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National Cemeteries Name of Muhlple Property Ustlng Stale

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National Cemeteries Name of Muhlple Property Ustlng Stale it .-.'.'l-: . ~';"N PS WAS'-O~>~o,,",. ,.:::...::'"".,..,.",,),1..:" ,,,"-,', c;.·'''3i'''ci:;''';·2'-O'-C'=3'7'; 3':':"'''1:-'''8:'::';:':'6''''''''''';' ""~.'"-'-""=c' .'" ..;c, .... "'-. -'-:N~O:::cV'C-·"='2 71 "'.9""4~~15F"'~~'3 BNO>oi6>"P~'02'; 2 F' { f\J(l L. " No, l0U-0018 NPS Form 1().8OO.b :~. "'.~•• ~~' OMB (Reviled March 1992) United Stataa Dapal1menl of tha Interior National Pllrtc Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form NA'f'lONAI. REGISTSR Thlt form It uN<! for documentlll9 multlplo property groupo rolo~ng to on. or _eral hll10rle contexlS. ate InllluCllonl In How fa C<>mp/ere the MuIIip/e "'-'Y OocurrlMltaiJon I'omt (National Regll10r Bull8l1n 18S). C<>m~o each hem bY'"nte,ing tho r~uolled Inform.tlon, For .. ~ apace, use continuation _a (Form 1().9O().a), Use. typewriter, word proceoaor. or,wmputar to complota all hom •. -X. Nw 6ubmlttlon _ Amended SubmlSJIon A, . Name of Multiple Property Llatlng Civil War Era National Cemateries B, Auoclated Hlelorlo Contexte (Nome oach uaocl.ted hltlorlo context, Idonllfyjng thoma, geographlc.1 a,ea, and chronol~1 period for each.) Initial Development or Permanent Memorials to Civil War Sol diers Who Died in »efense of the Union - 1861 to 188l nameJtllle Therese T, Sammartino. Sraff Assistant date ___________ organlzatl(ln IJepartment of V~tcrnns Affl1irs street & number 810 Vermont AV(lnue. N, W. telephone (202) 523-3895 state _________ cltyortown W,~shitlglon. J).C. Zip code _~2~04"_'2'_"O'--___ D. CertIfication loA Iht dMlgnated SUlhodl)' Undet the Notional HlltoriO P.... /Vltlon Act of 1811e, at IrnoIMIId, I hfroby cortlfy that thll dOCumentatton form __ ~... _.1 Regllttr dooIImontatlon et.ndordl ond II1II1 forth r~utremont& for the listing of ,tilted proportlH conllalont with tho NattoMI ~ crfto~., TIIII lubmloslon ",..11 the procedural and prof_tonal r~ulrarnontl oet forth In 311 CFR pan eo and tho StoretaIY ~I tho Int.~or·1 litandani, and Guldelinel for Archeology Ind HIttotIo PrlHMltlon, (0 Sao continuation IhHt lor .ddJllonaJ _antI,1 pn 'Q I \9q4 6.P"~"l1m,!-:=G:~.L. V.D.clcrgl 'Pn:.sg,eJ",-t. C~'f'.c.e("' > S 0 Mel ~11e I certifyjng Q al Date , Department ot Veterans Affairs Slate Of _al openey and bur.au I horeb\l cortlfy that \IU. multlpfe propc!ly aocumontltlon form ha, bNn approved by tho Notional Ragl,llr .. a boola for ...atuatlng ralaJod propertloa for lloUll9 In ,ho N.tlonal Raglltor, /f?dt ,?.,t~( Slgnaturo 01 tho Koeper Olto 01 AtIiOn Civil War Era National Cemeteries Name of Muhlple Property Ustlng Stale Table of Contenta for Written Narrative Provide the foIlowfng Intomatlon on continuation sheets. Cite the letter and the mle before each _n of the nanatlve. Aaaign _ numbera according to the Instruction. for continuation Ihoete In How to CDmp/ete IheMu/tiple Property Docul/IOtItatIon Fotm (N_ RegIoIet_n t 6B). Fill In page numbe", for each section in the space below. Page Numbenl E. Statement of Historic Contexts 1 through 19 (It"""" than one historic ocntexlls documented. presenf them In sequential order.) Appendices A, B, C F. Aaaoclated Property Types (Provide deecriptlon. significance. and registration requiremente.) 1 through 5 G. Geographical Data 1 through 3 Appendix A H. Summary of Idantlflcatlon and Evaluation Methoda (0_ the mBthod. used In d9\l8loping the muhlple property listing.) 1 I. MaJor Bibliographical Referances (Ust major written _ and primary location of addhlonaJ docUmentation: State 1 H_ Preservation OffIce. _ State agency. Federal agency. local _ment. unIVersIty. or other. apecItyIng repository.) Papenoori< Reduction Act StaterMnI: This Infomatlon Is being collected tor applications to the National Register of Hlstorio _ to nominate properties for tlsting or detennine eligibility for listing. to list properties. and to amend existing listings. Respcnsa to this req.- Is required to obtain a benefit In acoordanca with the National Historic Preservation Act. as amended (t6 U.S.C. 470 at seq.). Eatlmated Burden Sta1_nl: PubliC reporting burden for this tom Is estimated to aYMage 120 hall", per r"spoll"" including the time for reviewing Instructions. gathering and maintaining data. and completing and reviewing the tom. Direct com_ regarding this burderI estimate or any _ of this fom to the Chief. Administrative services Dlvillon. National Pari< Service. P.O. Box 37127. Washington. DC 20013-7127; and the OffIce of Management and Budget. PapelWOrI< Reductions Project (1024-0018). Washington. DC 20503. NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 10024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Civil War Era National Cemeteries Section number E Page 1 E. STATEMENT OF HISTORIC CONTEXTS This text follows, chronologically, the establishment of the cemeteries. SIGNIFICANCE The Civil War era national cemeteries are eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under Criteria