L S iterary ocieties , and has endeavoured to promote some of the aims and Objects of the Union by taking part in t joint debates, by ex ending invitations to other societies n n to atte d some of its gatherings , and by accepti g the Of courteous hospitality other bodies. The social programme Of the Society has been very n Of varied in its character, co sisting concerts, dances, balls and conversaziones during the winter months and i outings dur ng the summer. 6 THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL

The Society presented the flowers for the decoration New S Shevuous Of and at of the ynagogue on last year, the special Chanuc ah Service for children several members S as of the ociety kindly gave their services stewards. The following is a detailed and classified programme of the literary work of the Society during the past session

Th v 2 . L V . e Re . A T ti . Y S M. he Educa on ill. E , B “ Th Rev . Prof Dr H LA Z P e . ints h . . GOL C o of Jewi 7 . N . s

Interest in the Cit of W r s y o m . “ 2 1 Mr IS RA A RA h l f . . L B H S M A T e o ace o ooks . . S E AM , . B

Mr L U R MAG S M A Mod rn udaism in . I . e J A E NU , Relation t he State o t .

Can Judaism thrive without Persecution ? Joint ’ e t wi h w s olle e nio n ci t D ba e t the Je C g U So e y . Dr A E O Z Th ewi h hild at Sch ol . ICHH L . J C . e s o .

That an Active Attitude towards Anti- Semitism is ” t than Passi Attit oint e ate with bet er a ve ude. J D b ’ Birmingham Jewish Young Men s Assoc iation . T at the Presentation of Jewish Life b No elists i 8. h y v s ” h - Beneficial to t e Cause of Judaism . Inter Soc iety ’ Debate at the Jews Colle e Unio n Societ g y .

h t n rc ur r A O . T a te o e with n . S I s e tiles M E . H C G . K is more Beneficial to the Interests of Jewry than ” Isolation .

M YAM ON wish urnames S . Mr ALB RT H S . J e . E .

EA T N N A AT N H TH S LO DO SSOCI IO OF JEWIS YOU .

r ident —T e v AY N A E N B A P es h . D F M Re . . A LD A , . t r —I I E AR s 0 L m n t H on. S ecre a . S O A ON 8 e a S reet y D R , , L ndon E o , .

The A n n s enc in N as ssociatio came i to exi t e ovember l t, and is a c ombination of the various junior soc ieties in the f L n n East End O o do . THE WORK OF T HE CONS TITUENT SOCIETIES 7

A S ss on Mr ae A M. . e . Isr l brahams, , opened the ion fi l ’ November 8th las t at Arm e d s Hotel . A S &c . . everal joint lectures , debates , , have been held Th R D n . e ev junior branc h of lads has bee formed . ayan h n Of B . A. e A. n t Feldma , , Preside t , gave a series four lectures on the History of the Maccabees at the Hambro S S t ynagogue on a urday afternoons , which were very well

attended by young people, for whom they were intended .

HAM TEAD AND T JOHN’S WOOD JEW H PS S . IS

LITERARY SOCIETY .

r i — P es dent OS M. . M S S A. E ,

- — d re e ts . ev . A. EE an v . . L Vice P sid n R A. G Re H . P ICE R N R . — u M . JAM N . Treas r B . I er. BEN

HO C L . F I DL N 1 Pandora Ro ad RA E R E A DER , 4 ,

i W . Ham tead N . . . c r e s W Hon e reta s. S p , ,

MAN HEV SKY A. D C B. . ,

The Committee in presenting its first annual Report congratulates the members on the successful c ompletion n of the first sessio of the Society . The Society had its origin in a private meeting convened in September 1 90 2 S Dr . n . U by J owman, at the instance of the nion of Jewish

Literary Societies . The subjects of lectures and debates have ranged over the w n and ide fields of politics, religio , art, science, t litera ure . The Committee has pleasure in appending to its report S e a record of all the meetings of the ociety . It b lieves this to be a new departure on the part of Metropolitan Jewish L S and n iterary ocieties, the experiment is i terestn on n that accou t . The c S not so ial side of the ociety has been neglected , although somewhat dwarfed by its literary activities . A c n and onversazio e ball were held , and the musical sub

— - — section a valuable off shoot Of the Society gave a much 8 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

The of S appreciated concert . thanks the ociety are due o t all who took part in those entertainments . The following is a list of the literary meetings of the session

1 0 2 9 . ’ i ent s d r V The Pres d A d ess . NO . 8.

. M MY RS n Th Education ill 1 0 2 . 1 8 Mr J C . o e . A K E B , 9 ” he w Th R v S VOYSEY o n esu t Je . e . C . s 2 5 . e HA J v B A n hetto Le nds L . M S SO e The Re . H G 2 . . . o ENDEL N , , g ” f r u o P ag e.

A. EN o . v. ish An otes Th Re A. n ew ecd 9 . e GRE J

. Dr E . M R S on Fac t and Fic tion of an 2 3 . BERNARD YE ” s n l Intere ti g Peop e. r CTO S on M M . . V n it 0 . F I FI H 3 R ER Art a d oral y . r H H O O n East- n i l i 6 M . G o E d flic u t es . . . . RD N D

1 r J n An - t n How t M . . M . o ti emi sm a d o . MI S i 3 B BEN A N , ” Cope with It. “ . Hum an the 2 r S . n in the l d 0 D J . F CHS o our ib . U B e T l d ” a mu . “ . Mr GE RERG B . A . 2 S . L . n Th P s 7 . , , o e res b C T OR of Fe Mr . MO F A on The Wor . . G I M k 3. LAUDE N E E,

the An lo-J wish As ci ti g e so a on. “ R E n m l i l h ld 1 0 . M M S o Ani M rac in t e O Mr. AU IC YER a es

Tes m nt and Lat r ar ll ls. ta e , e P a e

C n Th s f rlia Mr . W. L C . o e Hou s O Pa . J e 1 7 . BENN , . . ”

ment.

Mr A T R E w t 2 . H F LI on Je ish Chari Or 4. R U RANK N y an s tion g i a .

a h MA" H RZ on iter n h r. M rc . Mr L a ure a d C aracte 3 . E t “ 1 0 Dr. ST TO COIT o n The P tr f Ma terlinck. . AN N oe y o e ” - 1 Mr C . S TETTAU ER on l n . O d P nsio s. 7 . Age e “ . . W ill . O A M A l n w . L I Za 2 Mr G M . . . n srae 4 B N , , B Sc . o g , N li t ” o ve s .

I Mr L O AN LO LEVY n C lo r Photo ra h . 3 . E NARD GE o o u g p y A ril Mr H Y HY NS on i w of the Solar p 7 . . ENR MA A Short Rev e ” st m in th Li ht o f Sy e e g Astronomy . THE WORK OF THE CONSTITUENT S OCIETIES 9

H E H H R A SO ET F EN LAND T E J WIS ISTO IC L CI Y O G . — t IS OR S M P S . A. P residen . I PI . D E EL ANN,

. i H. A h f h r R v Dr L C e Rabbi. T e Ve e . y D ER ,

JOS PH J COBS B . A. E A ,

. F . A. C T IC M TI S . R E AR N, M F . D . OCATT A .

LU CIEN WOLF. — S . Treasurer. FRAN K HAE l r H . A o ne t I . ABR H MS M Me b u ouse S . A A , , i arnaba Ro ad Cambr d e. B s , g F A H ES 2 8 Bassett Road North Kensin R NK A , , g t n o , W.

u m rs v S L V M. A. S na o e Cha e . b The e . R E Y , , y g g , ’ Hel n s E C . Gr at t. e S e ,

The s number of members has increa ed , and now stands 2 The fin S an at about 5 0 . ances of the ociety are in ex tremel n y favourable conditio , the total balance at the bank n 8 1 m Of S C 8 . bei g £43 , 3 In the na e the ociety the ouncil n n cordially co gratulates Mr. Haes on the occasio of his and n Of seventieth birthday , wishes him a long co tinuance health and happiness . The Council has to record with extreme regret the d hi A . s eath of Mr. sher I Myers , who up to the time of death was a member of the Executive and Publication C and ommittees, who always showed the deepest sym S Th e . pathy with the work of the ociety . late Mr Myers rendered valuable services in the formation Of the Society ; during the first few years of its existence he acted as A and as a Of E c uditor, member the xecutive and Publi ation Committees he was ever ready to give the Society the benefit of his practical experience on many important S details . In every respect the ociety has to deplore in the removal of Mr. Myers the loss of a consistent and devoted supporter of the Society . It has been decided to establish a memorial to mark the services rendered to the S and ociety by the late Mr. Myers, a fund has already been r n sta ted, open to subscriptio from all members of the IO THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL

R n community, to form an Historical esearch Fu d to pro mote scholarly work in Jewish History and Literature. The S n D 2 2 1 0 1 ession ope ed on ecember , 9 , with a “ Th en A . M a a t e D . o c tt Presid tial ddress by Mr . F , en itled W L c n On 1 1 0 2 . a derings of the Jews . March , 9 , Mr u ien “ Wolf delivered a lecture on The Jews of the Restora A and a h Re S L M. . t e v . . tion , on the s me date evy, , read a ” The W n A 1 paper on Jewry all at Leicester . O pril 3 R “ . . a T n Mr. J M igg g ve a lecture on he Jews of E gland ” Th n C n rv an in the irtee th e tury, to se e as introduction to “ ” the v R the study of olume of Jewish Plea olls , edited by him for joint publication by the Jewish Historical and S n S Th . e Rev S S n elde ocieties . . i ger had promised to “ ” and E C read a paper in June on Jews nglish oronations , bu t the meeting was postponed in consequence of the ill w ness Of the king . A formal meeting of the S oc iety as h t e c n new n . held in July for ele tio of a president , whe Mr S nn was c in Isidore pielma , ele ted succession to Mr . ’ D Mo a a S t in An - . c tt n F . . Mr . pielman s interes glo Jewish n n The A - s research is of lo g standi g . nglo Jewi h Historical E n 1 88 n xhibitio in 7 owed a great deal to his inspiratio , and the Society is looking forward with satisfaction to his c e n n t more a tiv i flue ce on i s work . As n en n S has bee already m tio ed , the ociety has , during s n n S n S the past year , publi hed co joi tly with the elde ociety a volume of Select Pleas and other Records of the E h he w h xc equer of t Je s . T e fourth volume of the Transactions of the Society is in the press and well nc e and l n adva d , wi l be issued to members duri g the en curr t year . The relations of the Jewish Historical Society with the Jewish Publication Society of America continue to be of a c S Re th s n . n a e ordial character i ce the l st port, eco d part ’ L E m n of azarus thics of Judais has bee published by, h S The in the Jewis Historical ociety . first volume the h ” W s on . . Jewish ort ies eries Maimonides, by Mr I A ah and D Yellin n s br ams Mr. avid , has bee publi hed n E n and A and s simulta eously in ngla d merica, the Jewi h

1 2 THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL

E L n C n L in the ast o don ommu al eague centre, that some s of the ubjects of study are too difficult . It is felt that a n in E End and number of you g people, the ast elsewhere , n who are greatly in need of i struction, might be induced to band themselves into study circles if much easier courses e were provided for them ; to me t this objection, a friend to all young people of our race and an ardent lover of all n n that is sublime in our natio al history, has bee induced t its to wri e a special syllabus, and it is hoped merits will “ an at once prove incentive to study for those who, with n only a limited amount of leisure , desire to k ow something n n of their atio al history. The Jewish Chautauqua S ociety of America have also published simple course books in Biblical and post -Biblical and history literature, that they may meet the require n ' e ments of ju ior students th se, and also other printed N n C W n matter issued by the atio al ouncil of Jewish ome , ’ n c S dis osal and have bee courteously pla ed at the ociety s p , are available to be reprinted in England under certain n s S t S regulatio s , the Jewi h udy ociety reciprocating the s A s n n &c . favour by e di g copies of syllabuses, , to the e meri an S c Ou n n . ocieties, the same u derstandi g The object of the S ociety is to deepen interest in and Com Judaism , a proposal has been made that the mit T tee should add the study of Hebrew to its aims . his n n proposal will, of course , receive the earnest atte tio of the

C and no . ommittee, will doubt be favourably received S d n ff c c houl this be the case , the ki d o ers of tea hers, whi h n and if have bee already made , will be accepted, the desire is manifested a class for adults who have hitherto not had the opportunity of studying the language in which our e and are and a Holy Bibl Prayers written , lso for those who

s t . are able to udy Hebrew as a literature, will be formed It is obvious that this is a matter of the u tmost import h he ance, and it is to be hoped t at, should the classes C S S started by the ommittee, the members ofthe tudy ociety ff will be eager to second their e orts . THE WORK OF THE CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES I 3

‘ Various lectures bearing on the courses of study have : C been delivered from time to time as follows Mr. laude “ ” Montefi ore M A Th . e a , . , on Book of Job ; Mr . Isr el “ A M A The E il brahams, . . , on Problem of v as evolved from the Book of Job also on The Yellin Method of ” in teach g Hebrew, which lecture was repeated for the n i E End Rev be efit of members liv ng in the ast ; the . S r n S . o L f inger, a cou se of three lectures Jewish i e at ” T R C n . L the ime of the ise of hristia ity ; and Mr H. . “

A. T M. he Pass, , a course of three lectures on Minor ” Th R v S S n . e e . e e Prophets . i ger was invit d to r peat his u E End co rse at the ast ; the attendance, however , was so disappointing that after the second lecture the course n n was aba do ed . The Soc iety hopes by participating in the publication ’ ’

A a and . L of Mr. Israel br hams Mrs Henry ucas Hebrew ” R d n Yellin ea i g and Grammar on the Method, to have the t a n ff sa isf ction of maki g its first e ort in literary publication . It is believed this will prove an exceedingly useful and - E n S and C s attractive text book for leme tary chools las es, u and for private instr ction . A n library has bee started which, by the kind permis L sion of Miss ily Montagu, the librarian, is located at ’ W C C D n S S The the est entral Girls lub, ea treet, oho . f D n . . Mo a a . c tt ucleus of the library was ormed by Mr F , ’ who generously placed fifty copies of Graetz s History of the Jews at the disposal of the Society at the nominal

. . C Mo . ntefiore cost of binding up the sheets Mr laude G , n e n t a other kind contributor, pr se ted a comple e set of the ” “ t R O Jewish Quar erly eview , bound . ther works have as n been purchased the eed has arisen. In June 190 2 the Conference of Jewish Literary Societies ’ L n at Jews College invited Mrs . io el Jacob to read a paper on the work of the Jewish Study Society ; this was highly n appreciated by those who had the pleasure of heari g it , and has n d A T it since bee rea in merica, at the riennial C W The meeting of the ouncil of Jewish omen . Union I 4 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL o f Jewish Literary Societies later issued a formal invita n S S ffi e and tio to the tudy ociety to become a liat d , this C n has been accepted by the ommittee, in the co fident belief that such action will prove useful and beneficial in and V forwarding the aims objects in iew. It is satisfac tory to point out that the Jewish Study S ociety has drawn into its circle not only those who have achieved a large insight into Jewish historical and literary s and c o -O the ubjects , who willingly perate in cause of m n m i parti g what they know to others, but also others o f young children who wish to study something of their n national history before they are ready to tra smit it, and finally many young members whose knowledge of ancient history has hitherto been drawn from the annals of ROme and and n i Greece , has ever ncluded the inspiring accounts of the unrivalled persecution and heroic martyrdom of s Jewi h patriots .

JEWS’ COLLEGE LITERARY SOCIETY:

P resident —IS AB H M S M. A RAEL RA A , . Vice- P ident — Dr E A res s M . Dr . F I I CH A. H S . S . R DL NDER , R , and LE Y A. V .

H n S ec retar — E E o . IS COH ueen S uare House y RA L N, Q q , uilford tr t G S ee W. . , C

The session opened with a Presidential Address on The S c . A N be 3. ola e of Books , by Mr Israel brahams, on ovem r S n s as : Dr ir h ubseque t lecture were given follows . H sc feld “ o n The Arabic Fragments of the Cairo Genizah at Cam ” ”

D m Dr. S . 1 A. The bridge, ece ber Hirsch on Mishna, L n v . n B J Re . . A. R a uary 5 Me delssohn, , on ashi and his C m n a 2 C n P ifrke Bible o me t ry, March hro ology of b th C in T n A o . h . C , I ( ha of raditio ) , by Mr Israel o en , ” and O M Rev. . May 4; rigins of Jewish ysticism, by G L n 8 ipki d, June . The lectures were delivered on the first Monday of the THE WORK OF THE CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES 1 5

and on f s month, each occasion were ollowed by an intere ting discussion . The first Conference of the Literary Societies was held ’ C u at Jews ollege, and was ina gurated by the President, The C L e . A Mr Israel brahams. delegates of the ollege it rary

l nde . S Dr Fried al r . A ociety were . M . , and Messrs I brahams

nd n. A o n C a I . Cohe m g the papers read at the onference ” one The n Of L was on Formatio a Jewish ibrary, by the

C . S . Hon . ecretary, Mr Israel ohen

’ E JEWS COLLEGE UNION SOCI TY . — H on P resident IS A L AB AHAMS M. A . R E R , . — P resident IS RAEL COH EN . - d t — R A EV Vice P resi en . A R HAM L Y . — Tr . DAN WITz easur J GLO . — er eta . N T I . N en n S ecr r COH . ue S uare Hom Ho . e y BAR E E Q q , — f t e ret H . N. i t D u H on . c ar GOO M Gu l ord S . e S W. C . p y y D A ,

Since the issue of the last Report the membership has

n fift - six n - n n C i creased from y to seve ty i e, and the ommittee is pleased to be able to state that there are but few past no students of the College who have t joined . In o rder to aff ord members of the College Council and others eligible for membership of the Union Society an n n n Of opportu ity of evi ci g their appreciation its work , a - h n To system of life membership as bee created . obtain such membership a single payment of a subscription of r n two guineas is requi ed . Eight ge tlemen have already il ava ed themselves of this privilege . The Session was inaugurated by a Social Reunion on S n n N 1 0 2 n unday eve i g , ovember 9 , 9 , which was atte ded n i n i , n by over two hu dred lad es and ge tlemen ncludi g . the E U n L a S c xecutive of the nio of Jewish iter ry o ieties, the Of n L S s and ficers of the Metropolita Jewish iterary ocietie , n n a number of other leadi g members of the Commu ity . Two e n very succ ssful joi t debates were held , the one at 1 6 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

’ Jews College with the North London Jewish Literary and S U and the R ocial nion , the other at .Vestry oom of the S S ’ B New t. C C ynagogue , Great Helen s, with the ity s S L t S Jewi h ocial and i erary ociety . Both these joint debates were held under Union i e S conditions , . . , each ociety providing two speakers for, and T two . against the resolution his new system , advocated U L S t r by the nion of iterary ocie ies , worked admi ably . A joint debate with the Birmingham Jewish Young ’ Men s Association had been arranged to take place at ’ C on 8 1 0 Jews ollege March , 9 3, but at the last moment the Midland S ociety found it impossible to send the s n As n n S necessary repre e tatives . the U io ociety had in vited the members of all London Jewish Literary Societies n ni n to be present , great i conve e ce might have resulted from the defection of the Birmingham As sociation had t C n n n no Mr . Israel ohe ki dly stepped i to the breach and “ o n s Novelists An n opened a debate Jewi h . excelle t discussion ensued in which members of seven Societies The ss n took part . succe of this meeti g suggests the advisability of similar conjoint meetings being arranged ff n f Un by the di ere t bodies a filiated to the new ion, in n place of the ordi ary joint debates . n lr n In additio to the events a eady me tioned, four other literary meetings and internal debates were held at Queen

Square House . The activity of the Union of Literary Societies calls for f an expression O grateful appreciation. ’ During the past Session a Sport s Club and a Chess

C a . lub were formed, the latter under the capt incy of Mons S Mr . n A A . . r . ntoine (with H J andheim as Ho ora y S and n c n ecretary) , the former u der the aptai cy of l i z n D o w t . C an . . Mr. J. g (with Mr B I ohe as Honorary

Secretary) . Before concluding its Report the Committee referred n n n to an eve t of the greatest i terest, amely, the seventieth birthday of the learned and beloved Principal of the THE WORK OF THE CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES I 7

C e Dr . an as . olleg , . M Friedl der, to whom , as well to Mrs

a ff n . As Friedl nder, it o ered its heartiest congratulatio s R n d the eport was passing through the press , an illumi ate in Dr. a r a address to Friedl nder was cou se of preparation , draft of which had by that time been sent to all past and n C present stude ts of the ollege . The following is a list of the meetings

1 0 9 2 .

NOV . Social Reunion . 9 . 6 m rom t 1 . I u Deb t p p a e. ” e ate on The wish R li ious ni n O ned Dec 1 . D b J U e o . e b . 4 e g p y

Mr . N H GOO . . DMA 8 oint e at w or h n n sh i r I . J D b e ith the N t Lo do Jewi L te ary and Social Union That a Passi e Attitude toward , v s ” n - m m th nl P c A ti Se itis is e o y correct oli y . 1 0 9 3. ate Th t the Missi n f Is l i tt r d b an 1 . Deb a o o rae s be e ser e J . 7 , v y ” i rsion than b R -N n l on n d D spe y e atio a isati . Ope e by H Mr H O o d b Mr. . M . . J . S H IM se AND E ; pp y .

LAZ ARUS . Joint Debate with the Cit Jewish Soc ial and Literar 2 5 . y y Societ That Judaism cannot thri e without P rs y, v e e ”

c ution.

Lit rar E nin Ori inal Pa rs n etch F b . 1 e e : e a d Sk es read e 5 . y v g g p H b M rs A . TU . POO . . ess W. D J S HE I y . RNER, L, AND M, I OH and SRAEL C EN . Con oint Debate That the P resentation of Jewish Life March 8. j , by Jewish Novelists is beneficial to the Interests ”

. r Mr S of Jewr O ene . I COH O oser y p , RAEL EN ; pp , B S S C . S . S . F . PI Mr. ER ,

NORTH LONDON JEWISH LITERARY AND N ON SOCIAL U I . — d W unr. P resi ent S . LL CH J A A ,

- — S KA M A r d t A UST H . . Vice P esi en . UG U N, — u er OTTO LOE I . Treas r . W

M TE A NIDJAH Essex Road Canonbur N . iss S LL A , 35 5 , y,

Hon. Secs. A I VILLIERS 6 Mildma Park N . lMiss NN E DE , 5 y , B 1 8 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

in S A R Com In present g its ixth nnual eport , the mittee has much pleas ure in recording the continuous progress of the Union ; the year under review Showing in

many respects a marked advance on its predecessors . The and i subjects of the lectures debates d splay , as in f i — s ormer years, a cathol city of range matters of Jewi h

interest being however well to the fore . It is gratifying to note that the fixtures were generally well adhered to . T h . e s S A. special thank of the ociety are due to Mr . M H amson A S r y , Mr. H . M . dler, and Mr . H . nell for thei fi kindness in lling, at short notice, the places of the only three gentlemen who were unable to keep their engage

ments . At the invitation of the Jews’ College Union Society the U n C e on 1 8th D nio visited the oll ge ecember, when a c S e n n e joint debate was held , ea h ociety b i g represe t d by in n and two speakers favour of the resolutio , two against . This arrangement appears to be preferable to the previous s e n c S a yst m, u der which ea h ociety r nged the whole of its c one for es on side . The outc ome of the succ essful Conference of Jewish L S c a iterary o ieties held l st June, in the promotion ofwhich the U n n n n nio took a leadi g part , has bee the formatio of a n Un L e S At n permane t ion of it rary ocieties . a meeti g of Un n h S members of the io eld last eptember , resolutions were adopted sanctioning the adhesion Of the Union to and n C this body, empoweri g the ommittee to levy a c ontribution of one shilling per member in furtherance of

its work. The promotion of Literary Societies in various parts of the country is a tribute to the usefulness of the new s e o rganisation. It has al o issu d various publications likely to prove of servic e to the new Literary Societies

a n e . am mo gst others, the pap r read by Mr Bertr Jacobs at ’ n in n and l C n . O S e in er s the o fere ce Ju e , Mr scar g Presi d A e Un Oc ential ddress , deliver d before the ion in tober l S N Lon Un ast. everal members of the orth don ion are

2 0 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

M A Fr T d Mr M E . L N . . ee ra e. . . A GE, ” E O O . iss . The Influence of the Press . M G RD N

” ' ' ‘ r W. PE I R . Lit e L nd n M . I I tl o o . DGE “ O S LL . . b r . J C B i M . a es . B B A , B The Art of the Pas t as c onnec ted with the Life and Religion ” R A. f les Sir W. . RICHMO o Peo . p B ND, “ ” H N . Mr . S k . LL Shyloc . E

A R S M. A J Maccabaeus . Mr. IS L B H . udas RAE A AM , “ ” - - in Mr S . O O . 0 ta . Anglo Jewry in 1 9 3 A Stock k g . G RD N ” L n d ca io ill Mr. . M NJ MI . o do E u t n . The n B . B BE A N n The Modern Re vival of Hebrew as a Living La guage.

S N N . Dr. J . OWMA ” ’ n - mit m oint e at with ew s Colle e nion A ti Se is . J D b e J g U

ociet S y.

SOUTH-EAST LONDON JEWISH LITERARY AND

MUSICAL SOCIETY.

— v G ST sid t Re N . O O . P re en . LD N — - dent M. OO . Vice P resi . BL MBERG — . E O S re rer G . . . Hon. T asu JAC B s N ST Mis LA CA ER .

i S . ecretaries . M ss Hon. S ALING

39 Lewis r Lewisham . G o e S . E v , ,

The session showed that notwithstanding the adverse a n C circumst nces u der which the ommittee had to work ,

S in. the ociety made good progress, more particularly n Ten connection with the literary work it u dertook. S e meetings of the ociety were held , and of these five wer T of a literary character . his is the first session of the South - East London Society to include literary work in its programme . The Society with great pleasure records its thanks to the Committee of the South -East London Synagogue in granting permission to use the temporary school- rooms for S the purposes of the ociety. T HE WORK OF THE CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES 2 1

LIST OF MEETINGS .

d ntial Addre s . ev N O STO Su ect Presi e s R . . G LD N . bj wi h Literar oci ti s Je s y S e e .

E . t h i n r . T e Ed cat ill. O en Deba e. u o M B p e , A L M. ANGE , . T n n A h tiz . r M D b te Jew as a Ci e O e e . a . e e p , .

JACOBS .

- on rt n b M. i P nt C ce i e OO B V ce reside . g v y BL M ERG, i n n S oc al Eve i g.

Soc ial Evening. Cinderella . “ ish it n m sium . w S o Je W a d Humour b M . D VIS y p , y A .

Concert . “ P . Rev N O STO . u ec t M aper . G LD N S bj : Moses en

delssohn .

SOUTH HACKNEY JEWISH SOCIAL AND

LITERARY SOCIETY.

P resident — A. S M N B . AL E .

Vice-P resident — L . F AN I . B . R KL N .

Tre surer —F P Z E a . . O N R B . .

H on ecret r — L S P . S a S O H I 6 Victoria ark Road y E ER , 6 ,

ondon E L , N . .

