Projections Et Incertitudes

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Projections Et Incertitudes ׀_׀_׀_׀_׀_׀_׀_׀_׀_׀_׀ : N° attribué par la bibliothèque UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II Discipline : Biologie des Populations et Ecologie Formation Doctorale : Biologie de l’Evolution et Ecologie Ecole Doctorale : Biologie Intégrative Impact des changements globaux sur la biodiversité en Europe : projections et incertitudes Par Wilfried THUILLER Soutenue publiquement le 15 décembre 2003, devant le jury composé de : M. Antoine GUISAN, Professeur assistant, Université de Lausanne Rapporteur M. Jaume TERRADAS, Professeur, Université Autonome de Barcelone Rapporteur M. Philippe CHOLER, Maître de Conférence, Université J. Fourrier Grenoble Examinateur M. Joël GUIOT, Directeur de Recherche, CEREGE Aix en Provence Examinateur M. Doyle MCKEY, Professeur, Université Montpellier II Examinateur Mme Sandra LAVOREL, Directeur de Recherche, Université J. Fourrier Grenoble Directeur de thèse REMERCIEMENTS Cette thèse a été le travail de nombreuses collaborations, de découvertes et de rencontres, il me sera donc impossible de remercier tout le monde, mais je vais faire au mieux. Je tiens d’abord à remercier Sandra Lavorel pour m’avoir encadré à sa façon, c’est à dire en ‘totale liberté, mais surveillée’. Son dynamisme, son optimisme, sa lucidité et nos nombreuses discussions m’ont énormément apporté et m’ont fait mûrir et progresser plus vite que je n’aurais pu imaginer. Merci aussi à Miguel Araújo et Lluís Brotons, qui auront été pour moi comme des seconds encadrants et surtout des amis. Je tiens aussi à avoir une pensée pour toutes les personnes rencontrées durant mes collaborations et voyages, comme Guy Midgley, Martin Sykes, Wolfgang Cramer, Santi Sabate, Mathieu Rouget, Carles Gracia, Dinah Millar, Richard Pearson, Enrique Martinez, Paul Leadley et bien d’autres encore qui m’ont permis de m’ouvrir, d’apprendre à écouter et qui je pense ont contribué largement à ce travail. Un remerciement particulier pour Joan Pino et Jordi Vayreda qui m’ont accueillit en Catalogne pour une collaboration plus que fructueuse et une amitié solide. De même que Guy Midgley, Dinah Millar et Mathieu Rouget avec qui ces deux mois passés en Afrique du sud auront été plus qu’enrichissants. Enfin un grand merci à Sébastien Lavergne pour son interaction, sa clairvoyance et son énorme investissement à lire plusieurs versions préliminaires longues et fastidieuses de ce manuscrit. Merci bien évidemment aux différentes personnes qui ont participé aux conseils de thèse comme Max Debussche, Jean-Louis Martin, John Thompson, Daniel Chessel, Joan Pino et Isabelle Chuine. Une pensé spéciale pour Max, Jean-Louis et Eric Garnier pour leur soutient durant ces trois années, et à Daniel Chessel qui m’a permis de me retrouver à Montpellier et dont ses conseils me seront toujours bénéfiques. Merci encore aux membres du jury, Antoine Guisan, Jaume Terradas, Joel Guiot, Philippe Choler et Doyle McKey, pour leurs commentaires plus qu’utiles et leur disponibilité. Pour finir un grand merci aux potes du restaurant et du café qui sans le savoir m’ont permis de m’évader chaque jour, grâce à ces discussion aussi diverses que sur la musique ou la politique. Donc merci à Sophie, POC, Seb, Bodil, Lluis, Adeline, Justin, Paul, François, Emilie, Clélia, George, Fabiana, Gabriel, Sandrine, Axel, Ophélie et j’en oublis. Un remerciement spéciale pour Karine, Maryse ou Anne-Marie de la direction du CEFE, toujours heureuse de signer une mission deux jours avant de partir, et surtout pour leur éternelle gentillesse, bonne humeur et efficacité. De même, merci au CEFE de m’avoir accueillit et à toutes les personnes que j’ai pu oublier. Enfin un immense remerciement à Fanny pour avoir supporté mes week-ends passés au CEFE, pour ses relectures fastidieuses de ce manuscrit en faignant l’intéressement, et surtout pour cette leçon d’abnégation qu’elle me donne chaque jour. Avant propos Cette étude a bénéficié du soutien financier de la Commission Européenne sous la forme d’un contrat de travail de 3 ans à travers le projet européen ATEAM (Advanced Terrestrial Ecosystem Analysis and Modelling) dirigé par Wolfgang Cramer (Postdam Institute, Allemagne). L’encadrement scientifique et le support logistique ont été assurés par le Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive de Montpellier (UMR CNRS). Cette étude a aussi été aidée financièrement par le Laboratoire Européen Associé Montpellier-Barcelone «Dynamique des écosystèmes méditerranéens dans un monde changeant », permettant une collaboration enrichissante avec le Centre de Recherche en Ecologie et Applications Forestières (CREAF) et particulièrement Joan Pino, Santi Sabate et