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Biological Indicators of Global Change

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Biological Indicators of Global Change BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF GLOBAL CHANGE SYMPOSIUM Brussels, 7-9 May 1992 PROCEEDINGS EDITED BY - S J . J . YMOENS, D R V P. EVOS, J . AMMELOO & CH. ERSTRAETEN Symposium organized under the auspices of The Belgian National Committee of Biologica! Sciences by The Belgian Royal Society of Botany The Belgian Royal Society of Entomology The Belgian Royal Society of Zoology The Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences with the co-operation of The National Committee forthe International Geosphere - Biosphere - Programme - Global Change The National SCOPE-Committee and The Royal Belgian Institute of Natura! Sciences BRUSSELS 1993 CONTENTS Foreword .......................................................................................... 5 Avant-propos .................................................................................... 6 Woord vooraf .. ..... ... ..... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. .. 7 R. MARGALEF, Biotic diversity and energy flow. Forcing from man and nature . 9 G. BILLEN, Coastal eutrophication in a global perspective ............. 17 J.-P. MALINGREAU, Detection and measurement of biologica! indicators of global change by remote sensing. Concepts and perspectives .............................................................................. 35 M.H.L. GREEN, J.E. LOWE, A.P.W. WAUGH, S.A. HARCOURT, L. RozA & C.F. ARLETT, Consequences of depletion of the ozon layer for human health: Studies using the "Cornet" assay ....... 53 CHR. TRICOT, Global climatic change and natural ecosystems impacts ...................................................................................... 69 YILMA SELESHI & G. DEMARÉE, The tempora! distribution of Ethiopian meteorological droughts in the XX th century . .. .. .. 77 T. AGARDY, Coral reef and mangrove systems as bio-indicators of large-scale phenomena: A new perspective on global change . 93 J. DE LEEUW & P. M. J. HERMAN, Dynamics of salt marsh vegetation and susceptibility to tidal changes . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 107 E.Y. HAWORTH, The responses of aquatic biota and their use as indicator organisms ..................................................... ............. 115 A. HAMBUCKERS & J. REMACLE, The ecosystemic analysis of small forestedcatchments as a tool for global change assessment? .. 129 4 CONTENTS E. LAITAT, P. LOOSVELDT, J.-J. VAN OOSTEN & R. IMPENS, Long­ term effects of global climate changes on forest tree physiology. Ecophysiological approach in open top chambres 139 J.-J. VAN OOSTEN, D. AFTF, P. DIZENGREMEL, E. LAITAT, P. LOOSVELDT & R. IMPENS, Long-term effects of a COr enriched atmosphere on RuBisCO activity and quantity of spruce trees ............................................................................... 147 R. CEULEMANS, A. PEREZ-LEROUX & 1. IMPENS, The direct impact of rising C02 and temperature on plants, with particular reference to trees ...................................................................... 155 D. BURGEON, J. DEGREEF, MALA!SSE, Oak vitality: A suitable F. concept for global change monitoring? . .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. 173 M. VASIC, J. HERBAUTS & M. TANGHE, Soil available potassium and magnesium and oak dieback in acid soils from middle Belgium ................................ .............................. ...................... 179 E. ARNOLDS, Macrofungi as indicators of a changing environment 185 P. PrÉRART, Les champignons: Bioindicateurs de pollution, bio­ fertilisantset bioprotecteurs des plantes . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. 205 DJ. GALLOWAY, Lichens as indicators of environmental change: A world view .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 223 MEERTS, Plants evolutionary strategies in man-disturbed P. environments: Polygonum aviculare as a study case ............... 233 B. DE BAST, CH. GASPAR, J.-L. HEMPTINNE & CH. VERSTRAETEN, Abundance fluctuation of some butterflies species in Belgium during the twentieth century ..................................................... 237 BAMBA B.M. MUHAYA, C.R. JO!RIS, M. LEERMAKERS, L. DERONDE, M. BOSSICART & W. BAEYENS, Total mercury and methyl­ mercury in soils, Iitter and plants from the Zoniën (Soignes) Forest (Brussels, Belgium) ....................................................... 