The number of members amounted to 90 at the end n of the session, and it is gratifyi g to note that of these a large number have been connected with the Society since its inception six years ago . The Committee hopes that the continuance of the meetings at Mozart House may attract a larger number of members but they do not lose sight of the desirability obtainm r t of g pe manen premises in the parent locale . Th 6 e 1 8 . d income for the year amounted to £5 3, 9

1 8 1 8 . d. and there is a substantial surplus of £ , 3 9 to be carried over for the next session . 2 2 THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL

The work of the Entertainment Committee has been eminently successful, and the grateful thanks of the Society are due to the ladies of the committee whose endeavours have resulted in a number of highly enjoyable n entertai ments . Lectures and debates have been given monthly and n The have bee very well attended . lecturers included M D S S n S A. R r L . the evs . . Gaster and . i ger, Mr . H . . ewis, , n B S D L . A . c . . M . Mr . G . Bowma , . , , Mr Michael avis, and S ol Mr. Heiser . The interchange of courtesies between the Literary Societies has proved a very pleasant and successful D n S n feature . uring the sessio the ociety e tertained ’ N L n C E L members of the orth ondo , Jews ollege, ast ondon, C L a S The C and ity iter ry ocieties . ommittee recommends that whenever possible invitations to the literary gather ings of the S ociety be extended to as many of the kindred S ocieties as possible .

SOUTH LONDON JEWISH LITERARY AND

SOCIAL SOCIETY .

P re id — v L CO s ent e . F CIS . H R RAN EN . Vi - r s d — E L NS P e i ent O . ce . OL M . . S O

Tr re — N T H N easu r H H CO . . . BER ARD E H ecr e — MU M RICH and A F E B ON S et ri s S . on. a A EL L RED M , t Walworth E The S na o ue He ate Stree S . . y g g , yg , ,

The Executive Committee have pleasure in reporting S nl n that the ociety, which o y came into existe ce in A O . ctober last, has secured a membership of 99 pro visional committee having been convened by the President, a meeting of the Jewish inhabitants of South London was O l 6th 1 0 2 held on ctober , 9 , at which a deputation from U J L S and the nion of ewish iterary ocieties attended, it ‘ was decided that the Society should become afliliated L S e to the Union of Jewish iterary ocieties. In respons THE WORK OF THE CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES 2 3

to a desire that rooms Should be secured in a more central position than that occupied by the local Syna u and S at gog e chools , very satisfactory accommodation S C New R the urrey Masonic Hall , amberwell oad, was E S c The secured by the xecutive of the o iety. following meetings have been held during the session

nau l on er zion . I ura 7 g C v sa e. “ 2 1 . Lec ture Anc ient He rew Melod v L b . Re F OH , y . . . C EN with illustration b Mrs H s . CO ( y EN) .

Lec ture ohn Rus in Mr E . . J k . . STERNHEIM ev 4 , . R . ST R N in the Ch . i J . F r E a .

1 8 Concert under the direc tio n of ILIP H Mr. PH N . . CO E ” L ture The Reli io n of Sha es 1 . ec k J C eare. Mr OB , g p . A

OO Dr. T N T N T W LF . S O COI in the h ir A C a . (The

Lec ture w as followed by a Concert. )

Co nc rt under the direc tion of Mr A F E EMB O 1 8. e . L R D N. ’ isit b ind in itati n o h s C ll March 8 . V ( y k v o ) t t e Jew o ege Literary i t So c e y. l m l . 9. Puri Ba

n rt u der the dir c ti M H . 1 Co ce n e on of r. H 5 . BERN ARDT

COHEN . “ tur An A rec iation f ra l 2 . Lec e o Is e Zan will Mr 9 , pp g . .

B . . A. . S c L . O M . G M B W AN, , ” T umours of S iritualism. Mr . . Lecture he H SOL 5 , p w a Conc ert HEIS ER (follo ed by ) . n tin f llow 2 6 . Annual Ge eral Mee g ( o ed by a Conver

sazione) .

The attendanc e of members both at lectures and con be and certs has en excellent, will encourage speakers and Th performers to favour the Society with future Visits . e Committee congratulates the members on the organis ation T of so excellent a programme at Short notice . hey are ul nx n ll partic arly a ious to foster local tale t , more especia y in the serious consideration of questions affecting com N n the s munal development . o e less they bear the claim 2 4 THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL

i and o co of relaxation in m nd , will als continue to operate in the general movements inaugurated by the U L S nion of Jewish iterary ocieties.

E E E SH L ’ ST PN Y J WI ADS CLUB,

I S T P Y G LON O E. 7 E NE REEN , D N,

P resident —Th Re v T N . J . F S . e . ER Treasurer —D NZI MY R . E L E .

a —P V H on S e . M . . ANLEER.

THE WEST CENTRAL JEWISH WORKING ’ LADS CLUB,

8 FITzROY S UARE W 3 Q , . — ONT M A. r t M F O . P esiden C . G . I E RE,

- — W E . r id t . Vice P es en P S . AL Y — r r W . T r . L ea su e . S I M . EL G AN — C H O . H on S ecretar . . H . y B EN

H o et M na i m tt — F MO EY m . S cr a a n o i ee . n. e r C y, g g RL

br a — Li ari n G V M . . . YER

During the year a very severe loss was suffered in the fi d . N n Monte ore eath of Mrs atha iel , through whose gener o sity the Club was able to move into and enjoy its present n in premises , and who always took a kindly i terest all the A n and work of the Club . deputatio of Managers boys n atte ded the funeral . The membership during the past year has shown a I a n n slight ncrease on the aver ge, rangi g from one hu dred n on n and twe ty to close two hu dred, and a considerable n n T im i crease duri g the summer . his is a noticeable provement an d shows that boys do not join merely for a S o in n o c cu h rt time the winter , whe they are at a loss for u n n n n n do patio in the eve i g, but by co tinued atte da ce n o their best to derive full be efit from the instituti n . There are boys who have been members continuously S n n C i ce the openi g of the lub five years ago . THE WORK OF THE CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES 2 5

The Debating Society during the past year showed n renewed vigour. Various excelle t debates were held on T Un A rade ions, on pprenticing , which was kindly opened C . C n by Mr H . Myer, hairma of the Industrial ommittee di C of the Jewish Board of Guar ans, and on lub Improve n ments, a subject of recurring i terest which is always de n a bated with exceeding eager ess and animation, and with persistency deserving of success . The library has been well patronised so far as the The Com limited number of books rendered possible . mittee ventures to appeal most earnestly for gifts of books n and periodicals , so that the useful ess of the library may be extended . A short service was held on the Day of Atonement S o during the afternoon . far as it went it was very suc sful c es . It was attended chiefly by the younger members, which is probably due to the fact that the elder boys attended services which lasted during the whole of the T A h . e the . day . thanks of Club are due to Mr . H M dler f n S L s n for o ficiati g, and to Mr. H . . ewi for writing a sermo n specially suited to the occasio . The Club receives with enthusiasm from time to tim e s in letters from former member in all parts of the world , U S A A and S cluding the nited tates of merica, ustralia, outh Af rica , where twelve old boys are settled, five of whom f in ought the war. D n . In ecember a Magazi e was started It , was edited S . m C n the by Blumenthal, a ember of the lub, u der superintendence of a Committee of members who acted

u n . A S N no t nder the chairma ship of Mr . tiebel. early, if quite the whole of it was written by members of the Club . The reports of athletic events which formed an important i S part of the magaz ne showed cons iderable journalistic kill . Notes by the Club humorist are worthy of mention but rdl The n n ha y of quotation . magazi e was typewritte , and w two copies ere put up in the Club . ’ In the Federation Of London Working Boys’ Clubs 2 6 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

N L for competitions, athan ewis again won the prize S hakespeare recitation , gaining the cup, and this year he was also placed first in the reading competition and

c In in . se ond the comic recitation, w ning the bronze medal The C a w ts lub lso entered for map dra ing, draugh , and

chess .

- WEST END JEWISH LITERARY SOCIETY . — P resident H . S . . H I S M A. Q ENR QUE , . — Treasurer . J OS PH L ON E E .

L . J . H IS ARR ,

H on S ec retaries A. T . JOS PH . . E ,

h rland A enue 77 Sut e Maida Hill W. v , ,

The Report showed that since the formation of the S on 1 1 a s ociety, the th January l st, four meeting had been

held , at which papers of Jewish interest were read and m discussed . It is the hope of the Com ittee that the Society should be self- supporting as far as the papers read n before it are concer ed as well as in other directions , and members willing to read papers or open debates are in i ed n S v t to commu icate with the Hon . ecretaries as early A n as possible. mo g the members who have promised to n contribute to the programme of next sessio are the Revs .

and . E A . A. Green Morris Joseph, Messrs M manuel, d C L an S n . aurie Magnus, harles i ger n n Four meetings have bee held duri g the short session , as follows

Mr. . NR U . S . H S 8 H. the President d li r Q E IQ E , , e ve ed an Addr s es . “ Mr. . R SE arch 8 . S O U B M . c B M S . read a P a er o n Alien N A , , p ” I mi ration from Eastern Euro e m g p . “ Mr H. A M . . . A O n M . e ed a Debate on Anti DLER, , p ” Semitism and H ow t , o Cope with it.

‘ “ Mr. L . J COB read a Pa r n I A pe o saiah.

2 8 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

March 2 . Prize Essa That the resent S iritual Unrest in 9 y, p p English Jewry is a healthy Sign calling for Eu ” co r em n an stif in 0 i u ion . u ag e t d ju y g H pe. D sc ss

BRISTOL JEWISH SOCIAL AND DEBATING SOCIETY. — P re iden . s t A J . JACOBS .

- — Vic e Pr ident. es H. AL AN S SON . — Hon. S ecretar and Treasurer Miss OPP H I y . EN E M,

1 2 Collin wood Road Redland ristol . g , , B

N 2 1 0 2 . O C n . ovember 3 , 9 pening o versazione D 1 0 2 The S An C ecember 3, 9 . ociety gave its nual oncert n in aid of the fu ds of the local Jewish Board of Guardians . t It was most successful in every particular, and af er all n S necessary expe ses were paid, the President of the ociety was able to hand over £ 60 to the President of the Board

of Guardians .

D 1 0 2 . A ecember 7 , 9 sharp practice debate was held

amongst the members .

S . Re . D 2 8. v . B A. ecember hylock By the J Polack, . S E n 1 1 1 0 . . January , 9 3 ocial veni g A e 8 1 0 . F bruary , 9 3 sharp practice debate , the sub jec t being That it is advis able that a Jewish Conference S hould be held to discuss problems of synagogue attend

ance and worship . Th 1 1 0 . e a S E February 5 , 9 3 third and l st ocial vening and n was held by the members their frie ds. “

A n. 1 1 0 . March , 9 3 lien Immigratio By Mr . H . H . Th n L n n . e Gordo , of o do lecture was followed by a social n hour, duri g which several musical items were given by

members . T 1 1 0 . . T n March 5 , 9 3 Purim reat his is given a nu D n S Th ally to the poor children by the ebati g ociety. e li a s and n ttle ones lway look forward to it, they are e ter tained n n a c n first to a substa tial tea, the to a m gi lanter dis and on n s i and an n play, leavi g each gue t rece ves a toy ora ge . “ N n a E 2 2 1 0 . a a n on March , 9 3 tio al Physic l duc tio the i n L n L C n . . o t ne t By Mr awre ce evy, of Birmingham . THE WORK OF THE CONSTITU ENT SOCIETIES 2 9

CARDIFF JEWISH LITERARY AND SOCIAL SOCIETY. — P sid t S U . re en . J AM EL — h irm n R PHI IPS . C a a . LL

- — E NST m n . a r S . Vice Ch i a . I EIN — ur B HALSON . Treas er. . S — H t r . E NST E 2 Ne ille tr A. A S t C r i . on. S ecre a . I I e ff y N , 5 v e , a d

i ta t ret r — D M P P s s n ec a . HILLI S . As S y .

GLASGOW JEWISH LITERARY AND SOCIAL SOCIETY.

Hon P r id nt — I M . es e SI O O IS J P . D R RR , . .

n V - s i n s Ho ice r e t . . P e d

N EN U R M C . . . J . FRA K B G . B ABON U T C S P N TO . M J I I . OH . UL . EN VI E R Fox D A D H ILB ON . J . . l TT S . . . O O SIE EL S S SAMUEL . P r dent — M H NS P S O . esi . IC L I J AE M , .

- — ice President B HEI B ON . V . . L R — K M H easurer J COR RA RIS C . Tr . A — R V E H ON 2 6 Ind H n. e r t r G IL ILB o S c e a A ia t t . y N L E R , S ree

D . F IEN R D . A sw nt H on. S ecretaries s ta .

H . P I P . J H LI S L .

’

i n ti n . Mr . S ONS Pres de t s Rece o M . P IM J . p , . ” L e Th Wisdom of olomon ec tur e S Mr. . C A , L UDE

MO T F O M. G I A. . N E RE, Lecture Certain As ects of the Mosaic Law an , p d their n i n f ss r I ter retat o . Pro e o JOH GL IST M D p N A ER, . . Parliamentar ate y Deb . At m ” Ho e.

Lecture Judas Maccabaeus Limeli ht Views , ( g ) . R A RA . Mr. IS AE L B H S M A. AM , Debate Should Alien Immi ration b , g e Restric ted ? N Ne Mr H Mr P TO . . . J . I . ILB O A , g B E R N , fi . ” At Home.

mmunal utlo Lec ture The Co O ok . v Re . , A. A.

R London. G EEN , t ” Hat Nigh .

t v. V L Nati nali . A MA E March ecture o Re D I C . , y D RA 30 THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL

E ’ A LEEDS JEWISH YOUNG M N S ASSOCI TION,

2 S IC T C L E S . 7 BRUN W K ERRA E , E D — P H P SC . on P re ident HI H J . . s AUL R ,

V TM . M ABRAHAMS BA . . LI H Rev. . , , G AN

O N . M L S . J C H . B I . E U EL K

A. FEL M . J OSENBOM. D AN . R

F E . L ox. A. OOLF J . . W i — Cha rman. A F . ELDMAN. Vice- hai — C rman. L V . H . O EDALE — Treaswrer . v Re . . M AB H S B . A . RA AM , — Hon. S ecretar I C D I y SAA AV DSON . In presenting the Sixth Annual Report and Balance ’ Sheet of the Leeds Jewish Young Men s Ass ociation the Committee is highly gratified at being able to show a distinct n n n progress , both from a fi a cial and socia—l poi t of View. In the early part of the year a Share Fund was opened ad 10s w re to receive vances from . upwards to ards the n A n decorati g and refitting of the premises of the ssociatio , and it was a source of satisfaction to the Committee to observe how readily the members came forward with their

advances . In reviewing the events of the year it is pleasing to note that there has been some interesting debates and

s n n Rev . lecture , amo gst them bei g a lecture by the . M “ ” Th L ni a d B A. e M n A . brahams , , on ife of aimo des, another ” Dr R n on C by . alph Hopto hina, both lectures being n illustrated by limelight effects . Amo gst those who took C part in the debates, and whom the ommittee sincerely

A . D . . . L n thank, are Messrs Poyser , I avidson, H M . ipma , ff S . S . . L. . Goodman a er , J Myers In addition to these literary entertainments a few M T s n n ock rial took place ; whilst umerous co certs, both h n n smoking and Bohemian , proved ighly e tertaini g to d n members an Visitors (includi g ladies) . During the year there have been some very pleasant THE WORK OF THE CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES 31 interchanges of courtesies between the members of the T Association and members of similar institutions . hese compliments were reciprocated by the various clubs when members of this Association visited them .

Th Af . . e departure from Leeds for South rica of Mr. J B S hac ksnovis was made the occasion of presenting that gentleman with an illuminated address as a token of n n appreciatio of his services to the Associatio . The C n s ommittee , whilst atte ding to the need of the A n members of the ssociation , has evertheless not been the C r unmindful of the calls of local Jewish ha ities, and it was a source of intense satisfaction to every one concerned that the Committee was able to distribute the following donations by means of Bohemian concerts T n one hree guineas to the Jewish Board of Guardia s , and ’ n L t S gui ea each to the Jewish adies Benevolen ociety, the hnosas Orc him S and T T Ac . ociety, the almud orah

L VERPOOL JEW SH N MEN’S S E I I YOU G OCI TY .

P r ident — E S es K Y . . T . A E — - ice P resident. V J. CH I S NE DER . T — reasurer H . IS CS AA . t — BEN r W. KO l Hon. Secre a S 49 P easant S treet y KE, , Li er ool v p .

’ The Liverpool Jewish Young Men s Society was formed in September 190 2 for the purpose of promoting social and intellectual intercourse amongst the Jewish young m en of L iverpool . The S c ffi O 2 6th 1 0 2 o iety was o cially opened on ctober , 9 ,

E . K . . Y Rev. S by Mr ates, attended by the John . Harris, C n S n S aptai Henriques (of Manchester) , Messrs . B . ter , M . . A L Y . dr enc oura ates , and evy, all of whom ad essed very g in g remarks to the members, and during the course of the n n E K . . . Y n n eve i g Mr ates was elected Ho orary Preside t . The members meet three nights per week at the club rooms, where interesting and instructive amusements are THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

' efi ort e ofi cers and provided , and every is exert d by the c ommittee to promote social intercourse and generally e improve the lit rary status of the members . To aid the Society in the latter portion of its work R v S i e . . s advo John Harris , wh le addressing the member , s afliliation U L S c ted to the nion of Jewish iterary ocieties, L n n i ia ondon, and recog ising therei a valuable aux l ry to a the S d enhance its liter ry propaganda, ociety decide to

become attached to that organisation . The Society has just emerged from a successful literary and n t season, the keen i teres and appreciation evinced in as the various items of the p t syllabus, which consisted of n n lectures, debates, parliame tary eveni gs, chess matches S l L . o . . &c . (arranged by Mr I evy) , social evenings, , prompt the committee to arrange for the c oming seas on on a more elaborate scale . Up to the present it cannot be said that Liverpool has done much in the way of Literary Societies and Social Clubs for Jewis h young men ; each individual attempt that has been made in this direction has hitherto invari in a ably resulted fiasco . That Liverpool of all cities should be so behindhand n n in this importa t work is i deed to be regretted, and there is no doubt that in every instance the failure has been due n e to the lack of popular i t rest and public support. N in ow, however, th gs have a brighter outlook ; support n and n in is give from, interest is show quarters from n en which the former has ever before be evoked , or the and n n latter displayed, ma y influential ge tlemen of the city have at last awakened to the fact that it lies in their ' power to do a great deal towards efi ec tively and per m anently establishing an institution in L iverpool where a Jewish boys may ssociate, to their social, intellectual , n and general adva tage . T n n his certai ly bodes well , and with good manageme t there is nothing to retard the progress of the Liverpool ’ S Jewish Young Men s ociety. THE WORK OF THE CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES 33

MANCHESTER JE SH W RK N ’ WI O I G MENS CLUB,

E"CH N ST E T H H C ET A . A GE R E , E M — President. H BERN ARD STEEL.

Vi e-P resident c s .

Rev. Dr. SAL O O . ld F B J . N E P A . M N RA K N ERG, .

R v. EV . e H. L I LICH E I S . T ST N N E N . ev V T R . H. L H. TH . J I B . RO AND . ALEN NE . BLEs A . P . S . C . M DLE G J . J . G . B J , AN ER , . P.

E NS C L MANDLEBERG H . a t . . S . DWARD BE RE p .

G ST V HR E S J P G . H S . . B U A BE N , . . B E REN

ROTHBAND . I I A S L . A S . . C . A

OTT O SEISEL. — Tr r MEYERSTONE . easure . H . —‘ Hon. ecretar LEV D V IS . S y . Y A

' — Hon olicit J PH L ST T N . S . OS . m E U GAR E

’ The C year just closed , the sixteenth of the lub s ex Th n istenc e n . e , has proved quite uneve tful ge eral de ’ n R t pression in trade, commented upo in last year s epor an s ff n C as having adver e e ect on the fina ces of the lub , has again militated against that rapid progress which o a n D s has for s me few years p st bee the rule . e pite as n all nt C decre es in early departme s, the ommittee , how

no n . ever, sees ground for desponde cy It is pleasing to n a an ote that the membership, lways the mainstay of y n n n I stitutio , shows no decrease, the umber slightly ex ceeding 1 30 0 . The Literary and Debating Committee has pleasure in n and The Lee reporti g a session of active useful work . tures delivered during the session were both interesting and n and i e i structive, were heart ly appreciat d by all who t n It n a te ded them . is purposed duri g next session to introduce the Musical Lecture to as large an extent as T may be found possible . hanks are due, and are grate R A W Dr L and fully tendered , to the evs . . olf, . andau, W h Hem s a R . all A nd . eynolds ; Messrs Jo n p , . Brooks , C 34 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

Raff alovitch n L I . , for deliveri g ectures ; to the Graduates o f Owens College who took part in the set debate between C and L t en the lub and themselves , to Mr. Joseph us gart Shaks earea n for organising a Musical p n eveni g . The Committee of the Debating Society has again made strenuous efforts to carry on a work almost essential h an as A to t e well being of Institution such this . — number of highly successful meetings in spite of adverse — ’ circumstances provide indications of the members appre ff D n c iation of those e orts . ebates were ope ed by Messrs . S L S L s . . . n . Joseph u tgarten , B hapera, H M Fei berg, imon , A A S . A W. R. C . Hall, J . chorr, ronovich , and llen, to whom thanks are due . It is with pleasure that the Librarian is able to report that in his department the same interest prevails which caused such favourable comment from the Committee ’ s T n a in la t year s Report. here is an i cre sing demand for new no t books , which it has been found possible, under all h n Th c c t e . e ircumstan es , to comply with to desired exte t request for gifts of books from friends and well- wis hers an n S i has not met with y respo se. uch gifts w ll be always L n welcomed by the ibraria .

H PARK PLACE S NAGOGUE ASS T T E Y OCIA ION,

M AN CH ST R E E .

P resident —MAx H S . ES E .

J . U E BA R ,

Dr. US C . D YF J P RE , . . A E ST N . C I K E . E H L NG N B . . O A A D , . . — Treasu rer . The Rev A OLF W M. . . , A.

T v . O A W M. A 6 he Re . LF 8 . ur New d , , 3 B y Roa ,

Hi her rou hton g B g . M D NZ I R Oker Villa Hi h . er Brou hton A GE , , g g .

It is with more than ordinary gratification that the Com mittee finds itself in a position to state that the sanguine

36 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

The following is a summary of events of the past Session

L t e b ir IL on The Pa 8 ec ur S W. . y BA EY e a e triotic Poetry of Shak spe r . na o ue first of a At the Park Plac e Sy g g , Course of Lectures on Jewish His ” M v A WO . A. tor b the Re . . F y, y L , S on The at Dec 6 Lec tirre b the Rev. S . I S . . . y NGER ” f me Jews o Ro .

S econd Lecture on Jewish History .

1 90 3. M A o n n 1 L t e b Dr EICHHOLz . . c A. Sat Ja . . e ur . . 7 y ,

i h h l Childr n Jew s Sc oo e .

n. 2 Third Le ture on ewish Histor . S u 5 . c J y at Feb 1 Addresses on Zionism b C ouncillor S . . . 4 , y

P. . M . D . D F S J . P and r J r C . . REY U , , H TO B Sc AR G , . . i h i tor w H . un 2 2 . Fourth Lectu on Je s s S . re y

t March 1 Purim Ann al anc e. Sa . u D . 4( ) “ un 2 2 ift Lec t n ewish Histor . S . . F h ure o J y ” M s S S Sat Ma 2 L t r n I l b r . I . ec u e o re and y . , y AL SIMON .

The third and the last lec tures were illustrated by n n n n L la ter slides , tha ks to the ki d services of Mr . owe and A Mr . . Franks respectively. An interesting innovation of the past Session c on sisted in an attempt to start a Musical Society in connec A At tion with the ssociation. the preliminary meeting ’ is t e e no held at the min er s hous , th re seemed lack of n - five e d e thusiasm, and some twenty members w re enrolle . The S n n . t services of the y agogue orga ist , Mr Buck on , were

procured , and weekly practices were held , first at the ’ s S n mini ter s house, latterly at the y agogue, which is more n Un n n ce tral . happily , owi g chiefly to long dista ces and n n n i clement weather, the i itial enthusiasm wa ed all too THE WORK OF THE CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES 37

n and n w n e c s . soo , the departure can ot be called a suc es i For all that it would be rash to call it a complete fa lure. has e the A For it been of som service to ssociation, parti c ularly in connection with the Choral Services which pre l at the S n ceded the ectures held y agogue , and it has helped to keep together the members of the Voluntary C in c the C r C hoir, recognition of whi h hoi ommittee of the Synagogue have kindly defrayed all the expenditure n The C o e i curred by the experiment . mmittee therefor trusts that the Musical Society will not be allowed to e e lapse, and that more hopeful results will be achi v d in future .

NEWPORT (MON ) JEWISH LITERARY AND

SOCIAL INSTITUTE.

d nt —L S r i e . I J COB P es E L E A S .

e- P r sident and Treasurer — Y L IPS H P . Vic e . ENR HI L

—A R A O li r t Hon. S ecretar F . J C BS 2 A ce St ee y L ED A , , New ort Mon p , .

The session proved one of the most successful the

Society has ever had. During the year the Society sent delegates to attend L the Conference of the iterary Societies held in London. It was the means of the Society becoming affiliated to E U on C . the nion, the xecutive ommittee of which Mr L N S was eslie Jacobs, the President of the ewport ociety , The l elected . sy labus of the year included papers by the following gentlemen

'

2 . Rev. J . . M I of Cardifl on M imonid his B ENK N , , a es , ” Writin s and his Philoso h g p y.

Dec . 1 . Rev. J . PO C K of Clifton o n Reuchlin and the 4 LA , , l of oo s Batt e the B k . 38 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

“ f o d n . . o n n o A l n I Mr. T J COBS LL L o G a ce . BER RAM A , B , , ” at An lo -Jewish Histor with limeli ht illus g y, g

trations. “ L IS of Trede ar on Zionism Mr. S . H . . ARR , g , D V I S I of Swansea on The Jews of Rome Mr. A D EL NE, , r f n and G eece a ter the Dispersio .

M r v . A SO of Bri l on H in h R J . B L to a c 1 . e s e e. E N, ,

The n 0 and umber of members is over 4, there are good n prospects of an i crease . It is the intention of the Committee to promote the n reading of papers amo gst the members, and also to introduce debates . The treasurer in placing the balance sheet before the members has to congratulate them on having a large balance in hand after paying several debts owing from previous years .

E I H L TER SWANSEA J W S I ARY SOCIETY.

esident — HY M GOL B P r . A D ERG .

