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Experimentelle Untersuchungen Zur Interaktion Von Fas Mit Seinem Liganden an Normalen Und Neoplastischen Zellen Des Lympho-Hämatopoetischen Systems

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Experimentelle Untersuchungen Zur Interaktion Von Fas Mit Seinem Liganden an Normalen Und Neoplastischen Zellen Des Lympho-Hämatopoetischen Systems Aus der Abteilung I der Medizinischen Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik der Albert-Ludwigs- Universität Freiburg im Breisgau Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Interaktion von Fas mit seinem Liganden an normalen und neoplastischen Zellen des lympho-hämatopoetischen Systems Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Medizinischen Doktorgrades der Medizinischen Fakultät Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau Vorgelegt 2000 von Manfred Richter geboren in Stuttgart Dekan: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. M. Schuhmacher 1.Gutachter: Prof. Dr. med. J. Finke 2.Gutachter: PD Dr. Hermann Eibel Jahr der Promotion: 2002 I Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Apoptose und Nekrose.................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Das Fas/Fas-Ligand System.......................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 Das Fas-Antigen........................................................................................................ 1 1.2.2 Die Expression von Fas ............................................................................................. 2 1.2.3 Mutation des Fas- und FasL-Gens in lpr und gld Mäusen ........................................ 2 1.2.4 Fas-Ligand................................................................................................................. 3 1.2.5 Physiologische Funktionen des Fas/FasL-Systems ................................................... 3 1.2.6 Homeostase peripherer T- und B-Zellen ................................................................... 4 1.2.7 Fas-abhängige Zytotoxizität von T-Zellen ................................................................ 5 1.2.8 FasL-Expression in immunpriviligierten Organen.................................................... 7 1.2.9 Bedeutung der FasL-Expression in Tumoren............................................................ 7 1.2.10 Intrazelluläre Signalkaskade des Fas-Rezeptors .................................................... 8 1.3 Polyklonale Antithymozytenglobuline ....................................................................... 10 1.4 Fragestellung............................................................................................................... 12 2 Material ............................................................................................................................ 13 2.1 Lösungen..................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Chemikalien und Reagenzien ..................................................................................... 14 2.3 Antikörper................................................................................................................... 15 2.4 Zellinien ...................................................................................................................... 16 2.4.1 Burkitt Lymphom (BL) Zellinien............................................................................ 16 2.4.2 Myeloische Zellinien ............................................................................................... 17 2.5 Patientenzellen ............................................................................................................ 18 2.5.1 Patienten mit CLL und Non Hodgkin Lymphomen ................................................ 18 2.5.2 Patienten mit akuter lymphatischer Leukämie ........................................................ 19 2.5.3 Patienten mit akuter myeloischer Leukämie ........................................................... 19 3 Methoden.......................................................................................................................... 20 3.1 Zellkultur..................................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Ficoll Paque Dichtezentrifugation .............................................................................. 20 3.3 Magnetische Zellsortierung (MACS) humaner Leukozyten....................................... 20 3.3.1 Prinzip...................................................................................................................... 21 II 3.3.2 Isolierung unmarkierter B-Zellen............................................................................ 21 3.4 Durchflußzytometrie (FACS) ..................................................................................... 22 3.5 Reverse-Transkriptase-Polymerasenkettenreaktion (RT-PCR).................................. 23 3.5.1 RNA-Extraktion....................................................................................................... 23 3.5.2 Synthese komplementärer DNA (cDNA)................................................................ 24 3.5.3 Fas-Ligand und PBGD-PCR ................................................................................... 25 3.6 Immunoblot (Western Blot)........................................................................................ 27 3.6.1 Prinzip...................................................................................................................... 27 3.6.2 Probenvorbereitung ................................................................................................. 27 3.6.3 Gießen eines SDS-Gels ........................................................................................... 27 3.6.4 Elektrophoretische Auftrennung und Transfer (Blotten) der Proteine .................... 28 3.6.5 Proteinnachweis....................................................................................................... 29 3.7 Apoptosenachweis ...................................................................................................... 29 3.7.1 Testprinzip............................................................................................................... 29 3.7.2 Färbung der Zellen zur zytometrischen Quantifizierung der Apoptose .................. 30 4 Ergebnisse......................................................................................................................... 31 4.1 Restriktionsenzymanalyse der Fas Ligand PCR......................................................... 31 4.2 Untersuchung der Fas-Ligand Expression in Zellinien und Erkrankungen der weißen Blutzellen und der blutbildenden Organe ............................................................................. 32 4.2.1 CD95L-Expression in Zellinien myeloischen Ursprungs........................................ 32 4.2.2 Zytometrischer Nachweis von Fas-Ligand auf CD34-positiven Stammzellen ....... 34 4.2.3 Fas-Ligand Expression bei Patienten mit akuter myeloischer Leukämie................ 35 4.2.4 Fas-Ligand Expression in Zellinien der B-Zellreihe ............................................... 36 4.2.5 Fas-Ligand Expression bei Patienten mit akuter und chronischer lymphatischer Leukämie ........................................................................................................................... 37 4.3 Die neoplastischen B-Zellen von CLL-Patienten exprimieren keine FasL-mRNA ... 39 4.3.1 Isolierung markierter B-Zellen von Patienten mit CLL .......................................... 39 4.3.1 Isolierung unmarkierter B-Zellen von CLL-Patienten und gesunden Spendern ..... 39 4.4 Nachweis von FasL auf Proteinebene (Immunoblot) ................................................. 43 4.5 Funktioneller Nachweis von Fas-Ligand.................................................................... 44 4.5.1 Jurkatzellen als Zielzellen für die Fas-vermittelte Apoptose .................................. 44 4.5.2 Kultur von Jurkatzellen mit myeloischen Zellinien ................................................ 45 4.5.3 Kultur von Jurkatzellen mit stimulierten K562 ....................................................... 46 4.5.4 Kultur von Jurkatzellen mit der LCL-Zellinie Rei ................................................. 47 III 4.5.5 Kokultur von Jurkatzellen mit Zellen eines Patienten mit akuter lymphatischer Leukämie vom T-Zelltyp (T-ALL).................................................................................... 48 4.6 Antithymozytenglobuline ........................................................................................... 49 4.6.1 T-Zellen und die Fas-vermittelte Apoptose............................................................. 49 4.6.2 Apoptoseinduktion durch ATG ............................................................................... 50 4.6.3 Die Funktion des Fas/FasL-Systems bei der ATG-vermittelten Apoptose ............. 52 4.6.4 ATG-Nachweis in Patientenplasma nach Transplantation...................................... 53 4.6.5 Apoptoseinduktion durch ATG-haltiges Serum nach Transplantation ................... 54 5 Diskussion......................................................................................................................... 56 5.1 Exprimieren Tumorzellen konstitutiv Fas-Ligand?.................................................... 56 5.2 Das Fas/FasL-System und Immunprivileg.................................................................. 60 5.3 FasL-Expression in myeloischen Zellinien................................................................. 61 5.4 Antithymozytenglobuline ........................................................................................... 64 5.4.1 Das Fas/FasL-System
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