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New Hypocholesterolemic Ingredients Obtained from Edible Mushrooms Nuevos Ingredientes Alimentarios Hipocolesterolemicos Obtenidos a Partir De Hongos Comestibles

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New Hypocholesterolemic Ingredients Obtained from Edible Mushrooms Nuevos Ingredientes Alimentarios Hipocolesterolemicos Obtenidos a Partir De Hongos Comestibles UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE QUÍMICA-FÍSICA APLICADA Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) New hypocholesterolemic ingredients obtained from edible mushrooms Nuevos ingredientes alimentarios hipocolesterolemicos obtenidos a partir de hongos comestibles Memoria presentada por Alicia Gil Ramírez Para optar al grado de Doctor en Biología y Ciencias de la Alimentación Mención Internacional Trabajo realizado bajo la dirección de: Dra. Cristina Soler Rivas Dr. Francisco R. Marín Martín (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) DÑA. CRISTINA SOLER RIVAS Y D. FRANCISCO R. MARÍN MARTÍN, AMBOS PROFESORES TITULARES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID, CERTIFICAN, Que el trabajo recogido en este documento titulado “New hypocholesterolemic ingredients obtained from edible mushrooms/ Nuevos ingredientes alimentarios hipocolesterolemicos obtenidos a partir de hongos comestibles”, y que constituye la memoria presentada por Dña. Alicia Gil Ramírez para optar al grado de Doctor en Biología y Ciencias de la Alimentación, ha sido realizado bajo su dirección en el Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de las Alimentación (CIAL) y la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Y para que así conste firman el presente informe en Madrid a 15 de Mayo de 2015. Fdo. Dña. Cristina Soler Rivas Fdo. D. Francisco R. Marín Martín A todos aquellos que conocen mis despertares… To all those who know my awakenings… …y en concreto a vosotros: papá, mamá y hermana. …specially to you: dad, mom and sister. Agradecimientos En primer lugar me gustaría agradecer a los Dres. Soler-Rivas, Marín Martín, como directores de esta tesis, y al Prof. Reglero, como investigador principal del proyecto en el que se enmarca esta tesis, el haberme dado la oportunidad de iniciarme en este apasionante mundo de la investigación. Gracias de todo corazón. A mis directores de tesis. Gracias por haberme aceptado como vuestra alumna. Formáis una buena pareja científica en la que el sosiego y el ímpetu, viniendo por distintos raíles, conviven juntos. Cristina, nunca pensé que un cuerpo tan chiquitito pudiera albergar tanto, humana y profesionalmente. A pesar de las listas de “cosas por hacer en tus ratos libres” que (aún no sé cómo) no mermaba nunca, sabes que repetiría contigo una y mil veces. No olvidaré nuestras aventuras con y sin pipeta en mano, así como tu compromiso, alegría y entusiasmo. Ha sido un placer “jefa”. Y sí, lo recuerdo, te debo un barril de cerveza, o dos. Gracias por haberme tratado con cariño y, sobretodo, haberme considerado una igual. CUAK. Chesco, tú fuiste el primero de todos que apostó por mí y te estaré eternamente agradecida, gracias a ti empecé a pensar que valía para esto. Aún recuerdo la lucha y correos electrónicos mandados para que nos hicieran entender por qué un 7,14 no era un 2 en la escala del 0-4, mi gratitud por acompañarme en esa y tantas otras “guerras burocráticas”. Ejemplo de “pasito a pasito” pero lo que bien hecho está, bien parece. Gracias por intentar siempre facilitar mi tarea y sobre todo por aceptar aquello de “dos mujeres contra un hombre” que a veces te ha dejado en desventaja. A las Dras. Tiziana Fornani, Susana Santoyo, Laura Jaime, Mónica Rodríguez y Diana Martín así como a los Dres. Alejandro Ruiz, Luis Vázquez, Carlos Torres y Marín Prodanov, gracias por vuestras manos amigas tendidas, dedicación y plena disponibilidad no sólo en cuanto a temas científicos se refiere. He aprendido de todos vosotros. A ti en especial Dra. Montserrat González, sin ti el camino burocrático hubiera sido mucho más arduo o imposible. Si me he sentido miembro del departamento, ha sido en gran parte por ti. Gracias por ser cariñosa, amable e involucrarte siempre con una sonrisa en el rostro. No me gustaría dejar pasar la oportunidad de agradecer al personal del Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) el haberme hecho sentir parte de un todo. En especial, mi agradecimiento a Mª Victoria Moreno por su esfuerzo diario para hacer que este complejo engranaje no se oxide. Gracias a las Dras. Carlota Largo y María Tabernero como al Dr. Victor Caz, miembros del Departamento de Cirugía Experimental del Instituto de Investigación del Hospital La Paz (IdiPaz), porque vuestra profesionalidad y compromiso ha hecho posible el trabajo aquí presentado. Por supuesto, mi más sincero agradecimiento al personal del Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Alimentación por su ayuda y disponibilidad, en especial a Dr. Roberto Martín y Dra. Arantxa Rodríguez. Gracias a mis compañeros de laboratorio porque con vosotros he crecido y de todos he aprendido algo. Nunca me olvidaré de los buenos momentos y de lo que os caracteriza a cada