- — d . ice P e i ent A L O S . V r s . Y N — r t and Tre ur The v S . EY H on ec e as er Re . S ar . . y NE, 4 l n T an a 6 ar to errace Sw se . C ,

1 90 2 T is S o c1et wa f n h y s ormed on the Ist Ju e ’ 5 66 2

i o n 2 nd N Dr sess on began the ovember , when . J . 5 663 S n L n n d A nowma , of o do , elivered the Inaugural ddress , and “ read a paper on The Position of Judaism in the Conflict b ” Th etween Religion and Science . e meeting was well s ne n a attended, as were also the sub equent o s, whe p pers were read by the following gentlemen

n T tan v EY o he a ri s . S . S ma Re . NE “ E N o n Th s in Gre ce and Rom af Mr. D . S LI E e Jew e e ter the ” is r ion D pe s . THE WORK OF THE CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES 39

v . . PO AC n l A. o h oc J . k Re L K, B S y .

M A. LYO S on The Im ortance of ew is r w r. J ish H t r f J N p o y o e s . Th ’ Mr T J COBS LL . . on e tud . S ents uar r in BER RAM A , B Q te i Ill rat Par s ( ust ed) .

n aniel. Rev. S . EYNE o D T Care of th Mr. M O on he e M u n T W. . I o th a d eeth W R N .

Subsequent to the ordinary business of the annual

ee . m ting, Mr Hyam Goldberg(the retiring President) gave ” - th C a short paper on Anglo Judaism in the l g entury . “ A 1 st Is debate was held on February , the subject being Political Zionism a Solution o f the Jewish Question Two very successful musical evenings were also held during the s S se sion under the auspices of the ociety.

THE TREDEGAR JEWISH LITERARY AND L OC ET SOCIA S I Y .

— H d nt S . LO S P resi e . I IS U ARR .

- — P r ident. LIONEL I Vice es HARR S . — Treasurer . M. FI E N .

ecretar —Miss M Hi on . FI h S St h . H . reet R mne y AUD NE, g , y y — As t nt ecretar . J L . OLFS sis S . W O a y N.

The S r O 1 2 1 0 2 above ociety was fo med on ctober , 9 , and fift - f has a membership of y our ladies and gentlemen . n ran u Its sessio a most successf l course, and lasted from h O 1 t 8 1 0 . T the 9 ctober to the th of March, 9 3 wenty

three general meetings were held, six committee meet n The s . n ing , and two social gatheri gs average attenda ce r n of members was thirty, but at the last social gathe i g, f n when members were privileged to bring their rie ds, the u n n n n mber prese t was betwee seve ty and eighty. Special features during the session were the following On November 2 7th an evening party was given to the T S . . members of the ociety by Mrs Fine at her residence , mn On D h S R . 2 8t High treet, hy ey ecember a paper was 40 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL “ A r LL. B L M . . e given by B Jacobs, . , ondon , on Glanc at ” A - wi nglo Je sh History . On 1 February st the President, by invitation of the w NeW ort te S Je ish Institute at p , represen d his ociety by n givi g a paper on Zionism in that town. On March Ist it was unanimously resolved to purchase “ ” t n lo he Jewish E cyc pmdia. On ar 8th as s was M ch , at the l t meeting of the se sion, it d ecided to have a summer session ,

” w n b Mr. H . R Pa r . Re ard a d Punishment . pe y F ENCH ” Music and Poetr . Debat y e. m Readings fro Shakspeare. Is Vanity more Predominant among Women than ” n among Me ? Debate. ” IS Judaism Declining? Debate. M si l E enin u ca v g.

w Mr. Are Je s a Nation or a Religious Body ? G .

ROSENBAUM . “ Bar Cochba or The Last Attem t to re ain National ; , p g ” Inde nd n r. M H S . M . pe e c e. ARRI

- n t n l wis Hi tor Mr. . CO S A Gla e a A o Je h s . J B c g y B A , LL . B .

“ l n . Fe ix M dels hn . Mi M S e so ss AMUEL. ” oes Anti- m ti m exis in ate D Se i s t England ? Deb . Im rom tu e a p p D b te. ” Zi nis c r. M S S O . IS o m Practi able ? M . AM N ”

Is t N i n . OVE. he Jew a Benefit to the at o ? Mr. J L Should Fic tion take a High Place in Lite rature ?

Debate.

Humoro din us Rea gs .

C an Ric hes be honestly Acquired ? Debate . ”

Th w . R S e ish a Mr M S H . e J F ith. A CU ARRI ”

aron Hirsch. Mr A SH E B . . AN THE REPORT OF THE CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES 41

THE JEWISH LITERARY SOCIETY (MELBOURNE) . — sid V S A. . . P re en B . L IN O B . LL t A. E N, , B

M S A. iss A L E I M. DE E LL ,

-P H Vi r i t . R ce es den s A. T . . B AND U R TT NAH M BA NE . — Tr rer J L V . easu . E I

retar —E V r ec . L S . S I S B a n fi ld Pa ade . O e co s e y E N N, 9 , t Kild c S . a, Vi toria.

The following were the literary fixtures for 1 90 2

Ma w Th n n i L . . Mr P. 1 . e Je i E l sh it rat re B D y 3 g e u . y

PHILLI PS .

2 Sh ld w o Mrs r d . Debate ou be G un ? 7 , e y . y

un in B t . . e 1 2 Dr. C . T O J Rusk . he Rev . y S R NG

2 t That u r lia ow r ndication of . e I 4D ba e. A st a sh s mo e ” t r tn s h n o th f i a Fu ure G ea e s t a S u A r c .

ul S inoza. B Pr f ss r . . L LL J 8 o e o I D . y p y AUR E, ’ 2 2 En lish Soc iet in Disraeli s Earlier Da s . . g y y

i S M . M ss A E I . A . LL ,

A S . Mr. P. J O B . A The Federal Judiciar . B . C B y y A , ,

LL . B .

H T itt . D in B Professo r R L . . C Au . . e e g 5 y U KE , ” B v r h Re D . A M A T M . t h a e s e . S . . 1 . e ccab e B H M 9 y RA A , ht n h am rl t . 2 . e a the i Ho . ose Ch e ain Se D b te. That R J b p g p , ’ as Statesman and Patriot is deser in of Histor s , v g y ” En miu m co .

B Mr A 1 The V r n of m o and uliet. . S 6. e o a Ro e J y J ME S ITH M . “ a n Tw lft Ni ht B D Ph ses of Affec tio ( e h g y r. P W SO . J . . IL N t n Shak spearean Songs and Selec io s . ”

MAx H RS . Mr. 0 Lasalle and Marx . B I CH 3 . y i Tw n Pr si isr li in ol tics . e t 2 8 . e denti l Address D ae P Oct. a y

Years after.

JE H UD A H ALE V I

A PAPER RE AD BEFORE THE JE WS ’ COLLE GE LI TERAR Y SO IE TY ON J UNE 2 1902 C ,

BY ISRAEL COHEN

THE intellectual activity of the Jews in Spain in the Middle Ages is remarkable for its inclusion of secular Un n studies. til the dawn of the tenth ce tury the Jewish nc n on T and n n d mind was co e trated the almud , othi g coul a n n n n n lure it from that f scinati g work , the co sta t compa io s no t i end of a religiou life , that had likewise a rel gious in V i n n n ew . He ce the settleme t of the Massoretic readi g of the Bible and the compilation of various ritual laws are the principal events of literary history during the period n in which the Talmud exerted its u interrupted spell . But i S the on migrat ng to pain , the Jews , though they brought Talmud with them and continued to maintain towards it ff n n n the the a ectio of old , devoted co siderable e ergy to In the and . cultivation of science, philosophy, poetry region of science they were particularly attracted to the n and and n study of medici e astronomy, disti guished them selves sufi ciently to obtain appointments as physic ians and astronomers at the courts of Christian and Moslem kings ; but their activity found no o utlet in any work of literary importance . In philosophy they were chiefly concerned in reconciling its results with the teachings of a of Judaism , so th t their works in this sphere are more n religious than philosophical i terest . But it was in the realm of poetry that they displayed the most enthusiastic and n A industry achieved the most lasti g results . school of poets arose who infused new life and vigour into the 4s 46 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

u Wi Hebrew lang age, and enriched Jewish literature th a o n not m ff remarkable wealth of s ng, wherei erely the su er ings of Israel and the longing for the Redemption found and moving expression , but the joys of love friendship and the praises of wine and youth were sounded with At rapturous glee . the head of this school of poets n n ehuda sta ds the immortal ame of J Halevi. In his brilliant fragment on this Hebrew poet of ae S a n n n medi val p i , Hei e, who could hardly have e joyed ’ the c beauties of J huda Halevi s art in their original dress, s fi in has a mo t striking gure his praise. He pictures the Al n e mighty, after creating the poet, as so profou dly pleas d the l with his handiwork that He kissed him on ips, and n - in his n The the sou d of the kiss re echoes all so gs. boldness of this imagery is fully justified by the trans c endent merits of the poet in whose honour it was con i c e ved. n s His very earliest productio , addre sed to Moses E n n ibn zra, the most promi e t Hebrew poet of the day , w as hailed by him with joy and surprise in an ode of n a n a nd in a The c o gr tulatio which bou ed laud tory epithets. R - C abbi philosopher , Joseph ben Zaddik , of ordova, no “ n as mea poet himself, spoke of him the father of song, the n A W and n reared by ha ds of gur the ise, ursed by s Deborah the Prophete s .

’ Is Judah a azelle or lion s whel g p, That gentleness is found in him with strength Co mmingled

The Tachk emoni c a Al satirical author of the , J hud charisi n n , whom Hei e calls a Voltaire six hu dred years c before Voltaire lived, accords to J huda Halevi a pre his n u n eminence above all co temporaries, which is eq ivale t

s - to the sovereignty of the realm of po t Biblical poetry. He depicts him as a giant who lifts up his spear against t he r n and n war iors of so g leaves them slai , and in com parison with his works pronounces the psalms of the sons

of Korah to be vain . In the composition of the p iynt JEHUDA HALEVI 47 his language is pure and refined ; in his hymns he draws every heart and subdues it ; in his songs of pleasure his a utterance is as layer of dew, yet coals burn therefrom ; n and in his elegies he bursts the cloud of weepi g . causes flow and if n S it to ; he i dites a letter or a croll, thou wilt ” fin n n n n In n d every elega t phrase e shri ed therei . moder S D Luz z atto 1 80 0 times, amuel avid ( of Padua, brought to light many hitherto unknown poems of c e J huda Halevi , which he dited with notes, and he would rank the mediaeval Singer with the great poets of n Z unz S the world . His co temporaries , , Michael achs, a r s and Geiger, and Gr tz, by thei tudies criticisms of the and h n n n f ks poet, by t eir umerous tra slatio s rom his wor , have disseminated a knowledge and appreciation of his s s n r peerless character among tudent of ge eral literatu e. ’ It was by means of Sachs writings on the religious poetry of the Jews in Spain that Heine himself became ao uainted c ben n q with J huda Halevy , as he erro eously styles the poet ; and although he communed with his m n spirit through a Ger a medium , he expressed for him n and s n s the deepest revere ce the mo t e thu iastic admirap n tio .

In sooth he was a mi ht oet g y p , Undis uted lord of fanc p y, ’ ’ Diadem d as S irits so erei n p v g , ” P r f d oet by the g ace O Go .

c n 1 0 8 T in J huda Halevi was bor about 5 in oledo , the i C n n prov nce of astile, which had just bee brought u der n is Abulhassan Christian domi ion . His full name Jc huda n N n n ben Samuel Halevi (Ib Allevi) . othi g is know of his but n father, he seems to have belo ged to a family in well - At an ehuda to do circumstances . early age J proceeded R A s L n in to the college of abbi Isaac lfas i , at uce a, s S n T and outhern pai , where he studied the almud other n A had bra ches of Rabbinic lore . t home he already been d in groun ed the principles of Hebrew grammar, and had T i S mastered the orah and ts commentaries. imultaneously 48 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

with his Talmudic studies he also acquired a knowledge a as e and all of mathem tics, tronomy, geom try, , above , e e ms es m dicin , to which he applied hi elf with pecial in dustr But e his i y. the b nt of m nd lay neither in the direction of the dialectics of the Babylonian sages nor in was that of scientific research . He of a poetic tempera ment and he was endowed with the skill to give it effec tl ve s The S expre sion . Jews of pain had developed a new system of prosody on the basis of Arabic versific a T i tion , and Hebrew poetry was widely cultivated . h s c had a c a subje t a magnetic attr ction for J huda H levi, for lr had he a te a eady he the soul of a poet, and w n d but to learn the forms of verse and the laws of metre which his pen must observe in turning to shape the forms of His things unknown bodied forth by his imagination . fi i in h rst exper ment t is art was a surprising success. It was a po em which the youthful aspirant addressed to his O n r E r lder and famous co tempora y, Moses ibn z a, at d and n Grana a, the flatteri g acknowledgment which he in received united the two a bond of friendship, which n was sundered only by death . He also engaged i the and r study of philosophy the physics of his age, the f uits of which are found mature in his religious- philosophical

Kuzari. n r and work, the Besides Hebrew, a wo de ful a Ar subtle medium in his hands, he lso wrote abic and C n m astilian, though in these la guages he confined hi self

to prose . The year of Jchuda Halevi 8 return to his native city T n the of oledo is unknow , but it was probably early in

first decade of the twelfth century . He practised medicine h an for a liveli ood, and obtained extensive and lucrative connection among Gentiles as well as among his own

- c o . no n f s religionists But he had liki g for the pro es ion, and in D a letter addressed to a certain avid ben Joseph, N n him n of arbo ne, who had applied to for a solutio of n f ‘ some scientific questio s, he expressed the eeling of dis content and restraint under which he ministered to the JEHUDA HALEVI 49

“ i s n n in the ll of his patients . I am co sta tly engrossed A d nn . n vanities of medicine , which ca ot cure the city and n a and l is great, its i habitants are gi nts , they are crue c an n masters , and how a serva t please his masters except S in s s n by pending his days their desire , and by wa ti g his years in curing their maladies ? He even regarded his w c work as a bondage from hi h he prayed to be delivered , in order that he might betake himself to a centre of w literary activity, here he would refresh himself from n w in the fou tains of the ise . He had little faith the D n virtues of his prescriptions, trusting rather that ivi e benevolence would provide a fortunate issue. n n s But however harassi g his professio al dutie , he found relief therefrom in the pleasurable pursuit of poetry . Like singers of all times he tuned his lyre to the praises of his beloved , whom he reproached with cruelty of heart . ” s O n do e and He addres es her as phrah , which mea s , in s pours out his love to her a multitude of graceful lyric , in which the constancy of his affection is the sweet per c t sistent note . His tears are so opious tha she may and n the cleanse her robes therein , the dry them in sunshine of her eyes. Whether all his erotic c ompositions on is were directed to e person a matter we may doubt . That his wife was the inspiration of a great number is a natural and plausible conjecture ; but the love for writing b r and a out love did not cease with mar iage , the poet transferred to an ideal being the passion with which he l had yearned for the real . His heart was susceptib e to and nu in the joys of others also, he hailed the ptial stage the lives of his friends with odes expressing the deepest sentiments of joy and congratulation in rhythm that an n seemed echo of his own exultatio . Jehuda Halevi had a theme congenial to his amiable in E the nature these pithalamia , which were peculiar to in n A S Jews who lived cou tries populated by rabs . ome the but n times he addresses bridegroom , ofte er the bride, i whose name suggests to him a wealth of happy magery, D 5 0 THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL

n es s which his pen skilfully reproduces . Ma y of th e ode c in on own m were omposed the form of acrostics his na e , nn n d ff te in each stanza begi i g with a i erent let r, the n T man er already established by his predecessors . heir general tenour may be appreciated from the following example

fair o ne whither ent ? With entle s 0 , b g way ’ d mild th rule o er hearts exert I ra An y , p y. B ecause in times of yo re with lustful eye The sinned wilt now th lo in self den ? y , y v g y Th ure and eerless eaut now re eal y p p b y v , r tri h radiant isa e to No s ve t y v g co nceal. That the who aze ma no t the oid eho d y g y v b l , B ut sate their e es u o n th c harms u nto ld y p y . Li e s ar lin sa hire so ftl leams th c hee k p k g pp y g y k, O em serene wh molten ew els s g , y j eek ? And how S hall he endued with a id Si ht , v g , Re frain from gaze upo n such c haste delight So c o me m friend who do st in lo e re oice , y , v j , ’ With blissful heart w e ll raise o ur merry vo ice , And deeply drink the wine of lowin li s g g p , For sweeter lo e than sweetest nec tar Si v ps . SO drin 0 friends and dee c om anio ns mi e k, , p , p n , In bounteous hall full bowls o f gushing wine ; ’ And add unto this feast- da s lad deli hts y g g , ” B lurin from their o ws all Naziri 1 y g v tes .

The stimulating vine was also the subject of special o r n praises. T a f ie d who presented him with a cruse o f n wi e, he replied

’ To thee I ll S ing my sweetest lays , Throu hout m destined co urse o f da s g y y , ’ And to the ra e s refreshin drau ht g p g g , Whereo f m ea er li s have uaffe y g p q d.

’ M ro ther shall I call the c ruse y b , Whic h thus for thee m friendshi woo s y p , For f rom it s lusc io us mouth I taste

M c hoicest leasure est and c has e y p , b , t .

1 ” Ac hiasaf di t I: 1 E . 39 .

5 2 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL on him one e the next cruelly snatched away. In of thes odes of lamentation he wrote as follows

HOW shall I find repose when thou art gone ? Thou wanderest afar and af r h , te t ee M h rt d th wand r M lo e had all y ea o e too . y v Ex ired when fro m m Side into the world p , y ’ Thou didst elec t to roam if ne er h hand , t y In life and lo e a ain I ho ed to clas v g p p . — Light Of the West unto the West restore Th ra s and cheer the heart of inin friends y y , p g . The clo en mo untains lo attest that s ars v , p e And scant the rain descends beside the streams Of flowin tears I la ish o unt usl g v b eo y. ’ O ure of s eech wh dost a ide mon stran e p p , y b g g ’ Of ton ue ? Li e Hermon s due beneficent g k , ’ ” Why rest on c ursed GilboRS fatal heights ? 1

On ibn E the the death of Judah zra , the eldest of Jehuda e brothers , Halevi compos d a brief but touching n elegy ; and at the loss of a other brother, Joseph, our poet again hastened to express his heartfelt sympathy w s n n . s with his orro i g frie d Finally , on the death of Mose ibn E s u zra him elf, he po red forth his grief in an elegy n his n and lin s T e ho ouring ame bewai g his decea e . her were other poets too with whom Jc huda Halevi main tained a lively friendship and engaged in poetic corre ndenc e Of n S spo . these the most importa t were olomon

Al- and ben Giath n of ben Moallem Judah , of Gra ada, both n Alc harisi no whom have their praises su g by , though r s remains of thei work are extant . With the Rabbi C ben of philosopher of ordova, Joseph Zaddik (author a work entitled Olam Katan the grammarian of S r L ben Al- Thabban a agossa, evi , and the aged poet A c n r Judah bbas , J huda Halevi also intercha ged ve ses. As 1 10 on s early as 3, the death of his teacher, the famou

a A as an in . Isa c lf si , he composed epitaph which he depicts the angels of God as having inscribed the Law on the A tablets of his heart. lfassi was succeeded by his pupil, ehuda s of Joseph ben Migash , to whom J addre sed an ode c in h n he e ongratulation, and w ose ho our afterwards wrot 1 " Ac hiasaf Edits i 9 1 JEHUDA HALEVI 5 3

S n an . Of n epithalamium his umerous other friends in pai , Whose names have been perpetuated by their association n en n S n ben with certai of his poems, may be m tio ed olomo Farizul The n n ehuda . latter was a ki sma of J Halevi , and his expected return from a long journey was greeted in n n ff n by the poet a so g radia t with joy and a ectio , n n n when sudde ly the ews of his murder arrived, plungi g s n d and n Jehud i to the deepest istress , calli g forth from an re- s A ibn him elegy that echoes with his obs . braham E n and n zra, the celebrated wit, wa derer, comme tator, gives several explanations of the text in the name of Jc huda m n c and Halevi, in his com entaries on the Pe tateu h s no m n s n Psalm , but inti ate frie dship exi ted betwee them . A n a c n an n n n lege d actually bec me urre t, th ks to the i ve tio “ ibn Yac hiah C T of Gedaliah , author of the hain of radi ” E son- in-law ehuda tion, that Ibn zra was a of J Halevi ; its n w no ent but the source of origi , ere there independ n n evide ce, would be e ough to discredit it . Jehuda Halevi was of a much more amiable and happy disposition than his contemporary Moses ibn Ezra S ibn Gebirol n t or his predecessor olomon . He did o experience the personal misfortune of the former nor was nc n he a prey to the mela holy of the latter , but i variably n looked on the bright side of life . His perso al attractive n ness, perhaps more tha his fame as a poet, made him u and n n much so ght after, he e tertai ed the company which be honoured with his presenc e by proposing rhymed h n of A s The n n in t e . riddles, ma ner rab wit re ow which he enjoyed must have inspired many poetasters with

in n in . emulation , who strove vai to follow his footsteps ehuda d r n eff n J was ispleased by their p ete tious usio s , and is n s n n for a time laid h pe a ide with a feeli g of repulsio . On n bei g asked why he had ceased to write , he replied

Polluted is the sacred fount of son g, Therefore my soul in loathing turned away ; HOW Shall the lion roam his ath alon p g, ” 1 Where puny foxes Swarm in pert display ?

1 “ Ac hiasaf Edit i. 1 0 . , 3 54 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

He even became discontented with the art of poetry lf n artificialit and i itse , on the grou d of its y, in his ph lo ” Kuzari ad sophical work, the , he deplores the dec ence which it has undergone since the glorious days of King

David. He himself employed the current forms of versi fic ation A as , though he did not follow the rabic models slavishly as Moses ibn Ezra . A great number of his t in m poems are cons ructed the for of an acrostic , some on ehuda times his full name , though more often on J

n m. alo e, while others again have in addition the word p In u c rhyme he is pec liarly ri h , or rather extravagantly

. s ns s lavish Frequently a ver e co ists of four strophe , the

first three of which have the same rhyme, while the fourth a h The rhymes with the l st strop e of all the other verses . inflexional nature of the Hebrew language renders it i r n n part cula ly fertile in rhyme, as the harmo y of sou d can be produced by simply using the same suffix over n n agai . Plays on words abou d in almost every poem , e nt i whether grave or gay , whil the i erweav ng of Biblical — phrases generally with a distortion of the original mean —in n c c ing their compositio s, sa red or secular, is a har i tic S n ehud ac ter s common to all the pa ish Jewish poets . J a S n Parchon S n I is reported by his pupil, olomo , of aler o ( to have repented of the artifi ciality of form which he had

O . n not bserved But penite ce was followed by reform , for in his latest as in his earliest productions the same atten tion to externals and the same artistic elaboration are everywhere apparent . Hitherto we have considered only the secular poems of ehuda J Halevi, those which were inspired by private and n and n feelings of love frie dship even se sual delight, or which were composed on the melancholy occ asion of a ’ great man s death . But the perfection of his art, the n an and s n gra deur of his l guage , the sublimity of his pas io , were no t reached until the strain of religious seriousness in his character became his dominant emotion and coloured nc all his thoughts , so that he eforth all the products of his JEHUDA A H LEVI 5 5.

e for brain were p rmeated with the love of God , with pity

n. a Israel, and with the longing for Zio Heine has made striking contrast between the theme which the mediaeval troubadours chose for their muse and that upon which the Hebrew poet of Castile lavished all his skill and his he enthusiasm . T y sang the praises of their capricious lady- loves ; he glorified the vanished beauty of his woe ” J Th . e begone darling, his beloved erusalem sense of n n n natio ality held strong possessio of his soul, maki g him look upon his people as destined to remain apart from all n other ations, however intimately they intermingled with T n m them in the business of life . heir sorrows wru g fro him many an impassioned song glowing with righteous ire n t i and stre g hening hope, but he did not despa r of their u i n in the lt mate triumph , for he had an i vincible faith T immortality of Israel . his creed he has beautifully enshrined in the following poem

THE IMMORTALITY OF ISRAEL 1

The sun and moon unchanging do obey

T l hat ne er c ease or ni ht or da he aws t v g y. ’ Appointed signs are they to Jacob s seed n h d That life eternal hath bee t em decree . And thou h 0 Lord th left hand dealeth ain g , , y p , l ac a ai Thy right sha l lead them b k to joy g n. Let not des air O ress their uailm heart p pp q g , Th u i t un e f rom their midst de art o gh rad an Fort p . But l his c ns t faith their soul u hold et t o tan p , ’ That in the Book of Life their name s enrolled For all eternity nor Shall they c ease While ni ht d da do alternate in eace g an y p .

For the most part peac e and toleration were the lot of A w . n S the Je s under lfonso VI , eve fighting on the abbath in the course of a campaign being forbidden out of regard ff for the scruples of Jewish soldiers . But sco ers and n n in scor ers were not wanti g that , as in every other age ; attempts at conversion were constantly practised ; and 1 i Ach asaf i. 72 . 5 6 THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL even Jehuds Halevi himself is supposed to have been approached by some misguided zealot desirous of saving his The s m soul. thunder tor of indignation which must n c a have greeted the hapless eva gelist n eas ily be imagined . On n was one occasion whe the faith of the poet tried, he gave utterance to his unflinching devotion to his religion in the following inspiriting words

THE PRIDE OF A JEW 1

With all m eart in truth and assion stron y h , , p g, I love Thee : both in solitude and throng ’ Th name s with me alone I Shall not ide y , b M f riend art Thou thou h others from me lide y , g g . M lam art oo : m li ht Shall ne er fade y p t y g v , ’ h l m f t e er Sli Th s Nor S al oo ee u ta ed. y p, by p y The little new who ha e des ised me so y k v p , That shamin me doth cause m ride to low g y p g . ’ O Fountain of m life I ll less Thee a e y , b y , And Sin Th raises O m son g y p , y g,

W n n s and ith i creasing years came increasi g seriousne s , d c The Jc huda Halevi de i ated his muse to God . treasury of religious songs that he has bestowed on Hebrew litera ture and on the liturgy of the synagogue is almost

Th f hi - inestimable . e history O s people was re enacted S n n n before his ight, and ma y of its stirri g incide ts were glorified by him in poems whose brilliancy Of expression Of equals their nobility conc eption. Most of these historical poems are contained in the ritual for Passover and the

Feast Of Weeks . But there were other aspec ts in the life of his people, besides events of the past, upon which his and mind loved to dwell , they are all presented with a like enthusiasm and joy . Over three hundred of these sac red n n Lu z z atto so gs have been e umerated by , comprising T every form of religious lyric . hey are dispersed through Of n n En n out the rituals every la d , Germa y and Italy, gla d E A A n K and gypt, ustria and merica, eve the araites n havi g included a great number in their order of service .