247 FOREWORD The term global change covers a number of changes in the physical, chemica! and biologica! processes which regulate the total Earth system, the world environment interacting with the whole biosphere, and the manner in which these processes are influenced by human activities. Increase in the carbon dioxide level of the atmosphere, depletion of the ozone layer of the stratosphere, eutrophication, acid rain and toxification of the biosphere are examples of such changes. Their predicted effects are very diverse: changed radiation balance (the greenhouse effect), rise in the sea level, modification of the precipitation patterns, etc. Various secondary consequences are also possible, e.g. shifts in vegetation zones, threats to some communities, like coral reefs, mangroves and salt-marshes, loss of biodiversity, changes in the geographical distribution of plants and animals, including pathogens and herbivorous insects, shifts in the competitive balance of the C3 and C4 plants, modifications of erop yields, forest decline, fish k:ills, etc. Some consequences of global change could even affect human health, e.g. by increasing the risks of skin cancer or heavy metal poisoning. Biologica! changes, even occurring in a given geographical area, can reflect global change and, from this viewpoint, may have a predictive value. Therefore, under the auspices of the Belgian National Committee of Biologica! Sciences, a Symposium on Biologica! Indicators of Global Change was organized by the Belgian Royal Societies of Botany, of Entomology and of Zoology, and the Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences. Grateful acknowledgements are expressed to Prof. 0. Vanderborght, President of the Belgian National Committee International Geosphere - Biosphere - Programme - Global Change, to Prof. Ph. Bourdeau, President of the Belgian National Committee SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment), and to Dr. D. Cahen, Director of the Belgian Royal Institute of Natura! Sciences, and his collaborators, Dr. A. Quintart and Dr. J. Van Goethem, for their invaluable co-operation. Financial support from the National Fund of Scientific Research is also thankfully acknowledged. J.-J. SYMOENS, President of the Belgian National Committee of Biologica! Sciences, Permanent Executive Secretary of the Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences. AVANT-PROPOS Par changements globaux, on entend un certain nombre de modi­ fications des processus physiques, chimiques et biologiques qui gouvernent Ie système Terre dans sa totalité, l'environnement planétaire en interaction avec !'ensemble de la biosphère, ainsi que la manière dont ces processus sont influencés par les activités humaines. L'élévation de la teneur de l'atmosphère en dioxyde de carbone, la réduction de la couche d'ozone de la stratosphère, l'eutrophisation, les pluies acides et la toxification de la biosphère sont des exemples de tels processus. Les effets prévisibles de ces changements sont très divers: modification du bilan radiatif (l'effet de serre), élévation du niveau des mers, changement des régimes de précipitations, etc. On peut également en prévoir des conséquences secondaires très variées: déplacements des zones de végétation, menaces touchant certaines commu­ nautés, tels les récifs coralliens, les mangroves et les prés salés, pertes de biodiversité, modifications de la distribution géographique d'espèces végétales et animales, y compris des pathogènes et des insectes herbivores, déplacements de l'équilibre concurrentie! des plantes en C3 et C4, modifications des rendements des cultures, dépérissement des forêts, morta­ lités massives de poissons, etc. Certaines de ces conséquences des change­ ments globaux peuvent même affecter Ia santé humaine, par exemple en accroissant les risques de cancers cutanés ou d'empoisonnement par les métaux lourds. Des modifications biologiques se manifestant dans une zone géographique donnée peuvent refléter des changements globaux et, de ce point de vue, avoir une certaine valeur prédictive. Dans ce contexte, un Symposium sur les Indicateurs biologiques des Changements globaux a été organisé, sous les auspices du Comité national beige des Sciences biologiques, par les Sociétés royales belges de Botanique, d'Entomologie et de Zoologie et l' Académie royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Nos vifs remerciements s'adressent au professeur 0. Vanderborght, président du Comité national beige "International Geosphere - Biosphere - Programme - Global Change", au professeur Ph. Bourdeau, président du Comité national beige SCOPE ("Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment"), ainsi qu'au Dr D. Cahen, directeur de l'lnstitut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, et à ses collaborateurs, Le Dr A. Quintart et Le Dr J. Van Goethem, pour leur précieuse coopération. Nous remercions également Le Fonds national pour la Recherche scientifique de son appui financier au Symposium. 1.-J. SYMOENS, Président du Comité national beige des Sciences biologiques, Secrétaire perpétuel de l' Académie royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. WOORD VOORAF Onder de term "global change" verstaat men een aantal veranderingen in de fysische, chemische en biologische processen die het systeem Aarde in zijn geheel beheersen, het wereldmilieu in zijn wisselwerking met de biosfeer, en de manier waarop deze processen beïnvloed
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