Studio Ghibli a Hayao Miyazaki Jako Auteur

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Studio Ghibli a Hayao Miyazaki Jako Auteur Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Filozofická fakulta Diplomová práce Studio Ghibli a Hayao Miyazaki jako auteur: Analýza průchozích témat a časoprostoru Bc. Barbora Kaplánková Katedra divadelních a filmových studií Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Luboš Ptáček, Ph.D. Studijní program: Filmová studia – Televizní a rozhlasová studia Olomouc 2020 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci na téma Studio Ghibli a Hayao Miyazaki jako auteur:Analýza průchozích témat a časoprostoru vypracovala samostatně za použití v práci uvedených pramenů a literatury. Dále prohlašuji, že tato diplomová práce nebyla využita k získání jiného nebo stejného titulu. Datum 5. 5. 2020 ...................................................... podpis Ráda bych touto cestou vyjádřila poděkování doktoru Ptáčkovi za jeho cenné rady a mimořádnou trpělivost při vedení mé diplomové práce, a vstřícnost a pomoc při získání potřebných informací a podkladů, případně provedení změn nezbytných k dokončení práce. Velmi mi pomohla také jeho důslednost při čtení a připomínkování během procesu psaní, a spolehlivá komunikace v nečekaně ztížených podmínkách. OBSAH PŘEDMĚT A CÍL PRÁCE ..................................................................................... 6 1. VYHODNOCENÍ PRAMENŮ A LITERATURY ............................................ 8 1.1. PRAMENY .............................................................................................. 8 1.2. TEORETICKÁ LITERATURA .................................................................. 11 1.3. METODOLOGICKÁ LITERATURA ........................................................... 16 1.3.1. Janet Staiger ............................................................................... 16 1.3.1. Kristin Thompson ....................................................................... 20 2. METODOLOGIE .............................................................................................. 23 3. ANIMACE STUDIA GHIBLI ......................................................................... 26 3. 1. PROCES TVORBY ................................................................................ 26 3. 2. ANIMACE ........................................................................................... 10 4. TÉMATA... ......................................................................................................... 31 4. 1. REFLEXE VYBRANÝCH TÉMAT V LITERATUŘE ..................................... 33 4. 2..ANALÝZA TÉMAT ............................................................................... 37 4.2.1. Dospívání .................................................................................... 39 4.2.2. Rodina ........................................................................................ 78 4.2.3. Proměna ...................................................................................... 99 4.2.4. Příroda ...................................................................................... 120 4.2.5. Mystika ..................................................................................... 147 4.2.6. Létání ........................................................................................ 163 4.2.7. Závěr ......................................................................................... 180 5. KONSTRUKCE ČASOPROSTORU... .......................................................... 186 5. 1. REFLEXE KONSTRUKCE ČASOPROSTORU V LITERATUŘE ................... 187 5. 2. ANALÝZA PROSTOROVÝCH PRVKŮ ................................................... 189 5.2.1. Městský prostor ........................................................................ 189 5.2.2. Venkovský prostor ................................................................... 220 5.2.3. Přírodní prostor ......................................................................... 231 5. 3. ANALÝZA ČASOVÝCH PRVKŮ ........................................................... 261 5. 4. ZÁVĚR .............................................................................................. 284 ZÁVĚR .................................................................................................................. 288 PŘÍLOHY ............................................................................................................. 298 1. AUDIOVIZUÁLNÍ PRAMENY .................................................................. 298 SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH PRAMENŮ A LITERATURY ................................ 304 SEZNAM OBRÁZKŮ ......................................................................................... 