Ac hia af i s Ed t i. 6 , 5 . JE HUDA HALEVI 5 7

R n n —c hiefl eflectio s , hym s y in the form of introductions Kedusha— to the and penitential prayers , exist in great n S profusio . ingle precepts were selected from the religious n code for poetical glorificatio , such as that prescribing the h ac Ac hiasaf E L in t . 1 donn g of p yl teries di , ii aws ls versified as in from the Mishna were a o , such those the first chapter (Perek) of P esa chim dealing with the removal n of leaven before Passover. In these metrical re derings al Biblic phrases are frequently and skilfully interwoven, making the poetical fabric appear like a mosaic ; while expressions from Targum and Talmud are introduced in n A 11 an unfi ished elegy in ramaic ( . bewailing the In desolate plight of Jerusalem . all these religious poems and we are struck by the depth sincerityof the emotion , in en which does not gush forth maudlin s timentality, and s r a As likewi e by the grace and mode ation of the l nguage . an example of his songs Of reflection may be given the following :

T HE RACE FOR WEALTH 1

Wherefore m heart ursuest thou , y , p su stance—wealth and fOllow est Vain b , The c rooked c ustoms o f the ho ur ? For he who lengtheneth the hem Upon his coat and broiders it IS tri ed there and hum led low pp by b . ’ The evil of the time s desires Is plain revealed yet w ouldst tho u seek Among the great a to ttering place ? R r in m v heart and do not see ef a . , , k

Powerfully as his religious poems express his love for e his p ople and his devotion to God , there beats a more strenuous passion in the songs in which he gives utterance T to his yearning for Jerusalem . his was no mere artistic n emotion, chosen to display the mingli g of strength and huda w beauty which Je Halevi could so ell attain . It was a genuine feeling whic h gained c omplete mastery over his

1 “ ” Ac hiasaf Edit ii. 1 0 5 . 5 8 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

and e heart , which made all other things app ar insipid and fi TO n and insigni cant. behold Zio , however waste desolate, before he died ; to sing the praises of God in the land He had given to His chosen people ; to see the fading flowers ’ of his muse bloom again in Jordan s stream : this was the one s h n persistent wi h whic domi ated all his thoughts , and c n to the realisation of whi h all his e deavours were directed. Nor was it as a refuge whither he might flee from the gathering storm of fanaticism and persecution that Zion held su ch attraction for him . It was the site of the n n a cie t glories of his people , where God had revealed W n Himself to them, here ki gs had ruled and prophets had n n in admo ished, and psalmists had uttered their divi ely n T was n spired so gs. his reaso strong enough to lure him

L . to that Holy and Its beauty might have departed, but it would again return . Jerusalem might lie in desolation, n but it would again shi e forth in splendour . His heart E was W was in the ast, but his body in the remotest est. For the present he could only give full and passionate es n e expr sion to the feeli gs of his h art, with the beauteous image of the once glorious city before him ; and this he in n S n s did a successio of o g of Zion, whose sublimity of idea and chasteness of language blend in pleasing harmony n In with the pathos that is the i spiration of both . the s m following poem he speaks comfort unto Jeru ale , and c s end the besee he God to exile of His people .

THE CONSOLATION OF JERUS ALEM 1

Jerusalem O si h and Zion stream with tears , g , , , For mindful of th w oes th w m in y y children eep a a . If I for et thee raised cit let m ri ht g , p y, y g Hand a e for et its s ill— m u l l y g k y to ng e to pa ate c eave.

nha me m Sins ha e dr f o h U ppy , y v iven ar fr m ome , ’ And to m woe m Father ainst me ill desi ns y y g g . 3 ’ 3 Yea rother too and handmaid s son ha e me eref , b , v b t M h h Wh ef r irt ri t. er o e O m soul eseech th e L rd. y b g , y , b o

1 ” 2 hia af d z Ac s it i. 1 . s E 5 Esau Chris tian . 3 a ar s s o n = Ishmael z hen l ms H g c e Mos e .

60 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL ledge of the conversion may have been derived from the Chasdai C letter of ben Isaac, of ordova to Joseph, the ’ z s A Ko ar and . then king of the , the latter s reply View “ once prevailed that the Ku zari was only an elaboration of the account by Isaac Sangari of the disputation in which C and he engaged with a hristian and a Mahommedan , in n consequence of which Bula resolved to embrace Judaism . n n was But this theory, which eeded little refutatio , finally disposed of by a scholar named Slutski in a Hebrew intro n ductio to the work . The historical method of the Kuzari may be open to the objection that Jehuda Halevi accepts as his tory what

- later scholars have shown to be myths or folk lore. But the superiority of his method over the ap riori reasoning n s d s of philosophy remains u di puted . He ma e no conce Ar sions whatever to istotle, and though his work is not so n of OtIaimonides importa t as the Guide of the Perplexed , ” f O n o S aad ah or the Belie s and pi ions of Ga n y , for the c history of Jewish philosophi al thought , it is still a pro found and interesting presentation of the essence of n Judaism . Jc huda Halevi regarded the la d of Palestine as perpetually permeated with a spirit of holiness which no on T exis ted in other spot earth . his holiness was im parted to it by the residenc e of the Divinity Himself in and Of Jerusalem , by virtue it psalmists and prophets had n O been inspired with their lofty uttera ces . riginally this divine quality had been communicated by God directly to A and had dam, from him it descended to the people of n Israel, to be e joyed only by those whose sublimity of soul and purity of conduct entitled them to such a heavenly m an gift. Its possession by had long ceased, but it was ff n L di used eter ally over the Holy and , and whosoever and as ir betook himself thither, was of a righteous and p n ing character, would be capable of attaini g close com O munion with his Maker. nly by such communion would ’ D one s actions prove entirely acceptable to God . evoutness Of faith and goodness of deed would be an adequate worship JEHUDA HALEVI 6 1

Of Al in n n im os the mighty , if living His chose la d were p n all sible . But if such reside ce could at be realised , it n n and became a ecessary compleme t of faith practice , n and it was the bou den duty of every man to achieve it. Jehuda Halevi was not content to come to this con elusion and meditate over it ; he determined to carry it The n e n n and out. harmo y b twee his in er his outer life , n and O n betwee belief bserva ce, thought and action, was n n x n and s its the domi a t note of his e iste ce , in respon e to call he no w resolved to shake Off the dust of Spain and live out the remainder of his days o n the sacred soil of t Palestine . He had hoped hat the predicted time of the R n nd A n edemptio was at ha , regarding the rabia s as the fourth great power on whose fall the Empire of God would s In 1 1 0 had be establi hed on earth . the year 3 he com c s posed a Vision in whi h the de truction of Ishmael, the A . n archetype of the rabians, is revealed But the Visio The A was false . rabians Showed as yet no signs of decay na was n As . n y, their power increasi g the years adva ced ’ ehuda in n n n J Halevi s long g for Zio o ly became stro ger, and he gave renewed utterance to his yearnings in a n Of In umber impassioned songs . one of these he prayed that the sea should not become dry until it had conveyed n him to his desired bour e .

O Lord do not destro the sw ellin wa es , y g v , Nor bid the de ths be shrun and dr p k y, Until Thy mercies I proclaim aloud And summon sea and western wind

To rin th lo ing urden ni h th Land b g y v b g , y , And loose from m the Ara o e b y ke. How shall my slight petition not be done ” 1 In Thee I ho e : Thou art m trust p y .

The approach of the fanatical hordes of the Almohades n nc was a decisive motive. He an ou ed to his friends his n L inte tion of setting out immediately for the Holy and . The news distressed them : they endeavoured to reason

1 Achiasaf Edi i 2 . t , . 3 62 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

him n ff with and to persuade him to remai , but their e orts in To n were vain . a philosophical frie d who was more e s urg nt than the rest , Jehud Halevi addressed a poem in d was which he argue , that if it wrong to go to Palestine, be and it must also sinful to pray for its peace, all their ancestors who had dwelt in the land after it had come into the possession of Gentiles must have been guilty of a n n c grave tra sgressio . Besides , where else was there su h a “ land full of gates over against which were the gates Of S n C m and Heaven open, like Mount i ai and ar el Bethel T and now hither he was determined to go , at the age of

fi - 1 1 0 to about fty six , in the year 4, he prepared set forth d n . an o his journey His wife was probably now dead , the postponement of his pilgrimage till this late period in his life was probably due to her inability to accompany him and his reluctance to leave her . He bade a sorrowful and son his farewell to his daughter her Judah , to devoted in T u pupils at his college oledo , to the ho se of prayer n f where he had been wont to meditate on Zio from a ar. n His passage through Spai was like a royal progress . E r n ve y commu ity came forth to greet him , and invoked n n At upo him at his departure the blessi g of God. Cordova the famous Rabbi Joseph ben Zaddik received him with marked distinction ; while at Granada Jehuds left a poem of regret on failing to find the poet Jehuds i n Giath b at home . The on n one voyage the Mediterra ean was a stormy , and the tossing of the ship and the sight Of the raging c n billows, stret hi g before him like a limitless waste of n n in waters, served but to stre gthe his hope God and to ’ e n deep n his impression of the gra deur of God s works . ” His description of a Stormy S ea is a remarkable pro n and c n s n ductio , in which strength lear e s are ble t, and the graphic and vivid nature of whic h is dependent on the n n k n u io of stri ing la guage with spirited rhythm . He reached A lexandria about the time of the Feast of T and e m m R abernacles, was w lco ed by the fa ily of abbi JEHUDA HALEVI 63

A n ibn A s aro lamani, with whom he tayed for nearly three

n . N C s ee mo ths He then sailed up the ile to airo , to the h n in E t S ben head of the Jewis congregatio s gyp , amuel Chanan a Na id and y , who bore the title of g or Prince, lived in The N the palace of the Caliph . sight of the ile evoked ’ in his and n him memories of people s past , he gave uttera ce to his em otions in the following poem

Th wondrous deeds O Lord in e er a e y , , v y g Are on the tongues of men and fathers to their sons Are wont thereo f in stor to c on er y v se. In witness of those w o r s if need there be k , , This ri er I in o e whose waters unto lood v v k , b , ’ Witho ut the aid of necromancer s art

Or lac ish sorcer T ho u didst trans u b k y, m te But by Thy Holy name in bush revealed T o Moses and to Aaron fa oured twain , v , ’ And the staff transf ormed to ser ent s uise by p g . ’ Hear now 0 Lord Th faithf l s , , u ervant s prayer y , And speed his gaze up on the Chosen sites ” Where miracles exaltin Thee w ere wrou ht 1 g g .

Jehuda Was received by the Prince Samuel with the most respec tful courtesy and liberal hospitality ; but he ’ ’ S Ofler n c n refused amuel s of mo etary assistance, de lari g n and n that he had enough for his wa ts , had eve left much him n . m C D behi d at home Fro airo he went to amietta, was l c Chalfo n where he joyfu ly re eived by the poet, The t i. Halev la ter, together with his friends , tried to induce Jehu da to abandon his pilgrimage and to settle in E c n n n n and gypt, o tendi g that this cou try had an enlighte ed e an t t n s l tol r t government , ha its Jewish inhabita t ived in and no e n to peace security, and that there was gri va ce h da c ompel them to leave it . Je u admitted the superiority E n n o of gypt over other cou tries, but i sisted on its inferi rity t L n T to he Holy a d . here alone did the Spirit Of God

move over the face of the earth , even as at the dawn of n Creatio it moved. over the face of the waters ; and no t u ntil he felt the quickening breath of that Spirit would

Ac hiasaf i . 45 . 64 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

D u n E his soul be at peace . ring his sojour in gypt he s n compo ed a umber of poems, in the form of letters , which A n A n S he addressed to his friends , aro ibn lama i, amuel Chanan a N ben S m Chalfon H ben y , athan a uel, alevi, and E T n zekiel ben Jacob. hese are amo g the richest, as they ’ are among the ripest fruits of the poet s muse . At length he left the land of the Pharaohs with the fervent blessings his of brethren , who prayed for his safe and speedy arrival C W he in the Holy ity. hat course then followed has n c w t in n never bee tra ed i h certa ty. He is k own to have passed through Yemen and Tyre and to have visited D n c no amascus, but beyo d we atch further glimpse of the n his saintly figure as he we ds joyous way, with his eyes strained towards his ancestral home. It was as though a ilesc ended n chariot of fire had upo earth for a second time , and i the poet, l ke the prophet, had gone up by a whirl n wind into Heave . Whether he was favoured to gaze upon his woe- begone e no m an c an darling, his b loved Zion , say ; though the tragedy of his life would indeed be complete if he breathed out his last with a sigh of regret that his longing was yet and unfulfilled, his dying spasm was a harrowing sob . L Perhaps, like Moses of old, he saw the and from afar, n from some toweri g Pisgah height, where his glowing imagination transformed the desolate prospect into a ' in inefl able s n scene of entranc g beauty and bli s, and the , in a Vision of heavenly glory far transcending all his n u earthly Visio s , peacef lly passed away . But the gap in

n . n history has bee filled by legend Poetic fa cy , which had zealously watched over him in life like some guardian did no t s in The . o angel , for ake him death st ry arose that C and s he did indeed reach the Holy ity , that as his eye rested on the mournful ruins and his pent- u p heart gushed n A forth in a so g of delirious passion , an rab horseman ll h in ga oped up and slew him wit a lance . But whatever the u Of manner he met his death, whether by cr el hand “ man i , or the more merc ful decree of Heaven , no man JEHUDA HALEVI 6 5

n NO S knoweth of his sepulchre u to this day. plendid monument marks the spot where this godlike seer sank to rest ; no troop of devotees throng to do homage to his n m N0 n n of oble me ory. tablet of ho our ador s the place

his birth in the land of Spain. But he has wrought for himself a monument more enduring than marble in the n has n his countless works of his fertile ge ius . He writte o wn memorial tablet in the hearts of all who have com NO m uned with his spirit . statue or portrait has he left m and n behind , nothing to help us picture his eek ge tle lineaments and the glow of hope that shone from the Of depths of his pensive eyes, save the faithful impress o ff his soul n its cherished o spring . Here may be seen resplendent the sublime ideal towards which he aspired un in an e an with ique devotion, age wh n hum ity revelled in and n and c n un barbarity, fa aticism perse utio raged ae n checked . P a s to the glory of God were his poems , ’ elegies written as with his own heart s blood on the faded

O - grandeur of his beloved Zion. N panegyric on base born s n n the god or glorificatio of the strife of earthly ki gs , n defiled - darli g theme of lauded poets , ever the well spring n s of his inspiratio . But his mu e was dedicated unto the King of Kings ; the sorrow of his people was his doleful song ; the throbs of his heart were the m easures of his And n n m d verse . the gra d ideal that a i ate his soul, in o n t matchless beauty as imm rtal in stre g h , lives still ns unchanged in the soul of his people , tra muting the centuries of sore afliic tio n into brilliant hours of golden splendour whereby they will count the length of their exile c Of on their jubilant mar h through the gates Zion. L n s ehuda ike the heart amo g the limbs , aid J Halevi , n n L h so is Israel amo g the ations . ike t e heart among “ ” h da e u . l the limbs , so is J Halevi in Israel Israe , said ”

ehuda n . ehuda H J Halevi, will e dure for ever J alevi in n Israel will e dure for ever . T HE JEW ISH SC HOOL- CHILD

B A. Ei HO c H Lz M. D Y , .

A MB S NU ER of young children, perhaps forty or fifty or ixty , n on have come to school, ma y for the first time , a certain the T day in the early fall of year . hey vary in age from to — n three four years childre of two are not admitted. ’ These babies of three have come to receive their life s moulding at the hands of that most capable body of o ffi the — e cers of state the school t achers . These children of tender age are the nucleus Of the ’ W t be l nation s future . hat hey will is large y predetermined - and the l nl in the school room , good in their ives is mai y f orecast here . How should they and their tiny efforts to step the first ’ rungs of life s ladder fail to arouse deep emotions and deep n n in us— in Of a ticipatio s those of fact, all us whose duty m and it is to know something of the , especially if they are —of d of our own stock Jewish bloo . For the Jewis h child

e . l is peculiarly our r sponsibility If he turns out we l , he

. n w s himself will reap the reward If u happily other i e , his c areer will smite not only himself but his brethren in faith with the punishment of evil . W hatever the Jewish problem may mean or signify, the solution of that problem begins and proceeds very far in the school . The Jewish child in the mass is no t different from s other children in most respect . Yet the circumstances of life are S O unlike those of other children that they tell S n n on an t ig ifica tly his school life , to ex ent which to my i mind seems worth wh le recording. To one accustomed to dealing with classes of Eng 66

68 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNU AL

m i n n r a punish ent g ve i disc iminately, here boy, there a

ff . boy, a cu here, a box there, is not much use The Jewish boy is undoubtedly more amenable to firm discipline than the average English boy . When a teacher has once Obtained quiet control over a class of Jewish b A m . oys , he seldo has further trouble with them ’ teacher transferred to a Jewish boys school told me some . time ago that the Jewish boys had less spirit of mischief in them than the boys he had been accustomed ff n effec t of to . He asc ribed it o ha d to the inherited per i sec ut on. Fortunately, it was easy to prove this View n and ff wro g, for however whatever the Jew has su ered from n n w r persecution , Provide ce has e dowed him with a po e —a s Of of recovery sort of p ychic resiliency , or elasticity n in soul, which e ables him to recover himself immediately n nm n a free e viro e t. The Of s n in sense di cipline is probably in ate the Jew , and is part of his love of law and order which finds ex Of and pression in the whole his private public worship . With growth of years comes the development of a stiff n c n d in him r ecked tendency , whi h te ds to evelop the desi e law n The n f to become a u to himself. social adva tages o this characteristic are at least as many as the disadvan e tages , for it leads him to choose a life which shall be abov

n . all practical, useful , and indepe dent It no t n n is ofte that the moder Jew remains a visionary, n n — we and whe he does, which is rare, he is a huma gem a w S get then a Z ng ill or a chechter . When we come to inquire how the Jewish child effec comes to school, we light upon a true marvel in t n ff the ive huma e ort . I ought first to tell you how i En n The budd ng glishma comes to school on the whole . law will help you to get about 80 per cent. of these youths n to school, provided they are well and strong e ough to not no w . come , and how the law does this I need tell you By dint of great effort in London as a whole you c an 8 r 82 . e w get per cent to 3 p cent. to favour school ith THE JEWIS H S CHOOL-CHILD 69

n their prese ce, and for this the law, the police, the public and n machinery , and the teachers, the pare t all have to T L n . o 1 1 0 0 work hat is to say, that in don 7 out of every children are always away from school. N The Jew does better than this . o school is satisfied with an attendance of less than 90 per cent. Many habitu L ally get 9 5 per cent . , and in eeds there is one school which , — for two years never had less than 99 per cent an almost incredible result.

T n e n . r here are ma y xplanatio s for this Fi stly, there ’ e An is the child s love for the t acher. observant inquirer ff in i will always discover a di erence in teachers th s respect. One n m no ffi who can gai a ready sy pathy has di culty , m a while another y find the utmost trouble . But the nfl most potent i uence is that of the parents, who value education as they value nothing else, and this is a true - n Jewish quality , this never que ching thirst for knowing . W C n S Mr. yatt, lerk of the Ma chester chool Board , in D n C m evidence before a epartme t ommittee some ti e ago , said that the street evils attending child labour would cease entirely in his city if Christian parents showed the same concern for education that the Jewish mothers did . The n n Jewish pare t, as a rule, keeps his childre , during and school hours out of school hours, away from degrading m r e ployments , which sap both his energy and his desi e f for work in other than the lowest walks of li e . He is n thus preserved for the proper busi ess of child life, learn ing and training in discipline. It is only mere poverty which prevents the Jewish parent following up the salutary principle when his child c n leaves school. Having kept him at school o scientiously for his full term of years, the ideal should be that the parent should exercise still further restraint of his child’ s earning powers by allowing him to take up an employment n in which he could best excel eve tually . But the exigencies n of the home make the sca ty wage a dire necessity . It is not parental greed merely which prompts him to turn his 70 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

s child into the ea iest avenue of labour. It is the welcome relief which the few Shillings bring to the pinched mother d m And is an the hungry babes at ho e . for this reason it that a c lever Jewish child does no t always find his true n level on leavi g school. T is m Of n h is equally true , if not ore so , childre in the n general commu ity . Girls become practically perfect s n needlewomen , and pend the rest of their worki g days buttonholing or bo xmaking ; boys learn the neatest of workmanship in manual training -school to waste their r in r n n dexte ity unning errands or loadi g va s . T as his leakage is , I have said, probably less with Jews a a h s th n with the verage home, w ere poverty is perhap n more telling and even more grievous tha with our own . ul in nd n However , habits of reg arity atte a ce are bound to and fo r tell in whatever field of labour, zeal work at school w l r v i l make a zealous ea ner, e en though the field of labour be not of the best . C n n O v oming to a other poi t, let me bser e that when as many as ninety- five out of every hundred children come u n al reg larly to school, it mea s that the general he th of n n n the child must be excellent. I mentio this i con ec tion with the wanton statements which have been flung The at our people in recent years on this score . bulk n now of the childre of whom I speak are foreign, either by birth or by immediate ancestry . It looks therefore as if the descendants of the so - called physical wrecks must have made an uncommonly rapid recovery from the effec t of their inheritance if they c an stand our inclement climate so well as to come easily first in the nd n competition for school atte a ce . For this is what the L L b eylands Jewish school at eeds does year by year, eating every school in Great Britain in the average of school n is attendance . It Is delightfu l to see childre at th school bustling their tardier schoolmates out of their homes into — li n s in in the school po ci g the di trict, fact, the great cause of education . THE JEWIS H S CHOOL-CHILD

The menta l p owers of the Jewish boy or girl have been e as the subject of debat , I suppose, as long there have been Jewish boys and girls ; and the discussion will con tinue fresh and full of interest as long as there are boys n n and girls give to Jewish pare ts . I have no hesitation in saying that I am on the side and of the optimists in this matter, pronounce myself in a firm believer in the superiority of the Jewish m d . T e here are others I know, who have cross d swords on are this point, and who proclaim that Jews dull or clever like other children . I have talked this matter over very carefully with many teachers of Jewish chil dren, and, while none of them have ever declared them s u below the average , quite the majority con ider it a pleas re and almost a professional privilege to be able to teach them . The superiority of these children is , no doubt, in many c ases largely attributable to their incessant regularity ; for e s wh n a child comes to school day by day, if he doe not n i lear there must be someth ng wrong with the teacher, provided always that the child is not wanting in some Oh mental power or other . , if I could only have an ” E - n c ast end school, teachers have ofte said to me, I ould ” W ” w . show you what ork is hat am I to do, they say, n with a child who makes six atte dances out of ten, week all after week ? But attendance is not . I have myself m - T heard one of our ost capable head teachers say, here ' is nothing that a Jewish boy cannot do under capable handling and this is the impression which I have carried away from my intercourse with the ideal Jewish boy And what wonders are done " Children a few months in this country learn under this capable handling (which is worth all the praise we can bestow) to read with a ’ fluency which quite takes one s breath away . I have seen youngsters of eight read their standard readers, w f fluenc — too a ith per ect y aliens , , not understanding 7 2 THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL

Word of what they read ; and this no disgrace to anybody. but all credit to the patient teacher who had piloted e T them through the gr atest of all pedagogical shoals . hey c Ould d r ta rea , and they would very soon unde s nd , too ; and it is these very children whom we find at the top of a t the schol s ic tree, as we were able to note recently when an alien boy came out first in that most coveted of exa minations i r n , the ntermediate schola ship examinatio of n the London County Cou cil. I have seen children in E ten ru ngland a short months , reaching five ngs up — — our educational ladder to the fifth standard reciting our most classic English with a grace and fervour one - which would have to seek far among the native born . It is not more than a few months ago since a tiny man o f eight came out to me from his class, and we proceeded We n to add and multiply together. were eve ly matched for a R n n long time , the plucky little ussia boy holdi g on n n n tenaciously till seve thousa d two hu dred, when he threw up the sponge with no little glory . These are c isolated cases, but they are typi al of many more, and — they serve to clear up one point of superiority the r avidity, that deeper thi st for knowledge . The n c Th Jewish thirst for k owledge is very practi al . e knowledge he requires is of the sort which will serve him — in good stead later ou which will bring him to an end of and n b his material troubles, e a le him to lend a helping n i At ha d to h s fellows in poverty. his best he combines n n this with a revere ce for all that is just, ki d , and right , so that his scheme of life is of practical good and practical gain. The Jewish child as we know him exists for the most part in neighbourhoods of narrow circumstance and n poverty . His upbringing is too Ofte accompanied by all the agony which follows the struggle for bare exist n W e ce . ith the Jew, however, poverty is an actual c his struggle . He does not acquies e in present mean but for f surrounding, fights to clear a path himsel to

t n . n bet er thi gs For poverty is always of two ki ds, that THE JEWISH SCHOOL -CHILD 73

is n It to say, moves in one of two directio s . either n n and is n n asce ds or desce ds , it only whe it desce ds T r a that it degrades . he e is one factor which more th n an n and y other co tributes to poverty, from it the Jew T W is fortunately free . his factor is drink . here drink nc n a n t o e gai s footi g ascent is arrested, and degrada ion

s . Y an ets in ou may go into average poor neighbourhood, and inquire which of the parents are struggling to throw off — their poverty . It is always the same answer, the

Victory is to those who do not give way. It is to this power of c ontrol as much as to anything else that the Jew is able to lift himself into one plane after And n n another . it is this as much as a ythi g else that makes it po ssible to abolish class distinctions among the no s d n n Jews, for there are such things as cla s isti ctio s nor n the among us, can there be whe the rise from base to the summit of the social scale is nothing but a matter of a - n - n And few years of well spe t hard headed e ergy. it is n c this spirit which finds its way i to the s hools, and makes

for the success of the Jewish pupil. The combating force in the parent is reproduced in n s the child, and te ds more than all to the succes of the no t n Jewish child . For teachers , though at all u ited in their opinion as to the exceptional ability of the Jewish i in ch ld, yet they all agree will gly to the grit with which k young Israel tackles any new piece of wor . To the sympathy and devotion Of the teacher and the dutiful watchfulness of the parent must be added a third ac tor m a c onstruc f , which makes itself felt in our com erci l a is voluntar er sonal assistance tive l dder, and th is y p from n L n n the outside , which is at the disposal certai ly in o do of any Jewish teacher who cares to ask for it on behalf of T ff t n a child . here is no doubt that this kind of e or , findi g its way into the interior of the homes, goes far to awaken e the latent s nse of duty in the parents, causing them to exert that personal force which tells to such advantage

within the schools. 74 T HE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

It is difficult to estimate the value of the separate ' elements of efiort which are directed into the channel of l d in as e m pub ic e ucation the c e of the J wish com unity, and be u tea it would invidio s to say how much is due to the cher, the a er how much to parent, how much to the school m nag , n harmo a d how much to the child . It is a fact that the

- nio us co ordination of all these forces makes for success. For any one of them in absence or abeyance makes success f t l r m Of t . A ore a di ficul y weak eacher , a neg igent pa ent, s ri c e a di t ct unworked by managers, a truant hild , all mak t R and all for bad resul s . everse these conditions , is in i is train for going well, and especially if your cha n com f i lete. It o ten happens that one l nk of the chain is p — not there the manager who can carry the suggestion of r T the teacher into the hea t of the home . hus it comes ff a The about that so much excellent e ort goes to w ste . precepts of the schoolroom fail of their purpose when they fa n an of ll upon an apathetic pare t, unawakened to y idea To L duty to his offspring. accomplish the duty in ondon n are alone, armies of volu tary helpers needed ; and , if the n i as s ge eral commun ty wishes for a lesson to how to do thi , n n it eed o ly come to the Jewish community which has, so bloc khoused s to speak, its territory into complete unit m n na r of organisation a o g its workers, teachers and ma ge s, who contribute to c onvert their charge of children into a valuable national asset . This care of children is not confined to the years of the school age, but is as far as possible continued into years immediately succ eeding the limit of school attend ance, and busies itself with the further education of the young man or young woman in their employment and All their recreation. this is of enormous importance if l the child is to benefit by the essons of the schoolroom, and to carry the work of the teacher into the conduct and