A and C. Their primary significance is from their strong association with the Civil War, 1861-1865. Additionally, many contain the fine architectural examples of a prototype design of lodges that were executed in various local building materials from the same floor plan. Lastly, the prototype lodges were designed by a significant person associated with facilities during and after the war, Brigadier General Montgomery C. Meigs, Quartermaster General of the Army from 1861-1882. Many national cemeteries were established on or near specific Civil War conflict sites. For each of these sixteen cemeteries, an information sheet is attached, which includes the name and date of the conflict, background information on the establishment of the cemetery, and Civil War monuments or memorials within the cemetery (Appendix A). INTRODUCTION -- ANTE-BELLUM PERIOD From very early times, those who died in defense of their state or nation have been deemed worthy of special commemoration for their service on the field of battle. The Mexican War of 1846-1847 marked an important advance in American burial policy. The action of the Congress in 1850 in establishing the Mexico City Cemetery as a final resting place for those who "fell in battle or died in and around the said city," furnished a precedent for the creation of permanent military cemeteries beyond the seas over a decade before legislative provision was made for a national cemeterial system. The development of national cemeteries came about as the American Civil War was waged. This conflict between Northern and Southern citizens was brought about by sharp differences in political and economic issues between the two factions. The two major issues that brought on the war were the fight over states' rights that involved the right of secession from the Union of the states under the Constitution, and the extension of slavery to new states and territories. The immediate provocation for the secession of the states, which led to the war, was the election of Abraham Lincoln as president of the United States in the fall of 1860, on a platform that denied the extension of slavery to new states and territories. By this time, the controversy over slavery had become so intense, tempers so inflamed, and extremists so uncompromising that the basis for peaceful adjustment of differences was lost. NPS Form 10·900·a OMB No. 10024·0018 (8·86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Civil War Era National Cemeteries Section number E Page 2 Immediately upon the election of Abraham Lincoln, the legislature of South Carolina called a convention to meet on December 17, 1860, to consider the question of secession. The convention voted unanimously on December 20 for secession, issuing at the same time a Declaration of Causes that emphasized, above all, the threat to slavery. By February 1861, six other states had joined South Carolina--Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. On February 4, 1861, a convention with representatives from six southern states, met at Montgomery, Alabama, to organize the govemment of the Confederacy. This convention drew up a Constitution, chose a provisional president (Jefferson Davis of Mississippi) and a vice president, and acted as a legislature pending the election of a regular Congress. When South Carolina seceded, Major Robert Anderson, commanding the Federal forces in Charleston, South Carolina, secretly moved his garrison from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter. The question whether his little force should be withdrawn or supported agitated the closing weeks of the Buchanan administration and the opening weeks of the Lincoln administration. While the fate of Fort Sumter was being discussed, the Confederacy took over all but four of the forts, arsenals, and military posts in the South. Against the advice of some members of his Cabinet, Lincoln finally decided not to reinforce but to provision the fort, and this decision precipitated the crisis, and the war. On April II, 1861, Brigadier General Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard, who was in command of Confederate forces in Charleston, acting on somewhat ambiguous instructions from Montgomery, demanded an immediate surrender of the fort; when this was refused, Confederate batteries opened fire on the Stars and Stripes at dawn on April 12, 1861, and the Civil War was on. For thirty hours they fired, while Major Robert Anderson, commander of the artillery company that garrisoned Fort Sumter, eked out his short supply of ammunition to reply, and the Federal relief squadron watched helplessly from beyond the bar. Major Anderson surrendered. The tradition of nationalism in Virginia was strong and the state hesitated to join the seceding states, but the attack on Fort Sumter and Lincoln's proclamation calling for 75,000 troops, together with geographical necessity, finally drew her into the Confederacy. On April 17, 1861, a convention voted for secession and this vote was ratified a month later by popular vote.
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