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Virginia at War, 1864

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Virginia at War, 1864 Virginia at War, 1864 VIRGINIA AT WAR 1864 Edited by William C. Davis and James I. Robertson Jr. for the Virginia Center for Civil War Studies The University Press of Kentucky Copyright © 2009 by The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved. Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 www.kentuckypress.com 09 10 11 12 13 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Virginia at war, 1864 / edited by William C. Davis and James I. Robertson Jr. for the Virginia Center for Civil War Studies. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8131-2562-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Virginia—History—Civil War, 1861–1865. 2. Virginia—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—Social aspects. 3. Virginia—History—Civil War, 1861–1865— Campaigns. 4. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—Social aspects. 5. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—Campaigns. I. Davis, William C., 1946– II. Robertson, James I. III. Virginia Center for Civil War Studies. E534.V395 2009 975.5'03—dc22 200901823 This book is printed on acid-free recycled paper meeting the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence in Paper for Printed Library Materials. Manufactured in the United States of America. Member of the Association of American University Presses Contents Preface vii Land Operations in Virginia in 1864: The Tightening Noose 1 Richard J. Sommers Politics in Civil War Virginia: A Democracy on Trial 15 Aaron Sheehan-Dean A “Patriotic Press”: Virginia’s Confederate Newspapers, 1861–1865 35 Ted Tunnell Clinging to Patriotism: The Fourth of July in Civil War Virginia 51 Jared Bond Trains, Canals, and Turnpikes: Transportation in Civil War Virginia, 1861–1865 65 Bradford A. Wineman “We are all good scavengers now”: The Crisis in Virginia Agriculture during the Civil War 81 Ginette Aley The Struggle to Learn: Higher Education in Civil War Virginia 99 Peter Wallenstein Words in War: The Literature of Confederate Virginia 121 William C. Davis Rehearsing Reconstruction in Occupied Virginia: Life and Emancipation at Fort Monroe 139 J. Michael Cobb Diary of a Southern Refugee during the War, June 1863–July 1864 159 Judith Brockenbrough McGuire Edited by James I. Robertson Jr. Selected Bibliography 225 Index 237 Preface For Virginians, 1864 brought the war home as never before. Indeed, for the first time, for the bulk of Virginia’s forces, the war was fought entirely in the Old Dominion. Never before had the conflict taken such a toll on the landscape and the civilian population, while for the men under arms it was a story of unrelentingly diminishing numbers and resources. Under any other army commander in the Confederacy, Virginia likely would have been lost in 1864. It was only the brilliance and determination of Gen. Robert E. Lee that kept the Commonwealth’s military forces intact and able to retard, if not stop, the relentless advance of the Union. Yet the men of Lee’s army, and those other Virginia soldiers spread from northern Virginia to the most southwesterly reaches of the state, were a minority of the Virginians involved in and affected by the war. All of them combined had endured more than two and one-half years of intermittent warfare on home soil by January 1864, and unknowingly they were about to enter a phase in which the war would be with them all day, every day, until the end. This current volume of Virginia at War casts a special focus on vital home front matters in the Commonwealth during the war. Subjects such as politics, patriotism, transportation, agriculture, education, literature, eman- cipation, and journalism may not carry with them the allure of campaigns and battles, generals and regiments, but they were the vital raw materials both of the war effort and of the civilian infrastructure necessary to keep armies in the field. In a democracy, and in an American democracy perhaps most of all, it is these nonmilitary matters that help to distinguish between a militaristic state at war and a fully developed society in conflict. After this book sets the context in a general essay on military operations in the state in 1864, essays on these subjects reveal the full breadth of the impact of the war on the entire polity as well as the influence on the war effort of things as diverse as professors and poems, potatoes and potholes, canals and cabbages, and much more. As in earlier volumes, while this one is titled 1864, in fact vii viii Preface the essays cover their topics for the entire war period, though the subjects have been selected for this volume with a view to the special impact of this particular year. The Fourth of July, for instance, was important to Virginians throughout the war, but in 1864 it had special poignancy as a reminder of the disasters at Gettysburg and Vicksburg that marked the day in 1863, and as the last wartime patriotic holiday for Confederate Virginians. Operations in the state in 1864 are detailed with eloquent thoroughness by Dr. Richard J. Sommers, for more than thirty years a friend to researchers at the U.S. Army Military History Institute, now a part of the U.S. Army Heri- tage and Education Center at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Sommers is the author of the landmark Richmond Redeemed, one of the most distinguished works ever written on phases of Virginia’s 1864 war, and in 2007–2008 was Harold Keith Johnson Visiting Professor of Military History at the Military History Institute. In his essay here he reveals the full complexity of a war on many fronts, offering articulate testimony to the fact that Virginia was beset from many sides, and that much of its war was hundreds of miles from Lee and Grant, in faraway places with forgotten names that still cast their influence on the course of the conflict in the Commonwealth. It has been said that warfare is merely politics by another means. Cer- tainly, in the Confederacy and in Virginia, politics could not be separated from what happened on the battlefields. Indeed, the two were mutually dependent. The political Confederacy could not hope to survive without its military to protect it, while the armies in the field would be helpless without political backing in Richmond. Aaron Sheehan-Dean’s essay on Virginia politics reveals just how interdependent they were, and how fragile was the democracy that relied on both. Sheehan-Dean, who took his doctorate at the University of Virginia, is associate professor of history at the University of North Florida and the author of several distinguished works, including Why Confederates Fought: Family and Nation in Civil War Virginia. There was another prop necessary to sustain both Virginians in the field and Virginians at home, and that was a regular press. From its earliest days, even before the Revolution, Virginia depended upon a vigorous and unfettered press. The rigors of war severely strained Virginia’s newspapers from 1861 to 1865, and yet they continued to operate in spite of hardship of every kind, from shortages of newsprint and ink to decline in readership to the difficulty of getting reliable information. Dr. Ted Tunnell, for more than twenty years a professor of history at Virginia Commonwealth University, Preface ix looks at the trials of Virginia’s newspapers during the war, as they both served and represented the interests and apprehensions of the people of the Commonwealth. Tunnell is a keen student of Reconstruction in particular. His publications include Crucible of Reconstruction: War, Radicalism, and Race in Louisiana, 1862–1877, but recently he has done distinguished work on the history of journalism. One of the functions of the press was to sustain morale and patriotism, and the ceremonial forms that patriotism in Virginia took are an interest of Jared Bond, who recently received his M.A. in history from Virginia Tech. In particular, he looks here at how Virginians clung to the great national holiday for which Northerners, too, felt an ancestral reverence, the Fourth of July. The ways in which Virginians celebrated that day, while at the same time trying to separate themselves from Yankees also revering the day, and the ways in which Virginians sought to assert their preeminent claim on the celebration, reveal much about the nature of patriotism in the Com- monwealth during the war. It is often forgotten that wars depend on so much more than just armies. Indeed, armies themselves depend on many of the same things required to keep a civilian population functioning, and on nothing more than trans- portation. This was a mobile war, especially in Virginia. Virginia had expe- rienced the canal boom of the 1830s, followed by the more revolutionary coming of the railroad. Virginia had the oldest roads in America and also one of the most modern macadamized routes in the pike that ran through much of the Shenandoah Valley. Armies needed those avenues to move and to supply themselves, while farmers, travelers, and civil officials used them almost as much to keep the infrastructure of the state functioning in wartime. Dr. Bradford A. Wineman of the Department of Military History, United States Army Command and General Staff College at Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, addresses Virginia’s overtaxed transportation system during the war, appraising its impact on the conduct of military operations as well as its ability—or inability—to meet civilian needs.
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