Hayao Miyazaki: Estilo De Un Cineasta De Animación

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Hayao Miyazaki: Estilo De Un Cineasta De Animación Universidad Católica del Uruguay Facultad de Ciencias Humanas Licenciatura en Comunicación Social Memoria de Grado HAYAO MIYAZAKI: ESTILO DE UN CINEASTA DE ANIMACIÓN María José Murialdo Tutor: Miguel Ángel Dobrich Seminario: Cine de Animación Montevideo, 2 de julio de 2012 Los autores de la memoria de grado son los únicos responsables por los contenidos de este trabajo y por las opiniones expresadas que no necesariamente son compartidas por la Universidad Católica del Uruguay. En consecuencia, serán los únicos responsables frente a eventuales reclamaciones de terceros (personas físicas o jurídicas) que refieran a la autoría de la obra y aspectos vinculados a la misma. Resumen de la Memoria de Grado La Memoria de Grado analizará las nueve películas escritas y dirigidas por Hayao Miyazaki, director de cine de animación japonés contemporáneo, para determinar si existe un estilo particular y reconocible que impregne sus obras. Para ello se hará un breve recorrido por la historia de Japón, al igual que por la historia del cine de animación, haciendo foco en el anime. También se incluirá la biografía del director y se hará un breve recorrido por la historia y las obras de Studio Ghibli desde sus comienzos, estudio de cine de animación creado en 1985 por Hayao Miyazaki e Isao Takahata –director de cine de animación nipón–. Para concluir si existe definitivamente un estilo Miyazaki se analizarán sus obras en base a los siguientes ejes de investigación: el argumento en sus películas, los recursos estilísticos empleados, y los temas y conceptos principales y recurrentes. Descriptores Miyazaki, Hayao; animé; cine animado; Japón; cine japonés. “Quiero crear el tipo de película que haga que un niño, luego de verla en el cine, vuelva a su casa tan entusiasmado que quede temporalmente sin habla; que no quiera decir nada a nadie por temor a diluir la experiencia. Quiero hacer una película que cree tal sensación de anhelo y admiración que haga llorar al público. Esa es la clase de película que me gustaría hacer algún día". MIYAZAKI, Hayao, Starting Point 1979-1996, VIZ Media, San Francisco, 2010, p. 310. (Traducción: María José Murialdo) Ponyo y Sosuke en Ponyo en el acantilado (Hayao Miyazaki/2008) Índice Introducción ...................................................................................................... 1 Objeto de estudio ....................................................................................... 1 Pregunta rectora ........................................................................................ 3 Marco teórico .................................................................................................... 4 Cines asiáticos ........................................................................................... 4 Melodrama ................................................................................................. 5 Estilo .......................................................................................................... 7 Cine clásico................................................................................................ 8 Cine de arte y ensayo .............................................................................. 10 Cine independiente .................................................................................. 12 Manga ...................................................................................................... 13 Anime ....................................................................................................... 16 Contextualización ........................................................................................... 20 Breve contextualización de Japón desde 1945 hasta 2012 ..................... 20 Cine y anime en Japón ............................................................................ 25 Hayao Miyazaki y Studio Ghibli: 1941-2012 ................................................. 37 Biografía de Hayao Miyazaki: período 1941-1984 ................................... 37 Breve historia de Studio Ghibli y un recorrido por sus obras: 1985-2012 50 ¿Existe un estilo Miyazaki? ........................................................................... 69 Introducción ............................................................................................. 69 Breve introducción a las películas a utilizar para el análisis .................... 70 El argumento en sus películas ................................................................. 76 a) La «lógica» narrativa ....................................................................... 76 a.1 El argumento ....................................................................... 78 a.2 La narración ........................................................................ 79 a.3 Técnicas fílmicas ................................................................ 83 b) Tiempo ............................................................................................ 85 b.1 Orden cronológico y temporal ............................................. 85 b.2 El ritmo ................................................................................ 88 c) Espacio ............................................................................................ 90 c.1 Influencias ........................................................................... 92 c.2 Realismo o verosimilitud de sus escenarios ........................ 98 Recursos estilísticos .............................................................................. 101 a) La composición de la imagen ........................................................ 102 a.1 Proceso de producción ..................................................... 104 a.2 Tradicional vs. Digital ........................................................ 106 a.3 Imágenes perfectas .......................................................... 109 a.4 Expresividad ..................................................................... 111 a.5 Color, iluminación, movimiento ......................................... 117 b) El sonido: música, diálogos y silencios .......................................... 124 b.1 La música/Banda sonora .................................................. 124 Joe Hisaishi ................................................................... 126 b.2 Efectos sonoros ................................................................ 128 b.3 Diálogos (y silencios) ........................................................ 129 c) Mitología, religión y simbología ..................................................... 130 c.1 Mitología ............................................................................ 130 c.2 Tradición japonesa/religión ............................................... 132 c.3 Simbología ........................................................................ 137 Temas y conceptos principales y recurrentes ........................................ 140 a) Personajes .................................................................................... 141 a.1 Protagonistas/heroínas ..................................................... 144 a.2 Más allá del bien y del mal ................................................ 150 a.3 Personajes secundarios .................................................... 152 a.4 Diseño y estética de los personajes .................................. 155 b) El medio ambiente y la naturaleza................................................. 156 b.1 La naturaleza y el ser humano .......................................... 156 b.2 El ser humano y la máquina .............................................. 159 c) Los aviones y otras naves voladoras ............................................. 160 c.1 Artefactos voladores ......................................................... 160 c.2 El vuelo ............................................................................. 162 Conclusiones ................................................................................................ 164 Referencias ................................................................................................... 171 Libros ..................................................................................................... 171 Artículos de Revistas, Diarios y Sitios Web ........................................... 174 Memorias de Grado ............................................................................... 177 Referencias de Sitios Web ..................................................................... 177 Referencias Audiovisuales ..................................................................... 181 Apéndice ....................................................................................................... 183 Introducción Objeto de estudio La memoria de grado busca definir si existe un estilo característico y reconocible del director de cine de animación japonés Hayao Miyazaki a través del análisis de las obras dirigidas y escritas por él. Studio Ghibli (1985-la actualidad) es uno de los estudios de animación más famosos en Japón, principalmente, por la calidad de sus largometrajes animados, que se han vuelto populares tanto para los niños, como para los adultos de Oriente y Occidente. Las películas de Studio Ghibli buscan mantener el balance perfecto entre la narración interesante y el diseño atractivo, razón por la cual son frecuentemente consideradas como producciones artísticas, pero también entretenidas y profundas en cuanto a sus contenidos narrativos1. Dado que Hayao Miyazaki es el miembro fundador del estudio,
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