uno, Inés, Gonzalo, Victor, Guzmán, Dani, Óscar, Erika, Ana, Mayka, Alexis, Juanan y David. Quien sabe, ¡quizá volvamos a vernos con la bata puesta! Aunque ya haya pasado mucho tiempo, yo me sigo acordando de esos días Dr. José Mendiola. Tu sensibilidad te hace especial, como compañero y docente. Gracias también por seguir “sacándome las castaña del fuego” de vez en cuando. Extiendo este agradecimiento al resto de componentes del grupo “Foodomics”, en especial a la Dra. Elena Ibáñez porque en “su laboratorio”, empezó esta aventura. Mi más sinceros agradecimiento a todas las personas que han embellecido mis estancias en Praga y Wageningen. Daniele, Yanko, Mariña, Mary, Roman, Coen, Gracián, Eliz, Marketa, Ondrej, Aran…gracias por vuestro ánimo y comprensión, sobre todo a estos últimos involucrados en la etapa final de la tesis. Specially, thanks to all the people who made my Prague and Wageningen´s stays more beautiful. Daniele, Yanko , Mariña, Mary, Roman, Coen, Gracián, Eliz, Marketa, Ondrej, Aran ... thank you for your encourage and understanding, particularly the latter, needed at the final stage of the thesis. Hard is life! But…i think…may be….we will see yesterday. Aunque lo importante son las personas, no quiero dejar de agradecer a las instituciones sin las que este trabajo habría sido imposible: al Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, por la financiación de estos años de estudios mediante la concesión de la beca de “Formación de Personal Investigador (PI); al Hospital Universitario de La Paz, y en particular al Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, por las facilidades experimentales en los estudios con animales. Al IMDEA- Alimentación, por la posibilidad de usar sus instalaciones y servicios en los estudios moleculares; al CIAL por permitirme el uso de los laboratorios y de diversos equipos como liofilizadores, extractores de fluidos comprimidos, etc y, cómo no, al alma mater, la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, quien en gran medida soporta materialmente estas infraestructuras, quien me permitió dar los primeros pasos gracias a una ayuda para inicio de estudios de postgrado pero, sobre todo, porque en su seno una ve fácil saltar a la máxima del sapere aude. Y ahora apuntando directamente al corazón…María y Laila, ¡no os imagináis cómo os he echado de menos!, el laboratorio sin vosotras…”una oficina, un teléfono ardiendo en la cabina”… ¡ay! que me voy por Sabina... Muchas gracias por vuestro apoyo, vuestras risas con y sin lágrimas y vuestras lágrimas junto a las mías. Mary, no puedo evitar sonreír cuando recuerdo la historia de “María, Marimuthu y el zumo de naranja incontenido”… ¡qué recuerdos! Laila, gracias por esos momentos antológicos que tantas risas nos ha provocado… ¿pero en qué momento he decidido hacer esto?... Sin vosotras no hubiera sido lo mismo. ¡GRACIAS! Dr. Palanisamy, thank you so much for a great atmosphere in the laboratory. I will never forget your daily smile and your positive outlook. A ti, Dra. Ana María Sánchez, mi compañera más fiel en mi última etapa. Tú, sin saberlo, me has dado la fuerza y el positivismo que necesitaba a mi vuelta de Praga. Gracias de todo corazón. Dra. Marta Corzo, gracias por las confidencias con cafeína y las risas con lúpulo entre capítulo y capítulo. Aquí o allí pero siempre en contacto, ¿vale? Elena y Bea, ¡amigas mías! El mejor descubrimiento no científico que me ha dado el CIAL. Gracias por los años juntas y ya de paso, os agradezco los que quedan por venir. A pesar de que un océano nos separe…te sieto a un “click” de Skype, Elena. Bea, “menudo carácter” dicen…pero a mí me encanta, “las cosas claras y el chocolate espeso”. ¡Ya sabéis dónde encontrarme! GRACIAS. ¿Cómo me voy a olvidar de vosotras? ¡Ay mis “TOFOS”! Cada una de vosotras sois un tesoro de valor incalculable. Gracias por enseñarme valores tan diversos y sobretodo, diferentes caras de un mismo prisma. Con o sin queso… ha sido un placer compartir estos años con vosotras compañeras. Gracias a mi familia, “los Ramírez” y “los Gil”, a los que están y los que no están. Sois excepcionales. Por haberme hecho libre e independiente, a vosotros papá y mamá, ¡GRACIAS! Mi madre, mi primera instructora en el arte de la precisión con nuestras “tardes de recortar”, aun cuando las tijeras eran demasiado grandes para mis manitas. Me enseñaste a pipetear con precisión y meticulosidad sin saberlo. Mi padre, hombre capaz de pronunciar la palabra “cianofícea” de diez maneras diferentes y quedarse “tan pichi”… me enseñaste que se termina pronunciando bien aunque sea con un poco más de esfuerzo. Hermana… Sta. Paula Gil Ramírez, tú acabando tu TFG… yo acabando la tesis… mil gracias por obligarme a recordar continuamente lo que yo era y sentía ocho años atrás. ¡Os quiero! Ojalá algún día pueda devolveros todo lo que me habéis dado para empezar, seguir y finalizar este trabajo. A ti Nico, mi compañero de vida. Eternamente agradecida por dejarme ver el mundo desde tus ojos (todo reluce mucho más) y por enseñarme que aunque la desviación estándar sea grande no tiene porqué ser malo, el cómo lo interpretes es esencial.
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