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Habitat Models for Plant Functional Groups with Respect to Soil Parameters and Management

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Habitat Models for Plant Functional Groups with Respect to Soil Parameters and Management Habitat models for plant functional groups with respect to soil parameters and management Von der Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften der Carl von Ossietzy Universität Oldenburg zur Erlangung des Grades und Titels eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) angenommene Dissertation von Anke Kühner geboren am 11.02.1974 in Rostock Oldenburg 2004 Erstgutachter Prof. Dr. Michael Kleyer Zweitgutachter Prof. Dr. Peter Poschlod Tag der Disputation 17.12.2004 2 Ich widme diese Arbeit meinen Eltern Christine und Wolfgang Kühner, meiner Schwester Sophie Kühner sowie Hajo Voß und Thomas Schoof. Ohne Euch hätte ich es nie geschafft! DAnke ! The most banal pursuit known to western educated man is to try and make a piece of grass to look like his dining room carpet. Ted Green (2001) 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 General Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 Background.........................................................................................................................................................3 Objectives and hypotheses...............................................................................................................................12 Outline of the thesis..........................................................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 2 Introduction to Study Sites and Experimental Design..................................................................15 Study sites ........................................................................................................................................................17 Experimental design .........................................................................................................................................32 CHAPTER 3 Plant Functional Traits along Gradients of Soil Resources and Disturbance Intensity ............43 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................46 Methods............................................................................................................................................................48 Results..............................................................................................................................................................51 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................................55 CHAPTER 4 Winter Grazing and Groundwater Determine the Assembly of Plant Functional Groups in a Permanently Grazed Semi–Natural Grassland..............................................................................65 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................68 Methods............................................................................................................................................................70 Results..............................................................................................................................................................73 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................................79 CHAPTER 5 Transferability of Trait Functionality across Landscapes with Different Disturbance Regimes........................................................................................................................................... 87 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................90 Methods............................................................................................................................................................91 Results .............................................................................................................................................................95 Discussion......................................................................................................................................................101 BOX 1 Primary and Secondary Trade–Offs ............................................................................................ 113 Background and objectives ............................................................................................................................115 Methodology...................................................................................................................................................116 Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................................................117 Conclusions....................................................................................................................................................121 CHAPTER 6 Main Results and Concluding Remarks...................................................................................... 125 Summary........................................................................................................................................ 135 Zusammenfassung ....................................................................................................................... 141 References..................................................................................................................................... 147 Appendix........................................................................................................................................ 163 Dank Curriculum Vitae Publications and Reports Talks and Posters 2 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2 C HAPTER Introduction 1 G This chapter will give an elaborate overview on dist point of view about plant functional groups and habita well as an outline of the presented thesis will be given. Background Disturbance ecology Understanding ecosystems requires an understanding of their disturbance history. According to White & Pickett (1985) ‘a disturbance is any relatively discrete population structure and changes resources, or the physi and process, which need to be specified in each case. They are present in all ecosystems, occur over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales (Delcourt all levels of ecological organisation (White & Pickett systems; they may result in open space (e.g. Brokaw 1985; Runkle 1985), create patchiness (White & Pickett 1985; White & Jentsch 2001), can make resources more available (Canham & Marks 1985; White & Jentsch 2001) and influence competition and environment (White & Jentsch 2001). urbances and grasslands as well as on the theoretical t models. Furthermore, hypotheses and objectives as Disturbance Variation ENERAL event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or et al. 100 I cal environment’. Disturbances are a matter of scale NTRODUCTION 1983; White & Pickett 1985) and are continuous across biomass% removed magnitude 1985). Disturbances have various effects on the affected duration (hours, days) establishment -10 (years, decades) -50 fi ne gap sca dy le 0 nam thinning (decades) ics Figure 1.1: Vegetations dynamics have been cla patch/g -100 ap disturbance event (here relative to 100% of dynamics occurs after low magnitude disturbance, patch regeneration succession at large m ion transition (decades) ccess ion su nerat recovery phaserege steady state disturbance(years, decades, disturbance (decades, centuries) centuries) (decades,mature centuries) phase time (decades,return centuries) interval agnitudes. (Van der Maarel 1996) pre–disturbance biomass). Fine–scale dynamics or gap dynamicsssified at accordingmoderate magnitudes,to the magnitude and of the 3 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Human–induced disturbances affect biological diversity by directly influencing the disturbance rate and intensity (White & Jentsch 2001). Thereby, eliminating natural disturbances on one hand (e.g. floodings by canalisation of watercourses) allows succession and extends the return interval of disturbance events. On the other hand disturbance events become more frequent, e.g. intensified agricultural use. Land–use intensification or succession lead to a loss of heterogeneity of landscapes and the diversity of species and ecological processes (Kaule 1986; Jedicke 1994). Disturbance regimes, some applied by humans over centuries, created various landscapes. According to Grebe et al. (1999) especially in Europe many endangered species now persist only where traditional land– management practices are being continued. Disrupting or abandoning traditional land–use may threaten the maintainance of biotic diversity and can change the abundances of many species (Tilman 1996; Beierkuhnlein 1998). Therefore, consideration of spatial and temporal dimension, magnitude and frequency of occurrence helps to comprehend the influence of disturbances (White & Jentsch 2001). Frequency is understood as the time interval at which disturbances re–occur. Magnitude includes the intensity or physical force of the disturbance itself and the severity of impacts to the ecosystem (White & Jentsch 2001). According to magnitude vegetation dynamics
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