- practice of every day life . Judicious recreation gives the - w n ur death blo to evil companio ship, and f ther education may open the way to higher avenues of employment than

76 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL class distinctions which we have to some extent c opied n we e a i to our social system, hav ssigned a special pigeon a l n n hole to the artis n, and the Jew wil never be co te t to be pigeon-holed into any section which exclu des f to him from rising. He requires per ect freedom move among all strata of society in accordance with his possi ili i s n his fi b t e . , his tale ts, and means He exempli es a dictum which came from the lips of an acquaintance who once expressed a view that no man o ught to accept any post which debars him from becoming Prime Minister of f England . It is some such eeling as this which makes the Jew look as kance at employments which mean rolling up the sleeves or working in white ducks . If he saw far n enough , he might see ki gdoms to be conquered in the

field of labour, and might know that there are princes of i as n to l well as of fi ance . His inborn anxiety not to fetter his career may explain some of the criticisms offered by experts on the way Jewish to n s u T no t boys take ma ual in tr ction. hough we may w as agree ith them , I , for one , do not , we must inquire

n . The n i to them , and meet them if necessary opinio s no S do t always assume the same form . ometimes we not and are told that the work is up to the best, that Jewish boys do not seem to tumble to hand - work as

- n . well as to brai work This is the usual form of complaint . Another account tells us that the Jewish lad c an dig into n the subject up to a certain depth , whe he seems to come c an u A to hard rock and get no f rther. ccording to a third View our boys go mightily to work with their tools at the n t o beginning , but lack the patie ce to carry the operation

T - a final finish . hey are said to give up half way in any and an exercise involving complications , hurry to end a - finish d piece of poorly e work. On d n w no the other han , I have see our boys do ork in n run way inferior to that of the ge eral , and have come to n n the conclusio that they wa t, perhaps, better teaching and ff n n more e ective discipli e tha ordinary boys , who . THE JEWIS H SCHOOL- CHILD 77

n n w comi g from artisa homes, seem to fly to manual ork c r The as a ertain bi d flies to water. Jewish boy, with his centuries of inheritance which have debarred him from n i using his ha ds, requires time to nure his hand and brain new W to the form of work . ith a little additional trouble I am convinced that his output will compete at least favourably with that of the boy who has home tradition n on his and inherita ce all side . We never hear anything of the incompetenc e of girls in this respect . N0 girls or women turn out better work n is n manship tha Jew h wome , at least, so I am told , - A k n . s in whether it be hats, froc s , or ordi ary needle work an n so m y other crises our women have to save our ame . With their example the m en and boys will no doubt fall in one into line this respect, where criticism still touches n n n their i tellectual reputation . For we ca not eglect this n The n side of the Jewish brai . proper use of the ha ds n n nn leads to origi ality, and without origi ality we ca ot fill n n our proper place in i tellectual civilisatio . T here is no knowledge, properly speaking, that is not n and l find begotte of work , our Jewish boy wi l fortunately no difficulty in accommodating him self to the new in dustrial n - ideal in this land of ewly found freedom , if he n n and steadily lear s the lesso of discipline patience, which will help him to become an effective producing unit in the state . D n and n iscipli e patie ce, which come so easily to him , represent self- restraint ; effort will represent self- assertion : and the combination Of self- assertion and self- restraint will n — a d form his code of worki g virtues practical co e , and , at the one Oft same time , which will save him from the repeated charge of materialism ; for the struggle is only sor

- - did and only half fought when self restraint is forgotten . L n n adies and Gentleme , I have touched sca tily on n n ma y aspects of Jewish educatio , and the many factors u — n which go to make it p the racial features, the rare se se lin of discip e, the parental devotion, the devotion of the 7 8 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

te the co- e v acher, and op ration of the oluntary worker or

. ese s as the manager I have touched th point lightly, also n a a u questions of school atte d nce , ment l aptit de, and m a and o ue c n nual aptitude, the imp rtant q stion of onti ued e to a c ose ducation, and I now draw my remarks l . My remarks have in the main been drawn from obser vations d s f b ma e in our les a fluent pu lic elementary schools. I do not wish it to be understood that my conclusions d ff A f w i er in the case of our more fortunate children . e n s not h pou d in school fees does alter the ways of the fles , and we all kno w that bright brains are to be found in our as high schools in our elementary schools . What we have to deplore here is a similar falling off A in ideal. rich boy from the public school Shows ex c ellent promise of talents which will ripen into something o f li n n so d profit to the reputatio of the commu ity . He ll n a a wi make a good e gineer, an excellent physici n , S o profound philologian . much for him when he leaves

s chool or college . How often have we to reflect in sadness in in r n for him later years, when, spite of talents, t ai ing, o n pportunity , and occasio , he delivers up his birthright for a pottage of material yet minor glories ? W c an ith this example from the rich , how we look for s acrifice from the state- taught child ? When our rich man f n can say, I have orsake wealth to serve the world with n w n c an in hi ha ds and brain , he he br g t s message to the n l n poor , then and the a o e shall we have the right to but no e n t . njoin sacrifice all rou d, until then The u intellectual str ggle of Israel is against materialism . Our n n greatest needs are ma y, but one presses more than n n the eed for renunciatio from above downwards, that we may spare from our energies the power to build a free - u ll c hannel for our chained p inte ect. Along the path of renunciation lies the liberation l for which Israe can accomplish himself. Other paths are n absor ma y and more tempting, but along them lie p

tion and annihilation . JEW ISH C ONCEPTION OF THE UNIVERSE IN THE MIDDLE AGES

A PAPER READ BE FORE THE N ORTH LON DON JE WISH LI TERARY AND S CIAL UNI ON ON JAN UAR Y 22 1903 O ,

W HIRS HFELD PH D B HART IG C . Y , .

SAA S A T n I C I R ELI (the younger) , of oledo , a promi ent astronom er who flourished at the beginning of the four teenth t n century, gives the following defini io of the Universe Kn n Un ow that the ame iverse is employed, in s n n r and a tro omy , for heave and ea th all their hosts ; for the uppermost sphere, and all spheres encompassed by it ; and for sun , moon, stars, the terrestrial globe, all that is on

and and n . them, for the seas all that is therei Just as the n m huma body is a unit composed of many me bers, which are all connected with o ne another and dependent on one n another for their preservatio , thus is the whole world and o ne n the fulness thereof complete body, composed of ma y constituents which are connected with one another and on rv dependent one another for their prese ation . By means of irrefutable proofs sc holars were forced to agree Un that the form of the iverse is that of a globe, in which n n and is enclosed a umber of other globes ; that it is livi g, u n t n on in f ll cognisa ce of its exis e ce , revolves two poles a round a centre [from e st] to west , and [that this motion c has no and is caused] by a power whi h limit, that it ” completes one revolution each day . a n In order to appreci te this definitio properly, we must first call attention to the differenc e in the scientific methods employed in our times and those observed in 79 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

former epochs . Whilst it is characteristic of modern in and d science to exam e facts phenomena, and to raw m the fro them the laws upon which they are based, procedure in the Middle Ages was to fix rules and axioms

by means of scholastic speculation, and to adapt the n n in phe omena of ature to them the best way possible. As m n these axio s were few, and the varieties in ature are n n m and n ma y , the ge eral result was i perfection , misco

c epti on of the universe . Even in subjects where in vestigation was supported by direct observation (as in not n practical astronomy) , causes were rightly u derstood , f n and the general dri t of thi gs moved in a wrong direction . T n W his method is k own as the scholastic one . hat was chiefly wanting was the power of distinguishing between A and . appearance reality lthough , therefore, many details the u ni were correctly described , real nat re of the u verse remained u ndiscovered. This mode of observing nature was adhered to during n and ae the whole of the a cient medi val epochs, and reached its apogee in its good as well as evil sense in A for n the hands of the rabs , who centuries remai ed the c n teachers of the world in matters s ie tific . Among their

. One pupils were the Jews must not , however, assume that the latter rec eived their first introduction into the A n . n study of ature from the rabs I deed , they had attained a c ertain degree of proficienc y in natural studies long before the Arabs had even learnt the first lessons of tu cul re, but they did not go beyond those few notions laid T down in almudical literature, which were merely fostered e for the service of the religious law , and not develop d for R n a n - their own sake . eligio formed the st rti g point as u n well as the ultimate aim of Jewish st dy of the u iverse , their principal endeavour being the fixing of the calendar t n in order to determine the fes ive seaso s . When the Jews had adopted the scholas tic method of A n n i u the rabs, they i directly came u der the nfl ence of the

Aristotelian way of explaining matters, which was held to JEWIS H CONCEPTION OF THE UNIVERS E 8 1

n l T be i fal ible. his system subsequently gained so firm a hold over them (as indeed over all mankind) that they even interpreted Ar is totelian ideas into such Biblical s a w pa sages as de lt ith the phenomena of nature . Of the many examples offered in Jewish literature let us select the following . There lived in the eleventh century a prominent Hi ah w A . Je ish astronomer named braham b yy , of r at Barcelona. His lea ning secured him a high post an n ru the court of enlightened Mohammeda ler. He e n s n compos d several re owned work on astro omy, the al n most important of which deals with the Jewish C e dar . This work commences as follows C d Ch. 1 an . oncerning the shape of the earth the extent of its habitation. Know that all scholars who study this subject are unanimous in their opinion that the earth is round like a T . he h ball water of the great ocean covers half of it, whic is uninhabitable ; the other half is consequently dry land a Th h nd is inhabitable . e lakes whic are to be found on l s the dry ha f are islands as it were , like those dry one which are to be found in the water consequently there is l Th as much dry and as there is water . e proof of this is t G T en. . Let to be found in the orah , as it is writ en ( i the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto

and was . one place, and let the dry land appear, it so “ W n n he the waters gathered in one place, the dry la d was seen in another ; the quantity of one is as the quantity n of the other, and they were divided accordi g to one And So n . . principle . is also writte (Gen i God called dr an ar and i the y l d e th, the gather ng together of the h l &c . E t e n waters ca led he sea , very item in creatio r which God divided into two pa ts, and gave to each of findest one them a name, thou to be of the same quantity

it . And as . the other , as is written (Gen i God called and r &c the light day, the da kness he called night , . AS the the measure of day is like that of the night, F 8 2 THE JEWIS H LIT ERARY ANNUAL

o AS s is also the measure of the water and the dry land. in in some places the day overlaps over the night , so are others the night overlaps over the day, and they T evenly balanced in this respect . hus the dry land and e preponderates in some places, the wat r in others , a an l b nd equi ibrium is also Visi le here . From this it is c f lear that hal of the earth is dry and the other water, and there is no need to bring another proof from external ” i no - n e n . ( . . Biblical) scie ce This is as characteristic a piece of argumentation as ’ c an be found anywhere in the world s literature of that a e g . Particularly quaint are the remarks that the matter Was and no n quite clear, evide ce taken from the laws of in nature need be applied . In po t of fact the verses quoted c c ontain nothing of whi h he interpretated into them , since the object to be demonstrated had been settled by a p riori s c pe ulation . Quite on a par with this are the notions with regard to n the geographical conceptio of the earth . Since scholastic s peculation considered the globe the most perfect of all m r for s, the earth must needs have that fo m . In order to d n etermine the parts i habitable to man , the whole globe w as n c n divided by two imagi ary ircles, crossi g each other at right angles into four quarters . Seven strips of the width of six degrees eac h were portioned off in the north

e . T climates astern quarter hese strips were called , and o l n n y these were declared to be i habitable. All the rest was and u either water or unknown land , therefore nworthy n o f exploratio . “ “ The n E c i ame arth, says Isaa Israeli, is somet mes w n n n used for all that is belo the heave s , i cludi g the [spheres of the] four elements and all that arises out of G n In h e . . t e h them , as is said ( ii day t at the Lord Go d and In made the earth the heavens . astronomy , ear th n n however, the term is o ly applied to the in ermost k n s m ernel of the spheres, which co si ts of earthy atter . S cholars have unquestionably shown that the earth is an

84 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

n we do not know when it was founded, any more tha our Wh ai to forefathers . en the king heard this , he s d

Alkhidr : I will follow thee and renounce my crown . “ Al khidr replied : Follow this man and let him teac h ” thee the right path . Those acquainted with German literature are aware that this legend forms the subject of a very beautiful " l uckert Alkhidr ba lad by the poet Friedrich R . means ever reen A n in as g , and is the rabic equivale t for Ph e a Th Elijah in the Jewish Agfid . e law of growth and is in decay on earth most poetically depicted this legend , of which the general world possesses a different form in oen The m the legend of the Ph ix . resemblance of the na es P hoenix and P hineas is sufliciently suggestive of a close n e the relatio ship between them . It is, however, b yond i present task to enter more fully into th s matter. L v n now in ea i g the earth , we will attempt an imag ary flight through spac e and View the universe in the way as In n did our ancestors . that co ception of the structure of n n the world they displayed , tech ically speaki g, no origi nalit y whatsoever, but accepted without questioning the n u as system laid dow by Ptolemy, the famo s Greek tro A in nomer, who lived at lexandria the second century of N n non- i n the present era. otwithsta ding its Jewish or gi this system has a large claim to be made known even t m s now, as its rail is over the most i portant works by Jew

and i . W an on philosophy, poetry , even l turgy ithout intimate acquaintanc e with this system the whole de velopm ent of Jewish thought almost down to our own s period, as well as the origin of many rites and custom remain unintelligible . N not in ta ow although Jews were , the first ins nce , n respo sible for the shaping of this system, one of the most essential features of the same was provided by a Jewish philosopher who lived more than one hundred T w . as of years prior to Ptolemy his Philo, likewise ac Alexandria. Blending the te hings of the Bible with JEWIS H CONCEPTION OF THE UNIVERS E 85

Greek ideas , he arrived at a singular conception of the ru E st cture of the universe . manating from God , he n n C W and taught , came i to existe ce the reating ord , by fu h W n rt er emanation from this ord arose , in their tur ,

the heavenly spheres, and finally, the earth and all that In A n fills it . this way the barren ristotelia principle of the eternity of matter was made acceptable to those philosophers and astronomers who took their stand on n and ews no revealed religio , J therefore had further scruples in embracing a theory which did not collide with b n n the elief in the creatio of the world from ought. Let us now briefly sketch the universe as it appeared D Wil under this system . From the ivine l a sphere e A l manated . sphere is a simp e body having the Shape n l t of a transpare t , ho low globe which rota es round its i The S nor ax s . phere has neither weight temperature, nor nn n is neither wet dry, ca ot be broke nor put together, o and n and but it is p ssessed of life reason, k ows its creator , c The is conscious of its own existen e . uppermost sphere a n was c lled the carryi g one , because it was thought to n carry the thro e of God. Jewish philosophers , and Mai monides n un n amo g them , fo d refere ces to them in the Hea ven Firma men t Z ebal Arabéth Biblical terms , , , , and . T n en heir umber is t . E ncompassed by this sphere is that of the fixed stars, n N which is divided into twelve sectio s . early everybody is l n n fami iar with the names of one or two co stellatio s, as d a a at le t those of the zo i c , but few people re lise the n S great age of their ames . ome of them , as is well n n n k own , are me tio ed in the Book of Job, and by the e A n is Proph t mos, and the i terpretation of these names , on W n the hole, ide tical with those they have retained down n to our own time. Jewish astronomers u hesitatingly d adopte the names handed down by the Greeks, and n A A merely tra slated them into Hebrew . ccording to rab the f il scientists thickness O this sphere is m es . They calculated that the largest of these stars was ninety 86 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL f e n our times larger than the earth , and the small st eightee A was times . rab influence over the study of astronomy so great that a large number of fixed stars are even now w A e only kno n by their rab names . It is easily intelligibl n s that the two polar stars e joyed special di tinction, par ticularl a all y the northern one, to which were scribed in man and a k ds of healing powers both for be st, when looked at while certain formulas were muttered. Below the sphere of the fixed stars are those of the

. e planets, of which there are two groups, viz the upp r S n an T m S n d . u planets , atur , Jupiter, Mars hen co es the , after which follow the lower planets , Venus, Mercury, and a n not W l stly the Moo . It is to be ondered at that the old names of these planets could not be accepted either by Jews or Mohammedans on account of their heathenish c The T f r haracter . almud has, there o e, substituted other S n Sha bbethai b names for them. atur is called , ecause he ’ n n S atu rn s occupies the seve th place, and also represe ts Scotch da . y Jupiter is called (justice) , in which term a c b n certain astrological tenden y is visible, ecause those bor u n t nder his i fluence become grea , wise and happy. Mars ’ S i s n I called Ma ad m on account of its reddi h hue . Ve us 18 NO ah un M g on acco t of its brilliant light, and ercury is Kfic shemesh KOchah in called or briefly , because the Sk n sun Th y it is always to be fou d quite close to the . e innermost centre of all these spheres is occupied by the a e rth, round which all the others revolve, as if to pay homage to the smallest but most important item in the ’ world s creation . In order to make the student understand the position in of the earth the midst of the spheres, and to give at the same time an adequate idea of the proportion of the

' Hi a A . to whole system , braham b yy compares the earth - n s a mustard seed in the ce tre of an ostrich egg, or a glas T . s globe of the same size his globe , as well as the globe n is encompassed, revolve round their commo ax , and it was this rotation which not only pushed the earth into

88 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

s in e e goe without say g that they were also accept d by J ws , who even found places for them in the Biblic al account of the creation of the world . It is not to be wondered at that this way of contemplating the universe led to the conviction that not only the earth n e and the ful ess thereof, but also the outer world, exist d ’ u merely for man s sake . He co ld not , indeed , make the a n he venly bodies directly subservie t to him , but were not sun and moon created to give warmth and light to the e ? T a had arth his being so, the planet ry spheres obviously ’ ‘ fim cti n n n To no other o tha to influence ma s fate . trace here the o rigin of astrology (if it can be traced at all) is no t rv no within the scope of these obse ations, but there is d So oubt that it originated in star worship. closely was the observation of the star movements connected with the ’ n n n on n i quiry i to their beari g ma s fate, that the term a str olo gy was originally applied to both , till some more enlightened minds employed the word astronomy for the n S s research i to the purely mathematical ide of thi science. Considering how anxiously and ruthlessly Judaism exc ised everything from its teac hings and practice which had the nc n n remotest sembla e to heathe ish ways, it is asto ishing that superstitiou s belief was allowed to gain so strong a n hold in its tenets . If we endeavour to explain this stra ge fact, we notice first of all that it entered under the guise The a of the Hebrew names of the planets . real n ture of astrology was further veiled by the belief that it was not so much the bodies of the planets as their spheres which We n exercised their magic power . have see before that these spheres were taught to be emanations from the n T D W a d s n . ivine ill , pos essed of livi g souls hey were therefore regarded to be but the intermediary agents charged to carry the expression of the “ special Provi u wn n l As n de ces do to i dividua s . soo as a pretext was found by the help of which that theory could be deprived no of its heathenish odour, there was obstacle to practical horoscopy. Hardly any of the great Jewish teachers of JEWIS H CONCEPTION OF THE UNIVERSE 89 mediaeval Judaism was strong enough to resist its allure To n n nl n e find ments . me tio o y a few am s, we that a ir l an Solomon b . G b o gave enthusiastic description of planetary influence in his famous K ether Ma lc hvith. A Hi a in ehudah Hallevi braham b . yy believed it, J ac - n o cepted it conditionally, and the clear mi ded and riti

A E was n . cal braham b. zra a convi ced adept It was

Maimonides chiefly who, although he shared the general v set views on the structure of the uni erse, his face against

s in . a trology, and condemned it energetic terms His n n n war i gs remai ed , however, unheeded , in spite of the unrivalled authority he otherwise exercised in religious R o f matters . Neither were the protests of later abbis The in n much avail . belief the i fluence of stars was so firmly planted that it c oil ld not be rooted out by such w as n en means , and o ly abandoned wh the whole system C no c and s fell to pieces . ertain mi r pra tices phra es are to The be found among all classes of Jews even to this day .

' mazza l- tob n word , which means a lucky star may shi e on n l in n this or that eve t , wi l, all probability, be i separable m and s all fro the Jewish vocabulary , its exi tence is the n n n and n more assured, as it is i ter atio al not co fined to any E n uropea language . Its further employment is, however , n of no harm , as it has completely cha ged its meaning , and n o one connects with it any astrological idea. There is another factor which acted as a powerfu l lever c Weltanscha nu n en in introdu ing g into Judaism , which in its c s T were orig ally opposed to tea hing . his was mys tic ism h n n . W y is it that most m e are u able to free n c n themselves from the spell of thi gs mysti , whilst ma y n it nn eve love it, seek , and ca ot live without it ; and that off even those who strive hardest to shake it , do not

‘ c wholly su ceed , although they imagine that they have conquered ? It is on account of the limited capacity n i nn of the average huma brain . With all ts kee ess it f and has proved unable to athom the origin of things , n n n where reaso i g fails, imagi ation steps in to fill the 90 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

i l gap , and to supply the miss ng links . It is but natura w its n that Judaism , ith great tende cy to put simple belief in the plac e of reasoning and inquiry into the ' f o fiered why and where ore , a rich soil for the growth w n . of fa tasies Je ish mysticism is an exotic, but when To once it had taken root it throve rapidly . give an O e instance, let us turn our attention to one of the ld st n It mystic writi gs in Jewish literature . is well known that the great veneration in which the TOra was held T extended also to its very letters . here exists a book , A as R . a na cribed to kib , the great sage of the Mish h, which consists of fanciful disc ussions on the twenty- two letters s of the Hebrew alphabet , and a mystical theosophy ba ed T n . on umbers and cyphers his book , which we may style a kind of Midrash (because it abounds in homiletic and

c n . A moral tea hi gs) , is , of course , of much later date nother do ctrine of similar tendency but of even grosser texture

‘ so - c Shear K Omah c in m was the alled , whi h , al ost literal n co ception of Biblical anthropomorphisms, indulged in de sc ri tions n n w c on p of the divi e esse ce hi h border sacrilege. This aberration c an be trac ed back to the influence of certain Mohammedan sc hools (of the Shia sect) which s a fostered the wilde t ide s of incarnation. It is easily intelli gible that system s of this kind turned the minds of the less enlightened from metaphysical speculations which Jewish n no t n S e n teachi gs did e courage . ubs que tly the various mystic systems flowed together into the broad channel a T nc K . of the abb lah his scie e, as conceived at present , shows the dark side of Jewish thought ; but as it is a real Weltau schau u n nn n g, we ca ot help bestowing some atte a Th in tion to its earlier stage t least . e orig of the Kab a n sc u n dl b lah is i deed ob re, but it is u doubte y one of the c T results of the cosmi al views of the age . here were , n a all after all, o ly few who re lly grasped metaphysics in its and abstractness, those Jews who wrote on them entangled

themselves in contradictions . This was distinctly the case L n n of Maimonides . esser ge iuses co tented themselves with

9 2 THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL

As esirah it develops , the Book of J (which shows A f traces of rab philosophy, and cannot there ore be very o f old) gives, paragraph after paragraph , the details its teachings, but in very obscure, and , as seems to me, Th occasionally irrelevant language . e further criticism k not n of this boo does co cern us here , but it certainly S does not represent the bright ide of Jewish literature . Yet A its authority was great during the Middle ges , and even now it is to be found embodied in c ollec tions of prayers and meditations compiled for private devotion . One of the oddest fruits of the Kabbalah is another c an b a work, which I only descri e as a regrettable abber tion R of the Jewish mind . I allude to the Book aziel. Its ac various parts consist of mysterious te hings, supposed to have been imparted by the angel Raziel to Adam and he r N . n S a oah It is composed of metaphysical expositio s, ’ Komdh n c elements, fa ciful des riptions of the world s and c c n creation of the heavenly ourt , astrologi al refere ces ,

n n . An prayers, amulets , and a large amou t of no sense abstract from its opening paragraphs gives a fair idea of the book n L In the ame of the ord, the God of Israel , I com n me ce this book, which belongs to the books of mysteries . It was given to Noah from the mouth of the angel

Raziel in the year when he erected the ark . It was e and n writt n on a sapphire , he lear t from it wonderful doings and the ways to study the high dwellings of the and heavens, to contemplate the stars to observe their n paths, to search the course of the moon , to k ow the ways O n o f of the Bear, rio , and the Pleiades, to tell the names and n and te what is in each heaven their influe ce, to mas r n i the ames of the guarding angels, to study the t mes n and proper to be bor to die, to wound and to heal, to in n m terpret dreams and Visio s , to excite strife and ake Th t &c . e N o peace, book was handed down by oah S n his posterity , but olomo was the first to interpret it, JEWISH CONCEPTION OF THE UNIVERS E 9 3 and he se n d although pos ssed ma y books of the same kin , ” he only held this worthy to be preserved . We are also the happy possessors of vari ous printed

f r . editions o the book. Interspe sed in the text are magic n diagrams, mysterious letters, and drawi gs of amulets . Here are some magic pres criptions Whoever wishes to be wise shall read the book from beginning to end . The house in which the book is to be w ll ff w found i never su er from fire , damage , or ant . For a bad dream : Fast three days from Monday to W T n ednesday, but break not the fast till hursday mor ing. W an n and ash thy h ds quite clea , draw thy left through T on u lily water . hen write it the form la prescribed lie down on thy right side, and await a wonderful result . s to For tho e who wish to try it, there is an amulet keep the affection of a maiden away from everything

except oneself. Others may learn how to fill a house with smoke and fire that burns but does not consume . It goes without saying that there are also charms against and r the evil eye, for the protection of children f om the

moment of their birth . We must forbear to enter more fully into this W sombre, though not unpopular subject. e see how the Kabbalah fell into the snares of astrological errors and magic practices, which have by no means died out, but even now interfere with many Jewish rituals and n ceremo ies . It is quite a relief to return from the catacombs of h misdirected speculation to the light of science . T e C n genius of oper icus shattered the crystal spheres, and t assigned to the earth its proper, but much more modes W un place among the planets . hat still remained ex s K and N who plained was accompli hed by eppler ewton, replaced the circular rotation of the heavenly bodies by the - A elliptic one , and gave the death blow to the ristotelian h philosop y . History has preserved the struggle of these as d a the m ter min s (the pride of the human race), ag inst 94 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNU AL

an te execrations of irate clergy, who arroga d the right of Vindicating the teachings of the Bible against heretic Th . e e doctrines Bible is not in need of such def nce, u since truth is never hostile to tr th . It is pleasing to see that Jews were among the first to accept the C an An opernic system as the true one. energetic expres sion of the new order of things I found in an anonymous w t n n a Hebrew poem , ri te u der the immedi te influence of Let r 1 that disc overy . me quote a few of its ve ses o For those who augur by means of the horosc pe , I and a close conceal the doors of their f lse prophecy. the and L I deny existence of demons ilith , as well as all c an kinds of witch raft d amulets . I tear down and condemn all notions that deviate f n nd rom regulatio a law . “ ut n and o n I p dow the foot of reason , trample the n head of all corrupt notio s of the people . And those whose aim is to root out the principles and a of faith , I humble, put their boast to sh me. fine In , I have in my scrip a measure and a gauge to ” fathom the truth.