Jordi Vayredas. Cette thèse a pu également compter sur le soutien financier du Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et de l’Enseignement Supérieur et la Fondation Nationale pour la Recherche (NRF) d’Afrique du Sud qui a permis un séjour de deux mois pour une collaboration avec Guy Midgley (National Botanical Insitute, Cape Town). Le texte qui suit est composé de deux parties. La première propose la synthèse d’une grosse partie des travaux réalisés lors de cette thèse. La seconde est composée de 15 articles rédigés en anglais, qui présentent de manière détaillée et exhaustive les différentes approches et analyses employées dans cette thèse. Bien que la synthèse ait été écrite de façon à limiter le recours aux annexes, il sera parfois nécessaire au lecteur de se reporter aux articles cités en début de chaque étude. 9 des 15 articles utilisés dans ce manuscrit sont publiés dans des revues internationales à comité de lecture, 3 sont en cours d’évaluation, et 3 autres sont en phase de préparation. Les articles ont été regroupés sous la forme de quatre annexes, correspondant respectivement aux parties 1, 2, 3 et Conclusion. SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION CHANGEMENTS GLOBAUX ET BIODIVERSITE 1 DEFINITION DES CHANGEMENTS GLOBAUX .............................................................................................. - 8 - 1.1 LES ENJEUX ............................................................................................................................................ - 8 - 1.2 ECHELLE ET HETEROGENEITE GEOGRAPHIQUE DES CHANGEMENTS GLOBAUX........................................ - 8 - 2 REPONSES ECOLOGIQUES AUX CHANGEMENTS GLOBAUX RECENTS........................................................ - 9 - 2.1 CHANGEMENT DANS LA PHENOLOGIE ET LA PHYSIOLOGIE DES ESPECES............................................... - 10 - 2.2 CHANGEMENT DE DISTRIBUTION DES ESPECES ..................................................................................... - 10 - 2.3 CHANGEMENTS DE COMPOSITION DES ECOSYSTEMES ET DES INTERACTIONS INTERSPECIFIQUES.......... - 11 - 3 COMMENT EVALUER LES EFFETS DES CHANGEMENTS GLOBAUX SUR LA BIODIVERSITE ?................... - 12 - 3.1 OBSERVATION ...................................................................................................................................... - 12 - 3.2 MODELISATION EXPERIMENTALE ......................................................................................................... - 13 - 3.3 MODELISATION EMPIRIQUE .................................................................................................................. - 13 - 4 OBJECTIFS GENERAUX DE LA THESE....................................................................................................... - 14 - 1ERE PARTIE PREDICTIONS DES PATRONS ACTUELS DE DISTRIBUTIONS 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ - 16 - 2 HYPOTHESES ET APPROCHES EN BIOGEOGRAPHIE PREDICTIVE............................................................ - 17 - 2.1 CONCEPT DE NICHE ECOLOGIQUE ......................................................................................................... - 17 - 2.2 EQUILIBRE VERSUS NON-EQUILIBRE ...................................................................................................... - 18 - 2.3 ESPECES VERSUS ASSEMBLAGES............................................................................................................ - 19 - 3 MODELISATION STATIQUE BASEE SUR LES NICHES ................................................................................ - 20 - 3.1 THEORIE DES MODELES ........................................................................................................................ - 20 - 3.2 APPROCHES EN BIOGEOGRAPHIE PREDICTIVE ....................................................................................... - 21 - 3.3 CHOIX DES MODELES ............................................................................................................................ - 26 - 3.4 CHOIX DES ESPECES : IMPACTS DE LA CHOROLOGIE ............................................................................. - 32 - 3.5 CHOIX DES VARIABLES EXPLICATIVES .................................................................................................. - 35 - 2EME PARTIE PROJECTION DES FUTURS HABITATS POTENTIELS DE LA BIODIVERSITE : APPROCHES ET MÉTHODOLOGIES 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ - 47 - 2 OPTIMISATION DES PREDICTIONS ET FIABILITE DES PROJECTIONS....................................................... - 49 - 3 APPROXIMATION DE LA NICHE REALISEE DES ESPECES : CONSEQUENCE POUR LES PROJECTIONS
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