309 Předmět a cíl práce Cílem této magisterské práce je představit tvorbu vůdčí osobnosti Studia Ghibli, Hayaa Miyazakiho, a analyzovat její autorská specifika na pozadí tvorby ostatních režisérů studia. „Miyazakiho film“ je často používán jako obecný výraz zahrnující i filmy jiných režisérů, které pouze vznikly v produkci stejného studia. Analýzou Miyazakiho filmů (tedy filmů, které režíroval Hayao Miyazaki) a jejich srovnáním s ostatní Ghibli produkcí určím, zda lze Miyazakiho tvorbu jednoznačně identifikovat na základě společných opakujících se vzorců, a zda jeho samotného lze považovat za auteura, nebo zda se tato definice týká spíše studia. Pracuji s korpusem celkem 22 filmů z produkce Studia Ghibli, s důrazem na analýzu deseti filmů, které režíroval Hayao Miyazaki, včetně filmu Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind (1984)1, který, přestože nevznikl ve Studiu Ghibli, je často považován za jeho počátek (úspěch tohoto filmu vedl k založení studia2) a televizního filmu Ocean Waves. Nejprve bude popsán druh a proces animace, který Studio Ghibli využívá, a následně budou vybrané filmy analyzovány v kategoriích témat a konstrukce časoprostoru. Na základě této analýzy budou určeny zmíněné vzorce. Původním záměrem bylo provést analýzu také z hlediska postav a narativu, rozsah práce to ale nedovolil a po konzultaci s vedoucím práce byly tyto dvě kategorie eliminovány. Do analýzy nejsou zahrnuty krátkometrážní filmy, které Miyazaki vytvořil speciálně pro promítání v tokijském Ghibli Museu, protože nejsou dostupné mimo muzeum v dostačující kvalitě.3 Stejně tak jsem nezahrnula nejnovější film Červená želva, protože se jedná o koprodukci několika studií (Wild Bunch, Prma Linea Productions, Why Not Productions, Studio Ghibli, CN4 Productions, Arte France Cinéma, Belvision). Kompletní přehled filmů, s nimiž pracuji, je včetně jejich anotací uveden v příloze . Základem pro metodologii je pojetí filmového autora od Janet Staiger popsané v eseji Autorship Approaches ze sborníku Autorship and Film. Relevance stylu 1 V práci používám výhradně anglické názvy filmů, protože český překlad názvu v některých případech neexistuje a tudíž by docházelo k nekonzistenci v rámci textu. 2 ODELL, Colin. LEBLANC, Michelle. Studio Ghibli: The Films of Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata. Herts: Kamera Books, 2015. s. 58 – 59. 3 Jedná se o snímky The Whale Hunt, Koro´s Big Day Out, Mei and the Kittenbus, Water Spider Monmon, The Day I Harvested a Planet, Looking for a House, A Sumo Wrestler´s Tail, Mr. Dough and the Egg Princess a Treasure Hunting. 6 animace pro Miyazakiho status auteura je vyhodnocena na základě teorie animovaného filmu od Paula Wellse, popsané v knihách Animation: Genre and Authorship a Understanding Animation. Analýzy jsou provedeny za podpory neoformalistických postupů. V práci jsou dále využity jako prameny knihy Hayaa Miyazakiho, Starting Point 1979 – 1996, a Turning Point 1997 – 2008. Z další literatury je stěžejní publikace J. M. Robinsona, The Cinema of Hayao Miyazaki a společná kniha Colina Odella a Michelle LeBlanc, Studio Ghibli: The Films of Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata. Dále pracuji s vybranými pasážemi knihy Identity in Animation od Jane Batkin a Animation: Genre and Authorship od již zmíněného Paula Wellse. 7 1. Vyhodnocení pramenů a literatury O Studiu Ghibli i Hayaovi Miyazakim byla napsaná řada akademických prací a popkulturních článků v českém prostředí a v zahraničí. Například o ženských hrdinkách v Miyazakiho filmech psaly webové stránky a blogy jako The Silver Petticoat Review, The Nerdist nebo Film School Rejects, o mužských (které jsou ve výrazné menšině) zase WhatCulture. Online je také dostupná řada akademických prací (včetně diplomových prací) na širokou škálu témat, jako jsou “Cut off a Wolf’s Head and It Still Has the Power to Bite!” – The Empowering Heroines of Ghibli od Grahama L. Stephensona (York St John University, 2016), The Spiriting Away of Chihiro and Bashir: Memory, Nostalgia and the Fantastic in Spirited Away and Waltz with Bashir od Richarda McDonalda (University of London) nebo Taoism, Shintoism, and the ethics of technology: an ecocritical review of Howl's Moving Castle od Carla a Garratha Wilsonových (Loughborough University, 2015). Zahraniční autoři se často věnují úžeji vymezeným tématům a analýze Miyazakiho filmů, zatímco čeští autoři spíše zmiňují Miyazakiho a Studio Ghibli v rámci obecnějšího tématu. Mezi tyto práce patří Dějiny korejské kinomatografie v kontextu světové kinematografie od Vojtěcha Pitry (Univerzita Karlova, 2012), Sociolekt příznivců japonských komiksů a animovaných filmů od Zdeňka Švajdy (2013, Masarykova univerzita), Vliv anime na vznik a formování subkultury otaku od Terezy Bělecké (Masarykova univerzita, 2014) a Modelový animovaný klip pro projektovou výuku výtvarné a hudební výchovy na 2. stupni ZŠ od Anny Mášové Bc. (Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, 2015). Dvě práce z českého prostředí, které se zaměřují přímo na Miyazakiho tvorbu, jsou Environmentalismus a mono no aware
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