1 Fo r the whole oem see Jewish uarterl Rev 11 iew 11 . . 1 8 2 p Q y , pp 3 , 99.

96 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

Feaver e is the French F vre , and denotes that a remote n in a cestor of the chemist question was a smith, who , to distinguish him from others in his neighbourhood who l R e le e bore the same personal name, was ca led ob rt F vre

(Robert the smith) . The adoption of hereditary surnames by Jews too k ff n on The plac e in di ere t localities various occasions . n S first to have do e so seem to have been the ephardim , who possessed their beautifully sounding surnames already and l and centuries ago, many of whom , in their exi e w T anderings , retained them wherever they went . hese as surnames were not, however, in every c e preserved d fi In s pure and un e led. the Mohammedan countrie the tendency was to bring them nearer to the Arabic and n standard . In Italy other of the co tinental states , they were occasionally changed for new ones bearing S no resemblance whatsoever to the old . uch was s the case with the Dis raelis and the Montefiore . In England the first Jews after the Resettlement were S ephardim , who came accompanied by their sonorous S n and s n n panish ames , i ce that date every ewcomer, w n has on hatever his origi , immediately his arrival pos o f l n The sessed himself a suitable civil appel atio . Jews s nc of this country have , however, in some in ta es been an i n own n guilty of v dal sm , and withi my k owledge , I c n n R regret to state, such histori al ames as Marti ez , odriguez, Re n S n and n n and y, have bee horte ed tra slated into Marti , R and K ogers, ing . In the Teutonic countries the adoption of hereditary w surnames by Je s is comparatively recent . It was not until 1 845 that the governments of the last of the German states took measures to compel their adoption. The N n and decree of apoleo , the measures subsequent to it , n were co sidered by those towards whom they were directed,

as se . savouring of cruel per cution Protests were made ,

. R but passed unheeded ecourse was had to subterfuges , b n A ut they proved of o avail. ttempts were made to JEWIS H SURNAMES 97

T n . he evade the decrees , but they were u successful final

day fixed for the adoption of surnames arrived , and c none were allowed to escape the ordeal. Patronymi i - c s n n & . surnames, tho e e ding sohn, , were accepted in n O n ma y cases . thers took merely fa cy names derived

f . rom trees, plants , jewels, or natural features In some n cases chance was called to the assistance of the u decided . The Bible was opened and the first name hit upon adopted n c In an e as the future patro ymi of the family . one inst c s n in n the at lea t the co gregation assembled the sy agogue , - and rabbi opened the prayer book, the first word on the the page was taken by the first family, the second by and so second family, on . One m an u d the holy , immersed in his st ies, heeded not i n n t and n s nju ctio s of the au horities, whe at length a ked n e for the ame that he had chosen, replied in the languag m c n n 355 “DES —We do with which he was ost o versa t, W a n ffi re his not know . ithout hesit tio the o cial corded n Neuda and o n new ame as , by that appellati his de A i scendants are still known. nother n similar circum ” n n e Y n and stances, whe asked for his ame, repli d a kele, Poshet Y k in reply to remonstrances repeated, an ele S m n m wa n o sh t i ply Yankele His a e s e tered as P e . It had been the custom for c enturies anterior to the ordinances promulgated by Napoleon for a Jew to have a S Hakkodesh and double name , hem for religious purposes , kinnui c n n The a by whi h he was k ow to the world . kinnuyim were chosen for several reasons ; on ac count n n of similarity in sound , for i sta ce George (Gershom) , R R n an n obert ( euben) ; by translatio or similarity of me i g , Freude (Sim c hah) ; because the new name was supposed to have some reference to the original bearer of the old s n diminu Fischel , Fi her (Moses) ; or by the formatio of K K tives Mirush K n an n . , (Miriam) , opli , apl , apli (Jacob) T kinnu im n in n hese y were the fou dations, many i stances ,

- of the newly adoptd surnames . A A h cross the tlantic , Jewish names ave undergone G 9 8 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL s till more wonderful metamorphoses than in the Old S - n as Milldolar W . orld uch lucre smacki g descriptions , n Cas n S and Bar dollar, hdollar , are to be fou d in the tates, these have been proved to be Americanisations of Muhl Bernth ler and Kas enthaler thaler, a , , denoting families o t n Kasenthal w s rigina i g in Muhlthal, Bernthal , and , to n A n in South Germany . From merica also such appare tly un- Jewish appellations as exemplified in the two following is - illustrations have come . It is related that a Pol h Jewish m n n New Y i migra t , rece tly arrived in ork, in the course of his endeavours to make a fortune had to give his name to a gentleman with whom he was contracting business . His n Y n not his n appellatio , a kele, being familiar to i ter n K and Y n L locutor , was transcribed Joh elly, a kele of odz

w n . n K as henceforth k own as Mr Joh elly of New York . Under the same circumstanc es it is stated that Yitzchok c n n be ame Hitchcock , and the desce da ts of this particular Yitzc ho k possibly wonder whence their Anglo-Saxon t n n pa ro ymic was derived . It is i teresting to note that Yitzchok and etymologically Hitchcock are the same , the l n Of atter meani g little Isaac . course these two instances

may be apocryphal ; they probably are, but they illus trate the origin of many Jewish surnames that would o therwise be inexplicable. ’ In the earliest years of the world s history, when the population was far more sparse and scattered than it is n n n now, whe the system of huma gover ment was that o f tribes , of clans, of families , there was far less necessity nc n n n for disti tio betwee perso alities . In those days one name was quite sufficient for an individual in most in s n o c u e desi ta ces , and it seldom c rred that any furth r g n was n W A . e e of A ation ecessary r ad dam , of braham , n e n n of Isaac, and of ma y others who bor but a si gle ame . W n n hen , however, umbers had i creased to a more con s iderable extent and the sole description o f Abraham or e f n n Isaac b came insu ficie t, i dividuals were distinguished b n n We y expla atory additions to their ames. then come

10 0 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

c di uerorum Isaa Me cus, Isaac Magister p , a schoolmaster ; S Nakdan S l Jacob Presbyter, Jacob criptor, Moses , amue le Prestre l T C W l C and , a so heobald onvert , i liam onvert , rs a C the othe , ncestors of some of the onyers families of e pr sent day . n Finally, as sur ames derived from nicknames or de e f A le Blund scriptive of the p rson are to be ound aron , n E the fair ; Benedict Parvus , the moder nglish sur S L S Kl name mall, ittle or hort, or the German ein ; L a E s L the n r Benedict eng s, in modern ngli h ong, proge ito of the Langs and Langes that we know ; Deudone cum Du zelina a pedibus tortis , a lame man or a cripple ; vidu s Duzelina s the Mossy cum na o , the widow of Mo sy with n n t nose , a gentlema whose nose was appare tly his mos n u le e promine t feat re ; Isaac Gros, we still have the sam surname in the London Jewish community ; Isaa c Senex ; v nis Mosse Ju e . Coming to the present- day Jewish surna mes we find that the classes into which non-Jewish surnames are n nam s divided, namely , patro ymics, local sur es, surname ffi c t of o ce and o cupation, and nicknames are all rep e n sented. In co sidering the subject of modern Jewish n nome clature , it must also be remembered that the Jew n of has displayed , in many instances, a tende cy to tire n hom e n and one t the ame by his a cestors, to acquire tha sounds more in accordance with his modern European n In 0 0 0 the surrou dings. a list of over 4 members of United Synagogue many obviously un- Jewish names are J to be found , and as they are borne by ews although not perhaps Jewish themselves , I may perhaps be per n f w mitted to give the derivatio s of a e of them . n n m occu Beddingto , a local sur a e ; Butler, a surname of ation f C r e p and also of o fice urtis, a desc iptive surnam C meaning courteous ; ooper, a maker of coops, a word i n in hen- C n of surv vi g coop ollins , possibly an a glicisation C a n son C C C ff ohen , me ni g the of little ole or olin ; li ord , ' Cl fi ord C originally de y , from the clough ; ampbell, a well JEWIS H S URNAMES I O I

S a - a known cotch n me, meaning crook mouthed ; F rmer, a Ate surname of occupation ; Ford, in the old records r R Fo d or de la Forde , a local surname ; Gates, from ichard a n Hudde n r tte Gate ; Hudso , the son of ; Hardi ge , a pe sonal r name akin to Hermann ; Hickman , equalling Isaac, a ve y a E u ppropriate nglish name for a Jew ; Hawkes, a p re n son ickname ; Jameson , the equivalent of Jacobs, the of J L L acob ucas , a patronymic surname , the son of uke ; L n n ipscombe , a local sur ame meani g from the combe or ridgy hollow in the shape of a lip ; Marchant, probably n K nn modifi a translatio of aufma ; Morton , a probable c n of n n f atio Moses ; Mo k, a sur ame of o fice , rather one n N inappropriate for of our people ; Mo tagu , a orman n — on - o local sur ame de m te acuto , from the sharp p inted n n mountain ; Morley, also a local sur ame ; Merto , another l na le n ocal sur me ; Moore, either from More, mea ing the n c Moor or ative of Moro co , or from atte Mor, de la Mor , the n an one N s desce d t of who lived on a moor ; orri , n n N an c mea ing the urse, the orwegi , or merely one oming fr N h En N son E n om the ort of gland ; elson, the of lea or ; N l n c n m N l in N n evi le, a other lo al sur a e from evi le orma dy ; N n e a n c n one n orma , eith r patro ymi sur ame or a local mea in n n N N n g the orthma or the orman ; oel, a patro ymic su n n C s n rname mea i g hristma ; Parker , desce ded either f A le Park ere n R rom dam , Joh del Parc , or oger atte d n n R n R n Parke ; Partri ge, a ick ame ichardso and obi son, a n R s n whose me ni gs are apparent ; u sell, mea ing red ; S n l St O S omers , a local ame equal ing . mer ; tephens, the n S S n n S D n s o c t. of tephen ; yd ey , a lo al sur ame from e ys ; S S n T W n cott, the cotsma ; ower , a local surname ; ilso , Son W W R lo Wa the of illiam ; agg , possibly from obert g, a t s Wa descrip ive urname ; ley, the foreigner, akin to W n l W elsh, and the German desig ation for Ita ians ; elfare , a n n W n na ffi li le ick ame ; and ar er, a sur me of o ce equal ng In S n W n . n arre er additio , two ca dinavian patronymic s S n Vic torsen urnames, imonse and , were included in the l ist . 10 2 THE JEWI S H LITERARY ANNUAL

These surnames of non- Jewish origin formed about five nu n h per cent . of the whole mber co sidered , among whic n : C the followi g twenty recurred most frequently ohen, 1 Le L l i 59 times ; vy, evi, also I 59 times ; Jacobs, I I t mes ; S n S S 10 2 D olomo s , olomon , and alomons , times ; avis , 9 3; and li rr Joseph Josephs, 77 ; Isaacs , 7 5 ; Phil ps , 74; Ha is, 2 A A 2 ns 7 ; braham and brahams, also 7 ; Hyams, Hyma , &c 6 W n 6 Heyman , . , 7 ; oolf, in various spelli gs , 3; Moses, 6 S S a 62 60 also 3; amuel and muels, ; Hart , ; Barnett, n &c 0 n n L r Bar ard , 5 ; Marks, 47 ; Be jami , 45 ; aza us, 43; T and n 2 0 . Gree , hese were , of course, taken from a list of z S n n o Ashkena im . If ephardi ames had also been take int C n Le e account, the proportion of ohe s and vis would hav been increased . The n n in first class of sur ames , namely patro ymics , cludes and a very large proportion of those borne by Jews, l h n Co m al . they are , wit few exceptio s, easily traceable menc in i n A r g w th biblical names, and taki g braham , fathe n of many ations, as the first , we obtain derivatives in Ebril A s A rl Aberlin A erlein Abr sk A rk , ber , be , , b , e a, be e (in Hungary little Abraham ; the termination -k e or - k a n an n S Eberm ann de otes Hungaria or lavonic origin) , , E Abraham m ann fre the uropeanised form of + , the A n A n d quent brahams, the plai braham , the shorte e A n Abromovitch Abramovitch and Braham , brahamso , , , A in R A Ab and e bramovitz ussia ; bram , rams, also onc Babraham s hom e who , , I believe , by a converted Jew s s In wished to di gui e his origin . addition there are Aberzuss l A Aberlieb e , sweet ittle braham , and , dear littl A b . c raham From Isaac, laughter, we get of course Isaa and Isaacs with various spellings recently a family spelling the name Izaaks attained some notoriety—Lach man S S S S n , achs, acks, ack, axe, Hickma , Hitchcock , and in S S Z klin L i e . a s the dim utives eckel, ichel , and achm n L n n m also sometimes derived from eechma , physicia . Fro

Jacob, a supplanter, the innumerable Jacobs, Jacob, ac obus acob Yokelson J , Jacobson, Jackson, Jacobi, J y ; ,

1 0 4 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

’ i To sa : is i each his bless ng . Judah he id Judah a l on s as as whelp. He stooped down , he couched a lion, and an o ld lion ; who shall rouse him up Basing their authority is to on this passage, Jews , that say the descendants of J b in udah, in innumera le stances adopted the surname of L e ll Lo Lo ion. In G rmany they ca ed themselves , we, L Lobusch Lo Lowel Loblein i i owe, , bel, , , d m nutives , and Ben -Lob ; Leuw in Holland ; Leo n in France and Spain ; L n Leo L L in eo i in Italy ; , ion, ionel the diminutive E L in ngland, and perhaps also yons, imitation of the E L nglish surname. eon is also sometimes a local sur O r t n ill . he ame, as w be shown later the s adopted - Ari The Hebrew form Ben . frequency of zoological names among Jews has frequently puzzled students of the subject, some of whom have come to the conclusion that they are altogether without meaning and are purely borrowed . The founder of the neighbouring tribe of Benjamin , n S i the son of my stre gth , was told that he hould rav n as a wolf. In the morning he should devour the prey, and at S W night he hould divide the spoil . Hence olf in its n L S a L cou tless spellings , opez in p nish, opes in Portuguese . N e aphtali is a hind let loos , and consequently we have i and in En H rsch , Herz, Hertz, Hart, Harris Harrison g a Hertzl and in Hertzen l nd, Herschell German dim utives, , and Hirschk ovitsc h and Hersk ovitz the son of Hertz, in R ussian, names that would occupy many pages in a

Jewish directory. Of E n phraim it was foretold in Ge esis xlviii . that he Th should multiply exceedingly . e symbol of fruitfulness was a fish . Fisher therefore became the equivalent of T n n Ephraim . his ame has also sometimes bee substituted i e n n . for Moses , allusio to his earli st recorded adventure The a n Menasc i fr It lia name is derived from Manasseh , om n L which is also obtai ed Manasse . evi is more often a n c tribal name tha a patronymi , and perhaps ought not to L L L be treated at this point. It gives us evy, evi, evie, JEWISH SURNAMES 10 5

Le La L L n L L Lewinson vay , vey, evin, ewi , evene, evien, , L L n L L L L s evinsohn, eviso , evenson, ewinsky, evinsky , ewi r Louissohn L Low L L L ve y often , , ewey, y , owy, oewe, oewi, L v o e Elv . , and by a transposition of the two first letters, y Lo n En s L n As we, translated i to gli h , becomes io also . n e Ha-L purely a tribal ame we get Hal vy and evi, and Al eu K m n S y and aliva a o g the ephardim . Issachar was a strong ass couching down between two b r n e u dens, and for that reason we count amo g our nam s A S n chsel, chulter (ready to bear the burde ) , and thence Bar a Barusch through bearan, , Baer, Beer, B rell, Berlin , , d 1 Bernar , Berthold , Barnett, and Barnard. Other biblical names used as modern surnames are S S S n S anvel S n Z an will amuel, amuels, amuelso , , a ville, g , S ill As A A A and Ar : and av e ; her, scher , sherson , ssur, cher S n S S n S m S m S olomo , olomons , alomo , ala an, alo ons, almon , S S n l w S S All S o man S . almen, loma , , alom , alome , alomone ’ Jewish boys born in the year of Alexander s visit to the L n na Holy a d were med after him . His name became the kinnui S n c Al of olomo , and hen e the Jewish exander and S n nd n hn n . a o asso au ders Jonas, Jo es, J from Jonah ; from a L Ellosor L L n Gedaliah , Guedall ; azarus, , azar, aza , and

‘ Le s E S n S wis sometime , equal leazar ; amso and ampson ; N n Nathanson Bennato n and Bennoson E n and atha , , , ; lka E n Elc hanan r E E s lki from ; Mordecai ; Joel ; f om lijah, lia , E El n E n Eliasaf E Elio tson llis, liso , liaso , , and also lliot and , although I have never heard of Jews bearing either of these n and A A r last two ames ; Zacharias Zachariah ; belson ; a on , Aa n A n A n A n A and A n ff ro s , ro , aro son, ronso , ronovich ro o in R s D D D n D n us ia ; Joshua ; from avid , avids, avidso , aviso , D D n En avies, avis , Be david ; och ; from Moses, Moses, Moss , Mosessohn Mosesson and Mosely, , , Mossel, the diminutive , Mo s T E n nd a . i e, the urkish form ; ma uel Manuel From M in n l enachem we get, additio to the terminal syl ables n to a great many other names, the followi g complete : n n n Menlin surnames Ma n , Man, Me ke, Menki , , Mandl,

1 Barnett when of c andinavian ori in means the c hild , S g , . I 0 6 THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL

Mendl n , Mendel, Mendelssoh , Mendelson , Manin, Monitz, d h an Monnis . Other patronymic surnames are : Phillips and Phillip n S h sohn, sometimes from Philip ; He ry, and the panis n E i He riques or nriques, which if derived from He nrich a — r me n the home ruler, the ruler of the home anothe suggested meaning of Heinrich is rich in slaves Lewis and Louisson a Marcuson n ; Marks , M rx, Marcus, , Marcusse , Mark sohn and Marcovitch ; Raphael and Raffalovitch ; Anshell Ans chel An An S n Sim , , sell, equalling gel ; ymo s, S S S S and mons, imons , immonds, imon , ymonds ; Gabriel Bensabat S abbathai Gabrielsen ; Pincus ; , the son of ; Benhak ok ; Jo ac himson and Joachim ; Tobias ; Adolphus ; W W is n e ilks from illiam ; Perez, whence obtained the am u son n son Per , meaning the of Peter ; Ferna dez , the of n Ferdinand . In this class may also be i cluded such

son . names as Barabbas, of his father The second great group into which the surnames hom e by Jews may be divided is that whic h is known under the n L S The in wan designatio of ocal urnames . Jews their derin s s n g settled or pas ed through all cou tries, and with each they have seemingly retained some connection through the surnames that they or their descendants bear. Most of the states of the world have assisted in supplying the names that would fill a Jewish directory ; Germany has been especially prolific in the creation of

n m . n n Jewish local sur a es Holla d, Pola d , and Galicia are, n S however, also well represented , while amo g the ephar dim numerous names are reminiscent of the Peninsula and In Italy . some c ases from the name hom e by a family the wanderings of one of its ancestors can be deduced . Berlinsky was undoubtedly adopted by a native of Berlin who settled in Poland ; the Dutch names of Van W n Van O n Praa h n eene , ve , and Van g , by atives of the Austrian dominions who obtained their names While in nn n Holland, the first came from Vie a, the seco d from O n the fe , and third from Prague . Holland has furnished

I 0 8 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

Nordheim Neuhaus N Neumark Mansfield , , , orden , and

N a Off S o S e S . ewm rk , enbach , ch nberg, ternb rg, and ilberberg From other parts of Germany we get Altdorf and Alt d As e A a be f b orfer, s nheim , uerb ch , Bam rger rom Bam erg , m e o n e m Bischofsheim , Be b rg, B nn , Bi gen, Bloomb rg fro u Blomberg, Br nswick, Brunschwig and Braunschweiger, C C C the leve and Van leef from leves , the latter through D Cas Van D an D D f 1 D utch , sel, ur from uren , rey us, rey f Dre fous T and T T e Dink els iel uss , y , reves rier from r ves, p f D D D d D rom inkelsbuhl, resden, res ner, and resner from D E E E E E resden, lzas , lsas, lsaesser and lsasser from lsass, E n E n n fr ttli ger from ttli ge , Fuld and Fulda om Fulda, Friedeber er a Friedeberg and g from Friedberg, Friedl nder t from Friedland, Gold, Golding, and Goldinger from Gel in n Wurtenbur ing Bavaria, Guttenberg from Gute berg in g, Gfinzher ru r n g, G nbe g, Goldberg , Heilbronn, Heilbro , Heil n Alfron e bru , and their equivalent , Hart som times from n n L n Herti ge in Bavaria, Heidelberg from Heidelberg, a dau and L L L Le Lo n andauer, andsberg , eipziger from ipzig, we s Van tein , Mentz and Mainzer from Mayence , Mannheim , n n n Ma nheimer and Monheimer from Man heim , Meini ger Nassauer N Neustetel from Meiningen , from assau , from N u Nordheim and Nordheim er Neuhaus Neu e stadtel, , , N Neum ark O and O burger, ewmark from , ppenheim ppen f O n D D heimer rom ppe heim , Pass , epass, upass from Pasin as nn Ratisbonne g in Bavaria, de Pi a from Pinne , , R f S o S Schawabac her osen eld, ch nberg , chwabach and from S h S S S n S n f chwabac , aalburg , aalfeld , on enberg , on en eld, S S De S S achs , axe and axe sometimes from axony , S c hwartzenbur S trelitz ki S S s S g, from trelitz , tras burg , tern S S S S S &c . burg, insheim, peyer, pier, piers, pires, , from S Tiktin W and W W i peyer, , ertheim ertheimer from erthe m , W nber en W W W W De y g , einberg , arburg , etzlar, orms, W Wurmser W W orms and from orms and ittenburg. The Austro- Hungarian Empire supplies in addition to

1 Another derivation of D reyf us is fro m the nic kname hom e by shoe mak ers in allusion to the three-le ed stools the use gg y . JEWIS H S URNAMES 10 9

S and O r A n ll n trauss ste reicher meaning ustria , the fo owi g n : Van A A names amo g others delberg from delsberg, Bresslauer r f Breslau and f om Breslau , Broady rom Brod s f Bosin a C w r , , , ra c ou , and Brody Budwei Boss rom g _ Krak awer Krak ower K C , , and rakowsky from racow, an d nd a Freudenthal , Friedl der from Frie la , Gr tz, Gold Lunzer L n No n berg, possibly from i z, uha s, Prag, Prager V an Praa h u R n R n Praeger, and g from Prag e, ube stein, ose S t W n Van W n berg, ernberg , ie er, and eene from Vienna. S S n n S From ilesia are derived chlesi ger a d chlessinger . n a n R It will be oticed that cert in ames such as osenberg, n Neuhaus in of Gru berg, and recur frequently a gazetteer G the erman states . n n in - From Pola d come the ames terminating ski, . n and mil l x denoting place of origi , of si ar va ue to the prefi in von in an d an an v D . In de French, Germ , in utch t c n Velensk Willenski addi ion to su h ames as y, , and Wilenski W n Warsc hawsk W L from il a, y from arsaw, ubin L Lublinski L n ski from ubin, from ubli , we derive from W W K li K i Poland arschauer from arsaw, a sch , al scher, K and C K and K r aliskie probably arlish from alisz, utne r from Kutno . F om the name of the province itself we d and get Polan , Pollock, Polack, Polak , Pollak , Poole, Pool,

De Polacco . For the origin of S ephardi local names we have to S n u go further to the south, and to pai and Port gal in n particular. Great umbers of them, however, were not n obtained in the ordinary man er, but were borrowed from

- n S the non Jewish inhabita ts of the Peninsula . pain sup n Alfandari A Alm anzi plies moder Jewry with from lfambra, f A n De A l A A rom lma za, vi a from vila, guilar , Belmonte , C De C De C C C ordova and ordova , astro from astro , ara C C El C L L n cossa, arvajal, ardoso from ardoso , ousada , eo , L a D and De L De L i n a sometimes e o , eleon , eon , ima, M ra d r M and De N from Mi ando , edina Medina, Mezquita, abarro and Na f N R and De varro rom avarre, obles, Valencin l R Valencia and Vi la eal. 1 IO THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

A Da A m Dal From Portugal come lmeida, l eida, and m C L n r ia eyda, arvalho , isbo a , Mi anda, Mesquitas , Pav , De Paiue D R l De e . Paiva, Paiva, , Paiba, and Villa ea It will be notic ed that many of these geographical names S and ta we are common to both pain Portugal. From I ly Al tini and Alatrini A C l n get a from latri, astello , Fo ig o , Montefio re a Genese from Genoa , Meldola, Modena, , Mortar , Murriatto and , Motta, Piperno , Perugia, Pisa and Piza, Pavia n R n R R n Roma ne and its variatio s , oma elli , omanin , omai , y , R R —Obad a Bertinora f omanel from ome j di , the amous Bertino ra commentator, came from . From other countries rn n a J ews have drawn local su ames to a less exte t . Fr nce Narboni N n Bedaresi has furnished from arbon e , from and Beziers, Picart from Picardy, Belfort , Morley. From S S S r and T witzerland come chweitzer, chweize , uck from i a E Ko Tu n . O enha en g g ther uropean states supply , pp g , Mansc hester L n n L n , o do sometimes and ondo er from this S and Courlander Roths capital, ervian, Moskow, Moskowitz, , — c hild from Roeskilda in Denmark the well- known family derives its name from another source . Leaving Europe Afri an Alfez and Alfasi Mo adoiro we find g , from Fez, g , Mo adro and g Mogadouro from Mogador, Maurice , Morris ,

Morrice , Moor and Moore showing Moorish descent, E De L n and Jamaiker uphrat, eva te , . Ot : Esterm an Oesterm an her local surnames are , and O n and Van Oestren s : n sterma , from the ea t Frank, Fra ks , F n and n ] ra co , their diminutives Fra k Frankel, and F n n n c n i ra klin , ames bor e by oc ide tal fam lies that settled T and n n in urkey, afterwards retur ed to Germa y, or in the c nc S T T ase of Fra o to pain ; edesca and odesco, German or A n s : A n A A am n ustria ettlers in Italy shke azi, shkenazy, l a Alemans still flourish in the Turkish Dominions Deutschman and Deutsch anglicised into Dutch desig n ating German ; Waley and Wallach equalling Welsh W and n n —W and alsh , mea i g stranger, foreigner allach h as W n i two other meanings, a allachia and also a geld ng . Further local although no t geographical surnames are :

1 1 2 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL non-Jewish nomenclature a section is generally set apart co n Offi S es for the nsideratio of what are termed cial urnam . The representatives of that class in Jewry are necessarily few u for n s n om , for opport nity acquiri g such de ignatio s seld l n h . ow fe l to the Jew of past ce turies In the community , a offi c es and had ever, v rious had to be filled , these have their influence on the family names of the descendants o f h their holders . T e synagogue has been responsible for n Gubba S n C n Par ass, Gabbay , Gabai and y, i ger, a tor, For Voorsan er D Khazon and C n leser (German) , g ( utch) , haza C r and C - C n I S as (Hebrew) , onta ini oen antori i ( talian) , ham , S c haec hter S S S h a n , chechter , hohet and choc et, B lli (bath - a D keeper) , Zwicker (barber, or rather hair er dicator) , ayan, Bensc her S n Shadk un an (one who blesses) , hulma , ( envoy n n R R and of Hyme ) , More o , abe (a rabbi) , abinowitz B n 1 l Rabbinovitz e mohel. C n (son of a rabbi) , ohe , a triba ffi ns as much as an o cial name, has known many variatio . n S In Italy it is met with u der the guise of acerdote. O are : Ac ohen C n C C C n ther forms , oe , ohn , ahen , ah , K n En ah in this country , in order to give it an glish ring, — it has been modified into Cowen and Cowan the latter is — really a fairly common S cotch name signifying smith and n K and C n o Cohenson the patro ymic . alman olema are als

d n. T n sometimes trace to the same origi hese ames , how in n n n the e Kalon mos ever, come ma y i sta ces from Gr ek y “ n - a T e of beautiful ame or fair f med. his name becam popular among Jews on account of the celebrity of several

- A Italo Jewish bearers of it . nother equivalent of Cohen ’ A t in e n is dler, the ou stretched hands the priest s bl ssi g an resembling the wings of eagle . The learned professions have given Rophé (Hebrew) and A A n c n A lfaquin ( rabic) , both mea ing physi ia ; dhan,

Aldahhan A - that is to say ( rabic) , a painter or oil mer Tum in K n an chant . g to other occupations we get u zler, Abudarham Abu - A of artist ; , dirham, rabic for father

1 B enmohel is also an ac rostic f ormed in a manner similar to the will be f ound later examples that . JEWISH SURNAMES I I 3

d Almosnino A alfo n the irhem or taxes ; , an orator ( rabic) ; J W n - n S (Hebrew) and echsler (Germa ) , money cha ger ; chrei her S l n S S m , a writer ; pie man , a player ; herman and cher er, ' D K ff n K Caufi a fencer or fighter ( utch) ; au man , aufman, m n n n a n and Marcha t, mea ing merchant in addition to the — origin already given ; Handelsmann and Chapman this name sometimes equals Elc hanan ben Menachem through a ] n Elc hanan—Alfu al H nd , the recog ised diminutive for , the - n S n s Alfakar Ar bean mercha t ( pa i h) ; , the potter ( abic) ; Boekbinder Drukk er Buchbinder, , and Bookbinder, and D i S n n rucker, a pr nter ; teinsch eider (Germa ) , an engraver ; Mo c ato Moc atta A m ason l and ( rabic) , a ; Zimmermann a Anid ah Al Na A b (Germ n) and j ( djar , ra ic) , a carpenter ; and n e Po mac her Bauer, Bauman , Bowma , a build r ; pp , a - e doll maker ; Pulvermach r, Feldman , Berger, a shepherd S W W (French) ; chlosser, a locksmith ; eber and ebber, K a - S S n a weaver ; oster, door keeper ; chuster, ch eider, S and S and son chneiders , nyders , a tailor of a tailor ; W n n C n aldma and its variatio s Goldman, oldma , and Good C l man , meaning woodman ; ramer, a smal trader or retailer ; K ds - ruger, a keeper of a roa ide public house where beer is The - Fl shak r sold out of a crock . extraordinary looking y e i h k A Fle sc a er . is an mericanisation of , a butcher Hofman O inter re and Hoffmann do not mean courtier only . ther p tations n sac rifi c er field- and are a heathe priest , a , a labourer, , “ ” nn c b in fact, anybody co ected with hof, a ourt or har our. Another very numerous class of surnames is that which includes all those which were descriptive of their original r c bearers . From the respective pe sonal appearan es of the n n ll founders of families, descenda ts of whom we conti ua y S S n n n meet, are chwartzkopf, chwartz, Brau , Brow , give a A son A to d rk representatives of the race ; lvarez, of lva, S nis Blosk o f Alashk ar Ar pale ( pa h) ; p , pale head ; , red ( abic) ; W W W n W n eiss , ise, hitema , Blank, hite , variatio s of the same name in the west European languages ; Rose and R a Di R —Asar ah R man use, lso ossi j di ossi, the of letters ,

1 i am urtailed Another mean ng f or this n e is c . l I4 THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL

was k ow s wr as Min-ha-Adomim the n n to Jewi h iters , of r — d - ed an Rothkopf . Good looking peo ple were named ' ' Jafie and Yafie be f om the rew and y ( auti ul) fr Heb , bs e a Sc hondel and Shan e e and Hue ch (G rm n) , d l (littl - u Bonfet e a . L Lan Lan ss beautif l) , , w ll m de ong, g, ge, Gro , G s the s an a o e the m ros, repre ent de cend ts of men b v mediu h K in e the a a e. Alhabil eight, and le of those b low ver g is the Arabic for hunchback ; Altson and Altman explain t ms s l and s l . e ae he elve Michel , Mitche l , con equ ntly Mich , a A l -Sax n Michaels, and Mich elson, if their ng o on origi he n a e f om accepted , mea great , but n mes deriv d r such a s h S m a ource can hardly be considered Jewis . i il r names in S s and R in bo a pani h and Italian are Bravo oss i, th me n a the u C s a a a ing fine man , and in Portug ese o t , le der or s o n a n i an tr ng. Personal decoratio s h ve ecessar ly given m y n be our ll e : S ames to mem rs of race. I wi s lec t four chan f b Greenhu t n hat L r e arben ( eautiful colours) , (gree ) , aw enc and Loren o c , covered with laurel. L n ic a a ute eaving ames derived from phys l ttrib s, we n e As e t r the next subsection of descriptive surnames . ” a daptations in various countries of blessed there are n r to be found Baruch , the origi al, Baruh, Ba row, Baron, r n s t Ba nett sometimes, Be i ch , Benedictus, Benedic , Bendet,

B n . S kinnui i u ennet , and Be nett elig , happy, a or c vil eq i n e S S S l a S l vale t of Phineas, giv s elig, eelig, e igm n, e inger, nd S n d S a . e ellinger, alinger Good fortune is r prese te by G c Gluec klich man nh luck, Gli k, from the Ger , and Bo eur n r in Fra ce . Biede mann was a worthy man ; the name Biedermann was conferred by the Emperor on an Austrian banker in consequence of the confidence he reposed in him From et a s S f ee , piou one ; Fleisig, diligent ; chulden rei, fr from debt ; Gutmann and Go odmanflwhen they do not mean w oodman , are the descendants of men whose good qualities A n were famous . perso whose attributes were the same was Bonfils s the ancestor of Joseph , the poet, who was al o

1 These names are in some instanc es loc al s urnames derived from u nb ur G tte g.

I I 6 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

ar been crystallised into heredit y surnames. If a wide inter retation - adin p were given to this sub he g, the whole of this

c as n . Of l s could be included u der it nicknames proper,

however, there appear to be comparatively few represented

in modern Jewish nomenclature . In a work dealing with n u surnames ge erally, the vario s animal names in which d Jewry is comparatively rich would come under this hea ing, w s l but it has already been sho n that the equivalent of ion , a lf & n c . h rt, wo , have derivations other tha their seeming n i n es ones, and are conseque tly not der ved from nick am . O mil u W ther si ar names , s ch as allach, a gelding (German) , A S pple , the equivalent of Happel, a term used in ilesia a for a horse , were dopted by men who were engaged in

- n S n . o horse deali g, or some kindred occupatio widespread, w s w ho ever, are these animal surname in Je ry that the late Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson was of opinion that family names derived from animals almost invariably denoted

Jewish extraction, as he thought that he could discover in the nationality the physique of their bearers . Other names belonging to the nickname section are Shem Tob n nn Yomto b (good ame , Hebrew) , Bo y, Bondi , and (good Gu ttwoc h O Rothku el Lan leben day), , Purim , stertag, g , g , and n Marcus its derivatives, equivale ts of Maccabee, the m S Ke e n ham er, chlussel and y ; the latt r whe borne by Jews is merely an anglicisation of the former the

- — English name Key is of Anglo Saxon origin and Leon T hom e emplo, a name by a family a member of which A t constructed a model of the temple . nother series tha and Ke zo r K ez may be termed royal imperial y , y or, K Ke Re K K n and A —are aiser, yser, y, oenig, i g, Furst, loof in the general population derived from ancestors who took

the respective parts in local celebrations . It is doubtful c an a whether the same origin be claimed in the c se of Jews , and by them the names have probably been borrowed from

their neighbours . li E l s the If we had been dea ng with ng ish surname , classes already enumerated and illustrated to some slight JEWIS H SURNAMES I I 7

n u x c exte t wo ld have e hausted the list, and this paper ould i a ts us . A n then have re ched concl ion mo g Jews, however, had n recourse has been to other sources of nome clature. n no t n n m w For insta ce, a i co siderable nu ber of Je ish sur names consist of acrostics in accordance with the precedent a P set . rofiat D by e rlier Jewish worthies uran , a writer n who flourished at the beginning of the fifteenth ce tury, Efodi in E e was known as , for Hebrew fod is compos d of Abn Profi at D n. S r R the initial letters of i ura imila ly, . Moses ben Maimon or Maimonides was also known as R R ben Nac hman as R n and R ambam, abbi Moses amba . D K R Of u S avid imchi as edak. modern s rnames chon or S n S c hliac h Neem on a u che is an acrostic for , the f ithf l K En Cat K T k messenger ; atz, in glish , for ohn zede , the n S K ne priest of righteous ess ; chatz and i z, the Magyar S chliach Tzibur term for treasure , for , the messenger of the T congregation . Goetz equals Ger zedek , the proselyte ; Ben Ab Din son Babad equals Beth , the of the president n S S K e of the House of Judgme t ; ack, era ad sh, the holy A - s e posterity . final d notes the initial letter of the name S Sax w . n n t of a to n For i sta ce, achs and sometimes rep e n R se t the Holy Posterity of Speyer . Bram means Ben abbi n and En n R Moses ; Bran, Brau , in gland Brow , Ben abbi N Ben R D Bersal Ben R achman ; Bard abbi avid ; , abbi

S n L i Ben R L . olomo the ev te ; Bril , abbi Judah the evite Another peculiarity among Jewish surnames is the derivation of the three families of Myers, Hyams and h li i . T e s Phillips Hebrew Meier, the giver of ght, , of n course, in direct parental relatio ship to Myers , Myer, Maiersohn Kl Mier , Miers, Meyer, Maier, Mayer, , and ein maier, little Myer. From the Greek equivalent of the Phoebo s same word, are derived the German Polish Pheibul Felberm ann Phoebos , , which equals + Menachem , Phili sohn &c and the innumerable Phillip , Phillips, p , . By n S n a further variatio amso is included in the group, because S ham ash n S chra ar C l c mea s the sun ; g , the haldaic for cand e,

- a The e f . Conse is lso akin . sun is moreov r the li e giver I I 8 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

c a so m quently a further h nge is al per issible, and taking n r s u rs f s adva tage of that pe mis ion , n mbe of Jewish amilie m m adopted the surnames Hyams, Hy an, Hymans, Hy an Heimans He manson H amson son, Heymann , , y , y , Hiam , Veitel n Higham, Vidal and in Germa y , Vitta and Vilo in in Chaim ovitc h in R s An Italy , Vivien France, u sia. other e a n Uri e Uri quiv le t of Meier light is , and of B zaleel ben , n The it was said that he was cun ing to work gold . adop Uri c Go ldsmid as tion by of Golds hmidt , and Goldsmith kinnu im n f y is readily co ceived, and thus this huge amily -k obtains yet another branch . The well nown Englis h family of Goldsmid derived its name in this manner from R i n Ur . its a cestor . Halevi The well- defined classes of surnames have now all been o c n a s t u hed upo , and but a few fragments, miscell neou n n and w kin appellatio s u attached to one another ithout , S n . t s s remain ome of hese remna ts, however, po se s a beauty, either of derivation or meaning , that has not been granted others that have occurred in this lengthy S Bonavent and roll . peranza is simply hope ; Bona kinnu im W ventura, y of Pesach , mean hich comes for ” a u n Mar lio . o us good, beautif l ame to give to a child g , Margoliouth and Perel are variations of Marguerite T s and Margaret , a pearl ; rost , comfort, is a tran lation of Nehemiah ; "imenes is pregnant with memories of the old : L Bible heroines Because the ord heard that I was hated. Az ulai was given by Sephardic refugees to a foundling

n The - n whose family was u known. foster pare ts doubted C n and whether the child might not have been a ohe , therefore took the initial letters of a verse referring to the r and r egulations relating to the priests , f om them formed n the surname Azulai . Furtado (stole ) was probably given to an unknown Jewish child stolen by priests and after

wards recovered . The Wahls are said to have derived their name from an ancestor who was chosen king of a a one e Pol nd for the sp ce of day, and on whom , in m mory his r was n . of his choice , that name co ferred by successo

1 2 0 THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL

It only suggests that the surname may have been derived diff en m iff e r n by er t fa ilies from d er nt o igi s. The m nal w has been a un t no i roll of Je ry l id der tribu e, and from the proceeds many hints as to the history of r c ha ee i We a the a e ve b n obta ned. h ve conned the long lis t of states that have alternately welcomed the Jewis h re u ees and r o and f g , then d iven them with sw rd with con tumel a e the y from their soil . We h v received hints of methods by which our ancestors sought and obtained their i and in - u l velihoods , have found our present day s rnames i n h a E ev de ces of t e soci l life of our forefathers . ven their personal appearances have in many instances been handed ec down to us and preserved by means that could not d eive. In r e ra be f un sho t, in the nom nclature of the ce can o d the

s and s l and . hi tory , public personal , of it e f of its members MODERN JUDAISM IN RELATION TO THE STATE

A PAPER READ BEFORE THE CI TY JE WISH SOCIAL 1 1 1 9 3 AND LI TE RAR Y S OCIE T Y, JAN UARY , 0

S . A E A . BY LAURI M GNU , M

IT requires a certain amount of courage for one member of the religious and social democracy of the Jews to address a Jewish audience on the subject which I have - S e chosen to night. Modern Judaism in relation to the tat

n n . means , in a se se , ourselves in relatio to our neighbours But — it might also mean and, unless my hosts of this is evening accord to me a sympathetic hearing, there a — danger that it might be mistaken to mean yourselves in relation to my neighbours ; the difference being that in the latter case I S hall be assumed to arrogate to myself the invidious position of offering you advice from a de tac hed as point of view, where the chief desire of which I am conscious is to submit my ideas to the clarifying and a process of expression , so to invoke your assist nce n n in determi ing the questio s to be decided. For what are these questions in the first place ? We are acquainted intimately enough with the Jewish Question — from the outside the Jewish Question , as it presents itself to the ministers of the Roumanian Government ; R v l the Jewish Question, as it appears in ussian i lages and n towns ; the Jewish Questio , as it is interpreted by the C in s n - hauv ist of eco omic Germany, by the priest ridden n N n ad patriots of Fra ce, by the atio alists of the dec ent E re e mpi which is rul d by the oldest and , perhaps, the r E T s wisest P ince in urope . hese facts of modern Jewi h 1 2 2 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

i We politics are unfortunately beyond d sguise. may even r if te . We e mark the evil nea er home are awar , we hesita to a En l - k hi admit it, that in the gre t gish spea ing country w ch inscribed the proud name of Liberty on the first inde — pendent coinage that it issued the United States of — Americ af there is in force at this hour a social ostracis m ff s us of the Jews, which a ect the sensitive moral conscio ness of to- day hardly less painfully than the physical And are e c A . p rse ution of the Middle ges we aware, e though it may not be prudent to give it languag , that E i S in this ngland of ours, wh ch more than any tate of ancient or modern times has been true to the cardinal o e s d e and p ints of Imp riali m and Free om, ther are gusts n n r fluctuatio s of opi ion, sudden stir ings of the calmer air, be so i and in which may i lated s gns, as obscure irrational a their ppearance as certain facts of meteorology itself, or — they may be premonitions of a storm to come but which in any case give pause to the comfortable complacency u s re of contentment, and remind , as it is well to be n of mi ded , that glorious record of our descent which we Of all and celebrate every year at Passover . the races nations of mankind which quarter the arms of Liberty on to t the shield of their honour, none has a better title tha th Ou t ff - decoration than e Jews . of a sti necked genera n n tion, out of its wa derings in the desert , spra g the meek ness of spiritual supremacy and the splendour of political n d ge ius , sprang the people which remained a people , unite n to defend their commo good, though they had no terri t to ial possessions, no temporal institutions of sovereignty, The no plenipotentiaries at foreign courts . trumpet note sounded by the poet in the ears of his countrymen at the “ a n We r d wn of the nineteenth ce tury, must be f ee or die , S h who speak the tongue that hakespeare spoke, the fait ” il n s b and morals hold which M to held, may urely e echoed by us Jews of the language of Moses and the h . We had il s morals of Isaia , too, have our P grim Father . We are , too, trustees of a destiny which trans cends the

1 2 4 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

to the limit of their convictions, they are sincere and - Th unselfish and well intentioned . e mischief is that their convictions are not adequate to the cause which they a s n defend . Politic l Zionism, as an in trument of salvatio , is not a satisfying culmination to the years of apprentice in is ship the desert . It is a d appointing solution to that m hi to mystery of the ages, that inter inable riddle of s ry — the survival of Israel in exile to be told that the end and ’

J nst t Dr Herzl s . object of it all is the ude aa of . programme We cannot call it a Restoration of the Jews to be permitted a to draft back our outcast poor to P lestine. Zion is the “ The symbol of a larger hope . joy must be more com The w m u . ens rate to the tears ideal , if it is orth a ce l bouring for at all , must be con ived in proportion to ff The the su ering of those who served it by waiting. new u : Zion must be faithf l to the vision of the poet Behold , e and I will extend p ace to her like a river, the glory of the n l k n As his Ge ti es li e a flowi g stream . one whom mother comforteth, so will I comfort you, and ye shall be ” W s comforted in Jerusalem . hat is there of thi streaming

- glory, this mother comfort of Jerusalem , in the spectacle ’ of Israel s self- appointed leaders refusing to obey the Prophet who bade them seek the peace of the city where ac they dwell , for in the peace thereof shall ye have pe e, haggling with a Mahometan Prince for the price of the land in which kings were to come to the brightness of their rising, and drafting into that doomed colony, at the mercy of every revolution in the politics of south- eastem E is the urope, the pitiable victims of a scheme which n ? travesty of Zio ism I shall be told, I have been told , se that , in expressing these views, I am sitting in ea and comfort in England while my c o - religionis ts are being persecuted In Roumania and Russia : the implied reproac h i s c flesh ots E illogi al and unfair. I do prefer the p of gypt to so pusillanimous a surrender of the hope wwhich sus No tained my ancestors through centuries of oppression. Jew can reply for himself alone to the invitation of the MODERN JUDAISM IN RELATION TO THE STATE 1 2 5

is political Zionists . It not you or I who decline it for our own person or in our own circumstances ; the answer is dictated by the makers of the past to the trustees of the fu r and tu e of Judaism, speaking with a consciousness of o ne that responsibility, may speak without fear of the n . I , I , consequences deed would go fu—rther and say that if the true nature of political Zionism its foundation on a ol and m p icy of flight escape, its com ercial methods and chimerical statecraft, the measure of its decline from the n prophetic ideal , and , I may add , the professed irreligio of some of its most prominent adherents—if these features could be explained to the limited intelligence of the mass u of their followers, who are nder the spell of the magic of

Zion, I venture to think that large numbers of them would prefer even the scanty flesh o ts of their particular E ypt — p g the rigours of an exile suc h as their forefathers endured — n to to the alter ative proposed them .

Holding these views, we shall justly conclude that the first obligation incumbent on modern Jews towards the country to which they owe allegiance is that of consistent T and unexceptional loyalty. hey should avoid every risk of creating the impression that the loyalty which they own yield is conditional on their obtaining a state of their . This apprehension was sincerely entertained by some honest churchmen in England at the time of the debates on the enfranchisement of the Jews in the reign of King t W li . and il am IV , it axed the eloquence of Macaulay to — ridicule the idea that millennarians the Jews who — looked forward to the Zionistic millennium should on and f As that account be excluded from Parliament o fice . long as the hope of Zion is postponed to an era as remote as the dream of human perfectibility, there is nothing to prevent us from fulfilling our du ty as citizens ; but as soon as that hope is transferred into the material province of purchase and treaty, the question of Jewish patriotism r d i hi must be se iously reviewe , especially in countr es w ch ill l We m a extend to the Jews a not too w ing hospita ity. y 1 2 6 THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL

continue to pray that the restoration may be brought a own ic bout in our time ; indeed, I should count no publ h service complete whic did not include that prayer. But for s n our purpo es of practical citize ship , we must take e as E A fat we find it ; and , whether in ngland or merica , t in R n u o ur s whe her oumania or Fra ce , we m st build hou es and l e er dwel in them , and seek the p ace of the city wh e O m we dwell . ccasions will someti es arise when a conflict be te an of duties will present itself, when it will hard to s er even course between the dual claims of Judaism and E End L patriotism . Here in the ast of ondon, and every E of c where throughout ngland, the elements such a confli t in m W exist the controversy about alien im igration. ith out referring to the evidence now being taken in another and re- n and now i place , without examini g here the var ous and r statistics figures , it will ha dly be disputed that we s n who are all alike de cended, in whatever ge eration, from a n n E lie immigrants i to ngland , feel a natural sympathy with those victims of harsh treatment in other countries n who are followi g in the footsteps of our forebears . But En that sympathy, if we are true glishmen, must be tempered by a just appreciation of the economic conditions

- of our own country. It is not for us to night to attempt b e and to hold the alanc between the two , there is room for a variety of opinions on the present gravity of the situa ’ C s tion . But if His Majesty s ommi sioners should con sc ientiousl y decide that the tide of alien immigration , be whether owing to the too great num rs of the immigrants, to o the or to their state of great destitution , or to defective i n r ar police superv sio of the countries f om which they rive , or to any other cause which renders some of them tec hni “ ” cally undesirable as residents on these narrow islands if on good grounds the Commission should recommend the that tide be checked or controlled, we should reflect very gravely before we give our racial sympathies the

e . a prior claim ov r our sense of the national need H ppily , t e n n n one h se i sta ces of conflict, of weighi g claim against

1 2 8 THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL on the site where Nero watched in his Circus the martyr dom of the early Christians ? Who can stand in the A T f u mphitheatre of itus, and miss the wonder l reflection that the palace of the spiritual Sovereign of Christendom looks down from the opposite hill on that ruined Colos seum where Christians have been thrown to wild beasts ? — — And if these miracles these surprises of histo ry have as e been wrought in a few short centuries, is it unre onabl fa ill to believe, apart altogether from ith , that conduct st and has its victories to win over prej udice persecution, before the earth which was created for the development of ’ character has fulfilled its Creator s intention ? Lo S n yalty to the tate , accordingly, is by no mea s incompatible with a sincere belief in the Restoration of i the Jews. But wh le it is necessary to be clear in our o wn we minds as to what mean by that belief, and as to why we cannot adapt it to the programme of political

Zionism, it is equally necessary, I think , to be clear in our own we e S minds as to what m an by loyalty to the tate. ’ Much interesting evidence has been heard by Lord James s C ommission, and part of it , at least , has gone to show that the children and grandchildren of aliens tend to become En quite glish in their habits and their sympathies . One n ec t wit ess, indeed , I recoll t, went so far as to sugges that if the Christian and the Jewish S abbaths could be on m ul celebrated the sa e day, the whole problem wo d ’ u Je h Chr ni le s disappear . I am sing the w is o c report of d and the procee ings , , whether it is quite accurate or not, ’ St ude s we may take it as the opinion of the Vicar of . J , W u n E L n hitechapel, that the Jewish q estio in ast o don would be solved if Christians and Jews would keep the ’ Da R . C same day as their y of est Mr . arter s interesting am e on challenge has not, as far as I aware, been tak n up the Jewish side ; but it touches at so many points a r m ma ma ked tendency of mode Jewish thought , that we y well consider it in connection with the limits that must be set l S I to our practical loya ty to the tate . I confess that . MODERN JUDAISM IN RELATION TO THE STATE 1 2 9 regard with apprehension the indications that undoubtedly exist within the Jewish community of a desire to level the barriers that separate the public devotions of Christians o wn lbxit and Jews, and we cannot but feel that our y must be somewhat to blame if an Anglican clergyman of ’ Mr C en i e n an . arter s l ght nment and experie ce c seriously propose that the Jews should adopt the Christian Sabbath as a remedy for an economic evil, which at the worst can n - be met by extending the operatio of local bye laws . We cannot but feel that it must partly be our own lax Sabbath its observance which has prompted this suggestion , with s e t di proportion between the vil and the cure, on the par ’ St and of the Vicar of . Jude s, once more we are reminded S t that if Judaism is to be respected by the tate , it mus - T d begin by cultivating self respect. his esire to break n n u dow the barriers betwee the synagog e and the church , as w o T or at le t bet een the synag gue and the heistic chapel , n in - so is of comparatively rece t orig , and it comes to day in attractive a guise and with such strong authority to back n a it, that I count it one of the most subtle da gers th t threaten the correct relations between modern Judaism E sh n and the State . It is no part of our duty as ngli me to abandon the signs and symbols of our religious separ atism t is ff it as Jews ; and this, I ake it , the e ect , though the n n e is not primarily i tentio , of Jewish services outsid the syn agogue in which experiments are made towards an i external uniformity in the conduct of publ c worship . Founded in the first instance with the laudable purpose of one providing spiritual support for those whom , for reason in or another, the synagogue fails to reach, they result making the difference between a synagogue and a chu rc h a and so imperceptible to the eyes, like of the head of the one heart, that the step from the to the other is very n e easily take ; and no weekly homiletics, I would ventur in to urge, however eloquent language and how deeply n d d is are soever i spire with the true fervour of Ju a m , likely to counteract the visible tendency of such a move I [ 30 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL ment away from the maintenance of the separatism of the

S o c . Jews . mu h stronger is practice than precept t a s il i Ins e d of a sim at ng the forms of public worship , which are part of the historical tradition and of the factors o f u i - w n ty in Israel , to those of our non Je ish neighbours , I would keep the differences between a synagogue and a c hurch so clear and so distinct as to serve as a warning to W nn l e a . e tresp ssers are , perhaps, u ecessarily a arm d at T are the increas e in the number of mixed marriages . hey il probably not more frequent, and not more per ous in their e n s . xample, tha they have been in former generation But n the c , co sciously or not, advocates of a form of publi w orship , which is neither wholly Jewish nor wholly C a a hristi n, but kind of cross between the two , do f t measurably acilita e the passage from one to the other , and in these days of untrammelled social intercourse and o f n as widespread spiritual te uity, it is important to keep plain as possible that distinction between synagogue and c r es i hurch which co r ponds , as every theolog an knows, to an ultimate and a characteristic difference in the funda mental conceptions o f the two religions and in their o dis utlook upon life and death. I would keep that i -Jew s t nction so clear as to deter a non , for in tance, from

ewess non- wish marrying a J , or a Jew from seeking a Je

Let me interpolate at this point a brief reference to the a n rgume t which helps to make so many intermarriages, and l d which may , perhaps , be called the appea to broa Do mindedness. It commonly asks the question, we not ” all worship one God ? which it states as the nep lu s u ltra in n n . s do o t of religious truth But thi se se, decidedly we ; h if or, rat er, the theological quibble must be met, the answer is that the world is not yet ripe for that universal i C r n n revelat on, that h istia ity and Judaism have bee a n r the ppointed to prepare for its comi g, like the f iend of its bridegroom of the parable , each according to light, and that meanwhile the followers of Jesus and the followers of

1 32 THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL the rising generation of Jews with a form and habit of service which alike by its spirit and by its letter will make in n and them strangers a sy agogue , which will not be recognised as a synagogue by kinsmen of their blood from E and other lands . ngland our neighbours do not demand As E li this sacrifice of our religious individuality. ng sh J u off s s ews, to cut o rselves from Judai m and from the Jew of other countries on the plea of becoming more English in our public worship, seems to me at least to be patriotism of the kind which is described as more royalist than the K ing. The emancipation of the Jews was practically certain k n is a to give occasion for tendencies of this i d . But it mistake to identify these immature universalist propaganda w R 1 8 2 artic u ith the eform Movement of 4, which was p The R r s laristic from its inception . eforme s of sixty year ago saw that the Judaism of the Ghetto had inevitably nd not acquired certain traits a characteristics which were , in n in o h their opinio , desirable themselves , which omp c ated d n e , instea of simplifyi g, belief, and which wer likely n new to prove burdensome i the era of civil liberty . My n e e spiritual fathers , accordingly , fou d d a Jewish synagogu in which the forms of public worship were relieved from T inS ir these accretions of the centuries. hey drew their p ” if s ation , I may say so , from the pure well of Judai m ” undefiled no t t c , and thus it is al ogether strange to dis over - in s their descendants to day the seat of the orthodox . It n R C n R has falle to the eform ongregatio , as to some adical ns — politicia , to become conservative in its old age with ffe in e e this di rence that , even hot youth , its d sire for chang u d was reactionary , and that, having pr ne the medieval ma the overgrowth , its desire was appeased . It y be that f f it time has come for a resh movement of re orm , but in E Should still be on particularistic l es. mancipation would belie its name if it were incompatible with orthodox n Judaism , and I ve ture to think that the Jews in this country where their freedom is greatest should now make MODERN JUDAISM IN RELATION TO THE STATE [ 33

n in m up their mi ds as to what , is essential Judais ; for when considerations of S tate seem to demand the sacrifice o f n in esse tials religion, freedom becomes a mockery , to w A s hich the Ghetto is preferable . conference with thi o and bject should be welcome to all, such a list of essentials f n would not be very di ficult to compile . It would i clude the S Da S eventh y abbath from sunset to sunset , as the c om er-stone of the Jewish home on which the social system o f n the Hebrews has bee founded . It would include the e d use of the sacred languag in public worship , as the bon n and of union betwee Jew and Jew, partly, too , out of a 0 1 proper racial pride, that the pe p e who wrote the Bible And should read it in the language of its authors . such a n R n list would i clude the prayer for the estoratio of Zion , which expresses and symbolises ou r belief in the ultimate n i fulfilment of our mission. Beyo d these essent als I need - n n e not go to ight, because these three alo e, I b lieve, have a -E s been attacked , in the modern j rgon as un ngli h, o u - - and n not p to date, for their lapse alo e so far have s piritu al pretexts been found by some earnest thinkers in o ur T at n midst. hey, any rate , can ot be suspected of con fusing the spiritual plea with what may be called the argu n R i ment from national convenie ce. ather, the r error must be sought in their neglect of the truth of human nature that no universal idea] can prove an effective mentor or a n e n stimulati g guid to co duct without particular expression , e m and and that thes Jewish for s ceremonies, accordingly, are n n as essential to the Jewish ideal as ha ds to erves . T s n his, I venture to believe , is the mi take of such thi kers, n T but the co sequence of their mistake is worse. hese — apostles of Anglican Judaism to adopt a familiar and a — not inappropriate epithet will have taken upon themselves a very grave responsibility if they divorce the Jewish church En n m n and in gla d fro the sy agogues of the rest of Jewry, t in and s assimila e it form , , to some extent, in sub tance, to n b other churches in this cou try. Israel has always een n quickened by great religious ideals , by these its work amo g 1 34 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL the nd f il the nations must be judged, a piti ul indeed w l be “ s : T 0 1 record if history writes again t its name his pe p e, f e which ought for religious liberty, became the slav s of ” n national conventio s . And here we see through a side -light a single aspect of s the Jewish Question as it presents it elf to the Jews. Every one naturally shrinks from talking of the purpose in n his life. He observes an i stinctive reticence about his aims and his ideals . He cannot go to and fro boasting of his final hope to leave the world , as the phrase goes , a his little better than he found it. By acts he exalts him And t self. wha is true of the individual is true of the W in . e nation its degree , as Jews, may be moved by t t : dicta es of hat kind, but it is not for us to say Here we i have left our footpr nt . Here we have practised this Th e . e virtu . Here we have lived for this hope eulogy is may be left to others when the work done. But it would be a false modesty not to note our successes . Success never spoils any one if it is taken in the right T and end. spirit as a means, not as an hus , a nation that believes in itself should sometimes take stock of its t e n in E n achievement, and li tle s ctio s of the Jews ngla d and other countries may fairly congratulate themselves on having achieved a minute part of the great civilising n Th mission with which they are e trusted as a whole. e contrast between the condition of Jewish society in E E w ngland in the reigns, say, of d ard I . and of the S eventh Edward is an encouragement to the Jewish idealist who contemplates the problem of Jewish society in R a - Roumania or ussi to day. He does no t regard that achievement as a fixed point or an end ; at most it marks e A a step on the road towards his id al . nother step in this n r l infi ite prog ess , though that still wi l be very far from the ill be end , w marked when other sections of the Jews have won a similar victory over the prejudice and injustice of their neighbours ; and, deeply as we sympathise with their and ff n n sorrows their su eri gs mea while , gladly as we do all

T HE POSITION OF JUDAISM IN THE CON FLICT BETWEEN RELIGION AND MODERN SCIENCE

A PAPER READ BE FORE THE S WANSE A JE WISH 1 LITE RAR Y SOCIE TY, NOVE MBER 2, 902

WM N M D N A . BY J S O . . ,

THE history of the conflict between religion and science takes us back to that remote period of antiquity when n scie ce , in its modern sense , was just dawning, and when n w s the only theological religio as Judai m . Before the Christian era science did not deal with the concrete facts n no w to which it mai ly limits itself . It then partook of the character of metaphysical and speculative philosophy . This reached a very high standard of development at the i t me when Greece attained the climax of its supremacy. The m n whole system of Greek life, e braci g its culture, art , n its n n and scie ce, thoughts and its conduct, is k ow as n Hellenism , and this was domi ated by its philosophy . r n Judaism ca ried on a desperate co flict with Hellenism , because its philosophy was subversive of ethics and and T morality, its science led on to idolatry . his was the firs t pitched battle between religion and science ; in its issues was involved the very existence of the Jewish T n. he n natio story of that strife ca not be told here , but Mac c absean in it ended, at the period , the triumph of and e Judaism , H llenism eventually succumbed to the R n n force of oma arms. But the a tagonism of Hebraism was to Hellenism a very discriminating one . It rejected A s those phases which made for theism or Polythei m , but it retained the learning which laid the foundations of r36 THE POSITION OF JUDAISM 1 37

d Th o o mo ern science . e Talmud is the rep sit ry which e e m to and mbodi s the attitude of Judais Greek science, “ its pages afford abundant evidence that the learning o f the Greeks demanded and obtained full recognition by R if the T u dica the Jewish abbis . But alm d gives clear in t tions of having absorbed Greek science, its vehemen opposition to the godless aspect of Greek culture is no less

pronounced . It is a matter of common historical knowledge that Jews played an important part in the transmission of the E A science of the Greeks to urope , when the rabs became masters of nearly the whole of the civilised world in the t n ninth century. Jews shed some ligh i to the intellectual T darkness of the middle ages . hey could look with indifference o n the crusade against science and learning which Christianity initiated as soon as it became a power W C c n un in the world . hile the hur h was carryi g on an ceasing persecution in the interests of religion against the n votaries of scie ce, the authoritative exponents of Judaism were m en advanced in all the scientific attainments of the

a e. The r n g pilla s of the sy agogue were astronomers , s e physicians , and mathematician , the very class of p ople C J the hurch abhorred . It is true that ewish history l m n an t supp ies exa ples of i toler ce , that cer ain schools of Rabbis have declaimed against all secular learning ; as but, despite this , it is incontestable that the bi of Jewish history has always been in favour of science on its n in broadest basis . When it was defi itely ascerta ed that the no n world was round , co vulsion ensued in Jewry ; when it was discovered that the earth revolved around the

not n . sun, Judaism did quake u der the revelation But

C u - c n n the h rch was horror stri ke at these a nouncements, i N and ts respons e was the prison and the stake . 0 account of the history of science fails to emphasise the obstacles which the Christian church has placed in its At n an mis path . times it has bee , apparently, uncompro ing hatred of knowledge which has determined the atti 1 38 THE JEWISH LITERARY ANNUAL tude of the Church ; at others it has been the Bible which has been responsible for the position assumed by official C is hristianity, and it here also that the position of

a m . s s n Jud is is involved In one respect , at lea t , the y a gogue and the Church approach the Bible from different C n n standpoints. hristia ity is provided with an i fallible guide to the meaning of the Bible by the interpretation put upon it by Jesus. Judaism does no t possess such an n n ff infallible comme tary . Often e ough di erences between science and the Bible vanish on the application of new n C us methods of Biblical i terpretation. hristianity ees sarily hesitates before it adopts an interpretation at n The variance with the one given by its fou der . con troversial literature which sprang up when geology c and demonstrated the processes of reation , the battle of the books which raged when the theory of evolution was n propou ded , were to a large extent the result of the in C n n conviction , the hristia world , that not o ly was the n the Bible itself divine , but that the i terpretation of

Church was equ ally divine . It is true that Judaism also n s possesses a traditional expla ation of the Bible, but thi n n and no t e and traditio is itself transitio al stereotyp d, n therefore admits co siderable license in exegesis . Jewish sources contributed little or nothing to the voluminous flood of literature which sought either to drown the voice of science or to indicate the path to n and n - co ciliation and compromise, eve to day there is practically no easily accessible Jewish authority to turn to for guidance on the relations between the Bible and n The theories of modern scie ce . reason for this is pro bably to be found in the absolutely detached attitude which Judaism c an assume to these matters ; it can adopt the position that if the teachings of geological and biolo ic al g science are facts, it is clear that the literal inter pretation of the S criptural passages which concern these subjects is inadmissible . This proposition introduces no n e new pri cipl into the Jewish view of Biblical exegesis .

1 40 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

- ur with undifferentiated protoplasm of jelly like struct e. This has advanced through countless ages in uninterrupted n and process of evolutio , producing more more com c ated n s forms, i to the highly speciali ed animals of the T as c e an present day. his advance has been so iat d with i e ncessant struggle for existenc , so that groups of s s fishe , mollu cs and reptiles , have appeared, have lived for and protracted periods have died out, while the more The x favoured have gone on living and developing . clima n man s i of this developme t is himself, who bear in h mself the evidence that he has passed through the stages of lower orders of existence . It is obvious enough that the book of nature and the Th Book of divine revelation are in serious conflict . e policy at first adopted by those who claimed to speak in the name of religion was an uncompromising opposition to t t these new theories . But his a titude was speedily dropped as the overwhelming force of the scientific arguments T S became established . hen the plasticity of the criptures was utilised to mould their account of the Creation into n r n r n The substa tial ag eeme t with mode n cosmogo y . lin n n general es of this reco ciliatio are easy to perceive . The days of the Bible become geological periods of indefi n nite length , the special creatio s of the succeeding days correspond with the fossil remains of geological strata, the order of the creation of living things coincides with the e n The dev lopment of simple i to complex organisms . works written to prove this thesis would in themselves form a library of respectable dimensions ; they range from ’ ” fine T t the R that classic , Hugh Miller s es imony of ocks, to innumerable pamphlets bearing almost journalistic t di n n ti les , in cating the agreeme t betwee the Bible and

S n . n has cie ce From the Jewish side , hardly a ything m n e The n s e a at d . o ly expo ition on the subject known to u me, as coming from a source of unq estionable authority, n R Li shitz is contai ed in a sermon delivered by . Israel p at D i T antz g about sixty years ago . hough geology was then THE POS ITION OF JUDAISM I4I

‘ its n e merely in i fancy, its statements are fully accept d , the existence of prehisto ric animals and men is taken w es u n are ithout r erve, and all the concl sio s of science regarded as affording striking demonstration of the dictum o f T lm was a sage in the a ud , that there an order of e e a creation b fore the one referred to in G nesis, and th t ee and in s re God has b n creating worlds lay g them wa te, a of creating them and devast ting them ; or, in the words Professor Lodge in a recent article in the Hibbert Journal : From everlasting to everlasting the material universe rolls in o on , evolving worlds and disintegrating them, evolv g veg n l table beauty and destroying it, evolvi g intelligent anima f in in - a and li e, develop g that to a self conscious hum n race, ” n n then plunging it once more i to annihilatio . Jewish philosophers always allowed themselves a free play of the imagination in their interpretation of the “ i C The D h story of the reation . author of the uties of the Heart held that there was a process of evolution and dissolution which would continue until a condition of n The t perfectio came about. allegorical explanation of he C ls ff T reation has a o been o ered from the Jewish side . he Biblical account is supposed to represent stages in the now development of the world , further, that we are in the da in the fourth y or stage in which the lum aries are fixed , i r n T e n great lum na y bei g the orah ; the less r light, ordi ary human intelligence . n d on Before however, we can adopt a co clusive attitu e on n n — this questi on we must agree our sta dpoi t the Bible. Judaism regards the Bible as a di vine code of laws for the c and the s guidan e conduct of Hebrew people , a hi tory of i n n of the or gi and progress of the people, with a collectio the exhortations of its prophets and poets . In such a compilation what place is there for a history of the Creation ? This difficulty appealed to that famous com m entator Ras hi nearly nine hundred years ago . He states that the purpo se of the digression from the main theme o f the Bible was to establish the fact that the world had a 142 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

C v is s reator, who in irtue of that the source of all law , l “ Th a . e natural , social , and mor Bible is not intended to C n teach us the order of reatio , says the commentator. Rashi does not bind himself to accept the sequence of the c a U d had ee reative cts of Genesis. ndoubte ly if he b n - e ] living to day, he would be struck with the gen ra simil s ti o he ty between the Mosaic and geological rec rds , but se em would not have laboured to establish a preci agre ent . — — The celebrated grandson of Rashi the Rashbam states that his grandfather had expressed his desire to rewrite “ his commentary on the Bible in accordance with the new in views which were daily appear g . He could easily have reconciled his views of Genesis even with the revo l tionar s u y idea of the present day . From the Jewish standpoint the Bible is the text

book of moral and ethical law ; it has no relation with .

laws of science. From the point of view of the Biblical and p eriod the earth was flat, was the centre of the u n and e The iverse ; it was a fixed body the sun mov d. whole fabric of modern physical science is built up on n n totally opposite fou datio s ; and still this has not, in the n o minds of most thi king pe ple, compromised their v iew of the special inspiration of the Bible ; it has not affected rational vi ews of the Bible in any of those as pects in Which Judaism regards it as a guide and a

. w n diffi mentor Je ish sages have, of old, removed ma y c ulties in interpretation by the application of the maxim T that the Bible employs popular methods of expression . his m axim will undoubtedly solve many of the knotty points n w ns raised by scie ce , here the Bible touches on its domai . The first chapters of Genesis have been so often used for the purpose of undermining the authority of the Bible that a n and s tar working hypothesis is i dispensable, we may t with the Jewish traditional view of the Mosaic authorship Th o f the Pentateuch . ere can be no doubt that the Israelites possessed their tribal traditions regarding the E r o rigin of the universe . ve y ancient people had its own

THE W S E A A A I44. JE I H LIT R RY NNU L

s that it does not . It merely gathers up all thing that “ God m d exist in order to say just this one thing to us, a e ” The them all . Bible deals with the ethics or morals of e e . very matt r , not with the science of it In matters of fact the Bible gives us the thoughts and apprehensions o f the respective ages in which it was written . It speaks of the moving of the sun when men thought it moved ; is n but the truth it i tended to teach is , that God made and controls by law the movements of both earth and sun. I will here quote a few sentences from one of the famous nineteen letters of Rabbi S amson Raphael

Hirsch of Frankfort, a teacher who was a veritable h to wer of strength to orthodox Judaism . T e quota tion will indicate how the Biblical Genesis appeared to a modern scholarly Jewish intellect of the most c onservati ve type : Seest thou the heaven in its eter n e nally silent , unchangi g cours , bearer of light and i s es heat and all the mot ve forces of our earth , e t thou it with its millions of starry worlds or the earth r n n with its ete nal circles of origi ating and passi g away , o and f of blo ming withering , of li e and death dost m thou see it with its illions of productions , stones , plants, a i animals , all of which it produces, nourishes, and ga n e see tak s back to its bosom dost thou the light, r which coaxes all to life , through which thou seest eve y n in thing which is, and everythi g arrays itself for thee no w i resplendent colours. Behold each created th ng, sunball from the blade of grass to the vast , each with its ia and al in spec l purpose, each speci ly adapted its form u Infi i im ll and m atter for that p rpose . n tes a y small or n n i fi itely great , all was created by the word of God and ill All s determined by His w . the force which thou seest w in din to orking everything, and all the laws accor g t e which hey work, from the force and the law in obedienc to which a s tone falls or a seed of corn grows into a plant to the force and the law in acc ordance with which he s in t a s t planet move their orbits, or thy in ellect exp nd , THE POS ITION OF JUDAISM 145

God n E to , the u iversal force , they all belong . very n o thi g which He created, formed , and arranged, He als e a bless d with the blessing of perm nence and development . The great and generally accepted theory of evolution has often been popularly regarded as an attempt to Show how the universe may have come into existence without i u a creator. If th s representation were tr e, the theory would stand in uncompromising conflict with the essence n of Judaism . But it is hardly ecessary to emphasise D f the falsity of a proposition of this kind . arwin himsel in one of his letters wrote : It seems to me that the impossibility of conceiving that this grand and wondrous n n ch n u iverse, with our co scious selves , arose through a ce, n n is our chief argume t for the existe ce of God. I am n n also i cli ed to defer, to a certain extent, to the judg ment of the many able men who have fully believed in T men s n God. here are of cie ce who proclaim their a s e gnosticism , or their materialism , but thi is a cours n men e and often e ough pursued by of oth r professions ; , on m en in the other hand, there are the foremost ranks i n of science, whose sp ritual sympathies are so kee , that they are carried away beyond the limits of rational religion We w into the bounds of mysticism . may well ask ith the n late Professor Morley, in his i troduction to the Ves tiges Do we deny our Maker because each one of us n n and n f m is developed from the germ to the i fa t , agai ro n the weak infant, with its germs of u developed faculties w n and po ers, to the stre gth and wisdom of the man , who yet looks forward to the passage into a higher life to ? And n come if the great u iverse, without us, was so — — framed, that to take an extreme view all we see has, m an n like , bee developed from one germ , have we not ” still more reas on to wonder and adore ? This side of the subject touches very closely on the din r and f In outstan g controve sy between science aith . s L he the article by Profes or odge already referred to , asks , Is this universe self -c ontained and self-suflic ient with K 1 46 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

n b n no outlook into or links with a ything eyond , u in fl uenc ed by any lif e or mind except such as is connec ted b with a material ody , or is it a universe lying open to all ma n e and nner of spiritual influe ces, permeat d through t and hrough with a divine spirit, guided watched by a n m living mind , acti g through the edium of law indeed, but with intelligence and love behind the law ; a universe

no n - suffi c ient and - n h by mea s self self co tained , but wit feelers at every pore groping into another supersensuous o n n m rder of existe ce, where reign laws hitherto u i agined c nc and h by s ie e, but laws as real as mig ty as those which govern the material univers e ? This really constitutes the n n riddle of the u iverse . Faith sees the solutio of the problem possible in the acc eptance of the cardinal doctrine T s S enc no t t of hei m . ci e does set itself out to at empt a c n n n ategorical solution . Its domai does not exte d beyo d matter and force associated with matter ; the world of c s n n T on cious ess is outside its provi ce . here is a definite ’ limit to every path of scientific research ; the microscope s ’ revelations of the infinitely little and the telescope s re velations of the infinitely great come to an abrupt stop a t ru n in a fixed boundary. It is t e that the fro tier l e is n n n and but bei g co sta tly pushed farther farther on, every fresh scientific attainment means merely a deeper insight i n nto the methods of nature, a better appreciatio of the n no t n h riddle of the u iverse , but a earer approac to its s n n n n olutio . S o that really the outsta di g co troversy between science and faith has no t been materially altered n T n by the achievements of modern scie ce . his co tro v ersy can be carried o n well enough on the basis of pure and n in n philosophy, the positio of Judaism the co flict remains to - day precisely what it was in the days when the no T . fool said in his heart, here is God Judaism has no quarrel with the science of comparative religion which demonstrates that a belief in some form of supernatural power comes within the realisation of nearly all primitive n fu n peoples . It may have arisen through fa ci l i terpreta

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traverse all these matters , and are gradually accumulating - n n a mass of well attested co clusions, which co vince us that, n A b no t n r u til the period of braham , the Bi le is co ce ned T i with literal historical facts . h s is a view which at first runs counter to what may be termed instinctive Jewish Th w no t . e o ne sympathies question is , ho ever, of senti

nor n n . T ma t ment , eve one of expedie cy here y be grea reluctance to suddenly convert a comparatively large n n but s sectio of the Book of Ge esis into allegory, thi proceeding turns wholly on the true interpretation of the text and the significance it must bear for us at the present da u n kn y. Judaism demands that every form of h ma ow ed be n ic i l ge should pressed i to the serv e of Biblical exeges s , and that every variety of human experience should be em ployed to illustrate and expound the meaning of the S crip The R n tures . abbis of old occasio ally adopted very short measures with some passage which bristles with difficulty . n nc it n For i sta e , is said that whe the Israelites were engaged in battle with the Amalekites “ it came to pass that when n il and n Moses raised his ha d the Israelites preva ed, whe The he let down his hand the Amalekites prevailed . “ s a Can n n n the Mi hnah sks , the the ha ds of Moses determi e ” f r ? The n Israelities o tune of war reply is, that whe the in and in n His put their trust God , acted accorda ce with n i dictates , victory atte ded them ; but that d saster followed

’ S r a n of Israe] s n . on di obedie ce imila ly, fter the childre had n n b n l bee bitte y the venomous serpe ts in the wi derness, n n Moses erected a braze serpe t , and it came to pass that

n and c . he who looked up u to it became healed . re overed “ The h C n t Mishna again asks , ould the the brazen serpen ” avert death ? and the reply is c ouched in parallel terms . n n w Here we have a type of Biblical i terpretatio , ith n n and the highest sa ctio of Jewish authority, we may con fidently employ this method when the advance of modern science demands a review of our position . The theory of evolution does not confine itself to the e n nor is xplanation of the origi of the material universe, THE POS ITION OF JUB AISH [ 49 its scope limited to the phenomena of the animal and U vegetable world . nder the guiding mind of Herbert S s a pencer it has a sumed the proportions of a gre t doctrine , the which pervades whole of modern philosophy, and gives n T an u mistakable bias to modern thought. here is hardly a topic of human interest which has failed to come under s its influence ; it sees the proces of development in arts, li t in laws, in po tics, in socie y, in religions ; it treats even of God the evolution of the idea of . It is responsible for the of n o f S O i introduction . the conceptio the ocial rgan sm , a term which is the keynote of modern philosophical w T d ritings . here is a decided ten ency at present to regard e very group or community of human beings associated a together, for any purpose whatsoever, as an org nic whole n n fin worki g out its existe ce, and going through a de ite c n progress of so ial eve ts , much in the same way as an animal or plant works out its life history by a series of A physiological events . nimal life is made up of the pro w s n cesses of gro th , the acqui itio of food , the reproduction c The if of the species, and de ay . social l e of every human group similarly exhibits a gradual development into a n and tribe or ation ; its wars and victories, its science intellect are directed to the maintenance of that vigour which an animal derives from its food ; there is the pride c and of ra e , the desire for its perpetuation , so that the b c to increase of population ecomes a great economical fa r, and t n n n las ly, ations like i dividuals or a imal species ,

i st and a . hav ng passed through their ages, decay dis ppear All this is in obedience to the immutable principle of evolution and dissolution which modern thought perceives in h n T runn g throug huma history. his idea carries us into more daring conceptions. i n n In the doma n of astronomy, scie ce has demo strated n o f a its u the existe ce law, to which every pl net in revol tion n i a d n co forms , by wh ch every st r is governe , by mea s of c an r which eclipses be foretold , and the appea ance of a The n comets ccurately timed . world of a imal and I 5 0 THE JEWIS H LITERARY ANNUAL

vegetable life gives the impression that there is some s o f b l orderly progres ion events, dominated y biologica to s no . n is t laws which, so far, we posses clue Huma h ory — — the organic life of society is in the same way possibly W e the expression of the working of law, so that the hol

course of the social, political, and religious development of has and has e as mankind been in obedience to law, b en v in T ine itable as the motion of a planet its orbit . his n n n consideratio i troduces us to the scie ce of history, which touc hes Judaism much more closely even than the natural We n b sciences . may i terpret the Bi le as we will, but there c an only be one interpretation of the phenomena of Jewish n A history consiste t with the genius of Judaism . s in nature the question of design arises and is answered n e according to the i dividual bias of the observ r, so it d s c in T an . he does in history , e pe ially Jewish history and n in n u wonderful adaptations of structure functio at re, which serve important ends in the economy of animal and n n we vegetable organisms, are no e the less desig because happen to know how they represent the persistence of n S m no c a u . ac ident l usef l variatio s i ilarly , system of h c an find in u modern thoug t favour J daism , which eliminates the idea of design from its philosophy

D . of history. esign may be immediate or ultimate The wonderful design that we see in the animal and vegetable world serves the ends of the preservation of life T e and the perpetuation of the species. his is immediat Wh n n design. at the busi ess of the ultimate desig of life

may be is the conc ern of transc endental philosophy. n o n Looki g Judaism as a social organism , the design manifested in its history must concern itself with its preservation and perpetuation . But in the case of Judaism the ultimate design also comes within the grasp of human perceptive faculties as religious philosophy . This aspect of science comes into contact with Judaism One r in two ways. is represented by the school of mode n Th n - Biblical criticism . e adva ce guard of this school makes